Aachener Dom was officially listed in UNESCO in 1978World Heritage SiteIt is the first World Heritage Site in Germany.The church was built between 790 and 800 years agoHistory of architecturestillArt HistoryBoth of them are of great significanceReligious architectureA classic example of.On February 4, 2014, scientists confirmed thatMillennium remainsKarl der Gro ß eremains。 It has been here for 600 yearsGerman EmpireThe coronation church of the emperor.[1]
Aachen Cathedral, also known as Baladinchurch, a famous church in GermanyCarolingian dynastyThe most important example of architectural art, located in the westernmost city of GermanyAachenCity, adjacentBelgium、NetherlandsBorder is a famous pilgrimage site.In 1978, according tocultural heritageSelection criteria C (i) (ii) (iv) (vi) are included《World Heritage SiteCatalogue No. 3, the first world heritage site in Germany[2]。
Geographical Location of World Heritage Site in Germany
Aachen Cathedral, also known as Baladin Chapel and Ahern Cathedral, is a famous church in GermanyCarolingian dynastyThe most important example of architectural art, located in the westernmost city of GermanyAachenCity, adjacentBelgium、NetherlandsBorder is a famous pilgrimage site.As Charlemagne's palace church, Aachen Cathedral has retained its original appearance for thousands of years. The core building isChapelThe Palace.The Chapel Palace wasThe AlpsThe largest dome shaped building in the north is an octagonal building with unique style and gorgeous decoration.It successfully integrates the artistic styles of classical architecture, Byzantine architecture and Gothic architecture.The Chapel Palace occupies a very important position in European history.Aachen Cathedral has a rectangular overall structure and an arched roof. It was built in the era of Charlemagne from 790 to 800 AD.The inspiration of this church comes from the oriental church in the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, Chapel Palace added many gorgeous decorations.In 1414 and 1884, they were built on both sidesan altar。In 1669, octagonal buildings with vaults were added.In 2014, scientists confirmed the discovery in Aachen Cathedral in 1988Millennium remainsyesCharlemagneremains.[3]
In 1978, according tocultural heritageAccording to the selection criteria (i) (ii) (iv) (vi), Aachen Cathedral was approved by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee as a cultural heritage《World Heritage List》。
Selection criteria (i):Aachen Cathedral was considered an extraordinaryartistic creation, it has Greece andItalyMarble columns, bronze doors, the largest mosaic dome (now destroyed).This is the first one north of the Alps since ancient timesArched structure。
Selection criteria (ii):This church has a strong mark of classical and Byzantine traditions. During the Carolingian Renaissance, even in the early Middle Ages, it was stillReligious architectureOne of the archetypes that causes copying or imitation.
Selection criteria (iv):Charlemagne's Baladin church is based on the bishopricCentral planningThe church of Aurea is an excellent and unique example.
Selection criteria (vi):The construction of the emperor's chapel in Aachen symbolized the unity of the West and its spiritual and political revival under the auspices of Charlemagne.In 814 AD, Charlemagne was buried here,German EmperorWere crowned in Aachen.The collection of the cathedral is located inarchaeology, aesthetics and history have inestimable value.
Committee evaluation
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The palace church has a rectangular overall structure and an arched roof. It was built during the reign of Charlemagne from 790 to 800 AD.The inspiration for building this church comes fromEastern Roman EmpireIn the Middle Ages, it was expanded.[4-5]
Heritage Introduction
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Aachen Cathedral, also known as the Baladin Chapel, is a famous church in Germany and the most important example of the existing Carolingian architectural art.It is located in the historic city of Aachen in the westernmost part of Germany, close to the border between Belgium and the Netherlands.It is a famous pilgrimage site.Church architectureExtremelyReligious cultureColor, this octagonal building, combines Byzantine and Frankisharchitectural styleThe essence of the Carolingian DynastyThe RenaissanceOfRepresentativenessArchitecture.Its internal structureGermanicThe U-shaped round vault is mainly characterized by colorful stones.With a height of 3.9 meters, the chapel has been the highest building in Germany for many centuries.The interior is decorated with classical columns.The church gate and fence are bronze buildings, which are also the only existing bronze products of the Carolingian Dynasty. The style is classical, and it is identified that they may be the hands of Lombardy craftsmen.[5]
The power symbol of the integration of religion and politics
Aachen Cathedral, from the 10th century to the 16th century, and from 936 to 1531, nearly 600 years ago, was crowned by 32 German kings, and many times the imperial parliament andReligious assemblyLocation of.From the 18th century to the 10th century, this was the bathing place that the king often visited,World War IIIn China, part of the urban area was destroyed and rebuilt after the war, making it a city full of history and culture.Aachen Cathedral was started in 786 AD and completed in 805 AD, which is one of the greatest buildings in Europe.
In 796, Charlemagne andthe pontiffAlliance, conquer the Saxons, destroyLombardy Kingdom, and Bavaria, expeditionPyreneesThe Arabs to the south established the Pannonia Border Region and the Spanish Border Region, which were crowned by the Pope as the "Emperor of the Romans";Territory and the PastWestern Roman EmpireIt was the same, and its power became stronger, so it ordered the famous architect Oddo to buildCourt churchAfter completion, it will become the center of the palace complex.When Karl der Gro ß eAachen(Aachen) established asImperial CenterOf course, here has become a new Rome.The chapel in the imperial palace has also become a religious center, which is also the oldest part of the cathedral today.Today's researchers believe that this octagonal building with a huge dome took only ten years to complete, and it willEastern Roman EmpireAnd the architectural style of the Western Roman EmpireNational unityIt can be called a masterwork of architecture.When Charlemagne died in 814, the palace chapel became his eternal sleep.His sarcophagus is still in Gothic stylechoirIn the hall, beside the throne that has been preserved to this day.CharlemagneHoping to recoverAncient RomeButCharlemagneAfter his death, the three grandsons immediately took control of each other, forming the main territory of France, Germany and Italy.cultural historyThe period of Charlemagne (or Charlemagne) from the 8th to the 10th century is called“Carolingian dynasty”Period.In the 15th century, Gothic altars were built.In the past 150 years, large-scale repairs have been carried out many times, but the masonry on the exterior of the church has been damaged under long-term air pollutionInfrastructureSome weathering phenomena have also occurred.
Charlemagne, who used to live in the palace of AachenImperium RomanumThe emperor's equal status, and Aachen as the second Rome.In 785 AD, he ordered the construction of the palace chapel in Aachen, which is still known as "Aachen Cathedral". In 805 AD, Aachen Cathedral was designated as the bishop's church.In 814 AD, the body of Charles the Great was buried in Aachen Cathedral.There is a stone inscription on the tomb, with red beard hanging aboveFrederick IBronze presented in 1168Chandelier。In the Gothic period, churches were addedchoirSeats, severalChapelAnd the foyer.Because Frederick I put Charlemagne among the saints, this place becameThe AlpsThere are many famous pilgrimage sites to the north every yearpilgrimMake a pilgrimage here.
A corner of Aachen Cathedral
When Oddo built this churchClassical architectureArt andByzantine architectureThe combination of arts makes the church a great building with unique style.After the completion of Aachen Cathedral, it was regarded as a miracle and worshipped by people.At the same time, it also expresses that the Western emperor tried to communicate with the EastImperium RomanumThe emperor's desire to sit on the same footing and compete in equal terms.The cathedral is a masterpiece of artclassicismThe development of the new culture formed and prospered later played a decisive role.Until the late Middle Ages, many royal buildings adopted its model and built churches in the palace, which became the symbol of power of the integration of religion and politics.Aachen wasRoman EmpireThe famous hot springSanatorium, distributed many rare in EuropeMedical effectWhen Charlemagne built the Chapel Palace in Aachen, he dreamed of building a glorious city like Rome.In the Middle Ages, Aachen was one of the major cities in GermanyFrank The permanent residence of kings was especially loved by Charlemagne.This octagonal church with a huge dome is an imitationItalyOfSaint Vital ChurchBuilt withByzantiumThe whole interior is characterized by the round vault.In 1350, a new tower was built on the west side of the palace chapel to preserve church treasures. Among these church treasures, the Holy Relics Box of the Virgin Mary is the most famous. The legendary clothes fragments of Christ, the Virgin and St. John are packed in thisReliquary boxLi.In 1414 and 1884, shrines were built on both sides.In 1669, octagonal buildings with vaults were added.
Chapel Palace
Close up view of Aachen Cathedral
As Charlemagne's palace church, Aachen Cathedral has retained its original appearance for thousands of years. The core building isChapelThe Palace.Chapel Palace was the largest dome shaped building in the north of the Alps at that time. It was a unique octagonal building with gorgeous decoration.It successfully integrates classical architectural artByzantine architecture andGothic architectureArt style.Chapel PalaceEuropean historyAachen Cathedral was the place where 32 German kings were crowned and many imperial parliaments and religious gatherings were held during the nearly 600 years from 936 to 1531.In the Middle Ages, devout people flooded into Aachen Cathedral for pilgrimage. In order to accommodate more people, anotherchoirThe hall was opened 600 days after Charlemagne's death.Since then, this splendid building has never stopped receiving worship, and Aachen Cathedral has been shining with dazzling light in history.Germany UNESCO World Heritage Organization described it as“German architecture"And the first symbol of art history", completely and accurately summarizes the important value of Aachen Cathedral.[6]
Church collection
Aachen Cathedral also has one of the most important church treasures in Europe. The Treasure Hall is located in the cloister of the cathedral, with collections fromancient GreekLate Roman and medievalPrecious cultural relics: Including partially gilded CharlieBustAs well as the Holy Cross of Lothar, which was made around 1000 AD, this cross is now displayed to believers as a sacred object of worship on major festivals.As a holy place for pilgrimage, Aachen Cathedral has enjoyed a more and more important religious status since the Middle Ages by virtue of its sacred objects.As the place where emperors were crowned, Aachen has been the center of world politics for hundreds of years.
Inside Aachen Cathedral
There are many religious artworks made by famous artists in the church, which are priceless art treasures.Gospels of the 8th centuryManuscriptsPortrait of St. Luke on the wall and the Sutra Writing of St. Mark on a manuscript in the 9th century reflect the earlyMedieval paintingThe childish state in the characterization also shows the unique national and folk characteristics (different from Byzantium).Figures shaped according to the needs of pattern decoration are similar to the idols in primitive tribes, but they use very uniform round lines to achieve a high degree of balance and symmetry, not inferior to the classical Greek bottle paintings andDunhuang frescoesTo create the imaginary representative of "human" (God) rather than the characters in life, and express the "sacred passion" of Christianity.In addition, there are many exquisite bronzes in the churchIvory wareAnd gold and silver handicrafts.The art wealth of Aachen Cathedral is considered to be the most important church art treasure in northern Europe.
In the Chapel PalaceHoly Roman EmperorThe candlestick presented by Frederick I was placed in the corridor on the marble throne of Charlemagne at that time.In the choir, there is also the golden reliquary of Charlemagne, which holds his relics.In addition, there are many exquisite bronzes, ivory, gold and silver handicrafts and religious works of art by famous artists in the church.The art wealth of Aachen Cathedral is considered to be the most important church art treasure in northern Europe.
architectural style
Inside Aachen Cathedral
Aachen Cathedral is a building with a unique style, with many towering spires, and several layers of reliefs and stone carvings around the door opening.The palace churchOverall structureIt is rectangular and the roof is arched. It was built from 790 to 800 ADCharlemagneTimes.The inspiration for this church comes fromImperium RomanumIn the Middle Ages, Chapel Palace added many gorgeous decorations to the oriental church of the era.Aachen CathedralChurch architectureThis octagonal building is a representative building of the Carolingian Renaissance.Its internal structureGermanicThe U-shaped round vault is mainly characterized by colorful stones.The chapel is 39 meters high and has been the highest building in Germany for many centuries.The interior is decorated with classical columns.The church gate and fence are bronze buildings, which are also the only existing bronze products of the Carolingian Dynasty. The style is classical, and it is identified that they may be the hands of Lombardy craftsmen.
Aachen Cathedral
The whole building is an octagonal building of Carolingian style, built in imitation of the Italian church of Saint Vital. The main feature of the whole interior is the dome, which has the artistic style of Byzantine architecture.The decoration is gorgeous, and the whole internal structure is characterized by the round vault, which is the most famous masterpiece of medieval vault architecture.the medieval timesChristian Culture Central and western“Carolingian dynasty”And eastern“Byzantine Empire”It belongs to two types.Carolingian artMore extensive and simple,Be famous for a whileAnd claimed to advocate cultureCharlemagneAlthough I can only read German andLatin, but he is more reasonable“Iconoclastic movement”When it spread to the west, although Charlemagne also opposed "idol worship", he encouragedArtistic imageThe decoration, including the murals in the church, is also treated in the same way, which undoubtedly provides an opportunity for the development of Christian culture.There are displays in the hallImperium RomanumFriedrich I Complimentary candlestick.In the corridorCharlemagneA marble throne.choirIn the mat is the golden reliquary of Charlemagne, which contains his relics.The remains of Charlemagne are found in the stone tomb of Charlemagne Church built in 1215.
Chronology
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Aachen Cathedral Construction Date
It is generally believed in the historical circles that Aachener Dom was built 1200 years ago by the Frankish king Karl der Gro ß e (about 742-814 AD).However, there has been a lack of strong evidence to support this view.This history was finally proved by scientific determination.(As shown in the picture Aachen Cathedral, source: picture alliance/dpa.)
On June 10, 2013, Helmut Maintz, a cathedral architecture expertAachenIt was announced that the foundation and dome of Aachen CathedraloakThe dating test proves that the church was built about 1200 years ago.According to the measurement, the church was built between 793 and 813 AD.Meinzi said: "This is really amazing. We can finally determine the age of its construction." The measured time interval is also the same as that recorded in historyCharlemagneIn Aachenresidence timeMatch.
Meinzi said: "We have considered for a long time what method should be used to determine the construction time of the cathedral." The legendary church built by Charlemagne did notFoundation stoneThere is also a lack of historical documents to record the age of its construction.The renovation work inside the church gave scientists the opportunity to determine its age.Because the foundation of the cathedral has a special feature: under the seventh pillar stone in the northeast is the foundation composed of 100 oak trees - because the ground here is relatively soft, in order to prevent the building from sinking, the oak foundation is specially placed.
Since the renovation also involves the foundation part, the archaeologists need not dig the ground to fight.They took out two 60 cm long oak sticks after the construction workers dug up the foundation.According to "dendrochronology"research methodExperts have determined the age of the two pieces of oak: the first one was cut down in 798 AD.Therefore, it can be inferred that the construction date of the cathedral.
Another oak specimen was taken from the dome of the cathedral.Carolingian dynasty(751-987 A.DFrankish Kingdom(Dynasty)Inclined beamThe oak specimens that share the pressure of the dome and determine the age are taken from these inclined beams.However, the wind and rain of 1200 years made these wooden inclined beams very fragile.for fear ofDestroy buildingsArchaeologists chose the well protected northern dome and found suitable samples there.According to the measurement, samples taken from the dome were cut down at the latest in 813 AD and used for the construction of churches.Meinzi believed that: "The construction of the cathedral must have been completed in 813 AD." Experts ruled out the possibility of completion earlier than that year, because under the technical level at that time, it was impossible to complete such a huge project in such a short time.
Meinzi was very satisfied with the results of the measurement, and the history of the cathedral need not be rewritten."Now we can prove that Aachen Cathedral is not located in Peppin,CharlemagneThe period has already started. "(This is another view on the construction history of Aachen Cathedral), Meinzi said.In this way, Charlemagne's construction in Aachen is also consistent with other records: in 768, Charlemagne built a palace after he ascended the throne in Aachen.When he returned to Aachen 20 years later, he decided to build a bishop's church here, which is today's Aachen Cathedral.
Meinzi said: "From this, we can infer that Charlemagne had thought carefully about building the church here." The construction work went smoothly, and the building materials wereRoman timesFrom the ruins.His church was built on the basis of a Roman spa.In 794, Charlemagne came to Aachen again. Since then, he has visited here every year.
The discovery of the remains of Charles the Great
1988, GermanyarchaeologistOpen a golden church in secretReliquary, foundremains。After 26 years of research, February 4, 2014University of ZurichanatomyProfessor Frank Rue announced: "We can say that all the possibilities point to the remains of Charlemagne.
