George Smoot

Professor of Physics, University of California, Berkeley

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George Fitzgerald Smoot III, born on February 20, 1945, USA UC Berkeley Professor of physics, astrophysicist Cosmologist 。 The nobel prize in physics Winner. George Smoot and John Mathein "Found Cosmic microwave background The blackbody form of radiation and anisotropy ”And shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics. This work using COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite will help consolidate the universe Big Bang Theory 。 According to the Nobel Prize Committee, "this COBE program can be called a starting point for cosmology to step into precise science". He is professor of physics at Berkeley. In 2003, he was awarded Einstein Medal.

incumbent Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Professor of the Department of Physics, Professor Tingzhen Huaifang Zhao of the Institute of Advanced Research; President of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Medical Device Research Institute of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group; Honorary Professor of Foshan University of Science and Technology^[1]^[5-6]

Chinese name: George Smoot
Foreign name: George Fitzgerald Smoot
date of birth: February 20, 1945

University one is graduated from: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Bachelor, Master, Doctor)
Occupation: Astrophysicist
Key achievements: 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics

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seven Scientific research achievements

Character's Life

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George Smoot

George Smoot received his Ph. D. in physics from MIT in 1970, and then University of California Become a scientific research worker and begin to study the issues related to the Big Bang.^[2] He has worked at the University of California, and has been a professor of physics Astrophysics Cosmology. Participate in a "Planck Probe" program called the next generation experiment, which will be dedicated to the study of the early universe and will be launched in 2007.

George Fitzgerald Smoot III (February 20, 1945 -), USA Berkeley Professor of Physics, University of California, astrophysicist Cosmologist 。 George Smoot and John Mather Because "I found Cosmic microwave background The blackbody form of radiation and anisotropy ”And shared 2006 The nobel prize in physics 。

Obtained in 1966 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Double bachelor's degree (mathematics and physics); He received his doctorate in particle physics from MIT in 1970. stay The Big Bang Season 2 Episode 17 guest starring.

Initial study

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John Mather (colleague of George Smoot)

George Smoot soon turned to the study of cosmology and went to William Lawrence National Laboratory Continue his research. At the William Lawrence National Laboratory, he cooperated with Luis Walter Alvarez to conduct the HAPPE experiment, using a stratosphere Balloon to explore the upper atmosphere Antimatter 。

Later, he told Arno Penzias And Robert Wilson in 1964 Cosmic microwave background Radiation generated interest（ CMB ）。 At that time, there were many Cosmic structure And other controversial basic issues. some Cosmic model It is speculated that the universe is a rotating whole, so the cosmic microwave background radiation will be affected: its temperature should be different if the direction of observation is different. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, Smoot made a radiometer to observe the difference of cosmic microwave background radiation in two directions with an angle of 60 degrees.

This instrument is installed on the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft and successfully measured that the overall rotation of the universe is zero (within the precise range of the instrument). At the same time, this instrument has detected the cosmic microwave background Radiation temperature A change from the previous one—— dipole Heterotropism 。

This dipole pattern（ Cosmic microwave background The radiation is higher on one side of the sky and lower on the other Background radiation The movement of Doppler effect , which is called the final scattering surface. This Doppler effect is caused by the sun (actually the whole Galaxy ）It is not stationary, but moves relative to the final scattering surface at a speed close to 600 km/s. This may be caused by Giant source (also known as“ Great Attractor ”）Between Universal gravitation Caused by.

background knowledge

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George Smoot

John C Mather and George F Smoot because they "found Cosmic microwave background Radiant Blackbody Form and anisotropy ”He won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics. This discovery is considered as strong evidence that the universe was born in the Big Bang.

Their work began in the 1990s, based on NASA Data from the Cosmic Background Exploration Satellite (COBE). John Mather collated and analyzed the data obtained from COBE, and undertook the main work in the experiment of revealing the black body form of cosmic microwave background radiation. George Smoot is mainly responsible for measuring Background radiation A slight change in temperature.

Cosmologists believe that the cosmic microwave background radiation was generated 13 billion years ago, immediately after the Big Bang. At that time, the universe was a very hot object (3000K), and the radiation emitted had an obvious temperature signal - blackbody spectrum. This radiation still exists, that is Cosmic microwave background Radiation.

Although the temperature has dropped to 2.7K due to the continuous expansion of the universe, Mather determined that there is still black body information left in these radiation. He also observed that Blackbody radiation It is very close in all parts of the universe. These two observations are The origin of the universe It provides the first clear understanding and supports Big Bang Hypothesis 。 After Smoot analyzed COBE data, he found that anisotropy It is possible for people to understand clearly how structures such as galaxies and stars come into being from the big, isotropic explosion, which is one of the most fascinating puzzles in cosmology. Anisotropy after the Big Bang affects the development of galaxies, forming today's state.

Participate in COBE

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George Smoot

In 1974, Mather proposed to launch explore universe Satellite in the background, Cosmic background finder (Cosmic Background Explorer, short for COBE Satellite) to detect the microwave background. The proposal was approved by NASA. NASA originally intended to send COBE satellites into space with the space shuttle.

But after the Challenger crash in 1986, the space shuttle was grounded for several years, The future of COBE satellite is unpredictable. In order to enable COBE to fly to the sky as soon as possible, Mather and Smoot and their colleagues specially secured a rocket and finally sent COBE satellite into space in November 1989. As the chief scientist of COBE satellite science project, Mather led and coordinated COBE observation and analysis of COBE observation data from beginning to end.

With the help of COBE satellite, the research team led by Mather completed the Cosmic microwave background The space observation of radiation can accurately measure the Blackbody spectrum Shape. utilize Space They completed the measurement of each wavelength at one time. It makes up for the regret that many people have pieced together incomplete blackbody spectra in the past.

After analyzing and calculating the COBE satellite measurement results, they found that, The cosmic microwave background radiation spectrum observed by COBE satellite and the temperature of 2.74K Blackbody radiation The spectrum is very consistent with Big Bang The predicted results are very consistent. In other words, they more accurately verified the characteristics of the blackbody spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

Investment in China

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On September 9, 2015, George Smoot, the Nobel Prize winner, established his first investment plan in China in Beijing, together with O ME (Beijing Qingdaohui Technology Co., Ltd.) signed a cooperation agreement.^[3]

Dr. Smoot Meets with Director of Zhongguancun

In April 2015, Smoot officially established Smoot (China) Technology Co., Ltd. in China, and his investment team established the first investment plan in China, and finally chose the 3D printer intelligent application and creative education development enterprise O ME。^[4]

And O ME signs cooperation agreement

Scientific research and exploration

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In the COBE satellite project, Smoot is mainly responsible for surveying Microwave background radiation Small temperature fluctuations.

George Smoot

In 1977, the team of astronomers led by Smoot once Radiometer It was placed on the retired U2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft and flew above the atmosphere Background radiation The first evidence of temperature change in is called dipole Heterotropism Phenomenon. Skyy microwave radiation It is hot in the direction of earth movement and cold in the opposite direction. This is caused by the earth moving forward with the sun in the universe.

The earth moves around the sun Galaxy The center of the Milky Way rotates Local galaxy group The local galaxy group moves towards Virgo Galaxy Cluster Exercise. Local galaxy group relative to Cosmic microwave background Radiant Movement speed It's the fastest. Dipole anisotropy is a kind of Doppler effect It is not the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation itself.

With colleagues

Based on the observations made in 1977, Smoot designed a new system called differential Microwave radiometer (Differential Microwave Radiometer, DMR for short), a special instrument with higher precision, is placed on the COBE satellite.

DMR consists of three different radio wavelengths of 3.3mm, 5.7mm and 9.6mm radiometer form. At these three wavelengths, Cosmic microwave background The intensity of radiation is much higher than that of other wavelengths.

Smoot also designed a pair of antennas for this instrument. Using these antennas to measure the temperature difference between two different sky areas, 1% of the temperature difference can be measured, and the observation results are more accurate than other radiometers.

Scientific research achievements

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George Smoot

In April 1992, Smoot excitedly announced that they had discovered the long-awaited Cosmic microwave background Weak in Heterotropism Phenomenon, this is the hot and cold change in the sky area of 100 million light years. Compared with the microwave background with an average temperature of 2.74K, the temperature change in these areas is only 6 parts per million. This weak temperature fluctuation is caused by gravitational fluctuation, that is, the uneven density of matter.

The group led by Mather and Smoot used the observation and research carried out by COBE satellite to more accurately and comprehensively verify the two characteristics of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Their work has ushered in a new era of more accurate cosmological research.

John Mather And George Smoot won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics. They went to Sidi on December 10, 2006 Gormo accept Nobel Prize The award was given to them by the jury.

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