The Boxer Rebellion refers to the late 19th centuryChinaWhat happened was“Fuqing Destroys the Ocean”SloganPeasant movement, also known as the Boxer Incident, the Gengzi Incident, the Gengzi Fist Rebellion, etc.The movement shatteredImperialismThe imperialist powers' arrogant plan to carve up China hit hardQing governmentIts reactionary rule accelerated its demise.[1]
The original Boxers were the sameQing DynastyLike most secret societies, they opposeManchuThe rule, with the slogan of "Anti Qing and Restoration of Ming Dynasty", was suppressed.With the development of China's modern situationImperialismConflict replacement of western forces led by aggressionHuayiThe debate between Manchu and Han became the main historical contradiction, and the Boxers began to support the Qing Dynasty's resistance to the West, renamed“Tiger Camp”, the slogan was also changed to“Fuqing Destroys the Ocean”(1898 byZhao SanduoFirst proposed).
occidentthe big powersDivide the sphere of influence in ChinaNorth ChinaIn the spring of 1900 in Zhili, thousands of peasants who practiced righteousness and boxing and were known as the "Boxers" set fire to and burned down under the circumstances of frequent teaching cases, frequent natural disasters and the intensification of the court power strugglechurchIn June of the same year,Empress Dowager Ci XiAllow the Boxers to enterBeijingThe Boxers attacked before the Qing armyTianjin Concession。
Sino Japanese WarThe defeat of China again causedEuropeDivide among the great powersChinaAmbition.In 1896, European powers intended to carve up ChinaQing governmentThey made unreasonable demands for aggression and asked for permission to build railways and mine.In November 1897, Shandong“Caozhou Teaching Plan”, twoGermanyMissionaries Franz Niez and Richard Heule were rushed inchurch's villagers were killed.Germany immediately responded and took the opportunity to send troops to occupyJiaozhou BayandJiaoao(TodayQingdao）。The German emperor even lied to his fleet that "if China obstructs our affairs, it will wield its old fist".In the following month, the Russian army occupiedLvshunBritain and France sent troops to occupyWeihaiandGuangzhou Bay(Today GuangdongZhanjiang）。
GermanyIn aggressionShandongThe people of Shandong strongly resented his bad behavior.In order to appease the German mood, the Qing court appointed the governor of ShandongLi BinghengDemotion.Germany's bad behavior after the occupation of Shandong has further intensified the relationship between the local people andmissionaryThe contradiction between.In 1897, the enclave of Liyuan Village in Guanxian County, Shandong Province (today'sXingtai CityWeixian County) villagers and churches clashed due to land occupation.Weixian Plum Blossom BoxerZhao SanduoAt the invitation of villagers Yan Shuqin and others, they went to help.More than three generals of Hou Zhaoa type of Chinese shadow boxing requiring training on thick wooden stakesIt was renamed Yihe Quan.In June 1898, the governor of ShandongZhang RumeiAccording to the Imperial Court, Yihe Boxing belongs to the village group originally, and it is suggested to "change the courage of boxing to the people group".He also clearly said that Yihequan was the "Boxer", and the concept of "Boxer" was first put forward among officials in the Qing Dynasty.In October of the same year,Zhao SanduoPeople in Guanxian EnclaveJiangjiazhuang(Weixian County, Xingtai City today) set up the flag of "Anti Qing and Restoration of Ming Dynasty" and "Uprising", which was suppressed by the Qing army and failed.In 1899, a Chinese flag man who was a donorYu XianTake officeShandong GovernorHe proposed that "the people can use it, the regiment should be pacified, and the bandits must be suppressed". He adopted the method of pacifying Yihe Quan and incorporated it into the militia.So Yihequan became the "Boxer", and the slogan was also“Fighting against Qing Dynasty and restoring Ming Dynasty”Change to“Fuqing Destroys the Ocean”。[2]
At the end of the 19th century, the West forced the Qing court to release restrictions on Western missionaries, and at the same time forced the Qing court to recognize that missionaries hadExtraterritorial jurisdiction, impressively trampling on Chinese laws.Under the cover of extraterritoriality, not only the western churchclergyNot subject to the jurisdiction of the Qing government, some Chinese who committed crimes would also borrow the name of religion to avoid the punishment of the Qing court laws.At the local level, the Christian Church often conflicts with local people in order to force the propaganda of western powers.The Chinese religious believers took advantage of the situation to bully the local people, while the local government was afraid of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the church and dared not fight against foreigners, which eventually led to the local people's revolt and the outbreak of religious cases.
Event history
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Fuqing Destroys the Ocean
In 1897, ShandongGuanxian CountyThe villagers in Liyuantun and the church clashed over land disputes in history.Weixian Plum Blossom BoxerZhao SanduoAt the invitation of villagers Yan Shuqin and others, they went to help.Later Zhao Sanduo changed the name of Plum Blossom Boxing toYihe Fist。
In June 1898, the governor of ShandongZhang RumeiAccording to the Imperial Court, Yihe Boxing belongs to the village group originally, and it is suggested to "change the courage of boxing to the people group".He also clearly said that Yihequan was the "Boxer", and the concept of "Boxer" was first put forward among officials in the Qing Dynasty.In October of the same year, Zhao Sanduo and others were in Guanxian CountyJiangjiazhuang(Now in Weixian County, Hebei Province) set up the flag of "Uprising", which was suppressed by the Qing army and failed.
In the following year (1899), the magistrate of Pingyuan County, Shandong ProvinceJiang KaiSuppress the Boxers, the local Boxer leaderLi ChangshuiAsk Yihequan leaders from Ebping, Gaotang and other placesVermilion lampWith support, Zhu Hongdeng formally set up the banner of "World Justice and Fist Revitalize and Eliminate Foreign Countries" in the neat team in Lizhuang, Barbie.On October 11,Jiang KaiHe led dozens of brave soldiers to suppress and was defeated by Yihe Quan.This event was later called the "Plain Uprising".laterQing governmentExtra assignmenthigh Qing officialThey came to suppress and defeated Yihe Quan in the battle of Senluo Temple.high Qing officialTaking office in JinanShandong GovernorLater, he was always hostile to the Boxer Rebellion. After he became the governor of Shandong Province, he strictly restricted the activities of the Boxer Rebellion, and from then on, the Qing army guerrillasMa JinxuCapture the leader of Yihe Fist aliveVermilion lamp, Xincheng Monk and others.The governor of Shandong at that time wasYu XianHe hated foreign invaders and sympathized with the people's struggle against foreign religions.He dismissed Jiang Kai, Yuan Shikai, etc., and took measures to suppress and pacify Yihe Boxing, focusing on pacification. It was said that it was Yu Xian who changed his fists into a group, and also told the court that the responsibility for the contradiction between people and religion was attributed to the church.His attitude was hostile to foreign countries, and Yuxian was dismissed from his post under the negotiation of foreign powers.But Yu Xian also suppressed Yihe Quan and ordered Zhu HongdengSincere Monk、Yu QingshuiWaiting for the Boxer leader to kill.
In 1899, after encountering unfavorable conditions in Shandong, the Boxers began to move to Zhili and other places.The Qing government prohibited Boxers and sent many armies to participate in the suppression.
In December 1899, Yuan Shikai replacedYu XianActingThe governor of Shandong.
In the winter of 1899, the case of the murder of British Anglican missionary Bukes occurred in Feicheng, Shandong Province. After continuous protests in western countries, Yuxian was dismissed by the Qing government.Led by the new governor Yuan ShikaiBeiyang New ArmyVigorously suppress in ShandongBoxers。Yu Xian met in Beijing after leaving officeEmpress Dowager Ci Xi, and offered her an yi he tuan;Later transferredShanxi Governor(During his later term of office, he personally ordered the trapping and killing of more than 150 missionaries and their families. See alsoZhong Hua Book CompanyModern Chinese History, 1983).The coup of 1898Cixi, who later took full control of the imperial court, was very dissatisfied with the Western opposition to her deposing Guangxu.
In January 1900, Cixi issued an edict to defend the Boxer Rebellion in spite of the protests of western diplomats.Zhili GovernorYuluSo it changed from exterminating the Boxers to supporting them.Except toLeague peopleIn addition to paying rates,YuluHe also invited the leader of the Boxer to open an altar in Tianjin.So the boxing people from Shandong poured into Zhili.From Tianjin to Zhuozhou and Baoding, there are boxers who invite gods, burn churches, kill foreigners, kill Qing troops, and destroy railways, telegraph poles and other foreign objects everywhere.Zhuozhou Prefecture Magistrate was occupied by 30000 boxers.Cixi SectMinister of Military AircraftAssociate BachelorFortitudeHe Shuntian Fu YinZhao ShuqiaoreachZhuozhouSurvey.Results After returning to Beijing with determination, he reported to Cixi that "the boxing people are loyal and the magic skills are available".Prince of Chaozhong VillaZai Xun, Duan JunwangCarry ripple, Fu GuogongCarrying billowsHe also advocated pacifying the Boxers and fighting against foreigners.
On May 12, 1900, a teaching case occurred in Gaoluo Village, Laishui County, and Yang Futong went to bomb crush.On May 22, thousands of Boxers ambushed Yang Futong in Shiting and killed him, known as "Laishui Victory".The killing of officials shocked the Qing government.On May 27, 1900, about 30000 Yihe Regiments along the Lubao Railway in the central part of Zhili occupied Zhuozhou City. Gong Yinpei, the Zhizhou Prefecture, had no choice but to fast and wait to die. This was the first state city occupied and controlled by the Yihe Regiments.After that, the Qing government sentNie ShichengThey participated in the suppression and fought with the Boxer Rebellion many times.At this time, however, the Boxer Movement in Zhili had shown a situation of "being too numerous to kill".
The people of Yihe Boxing in Tianjin
On May 28, 1900, British Minister PlenipotentiaryDounale(Claude Maxwell MacDonald) felt that the embassy area was in danger, and asked 17 foreign warships anchored near Dagu for reinforcements.337 foreign sailors and marines landed on May 31, 1900 and arrived in Beijing that night by train. Another 89 German and Austrian marines arrived in Beijing on June 3 in the defense embassy area.
In June 1900,high Qing officialThey began to suppress the resurgent Boxers.
On June 9, 1900, Cixi tuneDong FuxiangThe rear army of the Wu Wei of the Qing Dynasty marched into the city and stationed near the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannong Temple.Many of Dong's soldiers joined the Boxer Rebellion.
On June 10, 1900, Duan JunwangCarry rippleTake officePrime Minister's Yamen for International Affairsminister.At the same time, Boxers of the Boxer Rebellion began to enter Beijing in a large scale.At most, there were more than 100000 boxers in Beijing.Since then, the foreign embassies in Beijing have been cut off from foreign communications.
On June 11, 1900, Secretary of the Japanese Embassy in ChinaSugiyamabiQing soldiers just transferred to BeijingGan JunHe was killed by an open heart operation.The leaders of the countries stationed in Tianjin organized a joint force of 2000 men, which was led by the British naval commanderseymour (Edward Seymour) took the train to reinforce the Embassy of the Eleven Countries in Beijing.Because the railway was destroyed by the boxers, Simore was blocked in the Yangcun and Langfang areas outside Tianjin. He was not able to fight with the Qing soldiers and the Boxers, and returned to the city. As a result, his first attempt to lift the siege of the embassy by the Qing soldiers and the Boxers failed.The war was a major victory against foreign enemies and was named“Langfang Victory”。
On June 13, 1900, the Boxers entered the inner city and burned down Xiaoshun Hutong that dayAshley Hall, double flagpole (todayForeign Ministry Street(outside the west entrance) London Club, Bamaicao（Wangfujing）Catholic East Church, Dengshikou Congregation, American Gospel Church in the west of Dongsiwutiao, Jiaodaokou Ertiao Presbyterian Church, Gulou Xiya Alley Presbyterian Church, Xizhimen Catholic West Church, Xisi Yangrou AlleyChristian ChurchThere are 11 churches in Shifu Maqiao Anligan Church and Xuanwumen Catholic Southern Church.3200 Catholics fled into the Catholic North Church (42 French soldiers occupied it), and more than 2000 Christians fledDongjiaomin LaneEmbassy area.Boxers set fire to churches and everything related to the West in Beijing.
On June 16, 1900, about one thousand (or four thousand at one time) shops around Qianmen were burned to ruins due to the fire at the Old Deji Western Pharmacy, and Zhengyang Gate Tower and 24 silver foundries in Beijing were also burned down.At the same time, the boxers destroyed churches everywhere and attacked the believers,Chang-wang-fu The front courtyard is regarded as a collectivemassacreThe execution ground of.In addition to killing religious people, the Boxer Rebellion also killed innocent people and falsely accused many citizens (including many women and children) of burning and killing for the sake of the White Lotus Cult. For example, according to eyewitness records at that time, "villagers tend to go to the market, and more than 70 people have known about it since then; pretending to be actors and wear children's plays meansWhite Lotus Cult；On the eve of the lower punishment department, without receiving a confession, the western market was cut down.Some women prefer their families and are also trapped in them. They take the blame for them, and their children are still in their arms. ";There are also people killed by revenge, such as Wang Zaihun, Duke Duan, who supported the BoxersCarry rippleThirteen members of the family of Changqingheng, the deputy Dutong Shenji Camp Wing, were killed in early July for revenge.The different factions of the Boxers also fought and killed each other.The Boxers, the Imperial Guard and the Gan Army also raped and killed countless women.In addition to killing and adultery, the Boxers and the Qing army also looted and looted merchants and civilians, and sold the stolen goods to the public.At that time, the powerful families were not immune, such as the minister of the Ministry of OfficialsSun Jianai, BachelorXu TongTheir homes were looted, and Xu Tong (in his eighties) was dragged out by the Boxers.Cixi was held on the same dayconference in which the emperor takes partLater, an imperial edict was issued to disband the boxers.
On June 17, 1900, the Allied forces capturedTaku Forts 。When Cixi received this news, she got false information, thinking that foreign countries wanted her to return to Guangxu.Cixi's attitude has changed 180 times to support the Boxers and fight against foreigners.lifeFortitude、Carry ripple、Zai Xun、Zai Lian、Carrying billowsLeader of the Boxer Rebellion and Zai Xun as the leader of the infantryNine Gate Commander。
Declare war
On June 20, 1900, German Minister to ChinaClind(Klemens Freiherr von Kettler) went to the Prime Minister's office on behalf of all countries to ask for protection, but was ambushed by the Qing army on the way (because Clinder had shot and killed the Boxers, this act was considered revenge);It became an excuse for the great powers to wage war.[5]
On June 21, 1900, the Qing government declared war on Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Austria in the name of Guangxu.[5]
When the Qing court declared war on other countries, it also offered rewards for killing foreigners, stipulating that "fifty liang for killing a foreigner, forty liang for foreign women, and thirty-two for foreign children".The Boxers and the imperial army besieged embassies in Beijing.About 3000 people were surrounded in the embassy area, of which about 2000 were Chinese seeking protection;400 foreign male civilians, 147 women and 76 children.Another 409 soldiers, sailors and marines are armed with three machine guns and four small caliber guns.While countries are preparing to rescue embassies by force, embassies have been builtfortification, by the British MinisterDounaleResponsible for directing resistance.[5]
The Eight Power Allied Forces in the Forbidden City
The incident eventually turned into an international military conflict. Before the incident subsided, about 45000 people came fromJapan、U.S.A、Austro Hungarian Empire、britain(The British include the BritishWeihaiweiThe Chinese Corps composed of Chinese people)France、Germany、ItalyAnd RussianEight-Nation AllianceAs well as the fight between the Qing government's army and Boxers of the Boxer Rebellion.The commander of the allied forces that marched into Beijing from July to August 1900 was General Linevitch, a Russian.
On July 14, 1900, the Allied forces occupied Tianjin;Zhili GovernorYuluSuicide after defeat.
On July 28, 1900, the minister of the Lord and PeaceXu JingchengandYuan ChangWas executed by the Qing court.
Wilhelm II, the German emperor, practiced for the German Chinese Expeditionary Force
On August 4, 1900, the Allied forces moved towards Beijing, and there was no real strong resistance along the way.At that time, it was estimated that there were as many as 150000 Qing soldiers and Yihe boxers along the way, while the total number of coalition forces was only 30000 at the beginning (increased later).It was August, and the climate was hot and humid. In addition, the dense corn fields along the way formed a natural barrier, which added difficulties to the march.
On August 11, 1900, the Qing government executed the minister of Zhu HeAssociative yuan, Lishan andXu Yongyi。
In the early morning of August 14, 1900, the allied forces came to the outside of Beijing. After two days of fierce fighting, they gradually captured the city gates of Beijing on August 15, and then began street battles with the Qing army in all parts of Beijing.
On the evening of August 16, 1900, the Eight Power Allied Forces had basically occupied the whole city of Beijing.Cixi and the royal family left immediately after the fall of Beijing and fled toXi'an。
Japanese Army Picture Book: Eight Power Allied Forces
stayWilhelm II With the insistence of,waldersee (Count Waldersee) was appointed commander in chief of the coalition forces on August 7.However, Vadasi and the German army arrived in China two months after the Allied forces invaded Beijing.They are eager to executeWilliam II The order issued on July 2, 1900: "You know, you are facing a cunning, brave, well armed and cruel enemy. If you meet him, remember: Do not sympathize with him, do not accept prisoners of war. You must fight bravely, so that the Chinese will not dare to peep at the Germans after a thousand years." They have been plundered everywhere and criticized.William II's speech is a memory of the Huns' invasion of Europe in the 5th century.Later, this paragraph was also borrowed by the British in World War I to disparage their German enemies.
In addition to attacking Beijing with the allied forces, Russia sent more than 200000 people from the north and south to occupy Northeast China.The northern Russian army captured Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, in August, and occupied Jilin, the capital of Jilin Province, in September;South Road occupied Yingkou in August, Shenyang in October, and soon after the two armies met, occupying the whole northeast.
Southeast mutual insurance
The Boxer Regiment was captured by the US Army's 6th Division in Tianjin
Before the Qing government declared war on all countries, the governor of LiangjiangLiu KunyiGovernor of HuguangZhang ZhidongLi Hongzhang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Minister of Railwaysindustrial promoterYuan Shikai, Governor of Shandong, Governor of Fujian and ZhejiangXu YingkuiThat is, to discuss how to preserve the stability of the southeast provinces and avoid the invasion of foreign powers with excuses;At the same time, they secretly planned that if Beijing fell and the two palaces were in dangerLi HongzhangBe the president to support the situation.After the Qing government declared war on the eleven countries, Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong, Li Hongzhang, Xu Ying, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Governor of SichuanKui JunYuan Shikai, governor of Shandong, reached a local agreement with foreign countries, sayingSoutheast mutual insurance。They said that the imperial edict was a "corrective edict and disorderly order" under the yoke of the Boxer Rebellion, and disobeyed the order of supporting the Boxer Rebellion in the southeast provinces.
On the way to Xi'an, the royal family of the Qing Dynasty ordered officers and soldiers everywhere to wipe out the Boxers.
On September 7, 1900, the Qing court issued an imperial edict saying that "since the beginning of this case, the Boxer Rebellion has been the cause of trouble, and if we want to do anything, we must eliminate it with pain".The combination of Chinese and foreign forces led to the failure of the Boxer Movement.At the same time, the Qing government sent Prince Qing Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiary envoys to negotiate peace with other countries.
Residual resistance
Members of the Yihe League arrested by the Qing court patrol
When Cixi left, she issued an edict to put the responsibility for the war on the head of the Yihe Regiment, and ordered the Qing army everywhere to suppress and kill it.The rapid development of the Boxers partly benefited from the support of the Qing government. After the change of the attitude of the Qing government, many Boxer organizations quickly disappeared.But some Boxers insisted on resisting.Liu Chengxiang led the Boxer Rebellion to resist the invading army in the suburb of Tianjin, and the leader of the Boxer RebellionZhou LaokunThe leader of the Boxer Rebellion, Guo Fengchun, fought with the invading army and officials in Guangchang.The invading army was resisted by the local people in many other areas of North China, and had to keep dividing troops to suppress them.
consequence
Casualty statistics
During the Boxer Rebellion, the whole country's provinces, mainly in North ChinaHebei province, Shanxi, as well as Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, mass massacres against foreigners and even Chinese Christians were widespread.Most of the following casualties and death figuresAccording to the statistics of church membersThere is no official historical data in China to confirm that:
according toStatistics of church membersAccording to statistics, 241 foreigners (53 Catholic missionaries and 188 Protestant missionaries and their children, including 53 children) and more than 20000 Chinese Christians (18000 Catholics and 5000 Protestants) died in the massacre in the summer of 1900.
In Shanxi, it is said that there are more than 5700 Chinese Catholics and thousands of Protestants killed in the whole province, among which the most are local churches, and others belong to the Congregational Church,British Baptist ChurchEtc.On July 9, 1900, in front of the governor's office in Taiyuan, the governorYu XianKill 12 Franciscan missionaries (Italian)AshjieAnd Fugelia (2 bishops, 3 priests, nuns, 7 nuns), 34 Protestant missionaries and their families' children (belonging to the British Baptist Church and Shouyang Missionary Society, including 11 children), a total of 46 people.Shanxi is the province with the largest number of hostile foreigners and peaceful residents in China.
In Inner Mongolia, on July 19, 1900, the cavalry of the Qing army attacked the southwest of MongoliaDiocese bishopA large number of Catholics in the village were killed in the twenty-four hectares where the church is located,BelgiumBishop Hamory, who was born in Beijing, was "hand and foot tied, with bamboo poles," and then "put an iron rope through his shoulder bones, and imprisoned in a cage", wandering around the street. On July 24, 1900Tokto CityKilled.In the eastern parish of Mongolia, a priest was buried alive in Luanping County.The diocese in central Mongolia exceptXiwanzi(HebeiChongli）The vast majority (more than 3200 people) of the more than 5000 Catholics who took refuge in the Cathedral were killed.
In Zhili (Hebei)YuluWith the support of President Tingyong, the Boxers spread all over the province, and a large number of Catholics in the province (the province is still in China todaycatholicThe most concentrated provinces) suddenly faced the threat of death and built fortresses in villages where Catholics gathered.On July 20,Chen ZelinMore than 3000 Catholics and two priests gathered in Zhujiahe Village, Jingzhou, under the leadership of the Qing Army, killed all men, women, old and young. It was the largest massacre in 1900.Of the 50575 believers where Zhu Jiahe is located, 5153 died, and only the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Zhangzhuang, Xian County survived.Donglu Village near Baoding gathered 9000 Catholics to take refuge here. After the war, it became the famous Holy Land of the Virgin Mary in the north and a village with the largest concentration of Catholics in China because it repulsed the attack of 40000 nominal Hetuan.
More than 1400 Catholics were killed in Fengtian (Liaoning), including onebishop, 10priest。
stayZhejiangIn Quzhou and Taizhou, mass killings also took place.HunanHengzhouAnd in Shaanxi, Bishop priests were also killed.In Shandong and Henan, 78 out of 10 churches were destroyed.(The source of the above is unknown)
character
Yan Shuqin(1860-1900), Liyuan Village, Guanxian County (now Hebei ProvinceWeixian County）People led the Guanxian Uprising.It is called "Great Sabre Yan Shuqin".On August 18, 1900, Yan Shuqin and other boxers were arrested and transferred to Linqing.
Zhao Sanduo(1841-1902), led the Guanxian Uprising, played the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries", and joined the Boxer after its failureJing Tingbin UprisingAnd died in the process.
Lin Heier(? - 1900?), claiming“Holy Mother of Huanglian”He is the leader of the red light. He was captured after the fall of Tianjin and lost his life.
Wang Liyan(? - 1899), a native of Gaotang today.He loves boxing clubs since childhood, and has excellent martial arts skills after adulthood. That is, he organizes Yihe Boxing, sets up a field to teach apprentices, practices boxing and martial arts, and keeps his family healthy.Zhu Hongdeng, one of the main leaders of the Shandong Boxer Regiment, insisted on fighting in Shandong after his death, and was killed after defeat.
Cao Futian(? - 1901), Zhili Jinghai peopleSea of Tranquillity, Nanpi, Qingyun developed the Boxer, and the leader of the Tianjin Boxer.stayLaolongtou Railway StationFighting with the Allied Forces of the Eight Countries.
Zhang Decheng(1846-1900), a native of Zhaozhang Village, Gaobeidian City, founded the "First Regiment in the World" in Duliu Town, and later led his troops to Tianjin to fight against the Allied Forces.
Liu Chengxiang (1881-1900), nicknamed Liu Shijiu, set up a Qianzi altar in Gaojiazhuang, the western suburb of Tianjin, when he was 19 years old in 1900. Later, he attacked the Eight Power Allied Forces in Tianjin. After the fall of Tianjin, he continued to fight.
Jing Tingbin(1861-1902), a native of Dongzhao Village, Guangzong County, Zhili (now Xingtai, Hebei), led an uprising with Zhao Sanduo and others in Julu Xiatou Temple in April 1902, changed the banner to "wipe out the foreign countries", and died in July.
Failure reason
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The leading class of the Boxer Movement is the peasantry, and the basic masses are the peasantry andSmall handicraftsmanWe cannot put forward a practical revolutionary program.At first, they took "fighting against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty" as their purpose, and were repeatedly suppressed by the Qing government.In the face of the serious national crisis, the Boxer Rebellion pointed the spearhead of the struggle at imperialism and put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries".Because of the limitations of the peasantry, there is no leadership of the advanced classEmpress Dowager Ci XiIn order to avoid the attack of the Boxer Movement, the Qing government led by the leader was forced to adopt the deceptive tactics of false declaration of war and true surrender to surrenderImperialismThe Boxer Movement was suppressed internally, which made the Boxer in a situation of internal and external attack.It was defeated by the enemy at home and abroad.
Objective causes: The joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces (that is, the main reason).
Subjective cause: Inadequate understanding of the backward situation and putting forward an unrealistic revolutionary program
social influence
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Although the climax of the Boxer Movement lasted no more than three months, and finally fell into failure under the betrayal of the Qing government and the suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, its great achievements were obvious to everyone.Its achievements can be summed up as follows: it has prevented imperialist powers from dividing up China, preserved China's centuries old culture, prevented the possible outbreak of an imperialist war, promoted the awakening of the broad masses of the Chinese people and became "one of the cornerstones of the great victory of the Chinese people 50 years later".These achievements are mainly in China;However, some of them also involve the world and have world historical significance[3]。
Politics
Accelerate the demise of the Qing Dynasty
One of the results of the Boxer Movement was the elimination of the conservative and diehards in the imperial court system, which was continued by the Qing government in 1901Reform Movement of 1898And launched a political system reform——new policyIn order to avoid the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
Decreased authority
In the eyes of the Chinese gentry class, the Qing government was powerless against the coalition forces in the event, and its ruling authority declined significantly.The governors of southeast provinces acted against orders without authorization in the incident and were rewarded afterwards.Local governors began to show political intention of not being controlled by the central government, and the trend of unification and centralization began to disintegrate.Ten years later, the anti government activities of the Southern Revolutionary Party radicalized and united the provincesWestern-style army at the end of Qing dynastyIt broke out in Wuchang in 1911Revolution of 1911The southern provinces directly disobeyed the Qing government's declaration of independence or stood by.finalhigh Qing officialThe Republic of China was founded when the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty abdicated.The separatist situation caused by the rise of local political strength led to the political situation of the warlords of the Republic of China.
military
Russia and Japan's expansion in China
Russia took the opportunity to occupy a large amount of territory in Northeast China (or Manchuria).RussianconcessionRecognized.Russia's actions threaten China's territorial integrity and trade openness that Britain and the United States hope to maintain（Open door）Policy;Finally, it was in conflict with Japan, which wanted to expand its sphere of influence in eastern Liaoning and Manchuria provinces.After two years of negotiations, the relationship between the two sides finally broke down and broke out in February 1904Russo Japanese War。
Japanese garrison troops
according toBoxer ProtocolJapan can be located in some parts of ChinagarrisonAnd protect the overseas Chinese and the transportation routes, which has laid the disaster for the future Sino Japanese conflict.
Prevented imperialist powers from dividing up China
The Boxer Movement prevented the imperialist powers from dividing China through the heroic fight of the boxers and on the basis of the three easing of the partition crisis.The relief of the three partition crises was the first relief of the partition crisis formed by the Dagu Declaration of the Allied Forces on June 20, 1900;On July 3, the second relief of the partition crisis formed by the John Hay ultimatum of the United States;October 16《Anglo German Agreement》The third alleviation of the resulting partition crisis.The three mitigation processes, from the so-called limited military operations to "territorial and administrative integrity", from "sharing interests" to "obtaining territorial interests" without taking advantage of the Chinese situation, are more specific and clear each time, and finally make some imperialist bandits with territorial ambitions who attempt to seize the fire fail to achieve their goals.Therefore, through the alleviation of the three partition crises in the Boxer movement, it played a role in preventing imperialist powers from dividing China[3]。
The Boxer Movement, with its heroic fighting spirit, attacked the imperialist aggressors, so that they did not dare to do what they wanted, and had to stop their crime of partition with an emergency brake.If we put the cause into practice only by virtue of its justice, rather than by heroic combat, we will end up with empty talk and accomplish nothing.The imperialist powers will never stop their crazy crimes because of the injustice of their bandit acts of plundering the colonies;Otherwise, why have many parts of the world become their colonies?This so-called "an awful truth" in world history isit is often seenOf.
The reason why the Boxer Movement can prevent foreign powers from dividing up China is that it is a national uprising and a national democratic revolutionary movement;This sport isImperialismandfeudalismCannot be suppressed by our military forces.The history of the Chinese people's struggle against foreign church aggression over the past decades has proved that although it has been suppressed repeatedly, it has risen one after another and thrived even more;"Wildfires can never burn out, and the spring breeze blows again", because it has the nature of a national democratic revolutionary movement.The Boxer Movement, which developed on this basis, is more obvious in its nature and much larger in scale.
Contained a possible imperialist war
If the Boxer Movement, which broke out in 1900, had prevented the imperialist powers from dividing up China, then, in a sense, it had also correspondingly prevented the imperialist powers from fighting for and dividing up China's territory.If the Boxer Movement did not prevent the imperialist powers from dividing up China, Japan and Russia would not hesitate to fight for the sphere of influence in Northeast China later.However, most of the imperialist wars that took place at this time would not be the Russo Japanese war, but would probably be the Russo British war;It is also possible that not only two countries, but also more than two countries participate in the imperialist war.Of course, there is also the possibility of peaceful partition of China through negotiations among the imperialist powers, although this possibility is difficult to achieve.
Awakening of national consciousness
The Boxer Movement marked China in the modern sensenational consciousnessThe awakening of Chinese nationalism is the origin of modern Chinese nationalism.Overlay District in the Financial Control of Great Powers over ChinaWhen demonstrating the Boxer Movement in an article, he said: "As for the reason for its rise, Lawton quoted a notice issued by the leader of the Boxer, Yu Dongcheng. The notice wrote: 'If we are foreigners, we can rob the land, food and clothes of our countrymen through trade and preaching, which not only slanders our holy religion, but also poisons us with opium and insults us with immorality.Since Daoguang, they have taken our land and cheated us of our money;Eat our children like food, build our debt like mountains;Burn our palaces and destroy our vassals;Occupy Shanghai, ravage Taiwan, force Jiaozhou to open up, and want to carve up China. 'From this notice, although the rise of the Boxer Rebellion initially occurred in fantasy, it is obvious that it is the awakening of the national spirit. "U.S. Special Envoy to ChinaRouke YiThe letter to John Hay said: "Sir Hurd believes that the Boxer Uprising is a patriotic movement for China to get rid of the shackles of foreigners and strive for national liberation." The enthusiasm and energy shown by the Boxer movement made General Waldsey, the commander of the Eight Power Allied Forces, lament that "the Chinese people have unlimited vitality","No matter in Europe, America or Japan, there is no such brain power and military strength, and they can rule a quarter of the world!" (However, in 1903, there was a partition crisis around the northeast: "because Russia occupied Mukden, all countries should implement the policy of partition")[4]British philosopherRussellIt was also said in the "China Issue" that once the timid and mild Chinese people's enthusiasm is aroused, they may become the most reckless gamblers in the world.
The Boxer Movement in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Anti article 21 Movement in the Republic of Chinathe May 4th Movement、May 30th MovementThey are the three major forces that China has resisted imperialist aggression since modern timesMass nationalismAmong them, the May 4th Movement was mainly an anti imperialist political sovereignty aggression, while the Boxer Movement and the May 30th Movement were anti imperialist political, economic and cultural aggression, which lasted longer and had a more far-reaching impact.
One of the cornerstones for the great victory of the Chinese people 50 years later
The Boxer Movement not only prevented imperialist powers from dividing up China, preserved China's long culture, prevented the possible outbreak of an imperialist war and promoted the awakening of the broad masses of the Chinese people at that time, but also became "one of the cornerstones of the great victory of the Chinese people 50 years later".Zhou EnlaiIn his speech at the General Conference of All Circles in Beijing Welcoming the Government Delegation of the German Democratic Republic in December 1955, the Premier linked the Boxer Movement in 1900 with the People's Republic of China, which was founded on October 1, 1949, to observe and evaluate the achievements of the Boxer Movement from this perspective.He said in the Speech:
"For more than a hundred years, the Chinese people have suffered from the aggression, oppression, plunder and massacre of imperialist countries. During this period, the Chinese people have constantly fought bravely against imperialist aggression and feudal oppression in order to fight for the freedom and independence of their motherland.The Boxer Movement in 1900 was a manifestation of the Chinese people's tenacious resistance to imperialist aggression.Their heroic struggle is one of the cornerstones for the great victory of the Chinese people fifty years later. "
International Relations
The changes of foreign powers' policies towards China
The Boxer Incident also changed the foreign powers' policies towards China and slowed down the pace of colonization of China by the foreign powers at that time. As the saying goes at that time, "the common people are afraid of officials, officials are afraid of foreign devils, and foreign devils are afraid of the common people".The great powers realized that it was obviously better for them to use the weak Qing government to rule the Chinese people than for them to directly send governors to rule the people.
Historical evaluation
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In 1907, the Qing government was still repairing the damaged Beijing.
First of all, the Boxer Movement was a great anti imperialist patriotic movement in the nature of peasant uprisings. Due to the deepening aggression of western powers in China at the end of the 19th century, foreigners and churches committed all kinds of crimes in China, killing, looting and burning, which triggered the Chinese people to rise up against it, and then triggered the Boxer Movement.When others bully you, you rise up to resist. Western powers bully the Chinese people, and the Chinese people rise up to resist. This is a very legitimate truth. Therefore, the essence of the Boxer Movement is legitimate, defensive, and positive for the Chinese people to resist foreign aggression.
Although the Boxer Movement was regarded by the West as an anti foreign movement to help the Qing Dynasty, it did weaken the ruling ability of the Qing government to a large extent.Later, the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi, who was in charge of the government, realized that no matter what her attitude was, if she wanted to avoid the demise of the Qing Dynasty, China would inevitably carry out reforms.Among the major empires, Japan gained international prestige by taking the lead in assisting the military in suppressing Boxer Rebellion, which was also the first time that the Japanese army was regarded as an international force.As mentioned above, because the Japanese army hopes to expand its sphere of influence in Liaodong and the eastern provinces of ManchuriaTsarist RussiaThe contradiction between the military forces finally led to the breakdown of two years of negotiations and the outbreak of war.After the German army suppressed the Yihequan riots, it was nicknamed "Hun".In Russia, the Russian concession to Liaodong (1898) was officially recognized.
The 9th Infantry Regiment of the US Army is nicknamed "Man Ren" because of its performance in the campaign.To this day, the infantry regiment (stationed in Camp Casey, South Korea) still walks 25 miles every season to commemorate the tragic battle.Soldiers who can successfully complete the task will be awarded a ribbon with a Chinese dragon on it.
Some people also put aside the cause and historical environment of the Boxer Movement and held an isolated discussion that the Boxer's actions not only killed innocent foreigners, but also directly injured many religious peopleEmperor Guangxu(so-called Yilong)Li HongzhangYi Kuang (the so-called Two Tigers), the officials of Beijing (the so-called Thirteen Sheep, or Three Hundred Sheep, claiming that the officials of Beijing should kill all but eighteen people), foreigners, religious people, and ordinary people (the so-called Ten Hairs) were lawless, except for massacres, and the Yihetuan's behavior was barbaric, regardless of the traditional moral point of view at home and abroad.For example, according to the records at that time, "people in the city burn and loot day after day, and the flames burn day after night... Those who have been unhappy for a long time refer to those who are religious people, whose whole family is exhausted, and hundreds of thousands of people have died. Their murders are accompanied by swords and spears, and their bodies are divided. Those whose babies are not born in the moon are also cruel and unreasonable". "In the heyday of the capital, there are nearly four million people living there. Since the chaos of the boxers and bandits, robbers and robbers have taken advantage of it, and plundered it, and no one can escape.When the town is depressed and the fox comes out in the daytime, the one who rubs his shoulder against the hub is like walking between the ruins and tombs. ""The Yihetuan's killing of Maozi, a Taoist priest, was extremely difficult to describe. It was reported that the tomb of Tianzhu Hall in the west of Beijing had been excavatedMatteo Ricci，Bombdy I，Tang RuowangNone of the remains of famous officials in South Huairen was spared.The imperial steles of Shengdai and this dynasty are all broken.Baoding belonged to Zhang Deng, who taught many people. When the bandits got their women, they dug pits upside down and filled earth to expose their inferiors, thinking they were laughing. "
The evaluation of the Boxers by Chinese Taiwanese (independent) and many overseas Chinese is extremely poor. The Boxers have become a symbol of superstition and violence, and even more an abusive term.The Boxers almost find innocent people to vent their anger. Not only most of the foreigners who suffer are innocent, but also many Chinese people who suffer directly. Tang Degang compares the Boxers with the Red Guards and armed fights of the Cultural Revolution.
It is worth noting that in 2000vaticanIn the "canonizing" incident (the list was recommended by the Taiwan religious order), most of the canons who were canonized were "martyrs" in the Boxer movement, but from the perspective of China, they were regarded as accomplices of imperialism, which also highlighted that the Holy See stood on a different position from China and reached completely different conclusions.Later, the Vatican Pope apologized for the collision between the Holy Day and China's 11th National Day, but had no intention of changing the decision to canonize.
Zou RongIn his works《Revolutionary army》"There are barbaric revolutions, and there are civilized revolutions." "The barbaric revolutions are destructive, without construction, outrageous, and reckless. They are content to create an era of terror, such as the Boxer Rebellion of the Boxers and the Italian Gabbanari, and add to the national turmoil."
Lu XunOn《Two or three things I remember about Mr. Tai Yan》The middle said: "In the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, there were Kang Youwei who had changed the law and failed. As a reactionary, it was the Boxer Rebellion who started an uprising...".
Cai YuanpeiIn 1916, he said, "Since Empress Dowager Cixi came down, the Manchu government has hated the new law and foreigners, so it has fought in the Boxer Rebellion. It can be said that the Manchu government is stubborn." (Handout of Huagong School)
Li DazhaoIn his famous declaratory thesis《Fundamental Differences between Eastern and Western Civilizations》(July 1, 1918) said: "The only thing we should do is to absorb the strengths of Western civilization to help us overcome the poverty of Eastern civilization. We should never accept the idea of righteousness and unity, and we want to corrupt the world with the atmosphere of death and extinction."
May Fourth leaderPublished on《New youth》The article "Klinde Tablet" (1918) on, more comprehensively analyzed the characteristics of the Boxer Rebellion movement in five fundamental aspects against the trend of the times. Chen Duxiu finally concluded: "According to the facts listed above, the reason why China made Yihe Quan is not less than before the Boxer, and the future results are conceivable.If our people want to remove the monument of national humiliation, they must call righteousness and boxing no longer occur;If we want to stop the occurrence of righteousness and boxing, we must completely eliminate all the reasons for making righteousness and boxing.There are two ways in the world: one is torepublicThe scientific and godless bright road;One is to the superstition of despotismTheocracyThe dark road.If our people want Yihe Quan to stop happening, they hate itClinde SteleThis shameful memorial will no longer stand. Which way is it to go? "
Sun Yat-sen: A Brief Introduction to the Three People's Principles by Dadong Book Company, Preliminary Civil Rights, Fifth Lecture
For example, when the Boxer Rebellion took place in the year of Gengzi, their original intention was to exclude European and American forces. Because they wanted to exclude European and American forces, they fought with the Eight Power Allied Forces with broadswords.To use broadswords to resist the machine guns and cannons of the allied forces was the reaction of the Chinese people to the new culture of Europe and the United States, and their resistance to their material progress. They did not believe that the culture of Europe and the United States was more advanced than that of China, and wanted to show that the culture of China was better than that of Europe and the United States.As far as the situation of the war was concerned, Seymour commented that, according to the courage of the Boxers at that time, if the weapons they used were Western style guns, those allied forces must have been completely destroyed.However, they never believed in foreign new weapons, and always fought with the coalition forces with broadswords and flesh. Although tens of thousands of people were killed by the coalition forces, they were still injured and killed. Their bravery and bravery were extraordinary.So after that bloody war, foreign people knew that China still had national ideology, and that such a nation could not be eliminated.However, the Boxer Rebellion in the year of Gengzi was the last confident thought and ability of the Chinese people to resist the new culture of Europe and the United States.After the defeat of the Boxer Rebellion, the Chinese knew that the old bow, arrow, knife and halberd could not resist foreign guns and artillery, and they understood that the new civilization in Europe and the United States was indeed much better than the old civilization in China.
Qiu JinJingwei Stone（Manuscript of Jing Wei Shi by Qiu Jin）"Righteous and Fist caused a disaster that was difficult to deal with, and the eight foreign countries allied forces entered Beijing."
Cai YuanpeiThe Handout of Huagong School (1916): "Since Empress Dowager Cixi came down, the Manchu government has hated the new law and foreigners, so it has fought in the Boxer Rebellion. It is stubborn."
Yuan WeishiHe thought: "The evaluation of the Boxers in mainland history textbooks is intended to beautify, and the Boxers have no real sense of anti imperialism and anti feudalism."
Prolific translator of Western works into classical ChinesePublished in 1902《The Dagong Daily》Of《Equal discussion between the host and the guest》One article: "Alas! The evil people of the Geng Tzu are so stupid and the bandits have built up the pool, which has caused great harm to the country. However, it can be said that there are no patriots among them. They are so stupid and indignant, and their techniques are purely barbaric, so they will eventually be notorious and have no way to explain themselves to the world. Alas! They can also hurt themselves."
writing reformerIn the article "The Significance of the Boxer Movement and the Future of the May 30th Movement", it was pointed out that "the vagrant class, the unemployed working class, because of their economic status and living conditions, cannot have a clear political awareness and class consciousness."
Religious war
philosopherTang JunyiHe believed that the Boxer Movement was between Chinese folk Taoism and Western ChristianityReligious war。He said: "The major events closely related to modern Chinese cultural issues and the introduction of western economic, political and religious forces are the Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion. If you want to find religious wars in Chinese history, they can also be said to be religious wars in one sense. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can be said to be a disguised war between Christianity and Confucianism.The Boxer Rebellion was a civil war between Taoism and Christianity.Of course, the events of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Boxer Rebellion were mainly caused by politics. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom wanted to be filled and the Boxer Rebellion wanted to destroy the foreign countries.But on the slogan, it said that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was clearly under the banner of God, and the slogan of the Boxer Rebellion was also to exclude foreign religions, but under the banner of Chinese Taoist gods.It cannot be said that there is no such thing as the conflict between Chinese and Western religious thoughts.Therefore, it can also be called a religious war.For example, the religious war in the West also has political and economic reasons in its background, without losing its religious war.In this second religious war, Confucianism in China won the first time, Taoism in China lost the second time, and even the whole China lost before the Western countries.Since then, the missionary business of Western missionaries has been more and more unimpeded in the lower society. "
Power struggle
Tang Degang, a historian, believes that another reason for the Boxer movement was the power struggle of the Qing government.Tang Degang compared the Boxer Rebellion to the Red Guards, and compared fortitude toLin Biao, Prince DunZai Lian, Duan JunwangCarry ripple, Fu GuogongCarrying billows, Prince ZhuangZai XunFour Brothers ComparisonGang of Four。The four brothers of the Zai family, resolute and their ministers who helped the Boxers,Zhao Shuqiao、Yu Xian、Dong FuxiangThey used the folk forces of the Boxer Rebellion and Empress Dowager Cixi's fear and hatred of foreigners to repel Emperor Guangxu and other imperial parties.
After the coup of 1898, Empress Dowager Cixi planned to abolish Guangxu and establish the son of ZaiyiThe elder prince in the Qing DynastyPu JunHe was the emperor, but was opposed by western powers. Therefore, Zaiyi and others hated western powers and Emperor Guangxu very much.At many imperial meetings, they publicly humiliated Emperor Guangxu and his lords and ministers. Pu Jun even denounced Guangxu as an Ermao.On June 25, 1900, the four brothers of Zaiyi, Zaihun, Zailian and Zaiying led the Boxer Rebellion to kill Guangxu, which was stopped by Empress Dowager Cixi.Although Empress Dowager Cixi saved Guangxu's life, she also hated them a little and could not control them.After Dong Fuxiang's Gan Jun killed Japanese Embassy Secretary Sheng Sugiyamabi, the Empress Dowager Cixi summoned Dong Fuxiang and Zaiyi to rebuke them and order them to be punished, but Dong Fuxiang threatened Cixi with the mutiny of Gan Jun, and Cixi had to give up.
At that time, many people in the Qing court regarded the Boxers aswin promotion and get richThis is a good opportunity for "scholars and officials to flatter those who make progress, and take righteousness and fist as strange goods".For example, Xu Daokun, the imperial historian, wrote: "Hong Jun's ancestors ordered five dragons to guard Dagu, and the dragon's back arched the barbarian ship, and all stood up and sank"; Chen Jia, the imperial historian, said that he "created silk books from Guan Zhuang, and wrote that the barbarians were fearless, and that the barbarians should die"; and "when it was time, there were hundreds of people who wrote about gods and monsters",Newspapers at that time commented: "From the original point of view, there is conservatism, then there is political training, then there is political training, then there is abolishment, there is abolishment, then there is xenophobia."
artistic works
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The film of the Boxer Movement in 1963《Beijing 55》（55 Days at Peking）Is mentioned in."Beijing 55" was shot in Spain. Since thousands of Chinese actors were needed for the shooting, the film company almost drew Chinese people from all over Spain to rehearse.As a result, almost all Chinese restaurants in Spain were closed during the filming period, because restaurant employees (usually owners) were employed by film companies.The film company employed so many Chinese people that within a few months, there were almost no Chinese restaurants in Spain.Because of its sensitive subject matter, the film was later banned from being shown in Hong Kong until the late 1980s.
In 1975, Hong Kong'sShaw Brothers Filmed a film to reflect this event, called "Eight Nation Allied Forces"（Pa kuo lien chun）, DirectorZhang CheA big scene story about awakening and revenge was shot with a high budget.The Eight Power Allied Forces described that the followers of the boxers were deceived into believing that they were invulnerable.The martial arts director of the film isLiu Jialiang, byFu Shengto star.
In 1986, he was a writer in mainland ChinaFeng JicaiNovels about the Boxer Movement《Divine whip》Be adapted into a film, famous actorChen BaoguoParticipation.The braid of the film's hero, "Silly Two", is extremely powerful and can be used as a sharp weapon to hurt people. It is called "divine whip".Silly Er also joined the Boxer Rebellion with this talent.In a battle with "foreigners", most of his comrades in arms were killed, and his braid was also interrupted by foreign guns. Later, he fell into depression.But at the end of the story, he cut off his braid and became a sharpshooter, continuing to fight against foreign forces.Fool Er has a famous saying that summarizes the main idea of the play: "No matter how good the ancestral things are, they should be cut when they need to be cut".
In 1995, Neal Stephenson wrote a post digital punk novel The Diamond Age（The Diamond Age）The Boxers were vaguely mentioned in the layout of Shanghai in the 2100's.
ballad
God helps the Boxer just because of the devilcentral plains
Persuade believers to be confident that God does not believe in God and forgets ancestors
Men are unruly, women are evil, and children are born
If you don't believe me, watch carefully. The eyes of the devil turn blue
No rain, no parched land. All churches stop the sky
The God is angry, the Immortal is angry, and they go down the mountain together to preach the Tao
No evil, no white lotus mantra grammar mantra
Raise the yellow to show respect for cigarettes. Please go to the immortals in each hole
The Immortal Comes out of the Cave and the Immortal Comes down the Mountain to Attach to the Human Body and Pass Fist
It's not difficult to learn all the art of war
Dismantle the railway pole and destroy the big ship urgently
Great France's heart is cold, British virtues disappear
All foreign devils are eliminatedQing DynastyUnify the country
Poetic Saying
Disciple Tongxin worked hard and became a soldier
Foolish Body Immortal Art Knows Down Foreigners
- From the right, a copy of the holy mansion in Shandong
