industrial policy

[chǎn yè zhèng cè]

economic policy

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Industrial policies are formulated by the state and guide the state Industrial development Direction, guidance and promotion industrial structure Upgrading and coordinating the country industrial structure Policies for the healthy and sustainable development of the national economy. Industrial policies are mainly formulated through national economic plans (including mandatory plans and guiding plans) industrial structure Adjustment plan, industrial support plan Financial investment and financing , monetary means and project approval.

Industrial policy refers to the formation and development of industries by the government in order to achieve certain economic and social goals intervene The sum of various policies of. The function of industrial policy is mainly to make up for Market defects , allocate resources effectively; Protect the growth of industries of young and small nationalities; Ironing economic shocks; develop Late mover advantage And enhance the adaptability.

Chinese name: industrial policy
Foreign name: industrial policy
Features: Give play to the advantages of backwardness and enhance adaptability

Industrial layout: Narrow the economic gap
Role: Guiding role
Category: economic policy

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interpretation

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Both socialist countries and contemporary capitalist countries have formulated industrial policies, but the objectives, contents, means and approaches of industrial policies in socialist countries and capitalist countries are different. The content of the industrial policy of socialist countries is the balance of industrial structure and the upgrading of industrial structure. The core goal is to guide and promote the upgrading of industrial structure to form new economic growth points, so that the sustainable development of the economy and the living standards of the people will continue to improve, avoid the "middle-income trap" of developing countries, and mainly complete the mandatory and guiding plans through state-owned enterprises The national industrial structure adjustment plan, industrial support plan, active fiscal policy, and project approval are realized in the form of normalization, foresight, and symmetrical regulation.

The content of the industrial policy of capitalist countries is the balance of supply and demand, and the goal is to balance the imbalance of supply and demand when an economic crisis occurs through government intervention, which is mainly achieved through monetary policy. The form of expression is cyclical and lagging, and the nature is balanced regulation. Therefore, the formulation and realization of industrial policies in socialist countries belong to the category of macro-control, while the formulation and realization of industrial policies in capitalist countries belong to the category of government intervention in the economy. The realization of industrial policies led by state-owned enterprises and financial investment and financing is an important part of the macro-economy of socialist countries, a necessary condition for the sustainable development of social economy, a manifestation of the superiority of the socialist system, and one of the essential characteristics of the socialist market economy. The government is the macroeconomic subject in the socialist market economy; The government is not outside the market system, but in the market system; The government's conscious macro-control through industrial policies is neither an intervention in the market economy nor a planned economy, but a necessary link for the normal operation of the market economy, the upgrading of the industrial structure, and the sustainable development of the economy.

Define classification

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industrial policy

Due to different research angles, industrial policies are international There is no unified definition, mainly including the following: First, it is understood as various specific policies directed to industries, namely government The sum of all policies related to industry. For example: "Industrial policy refers to all countries related to industry act And policies ". Second, it is understood as compensation Market defects Policy. That is, when Market regulation A series of remedial policies adopted by the government when obstacles occur. For example, Japanese scholars believe that "the industrial policy is to change the resource allocation among industries and private enterprise The policy adopted for certain business activities ". The third is to understand it as the industrial catch-up policy, that is, the sum of policies adopted by the industrial latecomers to catch up with and surpass the industrial advanced countries. For example, some Chinese scholars define industrial policies as "various policies adopted to strengthen domestic industries when a country's industry is in a backward state or may be behind other countries' industries".

From the above definitions of industrial policy, we can see that the differences between the definitions mainly lie in the different angles of definition. However, no matter what form of industrial policy, there is one thing in common, that is, the target of policy is industry. The industrial policy in this paper refers to "the collection of various policies formulated by the central or local government of a country to actively intervene in industrial economic activities".

China's industrial policies rarely appear in the form of laws, mainly documents such as "planning", "catalogue", "outline", "decision", "notice", and "reply", such as《 Shipbuilding industry Adjustment and Revitalization Plan, Medium and Long Term Development Plan for the Shipbuilding Industry, Catalog for Guiding National Industrial Policies, etc. China's state-owned enterprises still occupy a dominant position in many important industries, so support or regulation of enterprises can be completed without the help of laws.

primary coverage

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industrial structure

Industrial policy books

That is, according to the internal relationship of economic development, it is a policy to reveal the change trend and process of industrial structure in a certain period, ensure the smooth development of industrial structure and promote the development of national economy according to the development law of industrial structure. It adjusts the supply structure through the adjustment of industrial structure, so as to coordinate demand structure The contradiction with the supply structure. The adjustment of industrial structure includes: resources 、 capital 、 technology Strength and the requirements of economic development prime mover industry Sector, so as to drive the development of various industrial sectors of the national economy; Coordinate the industrial structure according to the development trend of market demand Industrial structure policy Play a role on the basis of the full role of the market mechanism.

Industrial organization

That is, through the selection of high efficiency, effective use and reasonable allocation of resources Industrial organization Form, the policy of ensuring the effective increase of supply and coordinating the contradiction between supply and demand. The implementation of this policy can realize the rationalization of industrial organization and create conditions for effective and fair market competition. This policy is Industrial structure policy Necessary supporting policies.

Industrial layout

Namely, the policy of industrial spatial configuration pattern. This policy mainly addresses how to make use of the "accumulated benefits" caused by the relative concentration of production, and try to reduce economic activity The difference of economic development level among regions caused by the different density and industrial structure.

Characteristic function

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characteristic

Research Report on China's Industrial Policy

① Regulation economic structure 。 That is, adjust and control the industrial structure, industrial organization structure, and industrial regional layout structure, so that social resources can be reasonably allocated among industries, industries, enterprises, and regions, and gradually optimize the industrial structure.

② It will affect the long-term development of the economy. Namely transformation industrial structure To optimize the industrial structure and promote economic growth, long-term efforts must be made.

③ Industrial structure policy 、 Industrial organization policy The policy of industrial regional layout is embodied in the "aggregation" policy. Each specific policy is based on the regulation of the market mechanism and plays a role in the market Direct regulation . For enterprises Indirect regulation The macro role of.

④ Adjust supply. That is, by promoting or restricting the development of certain industries, transforming the industrial structure, and adjusting the relationship between industries, the total supply and structure can meet the demand Supply and demand The balance of total amount and structure.

effect

Guiding role

stay market economy In operation, industrial policies play a guiding role. This guiding role is mainly: it can adjust the structure of commodity supply and demand, and help to achieve the balance of commodity supply and demand in the market; Can be accessed via discriminatory interest rate etc. credit Preferential policies regulate the capital market, which is conducive to the rational flow and optimal allocation of funds; It can break the regional blockade and market segmentation , promote regional markets and Domestic unified market The development and formation of.

Academic role

Academically, industrial policies play the following roles:

1. Appear with "visible hand"“ Market Failure ”Make up for the shortage of the market.

2. The wartime economy needs strong industrial policy regulation.

3. Sick economy needs strong industrial policy regulation.

4. Assistance developing country Or economic latecomers implement the strategy of surpassing.

5. Improve the International competitiveness 。

Formulation factors

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Industry Research Association

Due to the stage of economic development, cultural and historical conditions, international environment and politics Economic table The industrial policies vary greatly from country to country. Even in a country, due to different stages of economic development, industrial policies are different. The formulation of industrial policy must fully consider the historical reality of industrial policy.

1. Perfection of industrial policies

Industrial policy is a multifaceted and multi-level policy system. Its formulation and implementation should be based on the overall concept and thinking, and all aspects of the policy should be complementary and coordinated with each other.

2. The industrial policy should be consistent with others Macroeconomic policy accord with

Industrial policy formulate And implementation must ensure the development and updating of technology

3. Objectives of industrial policies

It is to encourage and promote the establishment and expansion of industries that need to be developed as soon as possible, and to restrict industries that do not need to be developed and urge them to shrink or transfer to other industries to ensure that Supply and demand Balance of the total amount.

Principles

First, we should implement the policy of improving the economic environment, rectifying the economic order, and comprehensively deepening reform. Guided by industrial policies, we should strengthen macro control, guide market development, coordinate actions in all aspects, and gradually alleviate the overall demand and Aggregate supply The contradiction between consumption structure and industrial structure.

Second, compress and control the production and construction of long-term products, increase and expand Short term products Production and construction. We should concentrate our efforts on the transportation of grain, cotton, coal, electricity, transportation, especially railway transportation, and light textile products that are in short supply in the market Production and construction Go ahead.

Third, according to market demand Industrial linkage , technological progress, the role of foreign exchange earning, economic benefits and other factors, arrange the industrial development sequence and formulate relevant policies, define what is supported and what is restricted. At the same time, we should properly handle the relationship between the coordinated development of key industries and general industries, the relationship between the stock adjustment of production factors and the incremental allocation, and the relationship between the overall allocation of industries and the development of regional advantages.

Fourth, the key points of industrial policy are formulated according to the principle of combining the long-term with the current and focusing on the current. In the process of governance and rectification, industrial policies will be adjusted accordingly according to economic development.

Fifth, the right to formulate industrial policies lies in the state council 。 In order to ensure the implementation of the national industrial policies, all departments and the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities directly under provinces with separate plans shall, in accordance with the national industrial policies and in combination with the characteristics of their own departments and regions, formulate implementation measures and report them to the State Council for the record. If it is necessary to make some supplementary provisions on the national industrial policy, it must be reported to the State Council for approval. People's governments at and below the provincial level will no longer draw up implementation measures at all levels. We should properly handle the relationship between the implementation of the economic contract responsibility system and the implementation of industrial policies. The whole country is unified market All localities must implement national industrial policies, and cannot undermine the overall and long-term interests of the country because of local and short-term interests.

Sixth, the implementation of industrial policies should use economic, administrative, legal and disciplinary means, while strengthening ideological and political work. Planning, finance, finance, taxation, price control, foreign trade, industrial and commercial administration and other departments must have the same goal and act in concert. All adjustment means and measures must be complementary to each other, and comply with the requirements of the policy of governance and rectification in the implementation of industrial policies.

Policy category

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Policy

Notice on Adjusting Tax Policies for Imported Equipment (GF [1997] No. 37)

Catalogue of Current Industries, Products and Technologies Encouraged by the State (Order No. 6 of the State Planning Commission, December 31, 1997) (abolished)

Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (Order No. 7 of the State Planning Commission, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, December 31, 1997) (abolished)

Catalogue of Priority Industries for Foreign Investment in Central and Western China (Order No. 18 of the State Economic and Trade Commission, the National Development Planning Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, June 16, 2000) (abolished)

Catalogue of Current Industries, Products and Technologies Encouraged by the State to Develop (Revised in 2000) (Order No. 7 of the National Development Planning Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission, August 31, 2000) (abolished)

Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (2004 Revision) (Order No. 24 of the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce, November 30, 2004)

Regulation

Restricted elimination

Catalogue of Stopping Repeated Construction in the Field of Industrial and Commercial Investment (the first batch) (Order No. 14 of the State Economic and Trade Commission, August 9, 1999) (abolished)

Catalogue of Eliminating Backward Production Capacities, Processes and Products (the first batch) (Order No. 6 of the State Economic and Trade Commission, January 22, 1999) (abolished)

Catalogue of Eliminating Backward Production Capacities, Processes and Products (the second batch) (Order No. 16 of the State Economic and Trade Commission, December 30, 1999) (abolished)

Catalogue of Eliminating Backward Production Capacities, Processes and Products (the third batch) (Order No. 32 of the State Economic, Trade and Economic Commission, June 2, 2002) (abolished)

Industry

Measures for the Administration of Motorcycle Production Access (November 30, 2002, Order No. 43 of the former State Economic and Trade Commission)

《 Automobile industry development policy 》(May 21, 2004, NDRC Order No. 8)

《 Iron and steel industry development policy 》(July 8, 2005, NDRC Decree No. 35)

Industrial policies for cement, electrolytic aluminum, coke, calcium carbide, ferroalloy, coal, copper smelting, tungsten tin antimony and other industries have been introduced

Calcium carbide ferroalloy 、 coking , electrolytic manganese metal, copper smelting and other industries.

Economic hot spots

1. Western Development

Several Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Western Development (GF [2004] No. 6, March 11, 2004)

Several Policies and Measures for Chongqing to Implement the Western Development (YWF [2001] No. 26, September 2001)

Article 1: Domestic funded enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises established in our city that belong to various economic sectors of industries encouraged by the state shall be taxed at a reduced rate of 15% from 2001 to 2010 corporate income tax 。

2. Non-public economic development

The State Council's Opinions on Encouraging, Supporting and Guiding Individual and Private Enterprises Non-public economy Some Opinions on Development (GF [2005] No. 3, February 19, 2005)

Relax market access of non-public economy

Increase fiscal, tax and financial support for non-public economy

Improve social services for non-public economy

maintain Non-public enterprise And the legitimate interests of employees

Guide non-public enterprises to improve their own quality

Improve government supervision over non-public enterprises

Strengthen guidance and policy coordination for the development of non-public economy

3. Cycle Economics

CPPCC members call for new industrial policies

Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of Circular Economy (GF [2005] No. 22, July 2, 2005)

Guiding ideology, basic principles and main objectives of developing circular economy

Key work and key links in developing circular economy

Strengthen macro guidance for the development of circular economy

Accelerate the development of circular economy technology and the construction of standard system

Establish and improve the policy mechanism to promote the development of circular economy

Insist on promoting the development of circular economy according to law

Strengthen the organization and leadership of the development of circular economy

The National Development and Reform Commission issued the Guidance Catalogue for the Development of Renewable Energy Industry (FGNY [2005] No. 2517, November 29, 2005)

Proposed Wind energy , solar energy biomass energy 、 geothermal energy 、 Ocean energy and Hydroenergy 88 renewable energy development and utilization and system equipment/equipment manufacturing projects in six fields

The relevant departments of the State Council will formulate and improve the projects with large-scale promotion and utilization in the Catalog Technology R&D , project demonstration, fiscal revenue, product price, marketing, import and export and other preferential policies.

4、 Industrial structure adjustment

The National Development and Reform Commission has issued the Guiding Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring (2011), which has become a programmatic document for China's industrial restructuring during the 12th Five Year Plan period. The promulgation and implementation of the Interim Provisions and the Guiding Catalogue, the Catalogue of Current Industries, Products and Technologies Encouraged by the State (revised in 2000) issued by the former State Planning Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission, and the Catalogue of Eliminating Backward Production Capacities, Processes and Products (the first, second and third batches) issued by the former State Economic and Trade Commission And the Catalogue for Preventing Repeated Construction in the Field of Industrial and Commercial Investment (the first batch) shall be abolished at the same time. The relevant preferential policies implemented according to the Catalogue of Industries, Products and Technologies Currently under the State's Key Encouragement for Development (revised in 2000) are adjusted to be implemented according to the encouraged category catalogue of the Catalogue for the Guidance of Industrial Restructuring. Establishment of foreign-funded enterprises and tax policy The implementation of national laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment, that is, still in accordance with the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (2004 Revision).

Development sequence

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The industrial development sequence is the basic basis for all departments and regions to implement industrial policies, and is the guiding goal of various economic policies. Because the situation of the same industry in various fields of social reproduction is often different, different policies need to be adopted. Therefore, the industrial development sequence should be arranged according to different fields of social reproduction. The current development sequence of major industries is:

Production field

（1） Key support for production The industries and products are:

1. Agriculture and agricultural industry, mainly grain, cotton, oil plants, sugar plants, meat, vegetables, forest tending, fast-growing and high-yield forests, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural film, applicable agricultural machinery and spare parts.

2. Light industry textile industry , mainly sugar, salt, paper, yarn, cloth and chemical fiber.

3. Infrastructure and Basic industry , mainly the transportation of coal, agricultural materials, key foreign trade products and passengers in the transportation industry; Local telephone, long-distance telephone and telex in the post and telecommunications industry; Coal, electricity and petroleum in energy industry; Raw material industry Steel, nonferrous metals and basic chemical raw materials in China.

4. Machinery and electronics industry, mainly large electromechanical complete equipment, electromechanical instrument integration products, high added value Export earning foreign exchange Mechanical and electrical products.

5、 High tech industry , mainly aerospace, new materials and bioengineering technology.

6. Export products with good economic benefits, especially processed products.

（2） The products whose production is strictly restricted (except for export products) are:

1. Automobiles and motorcycles not designated by the state; Ordinary electromechanical products with low performance are mainly ordinary machine tools and forging equipment.

2、 Advanced consumption High power consumption products, mainly air conditioners, cold and hot air fans, electric cookers, vacuum cleaners.

3. Produced with domestic scarce raw materials High consumption Products mainly include aluminum doors and windows, aluminum and copper building decoration products, cans, and chemical fiber carpets.

4. Products with backward production methods, serious waste of resources and environmental pollution are mainly home-made coking, gasoline and diesel power generation, home-made non-ferrous metals, and home-made sulfur.

5. Low quality liquor, ordinary artificial leather, ordinary artificial fur, etc.

（3） The discontinued products are:

Non ferrous metal mines, chemical mines, coal mines, etc. mined without certificates; Ten batches of 437 obsolete products announced by the former Ministry of Machinery (Commission); The Ministry of Textiles announces the eliminated textile machinery; The first batch of eliminated construction machinery products announced by six departments including the Ministry of Construction.

capital construction

（1） Key support for capital construction The industries and products are:

1、 basic industry , mainly including: (1) the construction of commodity grain, cotton and oil bases in agriculture, and the development of wasteland suitable for agriculture; Fast growing and high-yield forest in forestry; Harnessing large rivers in water conservancy industry; Chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural industry. (2) Important material transportation channels and important passenger transport hub facilities dominated by coal in the transportation industry; Busy long-distance communication, postal and telecommunications hubs in the post and telecommunications industry. (3) Coal, electricity, oil and natural gas in the energy industry. (4) Raw material industry China's steel, nonferrous metals, chemical industry and petrochemical industry.

2. Equipment industry: mainly large power generation equipment and corresponding power transmission and transformation equipment, integrated circuit and communication equipment.

3. Light industry: mainly paper, sugar and salt.

4. Export products with good foreign exchange earning benefits, especially processed products.

5. Water supply and drainage, pollution control and public transportation necessary for production and people's life in large and medium-sized cities of social public facilities.

（2） The industries and products that stop or strictly restrict capital construction are:

1. All construction projects of products whose production is restricted or stopped shall be stopped.

2. Products with insufficient supply of raw materials and surplus processing capacity mainly include: (1) light industry textile industry Wool spinning, cotton spinning, polyester filament, polypropylene fiber, chemical fiber carpet, silk reeling, silk, general plastic processing, electric fans, mechanical watches, refrigerators, washing machines. (2) Bias tires and general chemical reagents in the chemical industry. (3) Copper and aluminum processing (except those listed in the national plan) and tungsten, tin and antimony smelting in the non-ferrous metal industry. (4) Marble and granite plates, plastic doors and windows, and aluminum alloy doors and windows in the building materials industry. (5) Automobiles, motorcycles and color TV sets outside the designated countries in the mechanical and electronic industry.

3. Small steel, small nonferrous metals, small ferroalloys, small chemicals, small oil refineries (except those in remote areas where crude oil cannot be transported), small building materials, small paper mills, etc. that do not meet the requirements of economic scale, have poor economic benefits, and are seriously polluted.

Technical transformation

（1） The industries and products that mainly support technological transformation are:

1. Applicable science and technology in agriculture and forestry and projects conducive to the cultivation of improved varieties and the promotion of new technologies.

2. Projects in the light textile industry that are conducive to developing new products, improving product quality and grade, and adapting to domestic and foreign market demands.

3. In the machinery and electronics industry, projects that are conducive to improving the technical level of basic machinery, basic processes, basic parts, components, and major complete sets of equipment, expanding exports, digesting and absorbing imported technologies, and realizing localization.

4. Transportation, post and telecommunications, energy and raw material projects.

5. Projects for energy conservation and comprehensive utilization of energy and raw materials.

6. Good economic benefit Export earning foreign exchange Project.

foreign trade

exit In terms of: we should adopt a positive policy to develop foreign trade to ensure the country's foreign exchange income, so as to support the national economy Production and construction 。 We need to further adjust the structure of export commodities, and gradually increase the proportion of exports of manufactured products, especially deep-processing products, mechanical, electrical and instrument products, according to the demand of the international market; Efforts should be made to improve the quality of export commodities, and efforts should be made to improve the quality of export commodities and the rate of foreign exchange earnings. We should make overall arrangements for domestic and foreign sales. We should try to export as many commodities as possible, which are rich in resources and are not very necessary in China; Some commodities needed by both domestic and foreign markets should be exported; The bulk resource commodities related to the national economy and the people's livelihood should be exported in strict accordance with the plan; The export of products in short supply at home shall be restricted or prohibited. At the same time, according to the characteristics of China's shortage of resources and abundant labor force, we actively carry out processing with supplied materials, processing with supplied samples, assembling with supplied parts Compensation trade as well as To advance and raise Etc.

Import: ensure the import of important materials related to the national economy and the people's livelihood; Reasonably arrange the introduction of advanced technology, equipment, key parts and components as well as import of important raw materials and materials in short supply in the market, so as to ensure people's livelihood, support production and improve technical level. At the same time, it is also necessary to properly arrange imported products according to the situation of domestic industrial structure and consumption policies, so as to adjust the domestic production and demand structure and promote the development of national industry.

Issues that need to be clarified to improve China's industrial policy

The purpose of formulating industrial policies is to solve the problem of balance and efficiency of resource allocation. stay market economy Under these conditions, the market mechanism plays a fundamental role in the process of resource allocation, namely Market supply and demand And Price leverage Adjust the investment direction and scale, and the competition mechanism determines the advance and retreat and survival of enterprises. As a government action, industrial policy is mainly used to correct Market Failure , remedy Market defects 。 stay developing country And under the condition of government led market economy, industrial policies can also be implemented catch-up strategy , Enhanced Industrial competitiveness The role of promoting industrialization and modernization. From the perspective of the nature and scope of action of industrial policies, they can be divided into two categories. One is government regulation, which has commonness Economic entity Must be followed, such as market access Standards, competition rules Tariff policy , international trade rules, etc. The other is a special development plan for individual industries Investment and financing and tax revenue And other policies. The former belongs to the broad industrial policy, while the latter belongs to the narrow industrial policy.

At present, China needs to clarify some understanding and methods in formulating industrial policies and selecting strategic industries.

First, distinguish the broad industrial policy from the narrow industrial policy. Industrial policies in a broad sense are the common behavior of the government in managing the economy. Although their manifestations are different, they are all standardized Economic entity Conduct and market competition order are necessary to safeguard national interests. Both the United States and the European Union boast that there is no industrial policy, but in fact the United States implements the "301 clause" and the regular trade retaliation Measures and technical standards for product safety and environmental protection implemented by EU Non-tariff barrier , both belong to broad industrial protection policies. The industrial policy we usually talk about mainly refers to the narrow industrial policy.

Second, adhere to the particularity of the economic development stage of developing countries, and formulate industrial policies should not accommodate the excessive requirements of industrial developed countries. In the world economic division of labor system and international trade relations, there is de facto unequal competition between developing countries and developed countries due to different levels of economic development. In order to narrow the gap between developing countries and developed country The gap in industrial development should be localized catch-up strategy It is necessary to support and protect some vulnerable industries.

Third, combine the fundamental role of market mechanism in resource allocation with the guiding role of industrial policies. The development of most competitive industries should be guided by market demand and competition mechanism. The responsibility of the government is to formulate access rules And regulating the order of market competition. Therefore, the focus of industrial policy should be to support and protect the minority industries that are related to the overall national economy and national strategic interests but have limited market role. But such support and protection must also follow market economy And Market regulation The direction of is consistent.

Fourth, the formulation of industrial policies must be accompanied by corresponding economic, legal and necessary administrative means. Some industrial policies issued by China in the 1990s are mostly product catalogues that encourage or restrict development, but there are no corresponding safeguards. The result is often that encouraged products rise in a crowd, and enterprises whose development is restricted are "limited but not dead"; At the same time, the supported industries cannot be supported. A more successful example is the Several Policies to Encourage the Development of the Software Industry and Integrated Circuit Industry issued by the State Council on June 24, 2000 Investment and financing , taxation, income distribution, talent attraction and training, intellectual property protection and other aspects have proposed policies and measures to encourage industrial development. This policy has effectively promoted the development of China's software industry. The enlightenment is that the objectives of industrial policies should be refined and targeted, and the policy measures should be specific and operable.

Fifth, the government, industry and university should jointly study and reach a consensus on which industries can be liberalized and which industries need government support and protection. From the past experience and lessons, the auto industry that should be liberalized earlier has been too slow. Under the protection of long-term high tariffs, it is not conducive to improving the competitiveness of the auto industry, but also encourages low-level redundant construction that is scattered, disorderly and poor, and protects the excessive interests of multinational companies in China. On the other hand, agriculture is the industry with the weakest competitiveness in China, and farmers are the most disadvantaged In addition, it is difficult to change this situation in the short term, so government support and effective protection policies are particularly needed.

Sixth, put Utilize foreign capital It should be combined with the transformation of traditional industries and the promotion of industrial upgrading. The situation that deposits exceed loans in domestic banks shows that there is no good return investment projects It is the main reason for the relative surplus of capital. On the whole, it is no longer the main purpose for China to use foreign capital to make up the domestic capital gap and market supply gap, but to make up the high-tech gap should be the main goal of using foreign capital. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the strategy and strategy of utilizing foreign capital, that is, the focus of introducing foreign capital should be to promote the traditional industries Technical transformation And development Technology intensive industry 。

Seventh, prevent the "hollowing out" of industrial technology sources. The industry "hollowing out" has two meanings: one is that the manufacturing industry of one country or region is transferred to other countries and regions, which leads to the reduction of local employment opportunities, the decline of market demand, and the slowdown of economic growth, such as the situation in Japan and Taiwan and Hong Kong of China. Second, technology intensive industries do not have core technology, forming technological dependence on multinational companies. The first type of "hollowing" above mainly occurs in developed country And regions, but its national income It is still a net inflow. The second type of "hollowing" mainly occurs in developing country , the consequences are international commercial terms Deterioration, technical constraints. At this stage, what China needs to prevent is the second type of core technology "hollowing out". Therefore, the focus should be shifted from joint venture production to technology introduction; The introduced foreign capital must bring advanced technology and adhere to the Chinese party's holding as much as possible; The mode of technology introduction has shifted from equipment purchase to manufacturing technology purchase, and efforts have been made to enhance the digestion and absorption capacity of imported technology; Scientific and technological research and development must take industrialization as the goal, and from the perspective of system arrangement, operation mechanism, and the organization mode of R&D and production Scientific and technological achievements Lay the foundation for industrialization.

Eighth, the meaning of strategic industries and their selection objectives. To speed up the development of China's strategic industries, we must first define what is a strategic industry. The so-called strategic industry is an industry that plays an important role in the national economic system and has a significant impact on the national economy and the people's livelihood, national economy and military security. stay Socialized mass production Under the condition of specialization, every industry has its importance. In a series Industrial cluster In China, how to select strategic industries or key industries at a specific stage of development needs to be determined according to the objective requirements of the national economy, national defense security and participation in international competition and the outstanding contradictions to be solved.

To be specific, at this stage, China's strategic industries need to achieve the following goals:

First, as a big country, China should strive to achieve peaceful rise within 20 years. It should not only give play to its comparative advantage of rich labor resources, but also continue to develop vigorously Labor-intensive industry At the same time, we should lose no time in promoting industrial upgrading, enhancing capital intensity and Technology intensive industry Competitive advantage. stay international division of labor In the system, the choice of strategic industries should be conducive to changing the situation of OEM for multinational companies and improving international commercial terms And promote the structural upgrading of export products.

Second, China has a large population but limited resources. Under such conditions, industrialization Urbanization And modernization, facing the contradiction and difficulties of resource shortage, especially the shortage of high-quality energy. The choice of strategic industries should focus on solving these contradictions and difficulties.

Third, in the international political and military relations, whether the cold war against China in some countries has really ended remains to be studied. Therefore, it is a strategic task that cannot be slackened to establish a national defense science and technology industry based on modern high technology and integrating the military with the people, develop high-tech weapons and equipment, and realize national defense modernization. The energy and technology intensive machinery and equipment manufacturing industry, the high-tech industry led by information technology, and the high-tech weapon equipment R&D and manufacturing industry should be regarded as China's strategic industries at this stage.

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