Noam Chomsky

American philosopher

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synonym Chomsky (Chomsky) Generally refers to Norm Chomsky (American philosopher)

Avram Noam Chomsky (December 7, 1928 -), an American philosopher. yes Massachusetts Institute of Technology Linguistic Emeritus Professor 。 Chomsky's《 syntactic structure 》It is regarded as the 20th century Theoretical linguistics One of the greatest contributions to research.

Chinese name: Avram Noam Chomsky
Foreign name: Avram Noam Chomsky
Nationality: U.S.A
Ethnic groups: Israel
date of birth: December 7, 1928
University one is graduated from: University of Pennsylvania

Occupation: philosopher 、 teacher
Key achievements: Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
Belief: Judaism
Representative works: Modern Hebrew Morpheme Phonology 、 Syntax Structure 、 Collection of Domination and Restriction
Gender: male

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Noam Chomsky

Dr. Avram Noam Chomsky (December 7, 1928 -) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Linguistic Emeritus Professor 。 Chomsky's《 generative grammar 》It is regarded as the 20th century Theoretical linguistics The greatest contribution in research. He also passed the Borges Frederick Skinner And launched a cognitive revolution in psychology, challenging the dominant Behaviorism The way people learn spirit and language. His natural Learning a language His method also has a great influence on the philosophy of language and spirit. His other great achievement is to establish Chomsky hierarchy : according to different grammar generating forces Regular language Classification.

Chomsky is also famous for his enthusiasm for politics, especially his criticism of the United States and other governments. Chomsky classified himself as a liberal socialist and Anarchism The sympathizer of. It is generally believed that he is a famous major intellectual active in the left-wing political arena of the United States. According to art and humanities Citation index From 1980 to 1992, Chomsky was the living scholar with the largest number of citations and the eighth largest number of citations in history.

Character experience

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Noam Chomsky

Chomsky was born in Pennsylvania Of Philadelphia 。 His father, William Chomsky, was a Hebrew Scholar, from a man who was later nazi Extinct Ukraine town. His mother, Elsie Chomsky Simonofsky, was Belarus But his mother was different from his father in that she grew up in the United States and said, "Ordinary New York English ". Both of them first language Both Yiddish Although Chomsky himself said that his parents prohibited speaking this language at home. He said that they lived in a Jewish settlement divided into "Yiddish District" and "Hebrew District", and his family identified with the latter and used "pure Hebrew Culture and literature "taught him.

Chomsky remembers that his first article was written when he was ten years old Barcelona After the fall, Nazism The threat of spread. From the age of 12 or 13, Chomsky more thoroughly identified Anarchism 。

He graduated from Philadelphia Central High School University of Pennsylvania Studied by philosophers C. West Churchman, Nelson Goodman and linguist Zerig· Harris (Zellig Harris) Study philosophy and linguistics. Harris taught him how to language structure linear operator Findings in. Chomsky later interprets these as Marking system Of Context free grammar Operation of products. Harris' political views on Chomsky political stand The formation of has had an important impact.

In 1949, Chomsky married Carol Schatz, a linguist. After marriage, she had two daughters, Aviva (1957) and Diane (1960), and a son, Harry (1967).

Chomsky received his doctorate in linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1955. Most of his doctoral research has spent four years as a young scholar at Harvard Harvard University Completed. In his doctoral dissertation, he began to discover some of his own linguistic ideas, and later he further elaborated them and wrote his probably most famous work in linguistics -《 syntactic structure 》。

Chomsky began teaching in 1955 Massachusetts Institute of Technology In 1961, he became a full professor in the Department of Modern Language and Linguistics (now the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy). From 1966 to 1976, he served as the Ferrari P. Ward Chair of Modern Language and Linguistics. In 1976, he was appointed as a professor of the college, and he has been teaching at MIT for nearly 50 years.

Noam Chomsky

It was during this period that Chomsky began to participate more openly in politics. With his 1967《 New York Book Review 》An article entitled "The Responsibility of Intellectuals" published on Vietnam war One of the main opponents of. Since then, Chomsky has become famous for his political stance, commenting on political situations around the world and writing a large number of books. His attitude towards the United States foreign policy The criticism of the legitimacy of American power has far-reaching influence, and has become a controversial figure. He has loyal followers of the left, but also receives more and more criticism from the right and liberal, especially for his 911 Reaction.

Criticism of American foreign policy has brought Chomsky a personal threat. His name is on Theodore Kaczynski's reservation list. Before Kashi's arrest, Chomsky asked people to check the mail received in case of bombs. He claimed that he was often protected by the police, especially when he was on MIT campus, although he did not agree with such protection in principle.

Chomsky still lives in the United States despite his criticism of the United States. His explanation is that the United States is still the greatest country in the world. Later, he explained it as: "The relationship between countries general comparison It doesn't make sense. I wouldn't compare it like that. However, the United States has made some achievements, especially its leading position in freedom of expression over the centuries. "

In June 2024, according to the British Independent, the health of Norm Chomsky, a well-known linguist, philosopher and social critic, has deteriorated, and it is said that "communication is not available at present".^[6]

Representative works

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Modern Hebrew Morpheme Phonology, Transformation Analysis《 syntactic structure 》。 Chomsky is also concerned International politics , for contemporary Political pattern such as Iraq War , unequal development and so on.^[1]

Academic contribution

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linguistics

Noam Chomsky

《 syntactic structure 》（ Syntactic Structures ）Chomsky Transform Generation Syntax The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory Essence Edition 。 This theory believes that the way of speaking（ word order ）Follow a certain syntax, which is characterized by formal grammar. Specifically, it is a grammar that is not affected by the context and has rules of transformation and generation. Children are assumed to be born with human language Knowledge of basic grammatical structure. This innate knowledge is often called Universal Grammar Theory 。

However, quite a few linguist opposition Universal grammar In theory, it is too presumptuous to assume that all human languages have the same "underlying grammar" before the study of all human languages; Moreover, when applying universal grammar to study unknown languages, we have to assume many "blank parts of speech", and when studying languages whose basic grammar is "predicate subject object" (such as Irish Gaelic ）We have to assume that the "bottom layer" of these languages Basic structure ”For Subject predicate object This practice itself may have violated the descriptive principle. Some linguists (such as Michael Evans and Stephan Levinson) argue that universal grammar is based on Ethnocentrism And this will affect the cognitive science It has a very bad effect.

Linguist and mathematician Zhou Haizhong It points out that Universal Grammar has always been controversial hot topic 。 Anthropogenic Language ability Is it born or acquired; The evolution of language is human Gene action The result of historical and cultural influence. There are no convincing answers to these questions. Therefore, the exploration and debate on universal grammar will continue.^[1]

Psychology

Noam Chomsky

Chomsky's works on linguistics have had an impact on the development direction of psychology in the 20th century significant impact 。 His theory of Universal Grammar is considered by many people to be based on the established behaviorist theory The direct challenge of. This theory has far-reaching significance for understanding how children acquire language and what is the ability to truly understand language. Many basic principles of Chomsky's theory have now been widely accepted in some circles. In 1959 Chomsky published Borges Frederick Skinner A long review of "Oral Behavior". In his book, Skinner tries to explain language problems with behavioral theory. He defines "oral behavior" as a behavior learned from others, which goes beyond the scope of linguists' common concern Communicative behavior A general explanation is proposed.

Skinner's research method and Traditional Linguistics One big difference is that it focuses on the context of language use. For example, he thinks that asking for water from people is different from calling something water and responding to others' requests for water in terms of function. This functional response needs to be explained separately, which is different from the traditional view of language and Chomsky's psycholinguistics The latter focuses on the mental representation of words and assumes that a word will appear in various functions once it is learned. Although Chomsky's criticism of Skinner in 1959 also involved the functions of different oral acts, it mainly focused on the basic starting point of Skinner's theory, that is behavioristic psychology Criticism of.

The main point of Chomsky's paper is that Principles of conduct It is meaningless to apply it to humans outside the laboratory. If you want to understand human Complex behavior We must assume that there are some invisible entities in the brain with ultimate responsibility. Both are related to Skinner's radicalism Behaviorism give tit for tat. It should be noted that Chomsky's paper in 1959 was also severely criticized, the most famous of which is Kenneth McCookdale's Comments on Skinner published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, volume 13, pages 83-99 in 1970. This paper and other similar comments point out some facts ignored by laymen: for example, Chomsky does not really understand behavioral psychology or Skinner's radical behaviorism, and has made many embarrassing mistakes. Because of this, Chomsky's thesis did not accomplish the task it claimed. Those who were deeply influenced by this paper either never agreed with him or never read it.

Noam Chomsky

It is generally believed that Chomsky's research method And basic assumptions American Psychology From 1950s to 1970s“ Cognitive revolution ”, that is, from Behavioral research The focus has shifted to cognitive research. Chomsky's explanation of human language ability in his Cartesian Linguistics in 1966 and later works later became a research model in some fields of psychology. Now many ideas about how the mind works are developed from Chomsky's persuasive ideas. There are three basic ideas. First of all, the mind is "cognitive", or it contains mental conditions, opinions, doubts, etc. The previous concept didn't even admit this, thinking that only "if you ask me whether I want X, I will answer yes" logical relationship 。 Chomsky believes that the common view must be correct, that is, the mind contains views or even unconscious mentality 。 Secondly, Chomsky believes that most adults Intellectual activity They are all "born". Although children are not born to speak a certain language, all children are born with strong "language learning" ability, which enables them to quickly absorb several languages in the first few years. Later psychologists applied this theory to language problems. Finally, Chomsky uses "pattern" as his mind cognitive structure Key characteristics of. He believes that the mind is composed of a series of subsystems that interact and perform their respective functions, and communicate with each other in a limited way.

scientific culture

Chomsky Post structuralism and Postmodernism They strongly disagree with the criticism of science.

Noam Chomsky

"I have spent most of my life using the methods I know. Those who are accused of being 'scientific', 'rational' and 'logical' method study Such problems. So when I read those papers Postmodern Or post structural papers), I hope they can help me overcome this limitation or point out a new direction. I'm afraid I'm disappointed. I admit that this may be my limitation. Usually when I read the polysyllabic terms of post structuralism or post-modernism, I just skim them. Most of what I can understand are platitudes or obvious fallacies, but those only account for a small part of all words. Indeed, there are many other things I don't understand, such as the articles in the latest physics and mathematics journals. But not the same. In the latter case, I know how to understand them, and I have done so when I am particularly interested in them; And I know people in those fields can explain to me according to my level, so that I can understand some of the content I am interested in. On the contrary, no one seems to be able to explain to me the latest version of the post, which contains nothing but platitudes, nonsense and obvious mistakes, and I don't know how to further understand it. "

Chomsky notes that the criticism of "white male science" is similar to Anti Semitism And during the "German Physics" movement, nazi Attacks on "Jewish physics" for the political purpose of defaming Jewish scientists' research.

In fact, the whole concept of "white male science" reminds me of "Jewish physics". Maybe this is another weakness of mine, but when I read a scientific paper, I can't judge whether the author is white or male. The same is true for discussions in class, in the office, or elsewhere. I really doubt that those non male, non white students, friends and colleagues who work with me will be willing to accept this statement, and admit that their thinking and understanding methods are different from "white male science" due to "gender and race culture". I think their reaction to this is more than "surprise".

Impact in other areas

Chomsky's model is also used as the theoretical basis of some other fields. computer science Chomsky system will be involved in basic courses of Formal language Insight. This system can also be discussed from a mathematical perspective, and has aroused the interest of mathematicians, especially combinatorial mathematicians. quite a lot Evolutionary Psychology Chomsky's research results also triggered the argument of.

1984 The nobel prize in physiology and medicine Winner Nils Gilne explains human beings with Chomsky's generation model immune system , he put“ protein structure The various characteristics of“ generative grammar Components of the. Gilnean Stockholm The Nobel lecture was entitled "Generative Grammar of the Immune System".

politic view

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Works of Norm Chomsky

Chomsky is one of the most famous representatives of American radical politicians. He claimed Anarchism According to him, that is to challenge and try to eliminate all improper ranking system 。 He especially agrees with the labor centered anarchism Anarchism 。 Unlike many anarchists, Chomsky does not completely reject electoral politics; He was right US general election Our position is that citizens should be local the Democratic Party of the United States Vote to prevent republican party In areas where the Republican Party has no hope of winning, it should support more radical candidates such as The Green Party 。 He claimed to be a "fellow traveler" in the anarchist tradition, to show the difference from pure anarchists, and to explain why he was willing to intervene sometimes National machinery 。

Chomsky considered himself a conservative among classical liberals. He even claimed Zionism Although he realized that his so-called Zionism had been considered anti Zionism by many people. Generally speaking, Chomsky is not interested in traditional political terms and classifications, and he would rather let his views themselves illustrate the problem. His main way of political activity is to write articles for magazines, monographs and speeches. So is Chomsky Policy research Senior scholar of the college.

Chomsky was recently elected one of 11 people to lead global governments. What may surprise some people is that he only ranks fourth, ranking in the Dalai Lama Bill Clinton And elected president Nelson Mandela After. The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers calls Chomsky "America foreign policy One of the most influential left-wing critics.

Chomsky on Terrorism

Noam Chomsky

For the United States announced in 1981 and 2001“ War on Terror ”Chomsky believes that the main source of international terrorism is led by the United States World power 。 He quoted a US military The dictionary defines terrorism as "deliberately using violence or threatening to use violence to incite fear, trying to force or intimidate the government or society to pursue politics, religion or ideology Target. " He accordingly pointed out that terrorism is an objective description of an act, regardless of whether the actor is a state machine or not. About the American invasion Afghanistan He said: "The wanton killing of innocent civilians is terrorism rather than a war on terror." On the effectiveness of terrorism: "First, terrorism It is indeed effective and will not fail. It is effective. Violence always works. World history Always. Secondly, it is often said that terrorism is the weapon of the weak, which is a great analytical error. Like other means of violence, in most cases it is a weapon of the strong. Terrorism is called the weapon of the weak because the strong control speech at the same time, so their terrorist acts can be ignored. This is the general situation. I can hardly think of anything in history Counterexample Even the heinous executioner thinks so. Take the Nazis for example. They did not commit terrorism in the European territories. They are protecting local residents from guerrillas terrorist attack 。 Like other resistance movements, that is called terrorism. The Nazis are fighting terror. "

Noam Chomsky

As for whether terrorism should be condemned or supported, Chomsky believes that terrorism (and violence and power) should be condemned in general, unless in some cases it is to avoid greater terror (or violence and abuse of power). In 1967, a story about Political violence Of Legitimacy Chomsky advocated Vietnam? National liberation front terrorism It is improper, but theoretically, in some cases, those activities are justified:

"I don't think that because the terrorist activities of the National Liberation Front are heinous, we should condemn them. Although it may sound evil, we should really compare the costs. If we want to look at this issue from a moral standpoint - I think we should do so - we should ask what the results of using and not using terrorist activities are respectively. If we do not use terrorist activities, the consequence is to let Vietnamese farmers continue to live the Philippines As farmers live like that, I think terrorist activities are legitimate. However, as I said earlier, I do not believe that success is achieved through terrorist activities. "

Chomsky thinks that those U.S. government All the activities he called terrorism could not resist such tests, and the condemnation of American policies was one of the main points of his book.

Defense of the Khmer Rouge

stay Khmer Rouge Massacre After the gradual disclosure of the materials of Massachusetts Institute of Technology Noam Chomsky said that he doubted the authenticity of these materials, because the suppliers of these materials were anti Khmer Rouge refugees.^[4]

Criticism of the US government

Chomsky has always held a clear critical position against the US government, and criticism of the US foreign policy has become one of the basis points of many of his political comments. Chomsky put forward two reasons for this: first, he believed that if his works were aimed at his own country's government, it would have a greater impact. Secondly, Chomsky believes that the United States is the only existing Superpower , as hegemonic as all previous superpowers.

Main works

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Language and Psychology

A Collection of Domination and Constraints

The New Direction of Language and Mind Research

Necessary Illusion -- Ideological Control of Democratic Society

Generative grammar theory

Linguistic Knowledge: Essence, Origin and Application

Syntactic structure: 1957

9·11：2001

Translation of works

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(sorted by the year of original publication)

Linguistics

Chomsky delivers a speech at the Centennial Lecture Hall of Peking University

Synstatic Structures, 1957 Wang Shiyuan Compiled by Lu Xiaodong, 1966. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press 。《 syntactic structure 》（Syntactic structures, 1957） Xing Gongwan Et al., 1979. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press 。 Syntactic Structures (2nd Edition), Chen Manhua Translation, Feng Zhiwei Shen, Commercial Press, 2022, Beijing.^[5]

《 Some problems in syntactic theory 》（Aspectsofthe theory of syntax, 1965） Huang Changzhao 、 Lin Shuwu 、 Shen Et al., 1986. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

Language and mind, 1971; Rules and representations, 1980) Xu Liejiong, Yin Dayi Cheng Yumin Translation, 1992. Beijing: Commercial Press.

Language and Responsibility (1979), translated by Lin Zonghong, 1999. Taipei : Shulin Publishing Co., Ltd.

Lectures on governance and binding, 1981 Licius , Lin Shuwu, Shen Jiaxuan, etc; Zhao Shikai School, 1993. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

On nature and language (2002), Edited by Adriana Belletti, Lucie Ruiz, and Translated by Wu Kailin, 2004. Taipei: Shang Zhou Publishing House 。

《 Chomsky's Collection of Linguistics 》（Language and mind, 1971; New horizons in the study of language and mind, 2000） Ningchunyan Et al., 2006. Changsha: Hunan Education Press 。

Sociology political thought part

Pirates and emperors, old and new: international terrorism in the real world, 1987, translated by Li Zhenchang, 2004. Taipei New Store: Guangxu Culture.

《 Culture of terrorism 》(The culture of terrorism, 1989) Translated by Lin Yousheng and Ye Xinyi; Wang Gan, 2003. Taipei: Hongzhi Culture.

Profitover people: neoliberalism and global order (1999), Xu Haiming Ji Haihong Translation, 2000. Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing House.

Rogue states (2000), translated by Lin Yousheng, 2002. Taipei: Zhengzhong Book Company.

9-11 (9-11, 2001), translated by Ding Liancai, 2002. Taipei: Big culture.

Media control (1991/2002) 2003. Taipei: Maitian Publishing House 。^[2]

Recently, Noam Chomsky wrote《 Optimism without despair: capitalism, empire and social change 》By Shanghai Translation Publishing House Introduction and publication.^[3]

Main works

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Participate in TV play

Premiere time	Play title	Play a role	director	Co actor
two thousand and seventeen	Encounter the people of Anaki	----	-	-
two thousand and twelve	The Last Days of the Soviet Union	----	-	-
two thousand and three	twenty-first century	----	-	-

Film participation

Release time	Play title	Play a role	director	Co actor
two thousand and eighteen	Green lie	-	-	-
two thousand and seventeen	Post Truth Times: We The Media	-	-	-
two thousand and seventeen	Brexitannia	-	-	-
two thousand and seventeen	Such climate	-	-	-
two thousand and sixteen	Where Has All the Play Gone?	-	-	-
two thousand and sixteen	All government lies: truth, deception, and the spirit of Isidor Van Stan Stone	-	-	-
two thousand and sixteen	Citizen Clark... A Life of Principle	-	-	-
two thousand and sixteen	The occupation of American thought	-	-	-
two thousand and sixteen	Notes to Eternity	-	-	-
two thousand and fifteen	Shadow Nation	-	-	-
two thousand and fifteen	Both political and argumentative	-	-	-
two thousand and fifteen	American Dream Requiem	-	-	-
two thousand and fourteen	Weight of chain 2	-	-	-
two thousand and fourteen	If the United States does not exist	-	-	-
two thousand and thirteen	Are tall men happy?	-	-	-
two thousand and twelve	Four Cavaliers of the Apocalypse	-	-	-
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Publishing books

Culture of terrorism
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2006-04-01
The several works translated and introduced in "Culture of Terrorism" have been published in different periods respectively. They are all representative works of Chomsky's political commentary, basically covering the core content of the author's politics, and controlling and discussing the trend of America's foreign policy since the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the "September 11" incident.
Optimism without despair
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2020-6
Optimism without Despair, written by [US] Norm Chomsky/C. J. Pollehronew, and translated by Gu Jie and Wang Zhuo, was published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House in 2020.
On nature and language
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2004-9-1
On Nature and Language is a book published by Chomsky, Peking University Press, September 1, 2004.
Chomsky's Collection of Linguistics
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2006-4-1
Noam Chomsky teaches in the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy of MIT, and is one of the few professors in MIT. He is a world famous linguist, philosopher, political activist and critic. Since the 1950s, Chomsky has become a core figure in contemporary linguistics, politics, cognitive psychology and philosophy with his many works. This book is Chomsky's linguistic anthology, in which these works comprehensively illustrate
Pirates and Sovereigns
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2006-4-1
This book is one of Chomsky's works. Several works translated and introduced in this collection have been published in different periods respectively, and they are all representative works of Chomsky's political comments, basically covering the core content of the author's political theory, discussing the trend of the United States' foreign policy since the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the "September 11" incident, especially for those who have always claimed to be "value neutral" The American media and the public opinion circles have made a strong criticism, and further criticized the most
Rethinking the Kennedy Dynasty
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2006-4
Reflections on the Kennedy Dynasty is a book published by the Shanghai Translation Publishing House in 2006.
Hegemony or Survival
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 2006-6-1
This collection of essays will help Chinese scholars and readers to understand and study more deeply the political, diplomatic, military and cultural policies of the West, especially the United States, which is also our original intention to introduce this series of books. Of course, as a maverick Western scholar, the author's views and suggestions on some issues are somewhat different from ours. I believe that readers will understand and grasp them.
Some problems in syntactic theory
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 1986-12
The universe is difficult to read God's book
Selected Works of Chomsky's Philosophy of Language
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 1992-8
A Collection of Domination and Constraints
Author name Noam Chomsky
Work time 1993-5
This book is Chomsky's latest language theory. Since Chomsky proposed transformational generative grammar in 1957, this new language theory has shown a new world to explain human language ability. It has aroused wide interest and attention not only in the field of linguistics, but also in the field of philosophy, psychology and computer science, especially in exploring human cognitive ability. In order to strengthen and improve the interpretive power of this theory, Chomsky constantly