Dimethyl sulfoxide

Important polar aprotic solvents

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a kind of sulfur Organic compound , the molecular formula is C two H six OS， Colorless and odorless transparent at room temperature liquid , is a hygroscopic flammable liquid. High polarity, high boiling point Good thermal stability, non proton, water miscible, soluble in ethanol , propanol benzene and chloroform And most other organic substances, known as“ Universal solvent ”。 Heating produces a small amount in the presence of acid Methyl mercaptan 、 formaldehyde 、 Dimethyl sulfide 、 Methanesulfonic acid Etc. It decomposes at high temperature, and reacts violently when encountering chlorine. It burns in the air and emits a light blue flame. It can be used as organic solvent, reaction medium and organic synthesis intermediate. It can also be used as dyeing solvent, dye remover, dyeing carrier of synthetic fibers and absorbent for recovering acetylene and sulfur dioxide.

Chinese name: Dimethyl sulfoxide^[3]
Foreign name: Dimethyl sulfoxide（DMSO）
Alias: Dimethyl sulfoxide
chemical formula: C two H six OS^[3]
molecular weight: seventy-eight point one three^[1]^[3]
CAS login number: 67-68-5^[3]
EINECS login number: 200-664-3^[3]
Melting point: 18.4 ℃^[3]

Boiling point: 189 ℃
Water solubility: Soluble
Density: 1100 kg/m³
Appearance: colorless liquid
Flash point: 95 ℃
Application: Stable solvent for organic polymer synthesis
Security description: S24/25；S37/39；S26
Hazard symbol: R36/R37/R38
Hazard description: Xi

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Physical property data

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character	Colorless viscous transparent oily liquid or crystal. Mildly alkaline, almost odorless, slightly bitter, commonly used Organic solvent
Relative density (g/mL, 20/4 ℃)	one point one zero zero
Relative vapor density (g/L, air=1)	two point seven^[3]
Melting point (℃)	eighteen point four five
Boiling point (℃)	one hundred and eighty-nine
Refractive index	one point four seven nine five^[3]
Viscosity (mPa · s)	1.987（25℃）； 2.2（20℃）； 1.290（50℃）
Flash point (℃, opening)	ninety-five
Ignition point	300~302℃^[3]
Heat of evaporation （kJ/mol，℃）	fifty-two point nine two^[3]
Heat of fusion （kJ/mol）	thirteen point nine four^[3]
Heat of formation （kJ/mol）	-197.66^[3]
Heat of combustion (kJ/mol, constant volume)	one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three point one six^[3]
Specific heat capacity (kJ/(kg · K), ℃, constant pressure)	one point nine five^[3]
conductivity （S/m，℃）	3×10 -8^[3]
Vapor pressure (kPa, ℃)	zero point zero four nine
Vapor pressure (kPa, 20 º C)	zero point zero four nine^[3]
Lower explosive limit (%, V / V ）	two point six^[3]
Upper explosive limit (%, V / V ）	twenty-eight point five^[3]
Coefficient of volume expansion (K -1 ）	zero point zero zero zero eight eight^[3]
Solubility	It can be mixed with water in any proportion, except Petroleum ether In addition, general organic solvents can be dissolved. Absorbable at 20 ℃ Hydrogen chloride 30% by weight Nitrogen dioxide 30% by weight sulfur dioxide 65% (weight), insoluble acetylene Other fatty hydrocarbon compounds. Soluble to a variety of compounds. Soluble in water glycol 、 acetone 、 benzene , hydrocarbon chlorides, ethylene glycol esters, etc.^[2]

physical property

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Colorless viscous liquid. Combustible, almost odorless, bitter, hygroscopic. Except for petroleum ether, it can dissolve general organic solvents. Able to interact with water ethanol 、 acetone 、 acetaldehyde 、 pyridine 、 ethyl acetate , dibutyl phthalate, dioxane and aromatic compounds are mutually soluble and insoluble acetylene Other than fatty hydrocarbon compounds. It has strong hygroscopicity. At 20 ℃, when the relative humidity is 60%, it can absorb 70% of its own weight of moisture from the air. This product is a weak oxidant. Dimethyl sulfoxide without water is non corrosive to metals. For iron when containing water; Copper and other metals are corrosive, but not corrosive to aluminum. Stable to alkali. Heating in the presence of acid will produce a small amount of Methyl mercaptan 、 formaldehyde 、 Dimethyl sulfide ； Methanesulfonic acid Etc. It decomposes at high temperature, and reacts violently when encountering chlorine. It burns in the air and emits a light blue flame.^[2]

chemical property

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1 . Dimethyl sulfoxide is reduced to methyl sulfide. Oxidized by strong oxidant Dimethyl sulfone ；

2. Dimethyl sulfoxide and Acyl chloride Substance like Cyanuric acyl chloride , benzoyl chloride Acetyl chloride , benzene iodoyl chloride Thionyl chloride 、 Thionyl chloride 、 Phosphorus trichloride In case of contact, intense exothermic decomposition reaction occurs. And nitric acid Combining, generating (CH three ） two SO·HNO three 。 And barium carbonate It can regenerate dimethyl sulfoxide. And thick Hydroiodic acid Function to produce dimethyl sulfur compounds.

3. Dimethyl sulfoxide is hygroscopic and needs to be dried before use.

synthetic method

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Dimethyl sulfoxide is generally used Dimethyl sulfide The oxidation method has different production processes due to different oxidants and oxidation methods.

1. Methanol carbon disulfide method

Methanol and carbon disulfide as raw materials, γ - Al two O three As catalyst, first synthesize Dimethyl sulfide , and then Nitrogen dioxide (or nitric acid) oxidized to dimethyl sulfoxide.

2. Dioxide water method

With acetone as buffer medium, dimethyl sulfide reacts with hydrogen peroxide. This method is not suitable for the production of dimethyl sulfoxide because of its high cost mass production 。

3. Nitrogen dioxide method

With methanol and hydrogen sulfide stay γ - alumina Generated under action Dimethyl sulfide ； Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium nitrite to produce nitrogen dioxide; Dimethyl sulfide and nitrogen dioxide are oxidized in gas-liquid phase at 60-80 ℃ to produce crude dimethyl sulfoxide, or directly oxidized with oxygen to produce crude dimethyl sulfoxide, and then refined into finished dimethyl sulfoxide through vacuum distillation. This method is an advanced production method.

4. Dimethyl sulfate method

With dimethyl sulfate and Sodium sulfide Reaction Dimethyl sulfide ； Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium nitrite to produce nitrogen dioxide; Dimethyl sulfide is oxidized with nitrogen dioxide to obtain crude dimethyl sulfoxide, and then neutralized to obtain refined dimethyl sulfoxide after distillation. In addition, use anodic oxidation The method of producing dimethyl sulfoxide from dimethyl sulfide.

Refining method: Dimethyl sulfoxide After vacuum distillation, add aluminum oxide and place it overnight. Use a distillation tower with a height of 50cm and ceramic saddle packing to conduct vacuum distillation at 266.6~399.9Pa and 50 ℃ to collect the middle distillate. Or combine dimethyl sulfoxide with CaH two Heat together for one day, dry with molecular sieve after vacuum distillation, and then conduct vacuum distillation under nitrogen flow. It can also be refined by fractional crystallization.

5. Dimethyl sulfide (prepared by the reaction of dimethyl sulfate and sodium sulfide) and nitrogen dioxide (prepared by the reaction of sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite) are subjected to gas-liquid phase oxidation reaction at 60~80 ℃ to produce crude dimethyl sulfoxide, and then the crude product is distilled under reduced pressure, dehydrated by molecular sieve, and then rectified under reduced pressure to obtain the finished product of dimethyl sulfoxide. The main reaction formula is:

6. Use acetone as buffer medium, add dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen peroxide of equal mass, stir and react, maintain the temperature at 20 ℃:

After the reaction, dimethyl sulfoxide with high purity can be obtained by direct vacuum distillation.

Basic use

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Chromium chloride ， Manganese chloride Equal transition metal halides and potassium chloride Halides such as sodium chloride have a certain solubility in DMSO, so they can be used in organic mechatronics.

DMSO stick model

Dimethyl sulfoxide is widely used as solvent and reaction reagent, especially as processing solvent and spinning solvent in acrylonitrile polymerization, as polyurethane synthesis and spinning solvent, as synthetic solvent of polyamide, polyimide and polysulfone resin, and aromatic hydrocarbon 、 butadiene Extraction solvent and synthetic chlorine Fluorobenzene Amine solvent, etc.

DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide, which is widely used. be used as acetylene Aromatics, sulfur dioxide and other gases as well as acrylic fiber spinning solvents. It is a very important aprotic polar solvent that is soluble in both water and organic solvents. It has strong permeability to the skin and helps the drug penetrate into the human body. It can also be used as an additive of pesticides. It is also a very important chemical reagent.

DMSO is also a permeability protector, which can reduce the freezing point of cells, reduce the formation of ice crystals, alleviate the damage of free radicals to cells, and change the permeability of biological membranes to electrolytes, drugs, poisons and metabolites.

DMSO is soluble and permeable to many drugs. It also has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, promoting blood circulation and wound healing, diuretic and sedative effects, which can increase drug absorption and improve efficacy. The drug is dissolved in DMSO, and it can penetrate into the human body without oral and injection, which opens up a new way of administration. More importantly, it increases the local drug content in the disease area and reduces the drug harm of other organs of the body.

DMSO is the solvent, penetrant and synergist of pesticide and fertilizer. Use antibiotics to dissolve into DMSO to treat fruit tree rot disease, and use pesticides to dissolve into DMSO to kill the borers in trees and fruits. Use 0.5% solution to spray at the flowering stage of soybeans to increase the yield by 10%~15%. Add 0.5% DMSO to various fertilizer aqueous solutions to fertilize the leaves.

DMSO is used for farad class and super capacity capacitors. DMSO is widely used in cleaning electronic components and integrated circuits. It has the function of one-time removal of organics, inorganic substances and polymers, and is non-toxic, tasteless and easy to recycle.

DMSO plays a dual role of reaction solvent and reagent in chemical reactions. Some reactions that are difficult to achieve can be carried out smoothly in DMSO. It can accelerate and catalyze some chemical reactions, improve yield and change product performance.^{[4 ]}

Industrial use

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Dimethyl sulfoxide is an extremely important nonproton that is soluble in both water and organic solvents Polar solvent 。 It is widely used as solvent and reaction reagent with high selective extraction ability. Dimethyl sulfoxide has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, sedative and other functions, and can be directly used as the raw material and carrier of some drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Known as "panacea", it is often added to medicines as an active component of pain relievers.

1. For aromatic hydrocarbon Extraction, reaction medium of resin and dye, acrylic fiber polymerization, solvent for spinning, etc.

2. It can be used as organic solvent, reaction medium and organic synthesis intermediate. It is widely used. This product has a high selective extraction capacity and is used as a polymerization and condensation solvent for acrylic resin and polysulfone resin, polymerization and extraction solvent for polyacrylonitrile and acetic acid fiber, extraction solvent for separation of alkanes and aromatics, extraction of aromatics and butadiene, acrylic fiber spinning, plastic solvent, reaction medium for organic synthetic dyes, pharmaceuticals and other industries. In medicine, dimethyl sulfoxide has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and has strong penetration to the skin, so it can dissolve some drugs, so that such drugs can penetrate into the human body to achieve therapeutic purposes. This carrier property of dimethyl sulfoxide can also be used as an additive of pesticides. A small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide is added to some pesticides to help them penetrate into plants and improve their efficacy. Dimethyl sulfoxide can also be used as the dyeing solvent, dye remover and dyeing carrier of synthetic fibers, as well as the absorbent for recovering acetylene and sulfur dioxide, synthetic fiber modifier, antifreeze, capacitor medium, brake oil, rare metal extractant, etc.

3. It is used as an analytical reagent, a stationary liquid for gas chromatography, and a solvent for UV spectral analysis.

4. Transdermal enhancer. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of the earliest transdermal penetration enhancers, and its penetration promoting properties may be related to its solvability. Dimethyl sulfoxide can denature proteins in skin keratinocytes; It can destroy the orderly arrangement of lipids between cells in the stratum corneum; It can remove the lipids and lipoproteins in the stratum corneum and enhance the penetration of drugs. However, the use of high concentration DMSO will cause erythema, blisters and irreversible damage to the skin, which has been banned in the United States. The common concentration is 30% - 50%.

5. Antifreeze. Pure dimethyl sulfoxide freezing point It is 18.45 ℃. Dimethyl sulfoxide with 40% water is not frozen at - 60 ℃, and it emits heat when mixed with water and snow. Therefore, it is convenient to make automobile antifreeze, brake oil and hydraulic fluid components. Ethylene glycol antifreeze is not applicable when the temperature exceeds - 40 ℃, and the boiling point is lower than that of dimethyl sulfoxide. It is toxic and easy to produce gas resistance. Dimethyl sulfoxide antifreeze is used in automobiles and combat vehicles in northern severe cold areas, and can be supplemented with snow instead of water at any time. DMSO is also used as deicer, coating, antifreeze for various emulsions, antifreeze for gasoline, aviation kerosene, and antifreeze for bone marrow, blood, and organ cryopreservation.

security information

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Safety terminology	S26：In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. In case of contact with eyes, please immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
Safety terminology	S37/39：Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection Wear appropriate gloves and goggles or mask.
Risk terminology	R36/37/38：Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.

Toxicity and safety

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DMSO has local toxicity and low systemic toxicity. High concentration local use will produce irritation, causing redness, burning, itching, scaling, and even urticaria; It may cause nausea, vomiting, chills, convulsions, lethargy and other systemic symptoms. When DMSO is used as a transdermal enhancer of some drugs, it may enhance the adverse effects and toxicity of drugs.^{[5 ]}

Low toxicity, LD fifty : 9700 ～ 28300mg/kg (rat by mouth); 16500 ～ 24000 mg/kg (mouse by mouth). It has permeability to human skin and irritation to eyes.

DMSO has certain toxic effects, which interact with protein hydrophobic groups, leading to protein denaturation, and has vascular toxicity and hepatorenal toxicity. Avoid volatilization when using. Prepare 1% - 5% ammonia water for standby. Wash the skin with plenty of water and dilute ammonia water after touching it.

The most common are nausea, vomiting, rash and garlic, onion and oyster smell in the skin and exhaled gas.

Inhalation: High volatile concentration may cause headache, dizziness and sedation.

Skin: It can burn the skin and make the skin tingle, just like the skin rash and blisters seen. If DMSO contacts with aqueous skin, thermal reaction will occur. Avoid contact with DMSO solution containing toxic raw materials or substances. Because its toxicity is unknown, DMSO may penetrate into the skin and bring toxic substances into the skin under certain conditions.

Absorption: absorption risk is very low.

pharmacology

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DMSO has various pharmacological effects. DMSO captures free light radicals, and its metabolite dimethyl sulfide (DMS) can capture free oxygen ions. These mechanisms can help people better understand its anti-inflammatory, cryoprotective, anti ischemic and radiation protective effects.

DMSO can easily penetrate the skin. As a carrier, it can promote the percutaneous absorption of other compounds (including drugs and poisons) that cannot penetrate the skin under normal conditions. When drugs such as insulin, heparin sodium, betamethasone and sulfa drugs are mixed with DMSO and used on the skin, they can be systematically absorbed.

DMSO has weak antibacterial effect when it is used in clinic, while the authorities have certain clinical effect when it is used as an antifungal agent. The antimicrobial mechanism of the drug has not been clarified.

The anti-inflammatory/analgesic properties of DMSO have been studied in depth. DMSO is more effective than chronic inflammation in treating acute inflammation. Compared with anesthetic analgesics, DMSO is more effective in both acute and chronic skeletal muscle pain.

DMSO can reduce platelet agglutination, but when it is used in myocardium, there is a contradiction about its coagulative effect. DMSO has different diuretic effects no matter which administration mode is adopted. Because it can stimulate mast cells to release histamine, which may lead to vasodilation after local application.

DMSO also has the anticholinergic effect and the effect of enhancing prostaglandin E, but it can block prostaglandin E two 、F 2a 、H two 、G two Synthesis of. DMSO inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, which is not only responsible for the metabolism of ethanol but also metabolizes ethylene glycol into toxic metabolites.^{[6 ]}

Pharmacokinetics

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DMSO is easily absorbed after local application, especially when the concentration is 80%~100%. It can be widely and rapidly distributed to all tissues of the body. After intravenous injection, the half-life of drug serum is about 9 h. DMSO is metabolized to dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which is mainly excreted in the kidney, although bile and respiratory system can also excrete. In cattle, the drug degrades rapidly. After 20 days, the drug and its metabolites can not be detected in milk, urine, blood and tissues.^{[6 ]}

Usage and dosage

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Usage and dosage, apply externally and smear on the affected part. Adjust the concentration for use.

(1) If the wound is broken, the drug can be easily absorbed, and 30-50% DMSO aqueous solution can be used.

(2) High concentration can be used for deep diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, etc. 50~70% DMSO aqueous solution can be used.

(3) For long-term medication or children's medication, low concentration should be used to prevent skin damage; It shall be determined according to the specific situation.

(4) For large-scale application, if the concentration of DMSO is too high, hemolysis will occur. Generally, more than 50% of DMSO aqueous solution should not exceed 200 ml per day for a healthy person with a weight of 60 kg.

(5) As a solvent, for example, 1.5 g oxytetracycline can be dissolved in 100 ml of 60% DMSO aqueous solution; Winter green oil can only dissolve about 1g in 100ml of 60% DMSO aqueous solution, and about 2g in 100ml of 70% DMSO aqueous solution.^{[7 ]}

Storage method

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1. The product should be sealed in a cool, dry place and kept away from light.

2. The product is packed in aluminum barrels, plastic barrels or glass bottles. Store in a cool, ventilated and dry place, and store and transport according to the regulations for flammable and toxic substances.

3. DMSO is stable when heated, but it can be degraded into methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfomethane in a small amount when heated and refluxed for a long time, and release toxic gas when heated and decomposed. This product is incompatible with oxidants. DMSO is irritating to skin and eyes, and ventilation and protection shall be paid attention to during purchase, transportation and operation.^{[5 ]}

Production

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The United States, Japan, France and China have DMSO production plants in the world. By the end of 1997, the production capacity of the existing DMSO plants in the United States, France and Japan had reached 30000 tons/year. China is about 10000 tons/year.

Application in petroleum processing

DMSO was used as the extraction solvent in aromatics extraction. It was the first IFP method in France and was published at the 35th National Chemical Conference in Warsaw.

Its advantages are:

1. High selectivity to aromatics;

2. Unrestricted miscibility of aromatics at room temperature;

3. The extraction temperature is low and does not react with alkanes, olefins and water;

4. Non corrosive and non-toxic;

5. Simple extraction process, less equipment and energy saving;

6. Insoluble olefins are suitable for oils with high olefin content;

7. Reverse extraction can be used for solvent recovery.

It is superior to Shell's Sulfinol method and Universal's Udcx method. Beijing and Liaoyang Petrochemical Company of China have been used in imported units.

DMSO is insoluble in alkanes, so it is used in the refining of food wax and edible white oil and in the detection of anticancer substances.

DMSO pair acetylene Easily soluble, 33 liters of acetylene can be dissolved per liter of DMSO, while acetone Only 25 liters of acetylene can be dissolved. DMSO has a high boiling point and is easy to recover and regenerate. So for petroleum gas Acetylene recovery and dissolved acetylene production.

DMSO is easily soluble to organic sulfide, aromatic hydrocarbon and alkyne, and is often used in the refining of lubricating oil and diesel oil. DMSO and water will not freeze at - 60 ℃ at 40%. Therefore, DMSO is used for gasoline, aviation kerosene anti icing agent, and automobile antifreeze in cold regions. stay Fuel oil additive Ferrocene It is used as reaction solvent in production to make Dimeric cyclopentadiene Sodium and Ferric trichloride The reaction was accelerated and the yield was increased. In nitro group alkane Sodium nitrite is mixed with chloroalkane The direct reaction in DMSO has high yield. Recently, there are many reports in petroleum processing, and new uses are constantly being developed, especially in the industrialized production of diesel oil refining abroad.

Application in synthetic fibers

The application of DMSO in acrylic fiber spinning was first patented by Toyo Rayon Co., Ltd. of Japan, which made acrylonitrile polymerize in DMSO, without separation, and directly sprayed in water bath to obtain bulky, soft and easy dyed artificial wool. Its advantages are simple process, high solubility, high boiling point of solvent, non-toxic, easy recovery, good product performance and low cost. Some acrylic fiber plants in Yuci, Dalian and Beijing, Shanxi, China, use this process for production. Recently, it is produced with polyacrylonitrile carbon fibre It is also used in. It is used for refining terephthalate in polyester resin production abroad. In addition, DMSO spinning and acrylonitrile copolymerization are used in the production of chlorine fiber.

Application in pharmaceutical production

DMSO is widely used as a reaction solvent in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. For example: use Potassium fluoride And 3,4-Dichloronitrobenzene Fluorochloroaniline is prepared by reaction in DMSO and is widely used Norfloxacin Production and Trifluoronitrotoluene Ofloxacin And other fluorinated drugs. India is one of the main countries producing fluorine-containing drugs, so the import volume of DMSO is about 4500t per year. DMSO has been used in the synthesis of berberine, inositol nicotinate, sucrose fatty acid polyesters and the extraction of traditional Chinese medicine.

Application in medical treatment

DMSO is soluble and permeable to many drugs, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, promotes blood circulation and wound healing, and has diuretic and sedative effects. It can increase drug absorption and improve curative effect, so it is called "panacea" abroad. All kinds of drugs are dissolved in DMSO. Without oral administration and injection, they can penetrate into the body after being smeared on the skin, opening up a new way of administration. More importantly, it increases the local drug content in the ward and reduces the harm of other drugs in the body. There are many medical research reports abroad. In China, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Beijing Institute of Materia Medica, China Drug Testing Center, etc. conducted a comprehensive toxicological examination and pathological anatomy in the 1960s, proving that half of DMSOs in China are LG fifty The value is (22.4 ± 1.4) g/kg, which is basically consistent with 21.4 g/kg reported in foreign literature. It is non-toxic and consistent with pathological anatomy. The sarcolysin, B518, C6323, N-A and other drugs used by the Beijing Institute of Materia Medica and the local tumor have achieved good effects and significantly inhibited tumor growth. In animal experiments, the local drug concentration was 2-8 times higher than other drug concentrations through anatomical detection. Foreign studies believe that cancer cells have a layer of cutin protective membrane, which hinders the entry of drugs. DMSO has the ability to dissolve and penetrate the cutin, so it can improve the efficacy. In the 1960s, 160 medical units, including Peking Union Medical College Hospital, carried out clinical trials and opened special clinics in Benxi. They accumulated a lot of data, which proved to be effective for neurodermatitis, psoriasis, arthritis, bursitis, folliculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, otitis media, rhinitis, adnexitis, toothache, banded blisters, hemorrhoids, sprains, lumbar muscle strain, burns, trauma, etc. The production of Guyouling, beriberi, Fuhydrosong ointment and other external drugs and external preparations in major hospitals have been widely used. The Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Sciences used DMSO to dissolve "pas" to treat equine transmitted poverty and parasitic diseases. Especially in traditional Chinese medicine extraction preparations, the content of useful components is increased, and the efficacy is improved.

Application in pesticide and fertilizer

DMSO is the solvent, penetrant and synergist of pesticide and fertilizer. It is reported abroad that antimicrobials are dissolved in DMSO to treat fruit tree rot, pesticides are dissolved in DMSO to kill the borers in trees and fruits, and 0.5 ‰ solution is sprayed at the flowering stage of soybeans to increase the yield by 10%~15%. The addition of 5 ‰ DMSO in various fertilizer aqueous solutions is more likely to cause personal poisoning.

It has been used in fruit tree mycosis in China. In the plant experiment, impermeable drugs and dyes were mixed into DMSO aqueous solution, and the trunk was smeared. After 12h, it was found that the branches, leaves, roots and fruits were both contained or colored, and then the detection results disappeared after 24h. This shows that the drugs and pigments dissolved in DMSO can penetrate, circulate, and also be discharged through metabolism. This characteristic shows the application prospect of DMSO in agriculture, which needs to be studied in the future.

Application in dyes

The production capacity and yield of Jilin Dyestuff Factory have been greatly improved after the use of DMSO in the production of Rendan Shilin Blue, while Sichuan Dyestuff Factory is still using DMSO. It is reported that DMSO is added in dyeing to make dyeing uniform and eliminate color difference.

Application in coatings

DMSO is widely used as solvent, cosolvent and antifreeze in water emulsion paint. Because DMSO has good solubility for various resins, it can be used as Solubilizer 。 The more important use is as paint remover. Add alkali or nitric acid , can be removed including epoxy resin Various paint films inside.

Application of PVA in antifreeze

The freezing point of pure DMSO is 18.45 ℃, and DMSO with 40% water content will not freeze at - 60 ℃, and DMSO will release heat when mixed with water and snow. This property enables DMSO to be used as a component of automobile antifreeze, brake oil and hydraulic fluid. glycol Antifreeze is not applicable when the temperature exceeds - 40 ℃. Moreover, it has a lower boiling point than DMSO, is toxic and easy to produce gas resistance. DMSO antifreeze is used for deicing agent, coating, antifreeze of various latex, gasoline, aviation kerosene, bone marrow, blood, antifreeze stored at low temperature, etc. in northern severe cold areas.

Application of GIS in gas separation

In petroleum processing, chemical tail gas recovery and gas separation, DMSO is used to treat aromatics, alkynes, sulfides Nitrogen dioxide Solubility of sulfur dioxide, used as gas separation solvent.

Application in synthetic resin

DMSO is used as the polymerization solvent of polysulfone resin in production. DMSO is soluble to many natural resins and synthetic resins PVC resin It can be dissolved under moderate heat. DMSO is used for artificial leather processing and can also be used as a cleaning agent for polyurethane reaction kettle, acrylonitrile Copolymerization reaction solvent.

Application of PLC in coking by-product

It is used for anthracene refining in the production of anthraquinone. stay Anthracene oil DMSO is added to extract refined anthracene, and the one-time extraction content can reach more than 98% without water Back extraction The process of recovering DMSO is simple. It is also used in naphthalene refining outside China Coke oven gas It is used to recover organic sulfide in separation.

DMSO is used as extraction additive for gold, platinum, niobium, tantalum, rhenium and radioactive elements in national highways to improve selectivity, solubility and antifreeze for low-temperature crystallization.

Application in electronic industry

DMSO is used as the electrolyte of farad level and super capacity capacitors - liquid double electric layer capacitors. The capacitor is only micro farad capacity, and this capacitor can reach 1~100 farad. For example, Japan's 3~5V 10F and America's 1.6V 100F capacitors are used for Solar power supply system As energy storage element, information protection power supply and memory element of electronic computers and robots. DMSO is widely used in the cleaning of electronic components and integrated circuits. It has the ability to Inorganic The polymer has the function of one-time removal, and is non-toxic, tasteless, and easy to recycle.

Application in organic synthesis

DMSO plays a dual role of reaction solvent and reaction test in chemical reaction. For some reactions that cannot be realized, DMSO can carry out smoothly in DMSO. For some chemical reactions, DMSO can accelerate and catalyze, improve yield, and reform product performance.

1、 Nucleophilic substitution reaction : DMSO is the nucleophilic dissociation solvent of haloalkanes and sulfonates, which can generate adducts, and the reaction rate is higher than ordinary Aprotic solvent It is 155 times faster and plays an important role in alkylation reaction.

Haloalkanes react with inorganic cyanide to prepare nitriles, which is not easy to react. In DMSO, the reaction rate is fast and the yield is high. Sodium nitrite and haloalkane or a haloester can be converted into nitro compounds with similar effect.

Swarts reaction is not easy to prepare aromatic fluorides, but in DMSO, potassium fluoride and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons can easily start displacement reaction to produce fluorine exchange with high yield. Bromobenzene And Potassium tert butanol Tert butyl phenyl ether is produced in DMSO without heating.

2. Elimination reaction: benzyl alcohol and aliphatic tertiary alcohol generate dilute in DMSO, and sulfonic acid ester and haloalkane generate alkene by heating in DMSO. Cope reaction It can be carried out smoothly in DMSO at room temperature, and the reaction speed is 105 times faster than that in water.

3、 Electrophilic substitution reaction : The electrophilic substitution reaction on some saturated carbon atoms in DMSO can proceed rapidly. For example, when sodium enol salt is alkylated with haloalkanes in benzene, adding DMSO of 0.65mol/L concentration can make the reaction 20 times faster in DMSO than in dioxane. The exchange rate of hydrogen and heavy hydrogen in organic matter under alkali catalysis is 109 times higher in DMSO than in alcohol. The racemization rate of asymmetric α - carbon in DMSO is 106 times higher than that in tert butyl alcohol.

4. Double bond rearrangement: Double bond rearrangement can be generated in DMSO through the catalysis of potassium tert butanol, and the reaction can be carried out in homogeneous phase at low temperature.

5. Other reactions: There are many reports on the use of DMSO as the reaction solvent. For example: Triethylamine And Iodoethane Quaternization Higher fatty acids And Glyceride Transesterification of Sodium alkoxide Esterification of non reducing sugars and alcohols in the presence of Cyanoethylation 、 Phenyl isocyanate And mercaptan Reactive Catalysis And so on. It has acceleration effect in DMSO. DMSO can also be used as reaction solvent in ester condensation and polymer. For example: Dicckmann reaction, dextran depolymerization, conformation transformation of pancreatic prion enzyme, acylation, etc.

In a word, DMSO has opened up a new way in chemical preparation, accelerated the chemical reaction speed, improved the yield, and prepared many new substances. It is not only a solvent, but also a new method of chemical reaction, which is of great significance in theory and practice.

Application of CdTe in hydrothermal synthesis

In the process of hydrothermal synthesis, it can be used as solvent. DMSO in the reaction kettle will decompose above 120 ℃, producing toxic gas, dizziness and unpleasant smell. Pay attention to protection during use. If the temperature exceeds 120 ℃, the kettle shall be opened in the fume hood with gas mask.

The application of cpa in cell cryopreservation

Dimethyl sulfoxide is an important osmotic cell protective agent. It is necessary to use DMSO cryoprotectant to prevent damage caused by the formation of ice crystals in the intracellular fluid, changes in osmotic pressure, cell structure disorder, etc. during the cryopreservation of cells at deep low temperature (- 200 ℃). DMSO can quickly penetrate the cell membrane into the cell, reduce the freezing point, delay the cryopreservation process, increase the concentration of intracellular ions, reduce the formation of intracellular ice crystals, and thus reduce cell damage. The cytotoxicity of DMSO was inhibited at deep hypothermia. When recovering, move quickly and wash away DMSO as soon as possible, otherwise it will cause serious toxicity to cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the best cryoprotectant for cells, but it is also a chemical test agent with great cytotoxicity. The results showed that when the concentration of DMSO in the culture medium was 10%, the inhibition rate of cell growth was nearly 100%; The inhibition rate is 35% at 1 ‰ concentration. Even at 0.04 ‰ concentration, DMSO has adverse effects on cell growth.

Application of PCR in PCR

Add 5% glycerol Or 5% DMSO can enhance specificity and inhibit the formation of primer dimer.

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