Copper sulfate pentahydrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSOfour·5HtwoO，Commonly known as blue alum, bile alum or copper alum.It has the effects of promoting vomiting, eliminating corruption, detoxifying, treating wind and phlegm congestion, laryngeal paralysis, epilepsy, dental chancre, aphthous, rotten string eye and hemorrhoids, but it has some side effects.
Chinese name
Copper sulfate pentahydrate[3]
Foreign name
Copper sulfate pentahydrate[3]
Alias
Blue alum、Bile alum、Copperas、Copper sulfate pentahydrate[3]
chemical formula
CuSOfour·5HtwoO
molecular weight
two hundred and forty-nine point six eight five
CAS login number
7758-99-8[3]
EINECS login number
616-477-9
Melting point
110 ℃[3]
Boiling point
330 ℃[3]
Water solubility
Extremely soluble
Density
2.284 g/cm³[3]
Appearance
Blue crystalline powder
Application
Metal smelting, chemical industry, medicine, gas desiccant, etc
In 1878, in Bordeaux, France, most of the grape trees died of insect disease. However, the trees on both sides of the road were afraid of being picked by pedestrians. They were smeared with quicklime and copper sulfate solution, and the trunk turned white. Pedestrians were afraid to pick the trees when they saw it. However, the trees were not dead. Further research showed that the mixture had bactericidal ability, so it was called Bordeaux liquid.To prepare Bordeaux liquid, the ratio of copper sulfate and quicklime (preferably blocky fresh lime) is generally 1 ∶ 1 or 1 ∶ 2, and the amount of water is also determined by different crops, no diseases, seasonal temperature and other factors.It is better to use the "two liquid method" when preparing, that is, first mix copper sulfate and quicklime with half of the required water, then pour them into another container at the same time, and continuously stir them to get sky blue colloidal liquid.Bordeaux liquid should be prepared and used on the spot. If it is placed too long, the colloidal particles will gradually become larger and sink, reducing the efficacy.
Physical and chemical properties
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physical property
Melting point: 110 ℃
Boiling point: 330 ℃
Density: 2.284g/cmthree
Appearance: blue crystalline powder
Solubility: soluble in water, glycerin and methanol, insoluble in ethanol
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is stable at normal temperature and pressure, does not deliquescence, and will gradually weathering in dry air. When heated to 45 ℃, it will lose binary crystal water, and when heated to 110 ℃, it will lose tetramolecular crystal water, which is called copper sulfate monohydrate. When heated to 200 ℃, it will lose all crystal water and become anhydrous.It can also lose five crystal water under the action of concentrated sulfuric acid.Anhydrous matter is also easy to absorb water and change into hydrated copper sulfate.After absorbing water, the reaction generates copper sulfate pentahydrate (blue), which is often used to test whether some liquid organic substances contain trace water (for example, to identify whether alcohol contains water, add a little anhydrous copper sulfate to the alcohol to be identified, if white anhydrous copper sulfate turns blue, it means that alcohol contains water).
structure
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crystal structure
Structure of copper sulfate pentahydrate
CuSOfour·5HtwoIn O crystal structure, Cu ion is octahedral coordinated, which is four HtwoO and two O around.Fifth HtwoO and Cu2+Two H's in octahedrontwoO and SOfour2-The two O's in the structure are connected in a tetrahedral shape and play a buffer role in the structure.
Dehydration process
Three Steps of Water Loss of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Crystal
In copper sulfate pentahydrate, two water molecules that only bind to copper ion by coordination bond are lost first, and the approximate temperature is 102 ℃.
The two water molecules that are bound to copper ions by coordination bonds and to an external water molecule by hydrogen bonds are lost with the increase of temperature, about 113 ℃.
The outermost water molecule is the most difficult to lose, because its hydrogen atom forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom in the surrounding sulfate ion, and its oxygen atom forms a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of the water molecule coordinated with the copper ion, which generally forms a stable ring structure, so breaking this structure requires higher energy.The temperature required to lose the outermost water molecule is approximately 258 degrees Celsius.
Differential thermal curve analysis: there is a significant endothermic valley in the differential thermal curve at 185 ℃.The smaller endothermic valley appears at 310 ℃, which is caused by dehydration.When heated to 805 ℃ and 875 ℃, two consecutive endothermic valleys appear due to sulfate removal.(Note: Due to the fact that anhydrous copper sulfate is easy to deteriorate in actual operation, plus the interference of impurity content, instrument accuracy and other factors, the difference between experimental results and theoretical values is relatively large.)[2]
security information
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Risk terminology
R22：Harmful if swallowed.
Harmful if swallowed.
R36/38：Irritating to eyes and skin.
Irritating to eyes and skin.
R50/53：Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
It is extremely toxic to aquatic organisms and may have long-term adverse effects on the water environment.
Safety terminology
S22：Do not breathe dust.
Do not breathe dust.
S60：This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
The substance and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
S61：Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.
Avoid release to the environment.Refer to Special Instructions/Safety Data Sheet.
S26：In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
After eye contact, immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
pharmacological action
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Cholagogue: Duodenal administration of bile alum 0.6g/kg can significantly increase bile flow in anesthetized rats.
side effect
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Adverse reaction mechanism
The main component of bile alum is copper sulfate, which can cause poisoning if taken by mistake or in excess.Copper sulfate can stimulate the transmission of nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the medulla oblongata via vagus and sympathetic nerves.Repeated severe vomiting can cause dehydration, shock, damage to gastric mucosa, and even acute gastric perforation.Copper sulfate solution has a strong corrosive effect locally, which can cause congestion, edema, ulcer and erosion of oral cavity, esophagus and gastrointestinal mucosa.Copper is also a neuromuscular poison. When copper enters the human body, it can cause systemic poisoning symptoms, damage the liver and kidney, cause fatty degeneration and necrosis, and excite the central nerve first and then turn into inhibition.
Adverse reactions
The main poisoning manifestations are: nausea, vomiting, salivation, headache, dizziness, special metallic taste in the mouth, tongue coating, teeth, gums can be dyed blue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomit and excreta also appear blue, jaundice, bloody urination, tachycardia, arrhythmia, pale complexion, liver pain, blood cell reduction, blood pressure drop, collapse, comaDifficulty in breathing, etc.When the poisoning time is prolonged, it may cause liver damage, hematuria, oliguria, or anuria.In severe cases, there may be vascular paralysis, sharp drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, mania, delirium or coma convulsions, and finally death from circulatory failure.
Treatment and rescue
(1) Immediately after poisoning, take orally foods rich in protein, such as egg white, milk, soy milk, etc., to form protein copper salt and precipitate, prevent gastrointestinal absorption, and protect gastric mucosa.Then use 1%Potassium ferrocyanideGastric lavage and detoxification.
(2) First choice of antidoteDisodium edetate1 g per day for adults, 15~25 mg/kg per time for children, twice a day, intravenous drip in 10% glucose solution, each course of treatment shall not exceed 5 days.Penicillin can also be taken orally by adults 0.3g each time, 3-4 times a day, children 20-25mg/kg each day, 3-4 times a day, or 1-3 g can be added to glucose solution for intravenous drip.Sodium dimercaptosuccinate2g is injected intravenously with 20mL of water for injection, and then 1g each time, once every 4-8 hours, and 5 days is a course of treatment.
(3) General antidote for internal use;37g magnesium sulfate, 12.5g sodium bisulfate, 1g sodium hydroxide, 4g hydrogen sulfide, add water to 1000mL, shake well, 50-100mL each time, take orally;ferrous sulfate100mL saturated solution, 88g magnesium carbonate, 40g medicinal charcoal, add water to 800mL, mix well, and take 50-100mL each time.
(4) Symptomatic treatment: hydrocortisonesodium bicarbonate, blood transfusion if necessary.When blood pressure drops or heart failure occurs, anti shock treatment is given.
(5) Traditional Chinese medicine treatment: black bean coat 30g, angelica 15g, astragalus 30g, donkey hide gelatin 12g (closing), herba artemisiae argyi 15g, panax notoginseng powder 3g (flushing), decoction.
Experimental identification
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(1) Take about 1g of this product, heat and burn it to turn white, and turn blue again in case of water.(Check crystal water) HeatingCopper sulfate crystalProduce copper sulfate solid and water.
(2) Take about 0.5g of this product, add 5mL of water to dissolve it, filter it, and test the filtrate according to the following method.
① Take about 1mL of filtrate and dripammoniaTest solution, i.e. light blue precipitate is generated;Add an excessive amount of ammonia test solution, precipitate and dissolve to form a dark blue solution.(CheckCopper salt）
② Take about 1mL of filtrate and addPotassium ferrocyanideThe test solution is reddish brown or produces reddish brown precipitates.(Check copper salt)
③ Take about 1mL of filtrate and addBarium chlorideTest solution, i.e. white precipitate is generated;Separation and precipitation are insoluble in hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.(Checksulfate）
④ Take about 1mL of filtrate and addLead acetateTest solution, that is, to generate color folding precipitation;SeparationAmmonium acetateTest solution orsodium hydroxideDissolve in the test solution.(Check sulfate).
preparation
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Pretreatment of feed grade sandAnhydrous copper sulfateIn addition to the function of copper sulfate, it also has less dust during use, greatly reducing environmental pollution and irritation to workers' skin and respiratory tract;At the same time, it can also ensure the amount of copper added in the premix.Good fluidity, good mixing uniformity in the production process;At the same time, agglomeration is not easy to occur.In the production process of this product, because no carrier is added, there is no physical or chemical change caused by contact with other substances.Because onPremixIn feed, the contact surface with vitamins, amino acids and other nutrients is small, thus reducing the damage to the above nutrients.Since this product is sand shaped and has a small contact surface with the air, it can reduce the oxidation of copper ions, thus improving its potency.The content of free acid is low.The number of each group of copper ions, sulfate ions and crystal water molecules in the copper sulfate crystal is 1:10, which is blue. Under the condition of heating, the crystal water can be completely lost, and the copper sulfate crystal becomes white.
Nucleus fabrication
When making large solid crystals, because the solubility of anhydrous copper sulfate in water is greatly affected by temperature, it can be made by high temperature dissolution and cooling crystallization.Larger crystals can be obtained by cooling and crystallizing smaller crystals in a saturated solution at about 40 ℃.
1. Instrument: copper sulfate AR grade, two beakers (one large and one small), two petri dishes, one glass rod, filter paper
2. Reagents: 400g boiling water (distilled water or deionized water is preferred) and 100g copper sulfate.
3. Pour boiling water into a beaker filled with copper sulfate and stir until it is no longer dissolved.At this time, it can be seen that the solution is not very pure.
4. Filter the solution.
5. Pour the solution into the culture dish and let it stand for one day.
7. After standing for a period of time, the solution will naturally cool down and crystallize into small single crystals, which can be taken out.
Monocrystal culture
Suspension method
1. Binding wire
2. Prepare a cup of saturated solution, put the bound crystal nucleus into it, and the single crystal can come out in about one day.[1]
Copper sulfate is one of the most important copper salts, which is widely used in electroplating, printing and dyeing, pigments, pesticides, etc.Bordeaux liquid, an inorganic pesticide, is a mixture of copper sulfate and lime milk. It is a good fungicide and can be used to prevent and control various crop diseases.Copper sulfate is also commonly used to prepare other copper compounds and electrolyte for electrolytic refining of copper.Anhydrous copper sulfate can be prepared by concentrating and crystallizing copper oxide with sulfuric acid or copper with concentrated sulfuric acid.In the laboratory, anhydrous copper sulfate can be prepared by oxidizing metal copper with concentrated sulfuric acid.
