AnthropometryAnthropologyA branch of science.It mainly studies anthropometry and observation methods, and discusses the characteristics, types, variations and development of the human body through the overall measurement and local measurement of the human body.Anthropometry includes bone measurement and living measurement.The former includes measurement and observation methods of skull and body bone, and the latter includes measurement and observation methods of head, face and body.In recent years, the widespread application of electronic instruments and computers has played an important role in anthropometry and data analysis.Anthropometry is of great significance to the theoretical research of anthropology and the national economy and people's livelihood.[1]
Its main task is to carry out quantitative analysis of human body characteristics through its measurement data and statistical methods.
Anthropometry, based on the measurement, recording and description of various parts of a large number of human individuals, studies human individual development and physical characteristics, and then conducts comparative research between individuals and between groups through various data obtained from plural measurement.Anthropometry mainly includes two types: anthropometry and bone measurement.Anthropometry requires the establishment of standardized methods and techniques, and statistical processing of data, so that interpretation and testing become possible.[2]
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It is a subject that studies anthropometry and observation methods, and discusses the characteristics, types, variations and development laws of the human body through the overall measurement and local measurement of the human body.It includes bone measurement, in vivo measurement, joint range of motion measurement, skin fold thickness measurement, physical strength measurement, physiological measurement, and dynamic measurement of the range of motion of various parts of the body under various activities.
The systematic anthropometry method was founded by scientists in some Western European countries at the end of the 18th century. The earliest people engaged in anthropometry research were L. J. Daubenton in France and P. Camper in the Netherlands.At the end of the 19th century, anthropologists from various countries began to study the unified international standards for anthropometry in order to unify anthropometry methods.German anthropologist R. Martin has made outstanding contributions in this regard. His Anthropology Textbook reviews anthropometry methods, which are still used by anthropologists all over the world.
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The simplest anthropometric content includes: the ratio of the length and width of the skull, the so-called "cephalic index";The length width ratio of the nose;The ratio of the upper arm to the lower arm, etc.These data can be measured with familiar instruments such as meter gauge, caliper, tape measure, etc.As long as reliable measuring points are selected, that is, the so-called "landmarks" on the human body, and the measurement methods are standardized, the results can be very accurate.A large amount of data obtained through this kind of survey method was used by some constitutional anthropologists to describe the characteristics of various groups of different races, nationalities, and even nationals in the 19th and early 20th centuries, which is based on their unique or typical physique and appearance.
In the 20th century, the application of anthropometry to the study of racial types was replaced by some more advanced techniques for measuring racial differences.However, anthropometry is still a valuable method inPaleoanthropology(paleoanthropology) plays an important role in the study of human origin and evolution based on fossil remains.Craniometry is a technology used to measure the skull and facial structure, which was also developed in the 19th century.By the 1970s and 1980s, because the discovery of human fossils and pre human fossils was much earlier than the remains previously discovered, this discipline also showed new importance.Anthropologists can find out the gradual changes in the size and shape of the human skull due to the adaptation to the increased brain capacity based on the measurement of prehistoric skulls and facial bones;As a result, the application of cephalometry and other anthropometric techniques has led to an important reassessment of popular theories.That is, in the process of human development, the formation of upright posture is accompanied by the enlargement of the brain.
Anthropometry has commercial value in addition to its various functions in the academic research field.Researchers in enterprises use anthropometric data to design clothing, especially military uniforms, and can also be used to plan such as car seats, aircraft cockpit and space capsules.
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Anthropometry is not only of great significance to the theoretical research of anthropology, but also of great practical value in ergonomics, national defense industry, light industry, safety engineering, mechanical design, sports science, health care, etc.Using anthropometric data and information to design products scientifically, first, determine the size and shape of mechanical equipment used by people;The second is to determine the size and shape of the space required for working with the mechanical equipment.In this way, the product can be more practical, more in line with safety requirements, and improve efficiency.
