Table tennis, known as Chinese“national ball game”, is a world popular ball game, including attack, confrontation and defense.[1]
Table tennis originated in Britain. One of the "table tennis" originated in 1900. It is named after the sound of "Ping Pong" when it strikes.In mainland China, "table tennis" is its official name, as are Hong Kong, Macao and other regions of China.In January 1926, an international table tennis match was held in Berlin, Germany. A total of 64 male athletes from 9 countries participated in the game.In December of the same year, the International Table Tennis Federation was officially established and named the European Championships held in London the firstWorld Table Tennis Championships。[2]
Table tennis organizations include the International Table Tennis Federation, the Asian Table Tennis Federation and the China Table Tennis Association.[3-4]
Chinese name
Table Tennis
Foreign name
table tennis、ping-pong
Category
Singles, doubles
Top management organization
International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
Time of origin
Late 19th century
Related events
Olympic Games, World Table Tennis Championships, World Cup
Table tennis material
Plastic ball with high molecular polymer as raw material
Table tennis originated frombritain。At the end of the 19th century, tennis was popular in Europe. However, due to the limitations of the venue and the weather, some British college students moved tennis indoors, using the table as the table, books as the ball net, and parchment as the racket to play on the table.
In 1890, British athlete Gibb brought back some celluloid balls from the United States as toys for table tennis.Several British naval officers stationed in India accidentally found it exciting to play tennis on a small table.Later, they used solid rubber instead of a solid ball with little elasticity, and then changed to a hollow plastic ball, and replaced the tennis racket with a wooden board. This new "tennis match" was held on the table, so Table tennis was born.[5]
Evolution of table tennis and rackets in the early period
Project change
In 1903, the Englishman Goodall invented the rubber racket, which effectively promoted the development of table tennis technology.
From 1926 to 1951, the 18th World Table Tennis Championships were held. Most of the world's players used rubber rackets with cylindrical particles on the surface.When hitting the ball, the elasticity and friction are increased, which can make the ball rotate to a certain extent, so the defensive play method of cutting the backspin ball appears.This method has been popular in Europe for a long time, and many athletes have won the world championship by using this method.During this period, the advantages of table tennis were in Europe, among which the Hungarian team achieved the most outstanding results. Among the 117 world championships, they won 57 times, accounting for half of the European team.However, this kind of racket can only be used to make backspin.
In 1936, the 10th World Table Tennis Championship was held in CzechoslovakiaBraggThe contest was held and an amazing situation emerged.Men's team championship competition, inRomaniaAnd Austria. The game starts at 21:00 on Sunday.It was expected that the two sides sent three choppers. Because of the same playing method, the two sides were close to each other, and both used mushroom tactics, they refused to provoke easily, and tried to win from the opponent's mistakes.It was still 2:2 at 3:00.According to local regulations, public places must be closed at 3:00, which caused police interference. It took Austria 5:4 to win at 31:00.
Among the various table tennis competitions, the most famous is the World Table Tennis Championships, which was held once a year at first.
After 1957, table tennis events were held every two years.
In 1959, after Rong Guotuan won the men's singles championship of the 25th World Table Tennis Championships, Chinese athletes began to enter the international table tennis arena.The technique style of "fast, accurate, ruthless and changeable" is gradually formed, which is called the close platform fast attack.
In 1961, in the 26th World Championships, the Chinese team not only passed the European hurdle, but also defeated the Japanese players who played in the "loop" way, a secret weapon, and won the men's team world championship for the first time.And won the 27th and 28th consecutive men's team championships.The advantages of China's table tennis near platform fast attack are close standing, fast speed, flexible movement, and free use of forehand and backhand, which is a step further than Japan's far platform long stroke.In the 1960s, China's table tennis technical level was at the forefront of the world, and the advantage of table tennis was transferred from the Japanese team to the Chinese team.This is the second time that the level of table tennis has been greatly improved.[6]
At the same time as the development of table tennis in China, European athletes learned from their failures. After nearly 20 years of efforts, they finally took the advantages of the Japanese loop technique and China's near platform fast attack playing method, and created an advanced playing method suitable for them, that is, the combination of loop based and fast attack playing method.The representative figures are Klumphal and Jonier of Hungary.The play of fast attack combined with loop is based on fast attack of forehand and backhandBackhand quick dialFast attack strives to be active, and uses forehand to pull the loop to find opportunities to smash.The representative figures are Bengesen of Sweden, Olovsky of the Czech Republic, etc.These two types of play are characterized by strong placement, fast speed, ability to pull and hit, low pull and high play, and large room for maneuver.Table tennis has moved to a new height where placement and speed are closely combined.This is the third time that the level of table tennis has been greatly improved.
Since the 1970s, due to the strengthening of international exchanges, learning and research, various playing methods have taken advantage of each other, making table tennis technology develop and improve faster.For example, the Chinese table tennis team has developed and innovated the near platform fast attack, the combination of pen hold fast attack and loop ball, the combination of hand hold fast attack and loop ball and other playing methods and techniques, and has achieved excellent results in international competitions.The International Table Tennis Federation has 186 member associations and is one of the largest sports organizations in the world.
In 1982, the International Olympic Committee adopted the decision to list table tennis as an official Olympic event from 1988, which promoted the development of table tennis.
In 2001, it was changed to the best of seven or best of five system (11 points per game).
On June 9, 2017, the official website of the International Table Tennis Federation announced that mixed doubles of table tennis would become an official event of the Tokyo Olympic Games. Earlier, President Bach of the International Olympic Committee disclosed that the International Olympic Committee would hold a meeting in Lausanne to decide whether to add mixed doubles to the table tennis competition of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Now, the official website of the International Table Tennis Federation announced that,The Tokyo Olympic Games will set up a mixed doubles table tennis event. This decision is good news for both the Chinese table tennis team and the host Japan. After all, China and Japan have the strength to compete for this gold medal.[7]
In 2023, the International Paralympic Committee announced on its official website that, through the application of the IFs and the subsequent review process, the Council of the International Paralympic Committee had entered the 2028 Los Angeles Paralympic Games through table tennis.[35]
Development stage
The development of table tennis has gone through about six stages:
Phase I
From 1926 to 1951, the European table tennis was in its heyday.During this period, the change of rules and the reform of equipment strongly promoted the development of technology.If the length of the table is increased from 4.8 feet to 5 feet, the height of the net is reduced from 6.5 inches to 6 inches, and the ball is changed from a soft ball to a hard ball.The game time is also stipulated: a single game with two wins in three games shall not exceed 1 hour, and a game with three wins in five games shall not exceed 1 hour and 45 minutes. It is prohibited to use your fingers to rotate the ball in a nachal way.
Phase II
From 1952 to 1959, Japanese table tennis shook the world table tennis world.
Phase III
From 1959 to 1969, the Chinese table tennis team rose and the Korean table tennis team came to the fore.
Phase IV
From 1971 to 1979, the European team revived and the Chinese table tennis team rallied.
Phase V
From 1981 to 1988, the Chinese table tennis team climbed to the peak of the world, which evolved into a situation of "China's table tennis team playing against the teams of other countries in the world".
Phase VI
Since 1991, table tennis teams from all over the world have played against Chinese table tennis teams with outstanding achievements, with European teams leading for 5 to 6 years.China's table tennis has gone out of the valley and climbed back to the peak.
Project in China
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Chairman Mao Zedong called for "developing sports and strengthening the people's physique". Table tennis was well developed throughout the country because of its low requirements for venues and simplicity.In 1959, Rong Guotuan, a table tennis player, won the first world championship for China, which attracted the attention of the world.Chinese people are excited.On the 26th World Table Tennis ChampionshipsZhuang ZedongandQiu ZhonghuiThey won the men's and women's singles titles respectively, and the Chinese team also won the men's team championship.From this time on, Chinese table tennis began to dominate the world, and table tennis also flourished.By 2005, it had won 143.5 championships, including 100.5 world championships, 27 world cup competitions and 16 Olympic Games.Moreover, it has won all 7 gold cups in the world championships three times and all 4 gold medals in the Olympic Games twice.
Secondly, the conditions for the development of table tennis are not harsh, and the participation is strong.Men, women, old and young can play, everywhere, indoors and outdoors, whether rich or not.High level tables can be used for good conditions, cement tables can also be used for poor conditions, and several tables can be used to fight without tables.The weather is good and you can play in the open air. In case of strong wind and heavy snow, you can play in a small room.Table tennis is also a whole body sport, which can build up the body, brain and heart.Compared with football, basketball and other sports, it has no direct physical confrontation and can control the amount of exercise itself, which is very conducive to popularization.In a word, this sport is particularly suitable for China's national conditions, and is widely loved by Chinese people, with a high degree of popularity.
For many years, Chinese players have been playing extremely well in table tennis:Wang TaoKong LinghuiLiu GuoliangDeng YapingQiao Hong、Wang Nan, Zhang Yining and other champion players are brilliant.Looking back at the number of gold medals won by the Chinese table tennis team in the previous Olympic Games: 2 in Seoul, 3 in Barcelona, 4 in Atlanta, 4 in Sydney, and 3 in Athens... For many years, the Chinese table tennis team has always appeared in the Olympic field as a "dream team", and the table tennis project is also one of the most stable gold medals won by the Chinese delegation.
From its establishment in 1952 to 2020, the Chinese table tennis team has gone through 68 years of ups and downs. Although it has also experienced low performance and detours in training, it has always been in the camp of the world's top table tennis teams, creating a miracle that a team leader has been thriving for half a century.
History of Chinese Table Tennis Team
In 1904, Wang Daowu, the owner of a stationery store in Shanghai, bought back 10 sets of table tennis equipment from Japan, and from then on, table tennis was introduced to China.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the attention and care of the Communist Party of China and the People's Government, Chinese table tennis has gained new life.
In October 1952, the National Table Tennis Championships hosted by the All China Sports Federation was held at Peking University, and the chairman of the International Table Tennis Federation Montagu attended the opening ceremony, opening a new page in the development history of table tennis in New China.At the same time, the table tennis department of the All China Sports Federation joined the International Table Tennis Federation.Since its establishment in 1952, the Chinese table tennis team has experienced a development process from failure to victory, from weak to strong.
In the spring of 1953, the Chinese table tennis team participated in the 20th World Table Tennis Championships held in Bucharest for the first time.In the competition, although they defeated Austria, Sweden, West Germany and other teams, they were defeated by Britain, Hungary and other strong teams respectively.In the team competition, the Chinese men's team was rated as the tenth in the first level, and the women's team was rated as the third in the second level.
In the summer of 1954, the Chinese table tennis team went to Hungary to participate in the 12th World University Games, and won the second and fourth place in men's singles, the third place in women's singles, and the third place in men's doubles. The total score was second only to Hungary.
In 1955, the Chinese table tennis team also participated in the table tennis competition of the Second International Youth Friendship Games held in Warsaw. The Chinese players showed their talents and defeated the outstanding players from Japan, Romania and France, respectively, and won the second and third place in men's singles, the third place in women's singles and the second place in mixed doubles.
In March 1956, the Chinese table tennis team won the 23rd World Table Tennis Championships in Tokyo. The men's team defeated the Asian champion South Vietnam Team and the United States Team, and lost to Britain and Japan.At the 24th World Table Tennis Championships in Stockholm, the Chinese men's and women's table tennis teams defeated the seed team Romania and the British team respectively, and both won the finals.Chinese playersWang ChuanyaoDefeated the excellent Japanese player Ijiro Ogura, female player in the team competitionSun MeiyingIt defeated the excellent British player Ann Haydn, initially showing the power of the two side attack and the left push right attack.The Chinese men's team rose from the sixth place in the first level to the fourth place in the first level, and the women's team rose from the eleventh place in the first level to the third place in the first level.
In 1959, at the 25th World Table Tennis Championships held in Dortmund, West Germany,Rong GuotuanTo win the first world championship in the world table tennis competition for China.
In 1961, Beijing hosted the 26th World Table Tennis Championships, the first international event in New China.On the eve of the competition, the National Sports Commission selected 108 table tennis players for intensive training, which will make great contributions to the cause of table tennis in China.The main players of the men's and women's teams who mainly played the straight board fast attack showed their strength in the competition. The men's team won the team championship for the first time. In the women's singles final, Qiu Zhonghui fought hard to beat the famous Hungarian general Gao Ji'an in five games and won the Ji Geist Cup, becoming the first women's world champion in the sports field of New China.
In 1963, the 27th World Table Tennis Championships were held in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia. The Chinese table tennis team fought bravely and tenaciously against the world's top players, and won the world championships of men's team, men's singles and men's doubles.Then at the 28th World Table Tennis Championships held in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, Chinese table tennis players won five championships, four runners up and seven third places in seven events. The Chinese table tennis team has won the men's team world championship for the third time in a row, and Zhuang Zedong has won the men's singles world championship for the third time.China's women's table tennis also made a new breakthrough, defeating Japan for four consecutive championships in the final and winning the Corbillon Cup for the first time.Later, due to the Cultural Revolution, Guoping missed the 29th and 30th World Table Tennis Championships.
In 1971, Guoping returned to the World Table Tennis Championships to participate in JapanNagoyaThe 31st World Table Tennis Championships were held.After six years away from the world table tennis world, the Chinese table tennis team walked on thin ice all the way and finally won the men's gold cup.Although the Chinese women's team reached the final, it lost to the old enemy Japan in the end.In the men's singles, the best result of the Chinese team was the second in the men's doubles and the third in the men's singles. However, the Chinese women's table tennis team, which lost in the women's team competition, won two gold medals in the women's singles and women's doubles.In addition,Lin HuiqingAlso withZhang XielinThe cooperation won the mixed doubles gold medal, which was the first time that Chinese table tennis players won the mixed doubles gold medal.So far, the seven trophies of the World Table Tennis Championships have all been engraved with Chinese names.During this period, with the approval of the Central Committee, the Chinese table tennis delegation officially invited the American table tennis delegation to visit, which opened the door to the 22 year isolation between China and the United States, and was hailed as "table tennis diplomacy" by international public opinion.
In 1973, the Chinese table tennis team sent 21 athletes to participate in the 32nd World Table Tennis Championships in Yugoslavia. The men's and women's team competitions failed one after another,Liang GeliangLi Li won the mixed doubles championship,Hu YulanWon the Women's Singles Gold Cup.In men's singles, Chinese table tennis playersxnt He has successively passed Olovsky, Stepanchige and Johnson, becoming the first champion of men's singles in Chinese table tennis.At the 33rd World Table Tennis Championships held in Calcutta, India, the men's team defeated Yugoslavia 5:3 in the final to win back the Swaythlin Cup.The Chinese women's table tennis team also defeated the old rival South Korea team in the women's team final, and won the Corbillon Cup, which had been absent for ten years.
In 1977, the 50th anniversary of the founding of the International Table Tennis Federation, the birthplace of table tennis, the United Kingdom, hosted the 34th World Table Tennis Championships.The Chinese table tennis team passed the test easily all the way, and defeated the Japanese team in the final, successfully defending the Swaythlin Cup.In the past two years, the Chinese women's table tennis team has practiced hard in skills and tactics against their main rivals, North Korea and South Korea, and successfully won the Bielun Cup in the World Table Tennis Championships.Subsequently, in the 35th World Table Tennis Championships, the Chinese men's team suffered repeated setbacks, and the men's team lost to Hungary.However, the women's team won in all respects.In the women's team final, the Chinese team defeated the Korean team to win the championship. In the women's singles competition, Tong Ling pulled three games in a row after losing two games first, breaking Park Yingshun's dream of "three consecutive championships".Zhang Li、Zhang DeyingandGe Xinai、Yan GuiliIt also won the championship and runner up of women's doubles.
In 1981, the 36th World Table Tennis Championships opened in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia.The Chinese men's table tennis team played a beautiful turnaround battle, making the words "China" engraved on the Swaythlin Cup again!The Chinese women's table tennis team also successfully defended its title. In the following competitions, the Chinese table tennis team worked hard and won all the gold and silver medals in the five events:Guo Yuehua、Tong LingWon men's and women's singles champion respectively;Cai Zhenhua、Li ZhenyiWon the men's doubles championship;Zhang DeyingCao YanhuaWon the women's doubles championship;Xie Saike、Huang JunqunWon mixed doubles gold medal.It is an unprecedented miracle in the history of the World Table Tennis Championships that a team has won seven championships and five individual championships.The news that the Chinese table tennis team won the 36th World Table Tennis Championships quickly spread all over the world, and the world was shocked. The Chinese table tennis team declared to the world with seven dazzling gold medals: China's table tennis is an absolute table tennis power.Such achievements will not be shaken in the following years.
In Tokyo in 1983, Gothenburg in 1985, and New Delhi in 1987, the Chinese table tennis team fully demonstrated their extraordinary strength in these three World Table Tennis Championships. Each World Table Tennis Championships had only one failure and won 18 of the 21 titles in the three World Table Tennis Championships.But in the late 1980s, the hidden worries of the Chinese men's table tennis team gradually emerged.The horizontal plate loop, which originated in Europe, has gradually become the mainstream of the world table tennis world, while the disadvantages of the traditional straight plate fast attack of Chinese table tennis have also been exposed.
In 1988, table tennis entered the Olympic Games for the first time. The national table tennis team defeated Seoul and won only the men's doubles and women's singles.
In 1989, under the strong recommendation of Xu Shaofa, Cai Zhenhua, who returned from Italy, shouldered the responsibility of the head coach of the men's team at this time. He led the Chinese table tennis team forward in the mud.In the 2nd World Cup team match held that year, the Chinese men's table tennis team defeated Sweden in the final and won the championship of the men's team.In the same year, at the 40th World Table Tennis Championships in Dortmund, the Chinese men's table tennis team lost to Sweden 0-5, losing the Swaythling Cup, which has been preserved for eight years. Moreover, the men's singles, men's doubles and mixed doubles championships were also won by Sweden, Germany and South Korea.
In 1991, at the Chiba World Table Tennis Championships in Japan, the Chinese men's table tennis team only won the seventh place in men's table tennis, and the Chinese women's table tennis team also lost to the Korean and Korean teams in the team finals, so they had to give up the Corbillon Cup, which had been settled in China since 1975.But it was in this World Table Tennis Championships that Deng Yaping, the legendary figure of the Chinese women's team, won the women's singles championship and began the process of sweeping the world women's table tennis world.
In 1992, at the China Table Tennis Grand Prix held in Chengdu, Liu Guoliang, who was only 16 years old, surprised four audiences with his skill of "hand hold horizontal stroke".He defeated Waldner in this competitionJin ZezhuSuch world famous players, the traditional straight board fast attack of Chinese table tennis has raised new hope.At the Barcelona Olympic Games in the same year, Wang Tao and Lv Lin won the championship in the men's doubles final by defeating German famous players Roskov and Feznar.This Olympic gold medal sounded a clarion call for the recovery of the Chinese men's table tennis team.Deng Yaping also won two gold medals in women's singles and women's doubles, becoming the most dazzling star in the table tennis competition of Barcelona Olympic Games.At the 42nd World Table Tennis Championships the following year, the Chinese men's team lost the championship to the Swedish team again.At this World Table Tennis Championships, a new term came into people's eyes: overseas corps.Here, overseas corps refers to those who go out from China to participate in international competitions on behalf of other associations.In the women's singles competition of this World Table Tennis Championships, Qiao Hong, the 40th World Table Tennis Champion, Deng Yaping, the 41st World Table Tennis Champion, Shi Jie, representing Germany, and Jing Junhong, representing Singapore, were eliminated.
In 1995, the 43rd World Table Tennis Championships opened in Tianjin.This is the second World Table Tennis Championships held in China since Beijing hosted the 26th World Table Tennis Championships in 1961.The Chinese men's table tennis team successfully reached the final, defeated Sweden 3-2 and won the Swaythlin Cup again.Inspired by the men's team's turnaround battle, the Chinese team repeated the glory of the 36 World Table Tennis Championships in this World Table Tennis Championships, once again taking all seven championships, of which Deng Yaping won three gold medals in the women's team, women's singles and women's doubles;Wang Tao and Liu Wei won the mixed doubles championship for the third time in a row;Young player Kong Linghui and Liu Guoliang met in the men's singles final, and finally Kong Linghui won the championship, which is also the first world singles championship won by Chinese men's horizontal board players.In the same year, Xu Yinsheng was elected the fifth president of ITTF.
In 1996, the Chinese table tennis team went to Atlanta Olympic Games to win all four gold medals again. In the men's singles final, the young player Liu Guoliang defeated his elder martial brother Wang Tao to win the championship. So far, the Chinese young players have fully matured.The 44th World Table Tennis Championships returned to Manchester, England in 1997, where the Chinese table tennis team won six gold medals, and only the men's singles champion was won by Swedish player Waldner.The following year at the Asian Games in Bangkok, the Chinese table tennis team lost the gold medal in men's singles again, while young player Wang Nan won four gold medals in the women's team, women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles alone at this Asian Games, thus filling the vacancy of the first main force of the Chinese women's team after Deng Yaping retired.
In 1999, because of NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia, ITTF decided to hold individual competitions and group competitions separately.At that time, the single event of the 45th World Table Tennis Championships was held in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, and the Chinese table tennis team won all five gold medals. Liu Guoliang won the men's singles championship in the men's singles final of the World Table Tennis Championships by defeating teammate Ma Lin in five rounds. By now, Liu Guoliang has become the second grand slam player in the world table tennis after Waldner.
In 2000, the 45th World Table Tennis Championships team competition was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and the Chinese men's table tennis team lost 2:3 to the old rival Sweden.At that time, there were two men's singles champions of the World Table Tennis Championships in each team, including three grand slam winners. In many years since then, there has never been such a starry match in the world table tennis world, and the final was known as the final battle of Mount Tianwang.The Sydney Olympic Games in September of the same year was the last major event in the era of small balls. At this Olympic Games, the Chinese table tennis team once again won the gold medal. Kong Linghui defeated Waldner in the men's singles final and became the third grand slam champion in the world table tennis world.Since October 1 of the same year, the International Table Tennis Federation has changed the diameter of the match ball to 40mm. This reform has had a great impact on the existing table tennis technology.One month later, the first world competition in the era of big ball: the men's World Cup opened in Yangzhou, China. Ma Lin, a Chinese table tennis player who failed to be included in the Sydney Olympic team, won the World Cup and became the first world champion in the era of big ball.Then the 46th World Table Tennis Championships held in Osaka, Japan, was the first World Table Tennis Championships in the era of big ball. The Chinese team was unstoppable and once again won all seven gold medals, which was the third time that the Chinese team won the World Table Tennis Championships.
In 2004, the Chinese team went to the Athens Olympic Games and achieved three gold medals, one silver and two bronze medals. In the most popular men's singles final, young player Wang Hao lost to South Korean player Liu Chengmin.Four years later, at the Beijing Olympic Games, the Chinese table tennis team created a miracle in the world table tennis.From team competition to singles competition, from men's competition to women's competition, Chinese table tennis players all ended up winning.All men's and women's team champions, sweeping the top three men's and women's singles.
In 2012, at the London Olympic Games, the Chinese table tennis team once again won all four gold medals, the fourth time in history.Zhang Jike won the Grand Slam in men's singles, Li Xiaoxia and Ding Ning won the championship and runner up respectively in women's singles, and the Chinese table tennis team defeated South Korea and Japan 3-0 respectively in the finals of the men's and women's team.Guoping once again consolidated its unshakable dominance.
In August 2014, Liu Gaoyang of the Chinese team defeated Du Kaiqin of Hong Kong with a total score of 4:1 to win the championship in the women's table tennis singles final of the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games.[33]
In 2015, the Chinese table tennis team performed smoothly in the World Table Tennis Championships and the World Cup, and became the biggest winner in the ITTF award ceremony. Ma Long and Liu Shiwen won the best male and female athletes respectively.
On July 18, 2016, the Chinese Olympic delegation for the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games was established. The list of table tennis teams:
In 2016, the Chinese table tennis team fought tenaciously and bravely in the Rio Olympic Games, achieved 4 gold medals and 2 silver medals, and successfully completed the competition task.At the same time, the athletes' high morale and indomitable style on the court showed strong positive energy and won the widespread attention of the whole Chinese people.
As of November 10, 2019, 116 Chinese table tennis team members have become world champions, winning a total of 240 gold medals, including 28 Olympic gold medals, including 6 team champions and 22 individual champions;145 gold medals in the World Table Tennis Championships, including 42 team champions and 103 individual champions;There were 67 gold medals in the World Cup, including 21 team champions and 46 individual champions (including 1 women's doubles champion).Glory is always accompanied by the Chinese table tennis team.Chinese table tennis reminds Chinese table tennis players not to forget their mission.[9]
hardware requirements
Announce
edit
Site requirements
1. Regional facilities
The Olympic table tennis matches are held in the gymnasium. The specific standards in the gymnasium are as follows:
The official competition venue and competition area shall include the standard size (8 meters wide, 16 meters long, and ceiling height not less than 4 meters) that can accommodate 4 or 8 tables (depending on the competition method). The competition area shall also include the channel beside the competition table, electronic display, seats for athletes, coaches, competition officials (technical representatives, chief judges, arbitration, etc.), photographer areaThe area required for TV camera area and award area.
2. Ground in the museum
The ground of table tennis court shall be wooden or removable plastic floor of brand and type approved by ITTF.The floor is elastic, and there is no marking and logo of other sports.The color of the floor should not be too light or reflective, but red or dark red;Do not use too much oil or wax to avoid slipping.
3. Temperature in the museum
The air flow rate in the competition area of the table tennis stadium is controlled within 0.2~0.3 m/s, and the temperature is about 20~25 ℃, or 5 ℃ lower than the outdoor temperature.
Lighting requirements
In order to ensure the clarity of the televised images during the Olympic Games, the illumination is required to be 1500~2500 lux. The illumination of all the tables is the same.If a temporary light source needs to be added due to television relay and other reasons, the angle of the light source from the ceiling should be greater than 75 degrees.The illumination of other places in the competition area shall not be less than 1/2 of the illumination of the competition table, and the distance between the light source and the ground shall not be less than 5 meters.Generally, the surrounding area of the venue should be dark color, and the illumination on the auditorium should be significantly lower than that of the competition area. It is necessary to avoid dazzling light sources and natural light from unshielded windows.
Equipment specification
Site specification The competition area should be enclosed by the same dark baffle 0.75 meters high and separated from the adjacent competition area and spectators.EachTableThe area of the competition site is 8 meters × 16 meters.There are tables, nets, balls, baffles, referee tables, referee chairs, scorers, etc.At least two electronic scoreboards shall be used for each table, and four shall be used in the finals.The electronic scoreboard is placed at the back or four corners of both sides of the table tennis playing field. The board has the name of the player, the country or region to which he belongs, the time, the score of each game, etc., so that the audience can clearly see the score on the display screen from the stands.There is also a large electronic display screen in the stadium that can be clearly seen by all the spectators, which can simultaneously display the relevant information of all the table matches.In the finals or when only one table is used for the match, the referee uses the microphone to facilitate the whole audience to watch the match.Equipment specification: the table is 76cm high, 2.74m long and 1.525m wide, and the color is dark green or blue.Tennis net - 15.25 cm high, 15.25 cm long protruding part outside the table, the color of which is the same as that of the table.Ball - a hard ball with a diameter of 40mm and a weight of 2.7g, which is white or orange and has no gloss.Baffle - 0.75 m high, 1.4 or 2 m wide, and the color is the same as that of the table.All equipment is specially approved and designated by ITTF.Equipment of the same brand must be used throughout the competition, including training facilities.
Racket type
sandwich rubber surfaced racket
Positive rubber is rubber with upward rubber particles and equal height and diameter.It is flexible, stable and fast, with a slightly sinking feeling, suitable for players who are close to the platform and fast attack.If you feel your wrist is flexible, but your upper arm and waist are not strong enough, you'd better choose a plastic racket that wins with speed.
Raw rubber sponge racket
Raw rubber is rubber with upward particles and diameter greater than height.It is characterized by sinking in hitting and weak rotation in rubbing, which is suitable for players near the middle.
Reverse rubber sponge racket
Reverse glue is a kind of rubber with rough surface downward and viscous smooth surface upward when pasting, which is used by athletes all over Europe.The spinning power of reverse glue play is very strong, so players who play mainly with rotation (such as loop, slice) must be familiar with this.Of course, reverse glue is easy to make and eat, which is difficult to master.
Long rubber sponge racket
Generally speaking, rubber with a height of more than 1.5mm is called long rubber.The rubber particles of this kind of rubber are soft, slender and have little support.The ability to actively make rotation is very poor. It mainly depends on the strong rotation or strong impulse of the incoming ball to increase the rotation of the return ball.Due to the special character of glue, it is not good for children to master, and it will interfere with the sense of the ball, so the country has banned children from using glue in games.Beginners and amateurs with low skills are also not suitable for using long glue.
Defensive sponge racket
Generally, the racket is mainly used for chopping, which belongs to the rotary playing method. Therefore, the horizontal racket chopper is mainly used for reverse gluing, and the backhand is full of tricks.
The rackets produced are mostly marked with "attack", "comprehensive", "defense" and other types of classification marks for fans to choose from.
For beginners, it is better to use low-grade rackets that are easy to control the ball to correct the action. After the level gradually improves and a stable playing method is formed, select a more targeted medium and high-grade baseplate.The middle and low grade rackets may not be easy to use. The ones that are easy to use will be easy to use.
Ball specifications
Table tennis is divided into "seamed" and "seamless" processes.[10]
"Small ball" becomes "big ball"
In the early 1980s, after the Chinese table tennis team won seven championships in the 36th World Table Tennis Championships, some people proposed to increase the size of table tennis and increase the net, but this suggestion did not get people's attention.Since then, the technology of table tennis has continued to develop. The ball speed has become faster and faster, and the rotation has become stronger and stronger. Many players have fewer rounds against each other;Sometimes the ball flies like lightning, the audience has not yet seen clearly, and the outcome has been decided, which has weakened the interest of table tennis enthusiasts.
In 1999, at the congress of the International Table Tennis Federation held during the 45th World Table Tennis Championships, the proposal of "Big Ball Reform" was put on hold because it did not obtain a three-quarters majority.
On February 23, 2000, the special session and congress of the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) passed the reform plan of the 40mm ball in Kuala Lumpur, and decided to use the 40mm diameter and 2.7g weight ball from October 1, 2000 to replace the 38mm ball.In the past, the best of three games or best of five games (21 points per game) system was generally adopted in single player table tennis competitions.
From July 1, 2014, the international table tennis competition will use a new plastic ball made of high molecular polymer to replace celluloid, which has been used as the raw material of table tennis for 123 years.
Before June 30, 2016, celluloid and "new material" table tennis balls can be legally sold on the market at the same time.From July 1, 2016, celluloid balls will completely withdraw from the stage of history.
Table Tennis Table 1
Table tennis racket, table tennis
Table Tennis
Table tennis table
Rules
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Project Settings
Project category
There are three events in total, namely men's singles, women's singles and mixed groups.
Number of athletes
There are 32 male athletes and 32 female athletes in each event, 64 in total.
medal
The top three of each event will be awarded gold, silver and bronze medals respectively.
Competition system
The game is divided into 11 rounds (the 21 point system was used for a long time, and even the 100 point system was used at the earliest), and the best of five rounds (team) or the best of seven rounds (individual) is used.The competition is divided into groups and single events (men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles, mixed doubles).
Service Rules
Serve, receive and position selection
Table tennis serve
1. The right to choose the serve, receive and court shall be determined by choosing the front and back of the coin.The right choice can choose to serve first or receive first, or choose to be on one side first.
2. When one player chooses to serve first or receive first or chooses the court, the other player should have another choice.
3. After serving twice, the receiver becomes the server, and so on, until the end of the game, or until the scores of both sides reach 10 points, the rotation service method will be implemented. At this time, the order of service and reception will remain unchanged, and each player will only serve one point in turn.
4. The player who plays in a certain position in one game shall switch to another position in the next game.In the singles decisive game, when one side has 5 points, it should exchange directions.
Error Handling of Order and Orientation of Serve and Receive
1. Once the referee finds that the order of serving and receiving is wrong, he should immediately suspend the game, and according to the order established at the beginning of the game, the player who should serve or receive the ball should serve or receive the ball according to the score on the court;In doubles, the match will continue in the order established by the first party who has the right to serve in the game when the error is found.
2. Once the referee finds that the athlete should change the position but has not, he/she should immediately suspend the game and correct the position of the athlete according to the score on the court in the order established at the beginning of the game before continuing the game.In any case, all scores before errors are found are valid.
3. When the server's ball touches the net, the referee shall order the server to serve again.Until there is no net wiping or other service fault
Legal counterattack
After the other party serves or returns, our player must hit the ball so that the ball directly crosses or bypasses the net device (including touching the net device), and then touches the other side's table area.In any of the above cases, it is legal to fight back.
Serve again
In case of the following circumstances in the non scoring round, a new serve shall be awarded:
1. If the ball sent by the server touches the net device when it crosses or bypasses the net device, it becomes a legal service or is blocked by the receiver or his partner.
2. If the server or his partner is not ready, the ball has been sent, and neither the receiver nor his partner attempts to hit the ball.
3. Due to the interference beyond the control of athletes, such as the lights off and other reasons, the athletes could not serve legally, fight back legally or fail to comply with the rules.(If a player collides with his partner or stumbles on the baffle and fails to return the shot legally, he cannot serve again.).
4. The suspension of the game announced by the referee or the deputy referee.For example: ① to correct the wrong order or position of serving and receiving; ②Due to the implementation of the rotation service method; ③Due to warning or punishing athletes; ④The result of the round may be affected due to the interference of the competition environment (for example, the outside ball enters the field or the sudden noise that is enough to surprise the players).
Give a point
One point shall be lost in case of any of the following circumstances in the round except for re serving:
1. Failure to serve legally;
2. Failing to fight back legally;
3. Blocking;
4. Two consecutive strokes (such as the thumb of the racket and the racket);
5. In addition to serving, the ball touches the local arena and then touches the local arena again;
6. Hit the ball with an unqualified racket surface;
7. In doubles, players fail to hit the ball in the correct order except for serving or receiving the ball;
8. Judges award points;
9. Other listed violations.
A game
In a game, the party who gets 11 points first is the winner;After the score is 10 even, the winner is the one who has 2 points more.
A game
1. The best of seven or best of five system shall be adopted in a match.
2. A game shall be played continuously, but between games, any player has the right to request a rest time not exceeding two minutes.
Alternate service
1. If a game is not over for 15 minutes (except that both sides have obtained at least 9 points);Or at any time before that, at the request of the athletes of both parties, the rotation service method shall be applied.The timekeeper shall open the table when the first ball of each game enters the match state;Stop the watch when the game is suspended and reopen it when the game is resumed.The game suspension includes: the ball flies out of the competition area to return to the competition area, wiping sweat, changing directions in the final game, and replacing damaged competition equipment.When a game is not over for 15 minutes, the timekeeper shall report "Time is up".
2. When the time comes, the ball is still in the game, the referee shall immediately announce the suspension of the game, and the suspended server shall serve to continue the game.When the time comes and the ball is not in the match state, the receiver of the previous round shall serve to continue the game.
3. In case of the above circumstances, the counter shall report the number of shots after each shot by the receiver. When using the rotation service method, the counter shall report in English or any other language acceptable to both players and referees.
4. After that, each player will take turns to serve one point until the end of the game. If the receiver has made 13 legitimate counter attacks, the server will be judged to lose one point.
5. Once the rotation service method is implemented, the rest of the game must continue until the end of the game[11]。
Important events
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Game type
International competition
International competitions
open tournament
Restricted race
Invitational Tournament
Professional events
Paris World Table Tennis Championships
1. Table Tennis Match in Olympic Games is a table tennis competition organized by the Olympic Council and the International Table Tennis Federation.
Also called "Evans Cup", it is an international table tennis competition hosted by the International Table Tennis Federation.In August 1980, the first World Cup table tennis competition was held in Hong Kong, with 16 players from 12 associations participating.Since 1980, it has held one session every year, and 11 sessions have been held since 1990.
4. World Stars Tour Match.
In order to promote the development of table tennis, the International Table Tennis Federation has held the World Star Tour since 1990.
The nationwide table tennis competition jointly organized by the National Sports Commission of China and the China Table Tennis Association is the highest level table tennis competition in China.
The Asian African Latin American table tennis friendly invitational tournament is an intercontinental table tennis invitational tournament.The first session was held in Beijing, China in 1973.
Sponsored by the Asian Table Tennis Federation.It is the highest level table tennis competition in Asia, which is organized by Asian countries.The competition consists of 7 events, including men's and women's groups and 5 individual events.One session was held in the second year since 1972, and 11 sessions were held in 1992.
8. Table Tennis Match in Asian Games
The Asian Table Tennis Competition is held by the Asian Olympic Council and the President of the Asian Table Tennis Federation.
The Intercontinental Table Tennis Invitational Tournament is jointly sponsored by the Table Tennis Association of China, North Korea, Egypt, Japan, Mauritius and Nepal.
10. Table Tennis Match in China National Games.
Related events
Relevant important events
Table Tennis Olympic Games
China Open Table Tennis Tournament
Kuwait Table Tennis Open
Table Tennis Asia Cup
Asian Table Tennis Championships
Qatar Open
Korean Table Tennis Open
Spanish Open Table Tennis Tournament
Austrian Open Table Tennis
King's Cup
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Table Tennis Competition for the Blind
Event Introduction
A celluloid ball for the blind to play table tennis.It contains several lead grains, which can make a pleasant sound when rolling.The size of the table used is basically the same as that of an ordinary table tennis table, except that a circle of wooden slats is added around the table to enclose the baffle.During the game, judge the ball path according to the sound of the ball rolling.The competitor shall push the ball from the other side back from the net before hitting the baffle in his own defense area.A missed shot, a flying shot, or a high hit to the net will be counted as a loss of points.Each game has a full score of 11 points, and each game has 3 games in total.
Rule introduction
Take the Sound Table Tennis Role implemented in 2002 as the benchmark.
Organization
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1. International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).
2. Asian Table Tennis Union (ATTU).
3. China Table Tennis Association.
representative figure
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Early representatives
Klampal and Joel of Hungary, Bengeson of Sweden, Olovsky of the Czech Republic, etc.
Grand Slam Athletes
As of August 12, 2016, there are 10 grand slam players in the international table tennis world:[12]
In December 2016, Ding Ning, Xu Xin and Liu Shiwen entered the ITTF Hall of Fame at the same time.[31]
Related terms
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Technical Term
Competition table
（1） Left and right half zones: also called 1/2 zone, their directions are to the batters themselves.
（2） Near net area: refers to the area within 40cm from the net.
（3） Bottom line area: refers to the area within 30cm from the end line.
（4） Middle area: refers to the area between the near network area and the bottom line area.
（5） Border area: The area near the edge of the table.[13]
Nomenclature
At first, Table tennis had other names, such as Indoor tennis. Later, an American manufacturer created the new word Ping pang with the sound of the ping-pong ball when it hit, which was used as the patent registered trademark of his "ping-pong ball",Ping pang later became another official name of Table tennis. When it was introduced to China, people created the new word "table tennis".
Table TennisMany of the words used in tennis are derived from tennis.The so-called "game" is set in English. The serve is called Serve. The ball used to play table tennis is called Ping pong ball or Table tennis ball. The table top is called Court. The middle net is called Net. The shelf supporting the net is called Net support. The table tennis racket is called Ping pong bat.[14]
Honorary title
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International Elite
Those who meet one of the following conditions may apply for the title of international sports master.
（1） OnOlympic GamesIn the World Championships and World Cup, the athletes who win the first three places in men's and women's teams (except for some poor results), and the athletes who win the first eight places in each individual event;
（2） Top 16 players in the annual world ranking list published by the International Table Tennis Federation;
（3） The athlete who wins the top three of each event in the final of the professional tour held by the International Table Tennis Federation.
Master Sportsman
Those who meet one of the following conditions may apply for the title of Master Athlete.
（1） All athletes who have obtained the official qualification for the Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup;
（2） All players listed in the top 50 of the world ranking list published by the International Table Tennis Federation;
（3） The athletes who have won eight places in any event in the Asian Games, Asian Championships and Asian Cup.
（4） In the major international competitions recognized by the International Table Tennis Federation and the China Table Tennis Association, four of the top 16 teams in the world competitions (must have the outstanding players announced by the International Table Tennis Federation and the Asian Table Tennis Federation) participated in the international competitions, and the athletes who won the top two of the team (the athletes who applied must play at least one-third of the games, of which the winning games must reach 50%),Athletes who win the top three in individual events;
（5） In the World Youth Games, the World University Games, the World University Table Tennis Competition, and the Asian Youth Championships, the athletes who have won the team championship (the number of appearances must reach 50%, of which the number of victories must reach 50%), and the athletes who have won the top three in each event;
（6） In the National Games, the National Championships and the China Table Tennis Association Cup, the athletes who have won the top four of the team (the athletes who apply must play at least 50% of the games, of which 50% win);The athletes who win the top 16 in singles and top 4 in doubles;
（7） The athletes who have won the team championship in the National Urban Games and the National Youth Competition (the applied athletes must have played 50% of the games, of which 50% have won), and the athletes who have won the top three in each individual event;
（8） In an annual Super League match of China Table Tennis Club, the athletes who win the top four men's and women's teams (the applied athletes must play at least one third of the games, of which 50% win);Five to eight athletes (the applied athletes must play at least two-thirds of the games, of which 60% win);Nine to twelve athletes (the applied athletes must play at least two-thirds of the games, of which 70% win);
（9） The athletes who win the first two places in the men's and women's teams in the annual competition of the Chinese Table Tennis Club League A (the athletes who apply must play two-thirds of the games in the competition; the winning games must reach 80%);
（10） The athletes who have won the first two singles titles in the final of the National Juvenile Competition;
（11） In the annual official competition, the China Table Tennis Association will recommend two athletes according to their achievements and technical level.
First class athletes
Anyone who meets one of the following conditions may apply for the award of the title of first class athlete.
（1） The athletes who win the top 16 of the team in the National Games, the National Championships and the China Table Tennis Association Cup, the top 32 in doubles and the top 64 in singles competitions;
（2） In the National Urban Games and the National Youth Competition, the athletes who won the top eight of the team and the top 16 of the singles competition;
（3） In the final of the National Juvenile Competition, the top six players in the team and the top 16 players in the singles competition;
（4） In the National Amateur Youth Finals, the athletes who won the top three teams and the top eight singles competitions.
Second-grade Athlete
Anyone who meets one of the following conditions may apply for the award of the title of Grade II athlete.
（1） The athletes who have won the top six of the group and the top eight of each individual event in the adult and youth competitions held by provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government;
（2） The athletes who win the top three in the group competition and the top six in the individual competition in the local (city) or provincial equivalent competitions, as well as in the official competitions held in each province, city and autonomous region system;
（3） The athletes who win the top eight in singles in the youth competitions held by provinces, cities and autonomous regions.
Third-grade Athlete
Those who meet one of the following conditions may apply for the award of the third class athlete title.
（1） In the official competitions held at the level of cities and counties under the jurisdiction of the province, the athletes who win the top three in the team competition and the top eight in each individual competition;
（2） The athletes who win the top eight singles in the local (city) or provincial equivalent youth competitions.
Junior Athlete
Anyone who meets one of the following conditions may apply for the title of junior athlete.
（1） Athletes from representative places (cities) (special regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) who participate in youth competitions held at or above the provincial, district or municipal level;
（2） The athletes who win the top four singles in the formal competition attended by not less than 24 young athletes.
grand slam
The "Grand Slam" of table tennis refers to the singles champion who won the Olympic Games, the world championship singles champion, and the world cup singles champion.[15]
Project Skills
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Clamping method
penhold
(1) Quick break grip.Before the racket, the second phalanx of the index finger and the first phalanx of the thumb are in a clamp shape in front of the racket. The distance between the two fingers is 1-2cm. The handle of the racket is close to the jaw, and the other three fingers are naturally bent and stuck to the upper 1/3 of the back of the racket.
(2) Loop grip.The circle grip is basically the same as the fast break grip, the difference is that the thumb and index finger form a small ring, the other three fingers naturally overlap on the back of the racket, and the first finger joint of the middle finger is on the extension line of the racket handle.
Holding method of direct grip
shake-hands grip
The shake hand grip is like shaking hands.The middle finger, ring finger and little finger naturally bend to hold the racket handle, the thumb is close to the middle finger on the front of the racket, the index finger is naturally straight, and is placed obliquely on the back of the racket.In forehand attack, the index finger moves up slightly, and in backhand attack, the thumb moves up slightly.[16]
Grasping method of horizontal racket
method of attack
Type of fast break
There are three common grip methods (including left push and right attack and double attack):
1. The right side of the racket handle is attached to the third joint of the index finger, and the second joint of the index finger presses the right shoulder of the racket. The first joint of the index finger naturally bends inward, and the first joint of the thumb presses the left shoulder of the racket (the distance between the thumb and the index finger should be moderate).The other three fingers naturally bend, bend and overlap, and the first knuckle of the middle finger is held on the back of the racket to keep the racket stable.
This grip has a flexible wrist.You can use the wrist action when serving to send the ball with similar movement, rotation and different landing points;It can also play oblique and straight balls flexibly;It is also advantageous to deal with the ball inside the platform. When the backhand hits the ball with the backhand and then hits the ball with the forehand, and when the backhand hits the ball with the backhand and then makes the side forehand attack, it is conducive to the coordination and combination of the forehand and backhand technical actions.The wrist can naturally droop when chasing the ball in the middle. The racket shape can be adjusted through the wrist to make a reasonable return to the ball.When using this racket grip method for forehand attack, the thumb and middle finger work together, the index finger is relatively relaxed, the ring finger is slightly away from the middle finger, and the fingertip gently holds the back of the racket to maintain the stability of the racket when the force is applied.When making a backhand attack or pushing and blocking the ball, the index finger and middle finger should coordinate their efforts, and the thumb should be relatively relaxed.When using the wrist to generate force (including forehand and backhand strokes), the middle finger should be used as the main force, and the thumb and index finger should keep the racket shape stable, while auxiliary force should be used.
2. The grip method is basically the same as the first one, but the distance between the thumb and index finger is large (the pincers are large).This grip method is conducive to the concentrated power of the upper arm and forearm.Therefore, the middle and far attack, forehand attack, and smash are more powerful.However, due to the large distance between the thumb and index finger and the deep grip of the racket, it has a certain impact on the flexibility of the wrist, and it has a bad effect on the handling of the ball in the table, the ball turning, the ball pushing and blocking and the ball chasing.
3. The right side of the racket handle is stuck between the second and third joints of the index finger, and the first joint of the thumb and index finger is pressed against the left and right shoulders of the racket. The distance between the two fingers is moderate (but smaller than the first grip). The left side of the first knuckle of the middle finger is used to hold the back of the racket. The ring finger and little finger are folded obliquely under the middle finger, and the ring finger is used to assist the middle finger to hold the back of the racket,Keep the racket steady.
This racket holding method is adopted by some players who attack on both sides. Its advantage is that when making backhand attack, the racket head is upward after lifting the forearm, which is beneficial tobackhandPlay with high pressure to make the ball hit fast and powerful.This grip is more coordinated in the middle of the attack when forcing the ball because the racket is drooping when sinking the hand.Because the distance between the thumb and index finger is small, and the wrist is flexible, it is easy to handle the ball inside the table, and it is also good for the surprise and turn ball. Its disadvantage is that it is difficult to hit the forehand off body ball with high pressure due to the droop of the racket.At the same time, because the wrist is relatively flexible, the racket shape is not easy to fix.[17-18]
Attacking Skills
（1） Body posture
The feet are opened at the same width as or slightly wider than the shoulder, the knees are slightly bent, the front feet touch the ground (mainly with the inside of the feet), the toes are slightly pressed, the heels are slightly off the ground, the center of gravity is placed between the feet, the upper body is slightly tilted forward, the abdomen is pulled in, the racket holding arm is naturally bent, the elbows of the racket holding straight are slightly extended, the racket is placed in the right front of the abdomen, the wrists are naturally relaxed, and the racket head is pointing to the right oblique front,The elbow of the horizontal grip is downward, the forearm is naturally raised horizontally, the wrist is naturally relaxed, the racket head is pointing upward, and the non racket holding arm is naturally bent and bent on the left side of the body.Keep your eyes on the ball.
（2） Station
Different players have different ways of standing.The standing position of the left push and right attack of the pen hold is generally that the left foot is slightly ahead of the right foot, and the position of the left foot is basically on the extension line of the left line of the table.The distance between the body and the end line of the table is about 40 cm.
Type of play
It can be divided into 6 types:
(1) Fast attack.
(2) Circles.
(3) Circles combined with fast attack.
(4) Fast break combined with loop play.
(5) Chopping play mainly based on cutting.
(6) A combination of chop and attack.
In the international table tennis arena, there are mainly the following playing methods:
(1) In the direct hold, push left and attack right, such as Jiang Penglong from Taiwan, Liu Chengmin from South Korea, and Yang Ying from China.
(2) Direct hold, horizontal arc circle and fast attack are combined, such as Ma Lin, Wang Hao, Li Jing and Xu Xin in China.
(3) The combination of horizontal beat and arc circle with fast attack, such as Kong LinghuiWang NanWang Liqin.
(4) The combination of horizontal beat and fast attack with arc circle, such as Deng Yaping and Zhang Yining in China.
(5) Combination of cutting and attacking, such as Zhu ShiheKimKyung-ah Ding Song of China.[17-18]
serving way
（1） Forehand serve
1. Features: The ball is fast, has a long drop point, and has great momentum. When it is sent to the right corner or left center of the opponent, it is a big threat to the opponent.
2. Key points: ① Throw the ball too high; ②Improve the swing speed at the moment of hitting; ③The first landing point should be close to the end line of the local table top; ④The point is the same height as the net or slightly lower than the net.
（2） Backhand urgent shot and urgent backspin shot
1. Features: fast ball speed, low curve, large forward rush, forcing the other party to back off to catch the ball, which is conducive to the attack, and often used in conjunction with the quick backspin ball.
2. Key points: ① The hitting point should be on the left front side of the body at the same height or slightly lower than the net; ②Pay attention to wrist shaking; ③The first landing point is near the end line of the local platform area.
（3） Serve short
1. Features: small stroke, quick release, no second jump after the ball falls on the other side's table, making it difficult for the other side to grab, pull, rush or attack.
2. Key points: ① Throw the ball too high; ②When hitting the ball, the strength of the wrist is greater than that of the forearm; ③The first landing point of the serve is on the table, and it should not be too close to the net; ④The serve should be similar to the long serve as much as possible to make it difficult for the opponent to judge.
（4） Forehand turn and no turn
1. Features: The ball speed is slow and the forward momentum is small. It mainly uses similar serve movements to create rotation changes to confuse the other party, causing the other party to receive the ball incorrectly or create opportunities for its own attack.
2. Key points: ① Throw the ball too high; ②When serving the ball, the racket surface will be suppressed later, and the middle and lower parts of the ball will be cut;The more you turn the ball, the more attention should be paid to the forward movement of the arm; ③When the serve does not rotate, the swing angle of the racket face will be reduced instantly, and the forward force will be increased.
（5） Forehand service left up (down) spin
1. Features: The left side has a strong upward (downward) rotation force. When the other side blocks the ball, it bounces to the right side upward (downward). Generally, it stands on the left of the center line or serves sideways.
2. Key points: ① Keep your stomach tight when serving, and the hitting point should not be far away from your body; ②Try to increase the swing range and arc from right to left to enhance the strength of lateral rotation. ③When the left side is turned upward, the wrist retracts quickly at the moment of hitting, and the racket rubs from the center of the ball to the top left. ④When the left side of the serve is rotated downward, the racket face is slightly raised, and the racket rubs from the middle and lower part of the ball to the left.
（6） Backhand service right up (down) spin
1. Features: The right side up (down) spin is strong, and the other side rebounds to the left side up (down) after blocking.The left diagonal long ball and the middle right near net short ball are the best service points.
2. Key points: ① Pay attention to abdominal contraction and waist rotation; ②Make full use of wrist rotation and forearm force; ③When serving the right topspin ball, the racket rubs from the middle of the ball to the top right at the moment of hitting, and the wrist has an upward hook action; ④When serving the right side down spin ball, the racket face is raised later, and the racket rubs down from the middle and lower part of the ball to the right at the moment of hitting.
（7） Squat serve
1. Features: The squat serve belongs to the overhand service, which was used by Chinese athletes as early as the 1950s.It is more convenient for the horizontal racket player to serve the squat ball than the direct racket player. The direct racket player needs to change the grip method when serving, that is, move the index finger to the back of the racket.Squat serve can deliver left and right spin. When the opponent is not suitable, it is very dangerous. When the key time is to deliver high-quality ball, it can often score directly.
2. Key points: ① Pay attention to the cooperation between throwing and swinging, and master the hitting time. ②The service should be of high quality, and the service action should be neat to prevent being attacked by the other party before fully standing up. ③When serving the right up and down spin ball, the left foot is slightly forward, the body is slightly deflected to the right, and the swing line is from the left back to the right front.When the middle part of the racket touches the ball and rubs it to the right, it means that the right side is rotated upward;Friction from the lower part of the ball to the right side means right side down rotation. ④When serving the left upper and lower spin ball, stand in the middle of the right, slightly flat to the left, and basically face the table. The swing line is from the right back to the left front.The friction between the racket and the ball is left topspin;Friction from the middle of the ball to the lower left is left downward rotation. ⑤When serving the left (right) side up and down spin ball, special attention should be paid to the quick action of half circle friction ball.
（8） Forehand high throw service
1. Features: The most significant feature is that the ball is thrown high, which increases the positive pressure of the racket when the ball drops. The service speed is fast, the momentum is large, the rotation changes much, and the ball turns after landing.However, the high throw serve is complicated and difficult.
2. Key points: ① Do not throw the ball too far away from the platform and body. ②The hitting point is at the same height as or slightly lower than the net, and it is better to be near the middle right of the waist (15cm). ③Try to increase the amplitude and arc of inward swing. ④The left topspin and backspin serve is the same as the low throw serve. ⑤After touching the ball, add a rightward forward recovery action to increase the judgment of the other party (combined with the right side spin of the serve, it is more powerful).
Main Tactics
Push attack
Features: Mainly use the speed and strength of forehand attack and backhand push and block, and combine the change of landing point and rhythm to suppress and mobilize the other side, so as to strive for initiative or score.Push attack tactics are the main tactics of the left push right attack to deal with the attack style. It is also often used by the double attack athletes who have the ability of backhand push and block, and the athletes who combine attack and cutting.
method:
1. Push left and attack right.
2. Push and block the side attack.
3. Push and block, attack sideways and then hit the forehand.
4. Left push combined with backhand attack.
5. Left push, backhand attack, side attack and forehand attack.
matters needing attention:
1. Both push and attack must have line changes, placement changes and rhythm changes, which is the main method for push and attack tactics to gain initiative and create opportunities for smash.
2. Pushing and blocking is generally based on pressing the backhand of the other party, and then suddenly changing the forehand to create offensive opportunities.If the forehand of the opponent is poor, the forehand of the opponent can be pushed.
3. Suddenly in gearAfterburnerThe other side is in the middle, making it difficult for the other side to hit back forcefully, and then smash with forehand or sideways.
4. When encountering an opportunity ball, you should smash it decisively, which is the main means of scoring in push attack tactics.
5. The push attack tactics should adhere to the near platform, but not adhere to the near platform. It is necessary to learn the position conversion between the near platform and the middle platform, and master the opponent's rhythm.
6. Push attack tactics should adhere to the principle of close to the platform and useQuick pushAnd increase or decrease the force to push and control the landing point, wait for the opportunity to use the near counter pull or medium force to smash the loop ball, and then enter the forehand continuous attack.
Attack from both sides
Features: Mainly use the speed and strength of forehand and backhand attack techniques to suppress the opponent, and strive for initiative and create opportunities for smash.The technique of double attack is the main tactics of double attack to deal with the attack style.
method:
1. Attack left and buckle right.
2. Attack two corners and smash the middle.
matters needing attention:
1. Both forehand and backhand attack should have changes in line and placement to create opportunities for smash.
2. You should mainly press the backhand of the other side, and then attack the forehand or middle of the other side to create a chance to smash.
3. When you meet a chance ball, you should smash it boldly.
4. The dual attack tactics should adhere to the near platform in the case of active attack, and appropriately retreat in the case of passive attack, and counter attack in the near platform or the middle platform.
5. The two side attack tactics should adhere to the near platform and useFast beltCounter the other side's loop ball, wait for the opportunity to use the near platform counter pull or medium force smash the loop ball, and then turn to the continuous attack.
Pull attack
Features: continuously use forehand quick pull to create offensive opportunities, and then use assault and smash as scoring means.Pull attack tactics are the main tactics of fast attack against chopping.
method:
1. Forehand pull back smash.
2. Backhand pull back smash.
matters needing attention:
1. There should be a great disparity in the strength of pulling and buttoning to make the other party unprepared.
2. There should be changes in the route and placement of the ball to mobilize the other side, strive for initiative and create offensive opportunities.
3. When encountering the opportunity ball, you should be bold to smash or surprise.
4. The use of pull attack tactics should be patient, not eager for success, and not too fierce for the ball that is not grasped.
Pull buckle hanging combination
Features: It is a combination of pull attack and short shot. It is a common tactic for fast attack to deal with chop.
method:
1. Put the short ball after the smash or surprise attack of the pull attack tactics.
2. After the short ball is put in the pull attack tactics, it is combined with the smash or assault.
matters needing attention:
1. The short ball in the pull attack should be played when the opponent is far away and the incoming ball is close to the net. In this way, the drop point of the short ball is easy to get close to the net, which can increase the distance and difficulty of the opponent moving forward.
2. When smashing after a short shot, if the opponent leans very close to the platform, it can be aimed at the body direction of the opponent to smash, which often makes it difficult for the opponent to give way and hit back.
Rubbing attack
Features: Mainly use the "turn, low, fast, change" rubbing ball to control the opponent, to find a fighter, and then use low burst, fast or pull attack and other techniques to launch the offensive and enter the continuous attack;When encountering the opportunity ball in the rubbing, the smash is often sudden and can often score directly.Rubbing and attacking tactics are indispensable auxiliary tactics for all kinds of playing methods of table tennis.
method:
1. The forehand and backhand rubs the ball in combination with the forehand quick pull, quick, surprise or smash.
2. The forehand and backhand rub the ball in combination with the backhand quick pull, quick, surprise or smash.
matters needing attention:
1. The strategy of rolling attack should not only get up as early as possible to gain the initiative, but also not be impatient, otherwise, it is easy to make mistakes.
2. When encountering an opportunity ball in the rubbing, you should smash it boldly, which is the main scoring means of the rubbing attack tactics.
3. The short swing in the short swing makes it difficult for the other party to preempt the attack, so it is conducive to creating attack opportunities, so as to wait for the opportunity to use forehand, backhand or side attack.
Counterattack
Features: It is a combination of cutting and attacking. It is often dominated by corner forcing and turning cutting, waiting for opportunities to counter attack;Or by turning, lowering, stabilizing and changing the slice, force the opponent to pull and attack while walking, so as to find opportunities and counter attack.This kind of tactics has the characteristics of "forcing, changing, ferocious and attacking", and is the main technique of combining attack and cutting.
method:
1. Forehand and backhand corner cutting, combined with forehand attack or side attack, the opponent's right side is open.
2. The forehand and backhand cut the two big corner long balls, and combine the forehand and backhand counter attack.
matters needing attention:
1. Both forehand and backhand chops should pay attention to the change of rotation intensity.It is an effective way to make the opponent pull out the lob for counter attack by using the similar technique of cutting and turning the ball after cutting and turning.
2. When chopping, try to keep the arc as low as possible to avoid the other side's smash or surprise.
3. When chopping and cornering, the other corner should be cut properly so that the opponent can hit the ball when walking.
Serve and steal
Features: The strategy of serve and attack is to increase the difficulty of the opponent's return attack by serving with different rotations, lines, landing points and speeds, make it appear opportunity ball, or reduce the quality of return ball, and then attack first to gain initiative or direct score. This is the main strategy and scoring means of all table tennis playing methods, especially offensive playing methods.
method:
1. Send out rotation and "non rotation" attack.
2. Serve forward and backhand to rush to attack.
3. Serve forward, backhand side up and down spin to attack.
matters needing attention:
1. There should be changes in the route and placement of the serve so that the opponent can receive the serve when moving forward, backward, left and right.
2. After serving, you should be ready to attack without losing the opportunity to attack.
3. You should know what kind of service you serve and what kind of technique the other party may use to hit back.In this way, we can better prepare for the offensive.
4. The attack should be as fierce as possible and not too fierce, otherwise, the hit rate will be affected.
Receiving and attacking
Features: It is formed by a single attack technique and is highly offensive. The disadvantageous position of variable receiving and serving is the active position, and it can also score directly. It is the main tactics of various playing methods of table tennis, especially offensive playing methods.
Method: Use quick, fast attack or medium strength attack to catch and attack.
matters needing attention:
1. It is more difficult because the receiving and attacking is the offensive play method adopted when the other party serves actively and he is in a passive receiving position.Generally, the receiving and attacking should not be too fierce. The direction, intensity and height of rotation of the coming ball should be observed, and appropriate methods should be used to attack.For example, when the other party serves and turns the backspin ball, when receiving and attacking, it should use the pulling technique to avoid falling into the net.At the same time, the power of attacking cannot be too great.
2. After the end of the receiving and attacking movement, you should prepare for the counter attack or continuous attack immediately so that you can continue to take the initiative.
3. The smaller the power of receiving, attacking and rushing, the more attention should be paid to the route or placement of the ball. Generally, the opponent should play backhand more;If the opponent has a strong backhand and a weak forehand, you can hit the opponent's forehand more often.
4. Loop combined with fast attack: loop ball is the main form of play, supplemented by fast attack. Today, the most popular style of play, which may account for 80% of men.Generally, the glue is reversed on both sides.For example, world champions Wang Liqin and Zhang Yining, former national players Qiao Hong and He Zhili, etc.
5. Fast break combined with loop: fast break is the main method, and loop ball is the auxiliary method. Its occupation is close to the former. Generally, one side is reversed, and the other side is normal glue, raw glue, and long glue (there are also normal glue, raw glue, and long glue on both sides).Such as world champions Deng Yaping and Chen Jing, world famous players Jin Xiangmei and Huang Wenguan.
6. Counterattack in cutting: the play of passive cutting and waiting for the opportunity to counter attack, once monopolized the world table tennis world in the 1950s.At present, fewer people are engaged in this kind of play. The men are former national player Ding Song (more attacks and less cuts), Korean famous general Zhu Shihe, and the women are Korean famous generalKimKyung-ah , national player Fan Ying, etc.
7. Strange ball: At present, there is almost no such playing method, and there is no definite definition.Generally, long glue chipping, knocking, arching, floating and other technologies are used to block the ball and wait for an opportunity (using reverse board technology) to counter attack.The representative figures include former national players Chen Zihe, Ni Xialian, etc.
Techniques
Action method
Attack can be divided into forehand attack and backhand attack in terms of the large movement structure.Attack is the most important technology of fast attack. It has strong lethality and is the key technology to solve the battle.
（1） Action points (take the right hand as an example)
1. Forehand attack: stand near the center of the platform to the right with the left foot slightly in front of the table, lean to the table, hold the racket and naturally relax it in front of the belly, and the racket is half horizontal.Lead the racket slightly to the right along the incoming line, about as high as the table top, the racket surface is about 80 degrees from the table top, and the forearm is basically parallel to the table top.When the ball bounces off the stage, the racket holder swings from the right side to the front and top left, and swings along the ball in an arc with the forearm rapid internal retraction force and wrist inward rotation. During the ascending phase, the hitting position is at the distance between the right front of the body and the forearm.
2. Backhand attack: stand close to the platform with the right foot slightly forward, and naturally bend the racket to the left in front of the abdomen, with the center of gravity on the left foot.Lead the racket backward along the incoming line.When the ball bounces off the stage, the racket holder accelerates the swing from left back to right front up, with forearm force as the main force, wrist turning outward, the racket leaning forward, the center of gravity moving to the right foot, and the middle and upper parts of the left and right chest during the upward stroke.The key and difficult points of attacking are the swing force and the correct and appropriate hitting point.
（2） Teaching methods
Imitate the forehand and backhand attack with bare hands, and experience the essentials of arm swing, waist twist, and center of gravity conversion.The practitioner stands near the center of the platform to the right (left), and throws himself near the right (left) corner end line to attack the right (left) side diagonal line of the opponent.Experience forearm adduction, wrist pronation and hitting point.Two people practice in pairs. One person throws and attacks himself, and the other person returns with the ball, exchanging practice.Two people are opposite to each other, one is attacking the ball with his hand in the front (back), and the other is pushing and blocking the return stroke. Practice in exchange.Two people practice in pairs. One person attacks two points at one point, and the other pushes and blocks one point at two points. Exchange practice.The two men are attacking the diagonal line with their opposite hands.The two men fought straight in the middle.
（3） Error prone and corrective measures
The forehand attack dare not swing boldly, there is a pause, and the arc is not good.Correction method: Use your bare hands to imitate the swing practice and swing the racket enough.
The angle between the upper arm and the body is too small.Correction: Relax the shoulder and increase the distance between the upper arm and the body.
Raise elbow and arm.Correction method: do the near platform fast break practice, emphasizing the elbow shoulder backward and downward when hitting the ball.
The wrist is sagging, and the racket is perpendicular to the forearm.Correction method: emphasize that the wrist inner rotation racket handle is left, and imitate with bare hands.
Judging the ball's landing point is not correct, and the lead racket action is not in place.Correction method: First do the practice of receiving flat serve, and then do the practice of continuously pushing and blocking the ball to correct.
The racquet leans forward too early in a backhand attack.Correction method: do the lead racket practice with bare hands to make the racket face tilt back later.
There is not enough tilt in front of the camera.Correction method: practice flat hit service, and experience the method of wrist outward rotation when hitting the ball.
Racket shape
The racket shape includes the racket face angle and the racket face direction.
（1） Face angle The face angle refers to the angle formed between the face and the table top.
(1) The racket surface is perpendicular to the table surface at 90 °.
(2) When the angle between the racket surface and the table surface is less than 90, it means that the racket surface is tilted forward.
(3) When the angle between the racket surface and the table surface is greater than 90, it means that the racket surface is tilted backward.
（2） Face direction The face direction refers to the angle formed with the end line of the table when the racket deflects from left to right.
Hitting position
The hitting position refers to the specific position where the racket touches the ball when hitting the ball, which is basically consistent with the angle of the racket shape.
（1） Upper
（2） Upper middle
（3） Upper middle part
（4） Middle
（5） Lower middle part
（6） Lower middle
（7） Lower part
Hitting time
The hitting time refers to the time from when the incoming ball bounces up on the local table to when it falls back.
（1） Ascending period: the stage when the ball bounces off the table and just rises.
（2） Late rising stage: The stage when the ball bounces close to the highest point.
（3） Highest point period: The stage when the ball bounces to the highest point.
（4） Prophase of descent: the initial stage when the ball starts to descend from the highest point.
（5） Late Descent: The stage before the ball drops close to the ground.
Hitting route
The hitting line refers to the line formed from the hitting point to the landing point.The five basic lines (based on the batter) are: right diagonal line, right straight line, left diagonal line, left straight line, and middle straight line.In the actual game, the middle straight shot is always based on the position, that is, the chasing ball, also known as the middle chasing way.
Hitting point
The hitting point refers to the position of the space where the point at the instant of contact between the racket and the ball belongs when hitting the ball, which is relative to the position of the batter, and includes the following three factors: ① the position of the ball in front of and behind the body; ② the distance between the ball and the body; ③ the high and low positions of the ball.[19]
China's achievements
Announce
edit
Table tennis is China's national game, and China has a high position in the history of table tennis.Since the 1960s, Chinese table tennis players have won most of the world table tennis championships, and even all the championships of the entire event for many times.
Rong Guotuan is China's first table tennis world champion.Deng Yaping,IOC PresidentGive her the gold medal in person.
Successive champions of Chinese table tennis players are as follows:
World Championship Men's Singles Champion: 19 times
In 2017, the match between Ni Xialian and Kanaika Hashimoto took 94 minutes and won seven hard games, breaking the world record for the longest time in table tennis.[32]
