Use incandescent lamp, tungsten halogen lamp Fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamp 、 Long arc xenon lamp 、 High pressure sodium lamp 、 Metal halide lamp And other artificial light sources, and cooperate with other illuminators to make a place or space reach a certain illuminance level. According to the lighting mode, it can be divided into: ① general lighting, also known as comprehensive lighting, to make the whole room get equal illumination. It is mostly used in classrooms, laboratories, libraries (rooms), etc. ② Local lighting is a way of lighting only one or several local places in a space. For example, the lighting of worktops, operation panels, etc. in the workshop belongs to this category, so that the above local locations or worktops can meet the illumination requirements. ③ Hybrid lighting, also known as comprehensive lighting, uses both general lighting and local lighting. Mixed lighting is often used in production places. On the premise of general lighting, local lighting is required for places with high visual requirements. Lighting can be divided into normal lighting, accident lighting, duty lighting, warning lighting and obstacle lighting according to its purpose. Hygienic requirements for artificial lighting: enough illumination ; Prevent dazzle; illumination It shall be uniform and constant without obvious shadow. [2] In addition to meeting functional requirements, artificial lighting should also emphasize artistic effects in some occasions where artistic environment perception is the main focus, such as large hallways and rest rooms. Therefore, not only the lighting in different places (such as Industrial building lighting , public building lighting Outdoor lighting 、 road lighting , Architecture Night lighting The function and artistic effect shall be considered, and the unity of function and art shall also be considered in terms of lamps (light source, lampshade and accessories) and lighting mode. Understanding the characteristics of lighting fixtures is a prerequisite for effective artificial lighting. Artificial lighting equipment mainly includes Incandescent lamp , fluorescent lamp Mercury lamp And other major types. [1] Artificial lighting is easy to distribute and configure light. It can control and adjust the light source according to the lighting requirements by means of devices such as reflectors, light barriers and diffusion materials to obtain various required lighting effects. Artificial lighting is based on lamps to achieve specific lighting requirements, so control and distribution of light is the way to obtain the required light distribution and lighting effect. In order to reflect the light distribution characteristics of lamps, International Commission on Illumination Recommended for lighting Luminous flux The proportion of scattered space is used to classify the artificial lighting modes into five types: direct, semi direct, diffuse, semi indirect and indirect. [1] Direct lighting
This is the most widely used lighting mode, which makes 90% of the light shine outward, and the utilization rate of the luminous flux of the lamp is the highest. According to the depth of the relative position between the bulb and the lampshade, the direct type lamps can be divided into wide lighting type, narrow lighting type and grid type.
① The wide lighting type is that the lampshade has only a lower opening, and the opening is wide, and the light distribution is wide. The common ones are chandeliers, ceiling lamps, etc.
② Narrow illumination type is characterized by concentrated light and high relative illumination, such as spot lamp and barrel lamp. Its light source is mostly incandescent or halogen tungsten lamp. Among them, spotlights are light projection lamps, mainly used for key lighting. Its light distribution is mostly narrow beam, which can rotate freely and choose the projection direction at will. If the spot lamp is installed on the optical guide rail of the internal power line, the lamp can slide along the rail, which is more flexible and suitable for clothing display. The clothes exposed by the front light have a bright feeling, which can fully display the colors and details of the overall clothing.
③ Grid type is mostly used for open type direct fluorescent lamps. This kind of lamp has almost no light shielding angle in the longitudinal direction. In the case of high lighting requirements, it is often necessary to set a light shielding grid to shield the light source to reduce glare caused by direct illumination of strong light. The grid lighting light contains some refracted light and reflected light, and the light quality is soft. It is similar to the general lighting, and can be used as general lighting.
Semi direct lighting form
Semi direct illumination means that 60%~90% of the light is directed downward, and only 10%~40% of the light is directed upward. In terms of lighting effect, a small amount of light is emitted above the lamp to illuminate the ceiling, reducing the strong contrast between the lamp and the ceiling, and making the ambient brightness distribution more comfortable. The ceiling lamp with a semi transparent diffuser, the semi transparent cover with an open bottom and the fluorescent lamp with a large ventilation and light transmission gap above all belong to the semi direct light distribution. These lamps directly project most of the light to the clothing display work area, and also have a high light utilization rate.
Diffuse lighting form
Diffuse lighting is also called diffuse lighting. It makes 40%~60% rays diffuse and cast down, and the rest 40%~60% rays diffuse and cast up. This kind of lamp is most typical of opal glass spherical lampshade, and other sealed lampshades with various shapes of diffuse light transmission also have similar light distribution. The lamp throws light evenly in all directions, and the light utilization rate is low for the clothing display work area.
Semi indirect lighting form
Semi indirect lighting is to use daylighting devices to make 60%~90% of the light project upward and reflect downward through the ceiling or the upper part of the wall. Only 10%~40% of the light is directly cast down, and the amount of light is low, dazzle light And shadows are also weak. Wall lamps and chandeliers with large opening at the upper end and small opening at the lower end, or semi transparent covers with open openings above, belong to this category. Indirect lighting form
Indirect lighting is to throw all the lights onto the ceiling, making it the second light source. This kind of lighting light has excellent diffusion, almost no shadow and light curtain reflection, and no direct glare, Amount of light Weak, Light quality Soft. Wall lamp, floor lamp, pendant lamp and ceiling lighting with only upper opening belong to this type. The above five lighting modes have their own characteristics. The lighting design of clothing display can carefully analyze the practicability of each type of lamp and its impact on the light environment according to specific requirements, and make the right choice to give play to their respective lighting advantages. [1]
Various new lighting technologies emerge in endlessly, and artificial lighting has an increasing impact on humans, animals and plants. [3]
Influence of lighting on wild plants and animals
The impact of lighting on the natural environment is difficult to quantify. When there are fields, mountains, forests, rivers, lakes or coastline near the lighting device, the lighting may have adverse effects on insects, plants and animals in these areas due to different seasons.
Insect trap black light
The phosphor used in the black light lamp is at 254 nm short wave Ultraviolet radiation Under excitation, invisible long wave ultraviolet radiation with the main peak of 365 nm is generated. It is used for attracting mosquitoes, flies and other insects and for special lighting in entertainment places. The black light lamp for trapping insects uses many insects that come out at night to light up Phototaxis , attract insects to a small area and trap them with power grid or water box. The sensitivity of many insect compound eyes to light has two peaks of 350~390 nm and 450~580 nm. Black light traps a large number of pests including cotton lacewing, armyworm Anomald corpulenta motschulsky , pine caterpillar, etc. [3] Some insects are phototactic (attracted by light), such as moths; Some insects are also photophobic, such as fireflies. The influence of night lighting on these two kinds of insects is very obvious. When there are lighting devices near fields, forests, rivers and lakes, they will attract more flying insects due to different seasons. Therefore, we need to take some measures:
① Use light sources that attract insects at lower wavelengths.
② Lamps that do not emit light to insect habitats.
Impact on mammals, amphibians, reptiles and livestock
The influence of night lighting devices on those nocturnal mammals is obvious. Many mammals, amphibians and reptiles go out at night to prey on insects attracted by light. Therefore, it is particularly important to pay attention to the habitat of these creatures. It can be imagined that inappropriate outdoor lighting may have many impacts on livestock, such as disturbing the physiological function and metabolic function of livestock and livestock, reducing production rate, and leading to abnormal animal behavior. Therefore, when installing lighting devices near livestock, the living habits of animals should be considered.
Impact on birds and fish
Already reported: Bird habitat With the urbanization of the suburbs, the distribution of has changed a lot, but still retains some natural state (environment). For birds that prey at night, such as owls and other species living in the forest, nighttime lighting is terrible for them. However, the quantitative study on the impact of night lighting on birds is still unknown. Fish also have phototaxis and photophobia, and different fish have different responses to lighting (intensity) or light types. The impact of light on fish is still unclear, and the applicable lighting is also uncertain, so further research is needed. Impact on plants and crops
Bacteria, molds, yeasts and viruses are all adversely affected when exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 180~700 nm wavelength, and most effects occur at 220~300 nm (medium ultraviolet to far ultraviolet). The survival rate of damaged bacteria exposed to 250 nm ultraviolet wavelength light and then exposed to 320~410 nm blue light increased significantly. this Photoreactivation It occurs in a wide range of species including human skin and blood cells. [3] Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a kind of zero seasonal depression syndrome caused by reduced ambient light levels in winter months. The disease is more common in polar regions, where seasonal light levels vary most significantly throughout the year. Recent studies have shown that phototherapy is effective in treating patients with SAD.
The phototherapy of SAD exposes patients to moderate levels of light for several days or weeks. This beneficial effect seems to come from the light entering the eyes. The spectral requirements of the light source are in the visible light range. Incandescent lamps, cold white fluorescent lamps, full spectrum lamps and daylight have all achieved successful results. Biological rhythm It reflects the coordination between external time cues and internal metabolic activities. This synchronization occurs in the kingdom of animals and plants, including day night cycle (cycle rhythm), sleep awake cycle, moon cycle (monthly cycle cycle) and seasonal cycle. The biological clock that regulates internal processes to adapt to external time cues will become "out of sync" due to different pressures, such as insomnia, illness or cross time zone jet travel. When ("out of sync" occurs) the sense of lost time makes people feel disoriented and irritable, and may suffer from other diseases such as insomnia or eating difficulties. Phototherapy has been used with some success in helping to restore synchronization between internal biological rhythms and external time cues. [3] Effects of artificial lighting on human visual function
Lighting is closely related to human health. Many studies at home and abroad show that lighting can affect visual function. [4]
Some scholars believe that when the temperature is 4000K and 300lx White LED Under the light source environment, college students have little effect on their visual function after short-term reading, but have an impact on their tear film stability. However, the impact of long-term use of LED lighting on their visual function needs further discussion. [5] At present, visual function is one of the key points of artificial lighting environment research. The research on color vision and other visual effects provides important lighting parameters for the design of artificial lighting light environment, which has extensive research significance, and also has important value for the design and development of new light sources. [4]
