Uralic languages are distributed fromScandinaviaEastward longitudeUral MountainsreachAsiaA group of languages spoken in a vast area of the northwest.It is divided intoFinno-Ugric languages andSamoyed Branch 。Finland-The Ugric language family includesFinnishBranches andUgric languages , about 15 languages in total.The Samoyed language family is divided into south and north branches, and there are four languages.
Features of Uralic languages: the phonetic structure is very different, Finnish has few consonants and has lost palatalizationalveolar。HungarianThere are many consonants, which are clear and turbid.Finnish has eight vowels: i, ü, u, e, ä, o, ö, a, and Hungarian has a similar vowel system.Wochak has 7 full vowels and 3 simplified vowels.Vowels can be long or short, such as Tulen (fire), Tuulen (wind), Tuleen (fire), Tuuleen (wind) in Finnish.Some languages haveVowel harmonyPhenomenon usually appears in one word.Finnish, Estonian andLapp There are consonant alternations.Most Finnish Ugric words are stressed on the first syllable.
grammar
Announce
edit
Some UralicWord formationIt belongs to the adhesive type. Finnish and Estonian use more fusion to form words.Most Ural nouns have numbers and cases. The average number of cases is 12, generally includingnominative, Qualifiedpossessive caseAnd 3 representationsspatial location This is the grid oflanguage systemThe foundation of.
FinnishHungarianAnd Lapp sentencesword orderIt is subject verb object. The sentence word order of Samoyed languages is subject object main verb-auxiliary verb, parentheses indicate that there is no necessary component.Add suffixes to the changed main verbs to match the person and number of the subject.For example, Nenets: iky pevumd ′ o-msaravna t ′ e ń e-va (literal translation: "remember us well that evening", that is, "we remember that evening").The verb "you" means to use the verb "yes" to addlocative caseordativeIt means, for example, "Father has a house". In Finnish, it says is-Ll? On talo.The suffixes andPostpositionexpress.
stayCzar RussiaAt that time, the languages of Samoyed had no characters.In 1931, the Soviet government introduced Nenets and Selkuplatin alphabet。Between 1937 and 1940, the Latin alphabet wasCyrillic alphabetReplaced by.Other Urals use modifiedlatin alphabet, some languages also useDiacritical mark。
Main languages
Announce
edit
Finnish
Finnish belongs to Uralic language family -Finno-Ugric languages - Baltic Finnish branch.The languages of close relatives are EstonianKarelian、vip English, Livonian, Wotik, English.Northern Estonians can talk to south-west Finns without translation.
Finnish is characterized by few consonants, long words, and the stress is always on the first syllable. There are few double consonants, especially at the end of the word, Finns always try to avoid consonants.These characteristics are very tenacious, even when borrowing words from other languages, they will also conform to these characteristics.For example, koulu (school), ranta (bank) and lyijy (lead) are respectively fromSwedishSkolastrandIt can be found that the Finns only retain the final consonant of the initial compound consonant.Of course, this feature also came into being very early, from the HungarianCognate wordsPes ä/f é szek can already see.
Finnish has no sex, noarticle, no verb changeFuturistic。Nouns have 15 cases, which occur according to person and numberInflectional change。Prepositions, pronouns and inflexible words in other languages are all expressed in the form of suffixes in Finnish.For example: laula-n auto ssa ni kin (I also sing in my car)Verbal principleSing-I car in my-also。
Finnish also meets the "labor-saving theory" in its development process.Observe the following example: "two", * kakte>kaksi.The following rules can be obtained:StopeT evolved intoFricatives、Vowel e evolves into iPersonal pronoun"You" h ä n comes fromSwedish。
At the beginning of the 21st century, due to the widespread use of English, a number of English direct transliteration words appeared.For example, "forest" voresti, "wire" vairata [f/w>v];“beer”biiri，“yard”jaarti，“garbage”karpetsi [b/d/g＞p/t/k]“stove”tuovi，“apartment”paartmentti。
Modern Finnish has one featureGenitiveandBingeBoth are - n, which is because the genitive - n evolves from - m.For example, in the ancient Finnish language, the result of the evolution from - m in n ä en miehe-m tule-va-m (the man I saw came) to - n is the same as that of n ä en miehe-n tule-va-n (the man I saw came).Only through the context can we understand the meaning.
Hungarian is rich inphoneme, the stress is always on the first syllable.Like all Urals, Hungarian has no sex.There are more semantic cases than Finnish - up to 24.existencearticle，word orderFreedom.The three person singular pronouns in this language originate from Turkish.
distribution
Announce
edit
Uralic refers to the language distributed fromScandinaviaGo east untilAsiaA group of languages spoken in a vast area of the northwest.It is divided into Finland Ugric language family andSamoyed Branch 。The population is about 20 million.
Uralic languages
The Finnish Ugric language family includes the Finnish branch and the Ugric branch, with a total of about 15 languages, distributed ineurasiaA vast area.Finnish branch mainly includes Finnish, Estonian andSami。The Ugric language branch mainly includes Hungarian, Vochak and Vogur.The Samoyed language family is divided into south and north branches, and there are four languages.North BranchThe important language of is Nenets language (formerly known as Yurak Samoyed German), which is distributed from Arkhangel, Russia in the west to the eastYenisei RiverThe vast northern frozen soil zone between the estuaries has a population of about 25000.The important language of the southern branch is Selkup (formerly known as Oschak Samoyed German), which is distributed in the southWestern SiberiaTaz RiverThe population of the two sides is about 2000.
historical background
Announce
edit
6000 years ago, the differences among Uralic dialects were not too great.Stone AgeLiving inEastern European PlainUral ancestors followedsocial developmentThey need to expand their territory to get enough food sources, so the groups who speak Ural dialects began to move in all directions and gradually alienated.The difference between dialects is getting bigger and bigger, which finally makes people unable to communicate.It finally differentiated out 4000 BCSamoyeGerman and Finn Ugo.Most Finn Ugric people live inRussiaNorthern and central Ural Mountains.Over the next 2000 years, the Finn Ugric people reached the Baltic Sea as far as possible.During this period, they also assimilated with Slavs and Turks.In 2000 BC, the Finnish branch was separated from the Finn Ugric language.Later, the Sami people of the Feifen Ugric ethnic group adopted this early Finnish language (that is, the language just differentiated from the Fein Ugric language). In 1000 BCSamiEmbryos come into being.andFinnishFollowKarelian、EstonianThe differentiation of etc. is after the era.
The first Uralic speakers lived inVolga RiverAndKama RiverNear the junctionthe Ural MountainsZone, i.eKurganTo the north of my hometown.Uralic languagesFinland-Ugric languages Later, it was divided into three branches and spread outward: the northward branch entered along the upper reaches of the Volga RiverNorthern Europe, evolved into FinnishLapp , Estonian, MoldovianUdmurt、chm ；The westward branch evolved into Mazar people, and later becameCentral AsiaMigration entryHungary；One to the east, along the Kama River, across the Ural Mountains, and intoSiberia, Existingkomi , Handi, etc.Urals are spoken by white people. It is not clear whether they were yellow people before.SamoyedGerman branch includesNenets﹑Selkup, also belongs to Ural language family, belongs to yellow race.
