State of Zhongshan (414-295 BC), Ji surname (Yishuozi surname)[1], created byZhongshan Wengong, is byBaidiThe established country was named Zhongshan State because of the mountains in the city (Zhongshan City).The territory is embedded between Yan and Zhao.Experiencednon-Chinese peoples of the north and west、XianyuAnd Zhongshan ThreeDevelopment stage, has long been withJin state during Spring and Autumn periodThe war between the Central Plains countries was once regarded as a serious problem for the Central Plains countries, which experienced the events of marquis Xing fighting against Rong and marquis Jin fighting against Xianyu.Later,Wei Wei WenhouSend a senior generalLeyang、Wu QiAfter three years of hard fighting, the army in command occupied Zhongshan in 407 BC.laterHuangong, ZhongshanRestoring the country, the national strength is at its peak, with nine thousand chariots.In 295 BCZhao Is extinguished.[2]
The predecessor of Zhongshan State was Dixianyu tribe in the northBaidi, at the earliestNorthern ShaanxiSuideAnd gradually moved to the Taihang Mountains.
Zhongshan Guoshan Bronze Ware
Xianyu got its name from Xianyu Water, which is from todayWutai MountainsouthwestStreamerHutuo RiverOfQingshui RiverThis area is the earliest birthplace of Xianyu.The name of Xianyu first appeared in《Mandarin》In one book.According to the book, Taishi Boda in the eighth year of Youwang of Zhou Dynasty (774 BC)Duke Huan of ZhengWhen asked, he said that there were 16 Ji surnames around Luoyang in Chengzhoua feudal state, 6different surnameVassal statesAnd the "non king's son, mother, brother and nephew"southern barbarians、DongyiAnd the Rong and Di countries or tribal groups in the northwest, including Xianyu.
Zhongshan culture is mainly distributed todayDingzhouCity andLingshou、Pingshan、JinzhouIn the mountainous area around, the capital was in Lingshou (today's Hebei Province, ChinaPingshan CountySanji Township) was destroyed for the first time. After the restoration of the country, it was destroyed and restored after Guding (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province, China). The capital was still in Lingshou, and the country was named because of the mountains in the city.The unearthed artifacts have two ears with nomadic cultural characteristicspotstill , flat square pot, animal headBronze daggerHejinWrist ornament, inlayTurquoiseGoldTiger shaped plaquesIt fully reflects the cultural exchange and influence between the nomadic culture in the north and the Chinese countries.[2]
Xing Houbo Rong
Xianyu in the Spring and Autumn PeriodTribal alliance, composed of Xianyu, Fei, Gu, Qiu You and other tribes, gradually began to expand their power.At first, the strength was weak and was resisted by Xing.Historical records record that Xing defeated Rong and Di many times, effectively defendingWestern Zhou DynastyAnd the Central Plains.In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Xing weakened. In the spring of 652 BC, Xianyu attackedXing StateIn the following year, the State of Wei was attacked again. Xing Jun fled and Wei Jun was killed.Duke Huan of QiOnly by uniting the forces of Song, Cao, Xing and Wei to defeat Xianyu could Xing and Wei be saved from extinction.
The Jin Dynasty attacked Xianyu
In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, Xianyu's main enemies wereJin state during Spring and Autumn periodJin adopted the policy of eating drums, fatQiu YouWait for XianyuDependent countryAnd finally eliminate the strategy of Xianyu.In 530 BC, Jin generalXun WuThrough Xianyu, you can enter Xiyang (now Hebei ProvinceJin CountyWest), but not the drum.In August of that year, Jin exterminated fertilizer (in today's Gaocheng County, Hebei Province) and captured the monarchMiangao，FeiguoThe old place belongs to the State of Jin.The next winter,Duke Zhao of JinKnowing that Xianyu's border was empty, Xun Wutong led the army to break through XianyuZhongren Town(Now HebeiTang CountySteep mountains in the northwest).In the autumn of 527 BC, Xun Wu led an army to attack the drum and captured the monarchIris, making drums a dependency of Jin.Six years later, the drum was completely destroyed.
In the autumn of 507 BC, Xianyu sent troops to Pingzhong of the State of Jin, defeated the Jin army, captured the warriors of the State of Jin, watched the tiger, reported that Jin destroyed fat and drums, and occupied Zhongren Citywrong of an arrow shot— loss or defeat to be retrieved。
In 506 BC, Xianyu people founded their country in the dangerous Zhongshan City (today's Su Mountain in the northwest of Tang County, Hebei Province).Because there are mountains in the city of Zhongren, it is called "Zhongshan", which is the early state of Zhongshan. The name of Zhongshan was first seen in history books.《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》Record: In the spring of 506 BC, the State of Jin refused the request of Cai Hou to attack Chu and prepared to concentrate on dealing with Zhongshan.In 505 BC and 504 BC, the State of Jin attacked Xianyu Zhongshan twice to avenge "Huo Guanhu".Later, in the history booksConcurrent name"Xianyu", "Zhongshan".
In 497 BC, after the infighting in the State of Jin, Zhongshan took a break from the heavy pressure of the State of Jin and began to intervenethe various states or nationsDisputes.
In 494 BC, Zhongshan, together with Qi, Lu and Wei, made a joint expedition to the Jin Dynasty and obtained the Ji Pu of the Jin State (in today's Hebei ProvinceZhaoxian County(within the territory of China), and listed the acanthus pubescens in the territory of Zhongshan State.In the first 491 years, the doctor of Jin DynastyXun YinXun Yinyuan was Zhongshan's sworn enemy when he fled to Xianyu Zhongshan due to the internal turmoil in the Jin Dynasty. But at this time, in order to weaken the Jin State, Zhongshan accepted Xun Yin to the newly occupied Bai people (now Hebei ProvinceLongyao CountyWest).In the spring of 489 BC, in order to retaliate against the State of Zhongshan, the Jin doctorZhao Yang"The marshal attacked Xianyu" and defeated Zhongshan. This attack hit Xianyu Zhongshan very hard, so that there was no record of Zhongshan in the historical records for more than 20 years.
Then the State of Jin pointed the spearhead at the last subordinate Qiu You of the State of Zhongshan, Zhibo of the State of Jin (name:Xun Yao）BecauseQiu YouguoRoad insurance is difficult to carry out, so a new plan is createdBig clockA mouthful was sent to the king of Qiu Youguo, who was tricked into saying“Cut the banks and drain the streams”To meet the clock.Qiu Youchen saw through Xun Yao's plan and persuaded the monarch many times. However, Qiu Youjun was greedy for the big bell, so he went his own way. This gave the State of Jin an opportunity to take advantage of it and killed him seven days later.
After the periphery was cleared, Jin began to attack Zhongshan.From 459 BC to 457 BC, "Xun Yao attacked Zhongshan and took the hill of poor fish" (in today's Hebei ProvinceYixian CountyDomestic).In the first 457 years, the Jin SchoolNew Child MuziFell Zhongshan, cut into the hinterland of Zhongshan, and occupied the left and middle people (in today's HebeiTang CountyChina), "Two cities in one day", Zhongshan was fatally hit.[2]
Wei Mie, Zhongshan
In 453 BC, the Han, Zhao, and Wei families divided Jin, and the State of Jin survived in name only.In 403 years ago, Zhao, Han and Wei were granted the title of princes, forming Qin, Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han and WeiSeven Heroes of the Warring States PeriodThe situation of hegemony.In this turbulent era, Zhongshan began to revive.
In the first 414 years,Wu Gong, ZhongshanHe led his tribe to leave the mountain area and migrate to the eastern plainDingzhouCity) established a new capital.Duke Wu imitated the ritual system of China and established the politics of Zhongshanmilitary systemThe country has been preliminarily governed.However, Duke Wu soon passed away, and Duke Huan ascended the throne. Duke Huan was young and ignorant, and did not sympathize with the state, so he was attacked by the State of Jin.Wei WenhoudispatchLeyang、Wu QiAfter three years of hard fighting, the army in command occupied Zhongshan in 407 years ago,Wei WenhouHe sent the crown prince to attack and succeed to the throne of Sun Yat sen. Three years later, he sent the younger son Zhi, who was later appointedWei The king isMarquis Wu of Wei。The remnant retreat of Zhongshan StateTaihang MountainMedium.
Zhao Mizhongshan
After the destruction of Zhongshan, Duke Huan, after more than 20 years of hard work and accumulation of strength, finally revived the State of Zhongshan around 380 BC and established Lingshou as the capital (today's HebeiPingshanThree swabs nearby).
The State of Zhongshan after the revivalZhao The northeast, which separates the northern and southern parts of the territory of Zhao, has become a serious problem for Zhao.In 377 BC and 376 BC, the State of Zhao attacked Zhongshan twice, but was defeated by Zhongshan.After that, the State of Zhongshan began to buildthe Great Wall。《Redords of the Grand History of ChinaAccording to the Zhao Family, "The Great Wall was built in Zhongshan in the sixth year of Zhao Chenghou (369 BC)."Shunping, Tangxian County and other places found the Warring States Period Zhongshan Great Wall, which was made of earth and stone. The wall was about 3 meters high and 0.5-2.5 meters wide. The method was to dig foundations on both sides and build stonesSide wallThe middle is filled with soil and gravel.According to experts, the Great Wall of Zhongshan may be located at the northwest border of Zhongshan, along the present Tangxian CountyQuyang、xingtang 、Lingshou, Pingshan, and Taihang Mountain in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, ending atXingtainorthwest.In 323 BC, General WeiGongsun YanlaunchPrime Minister of the Five Kingdoms，Zhongshan WangcuoTake the opportunity to become king.In 314 BC, Zhongshan WangcuochengYan StateSend ministers during the unrestSima QianLead the army in the country to attack Yan, break through dozens of cities, and defeat the enemy（Xiadu ）He expanded his territory for hundreds of miles and plundered a large amount of wealth. Sima Qian was awarded the title of "Zhongfu" for his meritorious service, and granted the privilege of "three generations of mortal sins are unforgivable".However, the glory of Zhongshan did not last long,Qi StateThe extermination of Yan was resisted by all countries. In 312 BC, Qi was defeated in the battle of Pushui and was forced to withdraw from Yan,King Yan ZhaoAfter the accession to the throne, some cities occupied by Zhongshan State were successively recovered.Zhao Guozi, who has always regarded Zhongshan as a heartacheZhao Wuling KingAfter the implementation of Hu Fu riding and shooting, the national strength increased greatly, and the war to conquer Zhongshan began. In 306 BC, Zhao attacked Zhongshan to Ningjia.The next year, King Wuling of Zhao ordered Zhao Xuan to beanother name of Wang XizhiGeneral Xu Jun was a general of the Left ArmyYoung Master SealbyChinese general，Zhao WangHe personally led the three armies to capture Yi, Shi, Fenglong and Dongyuan, and ordered Niu Jian to lead the cavalry, Zhao Xi to lead the Hu soldiers and the army of Dai Di to capture the fortresses in Danqiu, Huayang, Diniao and other places. The king of Zhongshan (concubine) (Cichong) was forced to cut Si Yi and Zhao Guo for peace.In 303 BC, Zhao invaded Zhongshan again.In 301 BC, Zhao Jun attacked the capital city of ZhongshanLingshou, Zhongshan King (concubine) (Cichong) fled to the State of Qi, Zhao RenliZhongshan Wang ShangA puppet.In 296 BC, the State of Zhao deposed King Shang of Zhongshan and moved him toSkin applicationZhongshan State was founded at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. After more than 200 years, it was declared dead.
territory
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In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Xianyu was roughly located in the southern Xinjiang to the present Shijiazhuang area, the northern Xinjiang is in the southwest of today's Tang County (Xianyuzhong People's Town), the west is in the Jingxing and Yuxian areas on today's Taihang Mountains, and the eastern territory is mainly in the alluvial fan area of the Hutuo River, namely today's Gaocheng and Jinzhou in Hebei Province.From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period, Zhongshan State began to expand its territory.《Strategies of the Warring States Period·Qin Cesan: In the past, the place of Zhongshan was 500 li away, and Zhao was good at it alone.That is, five hundred li, 20 small cities, 25 carriages each, 1000 carriages, 10000 semi professional soldiers, 100000 militiamen, and the total area is consistent with the statement of "500 li from the former Zhongshan" in the Warring States Policy · Qin Policy.
In the middle of the Warring States Period,Huangong, ZhongshanAfter the restoration of the country, the territory further expanded.The territory of Zhongshan during its prosperity, including Hebei todayBaodingSouth of the regionShijiazhuangMost regionsXingtai regionNorth andHengshuiIn the west of the region, it is about 200 kilometers from the north to the south, and about 150 kilometers from Jingxing to Fuliu.Unearthed from the Tomb of King Zhongshan《Megadomain graph》The proportion of the length marked above is calculated to show that the territory of Zhongshan was the same as that of Zhongshan during the Warring States PeriodLength unitIt is 606 Zhongshan Guoli from north to south and 454 Zhongshan Guoli from east to west.
Zhongshan is a country of thousand riders, and Zhongshan has a record of nine thousand riders. In fact, the thousand riders refer to carriages.
In the heyday, the nine thousand riders were carriages and logisticsOx cartAccording to Lan Yongwei's Infantry in the Spring and Autumn Period, only a quarter of them are carriages, that is, 2250 carriages, 125 carriages are an army, that is, 18 armies, 225.5 million professional soldiers, 225000 militiamen, that isWestern Zhou Dynasty90 cities, but since the Warring States PeriodNational WildernessNo matter what, there are 45 small capitals, four small capitals and one hundred li, that is, 11 hundred li, more than double the previous number. However, archaeologists found that the Zhongshan State used 10000 grams of small stones for measurement, while the Warring States Period generally used 30000 grams of large stones, which are three times as many as small stones. So in fact, there are only 30 counties in modern times, which is consistent with the map (Yu County, Jingxing, PingshanFuping、Quyang、xingtang , LingshouLuquan, ShijiazhuangPositive definite、Xinle、Dingzhou、Electrodeless、Deep marsh、Anping、Luancheng, Gaocheng, JinzhouXinji、Ningjin、Zhaoxian County、Baixiang、Lincheng, GaoyiYuanshi、Praise the emperor、Tang County、Wangdu、Baoding、Mancheng、ShunpingQingyuanHirono 、Anguo、Lixian County）The reason why there are 35 more counties is that, for example, the cultivated land area in Lincheng is only 213 hectaressquare kilometre, less than 350 square kilometers of the Baron State of the Western Zhou Dynasty.[4]
Economics
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Cultural Relics of Zhongshan State: Silver Coin Double Winged Divine Beast
It is known in history as "Zhongshan is a place with few people".Zhongshan Guoshougeographical environmentThe influence of traditional life customs of Hexianyu people, animal husbandry andagricultural productionCo-development.The north is dominated by animal husbandry.The south is dominated by farming.Zhongshan handicraft industryThe production is very developed. A large number of exquisite works of art, such as copper, jade, pottery, gold, silver, bone and stone, made by its craftsmen, are of high level in modeling and technology《Redords of the Grand History of China·Biography of Cargo Colony》It is recorded that Zhongshan's "husband... makes crafty and beautiful things" is just the admiration for the craftsmanship skills and gorgeous handicrafts of Zhongshan's craftsmen.
staymilitary strengthOn the other hand, there are about 1000 chariots and tens of thousands of troops.In the early days, there were 1000 carriages, 10000 semi professional soldiers, 100000 militiamen, 2250 carriages, 22500 semi professional soldiers and 225000 militiamen in the heyday.
Regionally, Zhongshan State is surrounded by Zhao State on three sides, and the two countries have a large border area.The State of Zhongshan also found a large number of Zhao currency, which shows that the State of Zhongshan and the State of ZhaoCommercial tradeThere are also frequent exchanges.
Culture
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After the establishment of the State of Zhongshan, Xianyu tribe had a close relationship withChinese cultureGradually integrated, its musicDance artExistingnomadic peopleThe vigorous tradition has absorbed the soft and graceful style of Chinese art,manlyThe unique characteristics of Zhongshan's art are formed by the coexistence of softness and softness.In terms of ideology, "Zhongshan specializes in benevolence and justice, and valuesConfucianism”, acceptedConfucian cultureThe monarch of Zhongshan respected the talents, played the role of scholars in major political activities, and made certain achievements.Unearthed from PingshanBronze inscriptionIn the middle, we talked about the destiny, loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, faith, etcConfucianismColor.
LanguagesOn the other hand, Zhongshan also acceptedCentral Plains CultureThe long inscriptions on the three heavy objects unearthed from the king's tomb, the seal characters are all Chinese characters, and the font is neat and regular.
Zhongshan also sufferedSanjin CultureImpact.First of all, from the perspective of Zhongshan State and Zhao State, the two countries have close contacts in many aspects.In politics, in 377 BC, Zhao "fought against Zhongshan in the house";In 376 BC, "Zhao attacked Zhongshan and fought against the Chinese";In 332 BC, when Qi and Wei attacked Zhao, the State of Zhongshan took the opportunity to "draw water to encircle the river".It can be seen that the two sides have more political and military contacts.
Ruins
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Site of Zhongshan State
Site of the Ancient Capital of ZhongshanLocated in Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuang City Pingshan County15 kilometers north of the county seatLin ShanUnderfootZhongshan National Capital Scenic AreaCovering an area of 35 square kilometers, it is the capital of Zhongshan during the Warring States Period more than 2000 years ago.National keyCultural relics protection unit。hisunearthed relicMost of them are rare treasures, which have caused a sensation around the world.There are palace areasresidence communityMore than 10 pottery and smelting sites.At the back of the city lies the East West Forest Mountain, protruding from the plain, with three ancient Buddha halls. In the gorge, there are the ruins of Wanshou Temple, Yin Yang Cypress and the tomb towers of eminent monks (13 at present).Linshanxia Reservoir is surrounded by green willows and mountains, which can carry out various water activities.
It is understood that,Zhongshan KingThe tomb of "Cuo" is the largest one among the excavated tombs of Zhongshan State.In the Tomb of Zhongshan King, the reporter saw that the plane of the tomb was in the shape of a "middle", with one tomb passage in the north and south, 97 meters long, and divided into two parts: ground and underground.The above ground part is in the shape of "bucket";Underground part includesOuter chamber, Dongku, Xiku and Dongbei.There are six funerary tombs in the back half of the main room, and there arechariot pitTwo pits, one miscellaneous martyrdom pit and one burial boat pit.Although the Tomb of King Zhongshan has been stolen and destroyed many times, there are still a large number of tombsPrecious cultural relicsUnearthed, including bronze, ironGold and silver ware, potteryJadeware, agate wareAngular apparatus, wood lacquerware, etc.
Zhongshan State and Yan StateQi StateDuring the exchange between Zhao, Wei and other countries, Yan culture, Qi culture andSanjin CultureIt has a deep influence, which is reflected in the bronze decoration of Zhongshan, and has a certain relationship with the above three culturesSimilarity。This makes the bronze decorations of Zhongshan State have the same characteristics as those of other statesCultural characteristicsTo a certain extent, the bronze decoration of Zhongshan State has been reducednomadic peopleThe color of culture has increasedCentral Plains CultureFactors.
Mausoleum and capital
Grave location Sanji Township, Pingshan County
Zhongshan Wang Sanqi
In the 1970s, after the excavation of the royal mausoleum of Zhongshan, the splendid state of Zhongshan finally appeared in thearchaeologistIn front of us.The magnificent city wall, with rammed earth thickness of more than 50 meters, highlights the glory and prosperity of Zhongshan.The grand "mountain" shaped tomb, luxurious horse and chariot pits, novel burial boat pits, beautiful bronzes... The unearthed objects are so many and beautiful that people are shocked.Although Zhongshan, a country sandwiched between Yan and Zhao and only 500 miles from east to west, was only a small country with a "country of thousands of riders" in the situation of seven "countries of ten thousand riders" building hegemony, it created a splendid culture that can be called "China's glory" in its history of more than 200 years.For example, the idea is simplestructureThe grand mountain shaped ritual vessels show the rough lines of Zhongshan culture.WhimsicalMisplaced gold and silver"Four dragons and four phoenixes plan", "tiger bites deer screen seat", "double winged divine beast"“rhinocerosThe "base" is flashingFoundry technologyThe dazzling and gorgeous.The most surprising thing is“Zhongshan Wang Sanqi”-- LargeTripod、Square kettle、Round kettle, which is engraved with long inscriptions, so that today's people can see that the rules are strict, long and beautiful, and the sabre technique is refinedWarring States charactersAmong them, 469 characters are engraved on the iron foot big bronze tripod, which is the largest inscription found in China during the Warring States Period.
The capital of Zhongshan - Sanji Township, Pingshan County
LingshouThe ancient city site is located todayHebei ProvinceShijiazhuangMunicipal districtInner westernPingshan CountySanji Township is 10 kilometers away from the current Lingshou County and the capital of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuang City About 50km.The geographical situation around the ancient city is relatively dangeroustaihang mountains It serves as a barrier. More than ten kilometers to the south, west and north are the mountains of Taihang Mountain, and to the east areCentral HebeiThe Great Plains, so if you are facing war, you can retreat into Taihang Mountain and go straight down to the Great Plains.The ancient city is built on the platform on the north bank of the Hutuo River, which is high in the north and low in the south. To the north is Dongling Mountain and Niushan Mountain, and to the south is the Hutuo River, which flows rapidly.Outside the city, there are high slopes on the east and west sides.Outside the east and west city walls, there are natural rivers originating from Lingshan Mountain, which meander into the Hutuo River from north to south.The ditch plays the role of protecting the city, and is commonly called "Jingyu River" in the local area.The city wall of Lingshou Ancient City is built according to the natural terrain, so the plane is irregular, with a maximum width of about 4000 meters from east to west and a maximum length of about 4500 meters from north to south.The terrain in the city is high in the north and low in the south, with a height difference of 40 meters.There are 13 modern natural villages in the ancient city——"Lingshou City of Zhongshan State in the Warring States Period - Archaeological Excavation Report 1975-1993", page 10.[5]The 58 character paragraph seems very simple. It not only expresses a correct point of knowledge and corrects many people's misconceptions, but also contains the efforts and sweat of the Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Team for 14 years. It is a crucial point in the proven mystery of the Zhongshan State in the Warring States Period, and is also the result of the accumulation of knowledge and sweat of many archaeologists and archaeologists.Therefore, the learning and dissemination of knowledge in Zhongshan should be the same as the encouragement given to the younger generation at the end of the preface of Mr. Cao Kai's Report on Archaeological Excavation in 1975-1993 for Lingshou City in the Warring States Period - "We hope that the younger generation of archaeologists can learn from the older generationSense of mission. Profound knowledge, rigorous attitude, unremitting spirit of exploration, and down-to-earth work style, keep pace with the times, blaze new trails, and promote the cultural relics and archaeology in Hebei ProvinceNew stage”- Get accurate and rigorous interpretation and dissemination.[5]
In the winter of 1974, farmers in Sanji Township, Pingshan County began to level farmland on a large scale, and continued to borrow soil from some large mounds nearby that were suspected of being ancient tombs. The Warring States Period was buried everywhere under the sealed soil dug by farmerspalaceLarge tiles for building.In the face of this situation, Hebei ProvinceBureau of CultureThe excavation plan of the ancient tomb was approved soon.
Local farmers told Chen Yingqi, the archaeology team leader, about a past event: more than 30 years ago, an old man named Liu Ximei in the village dug out a stone with words.Archaeologists later saw the stone at Liu Ximei's house, although they could not interpret it at that timethe warring statesHowever, they realized that a mysterious kingdom that disappeared more than 2200 years ago had met people today unexpectedly.
In the 5th century BC, the rule of the Zhou Dynasty gradually declined, and China entered the Warring States Period.An ancient tribe growing up in the deep mountains of the north——XianyuAnd establish the State of Zhongshan.In 414 BC,Wu Gong, ZhongshanLed his people eastward across the Taihang Mountains, with the capital atVassal statesAreas of weak influence.This small and weak country was constantly invaded and harassed by powerful enemies from the beginning, and was finally attacked and harassed byWei Is extinguished.After more than 20 years of resistance, Duke Huan of Zhongshan, who escaped from the mountains, went out again to revive his country.After that, Zhongshan gradually became rich and powerful, and expanded its territory.However, in 296 BC, the declining power of Zhongshan fell because it could not resist the attack of powerful enemies, and a generation of powerful countries came to an end.
For this country that has experienced ups and downs for several times, people can only roughly judge its development context and geographical location from sporadic records in historical books, but no archaeological discovery has ever confirmed these records.
Chen Yingqi copied the ancient and mysterious words on the stone and sent them toAncient writingexpertLi Xueqin。After research, Li Xueqin affirmed that the stone belonged to the relics of the Warring States Period and translated the words."There was a minister in Jiangu who was able to guard Qiuqi's old general Man Dare to call the later Chu sages". These ancient characters were left to the later generations by people called "Gongchengde" and "Old General Man" in the Warring States Period, which means: tell the later gentlemen that we will both be guarded by the kingGardenFishing for him and guarding his tomb.
This passage left by two grave keepers more than 2000 years ago proves that this is the site of a royal garden mausoleum in the Warring States Period.
Artistic achievements
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《Redords of the Grand History of China》It is said that people in Zhongshan "rely on opportunities and benefit", and business activities have become quite common.Transportation and commerce bring vitality and promote economic development.In addition, ceramics industry, wood industry, silk and hemp industry are all important economic sectors in Zhongshan. Handicraft industry is famous for "many beautiful things",Wine making industryThere has been considerable development.Copper smelting and casting and iron smelting and casting processes are advanced and the technical level is very high.The large rectangular cast iron basin, weighing 126.4 kg, unearthed from the Tomb of King Zhongshan, is unique among the Warring States ironware found in China for its large castings and iron use.A batch of iron tools unearthed at the Shizhuang Warring States Cultural Site (now in the courtyard of the Provincial Department of Culture) in Shijiazhuang City, some of which areAxeIt is made by high-temperature liquid reduction methodhot metalCast, two piecesIron axIt is also quenched and softened.This is an earlier use in the world found so farannealingIron tools made by softening technology.What makes the world even more amazing is the exquisite silk and linen fabrics.Among the textiles unearthed from the two tombs of King Zhongshan, their exquisite textile and embroidery techniques and rich varieties are second to none in the archaeological excavation history of the pre-qin ruins in China.The Zhongshan Shouqiu Stone Tablet carved in the fourth century BC is the originator of Chinese stele culture;Unearthed in the Tomb of King ZhongshanMisplaced goldCopperplate“Megadomain graph”Is the world's oldest building ever discoveredPlan design drawing, also the first in the worldscaleArchitectural drawings of.A large number of exquisite works unearthed from the Tomb of the King of ZhongshanMisplaced gold and silverThe long and neat inscriptions on bronzes and artifacts reflect the gorgeous charm of Zhongshan culture.
Historical records
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Historical records
staySeven Heroes of the Warring States PeriodAfter Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, there is an eighth male, namely Zhongshan State.stayChinese historyIn the long river of the Warring States Period, the wonderful flower of the State of Zhongshan has always been shining with mysterious brilliance. There are many records about it in the history books, which first appeared in 506 BC, until more than 200 years after Zhao destroyed the State of Zhongshan in 295 BC.For example《Redords of the Grand History of China》、《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》、《Bamboo Chronicle》There are records about the State of Zhongshan in important books and records.Late Western Han DynastyLiu XiangOf《Strategies of the Warring States Period》The "treatment" is the highest. It not only has a special "Zhongshan Policy", but also treats the state of Zhongshan and the seven heroes of the Warring States Period equally.However, all these records are rather messy, not only sporadic, but also a total of more than 10000 words. They also lack accurate and positive descriptions, so that Zhongshan is covered with a vague cloak.In the contemporary era, Guo Moruo, the cultural master, has also been looking for the traces of Zhongshan State. Until his death, he still deeply missed this historical "art kingdom".
《Zhongshan, the hometown》The implementation is also very successful in words.Large pattern, view the past as it is today;Great weather and history;Great realm,National interests；It is totally different from the pen and ink of a little girl. It has the intense air of straight sabre and drum horn wailing.This is about the declining "historical and cultural prose" in recent years: sinceYu QiuyuSir《Fragments of civilization》After the great popularity of readers, a batch of "great historical essays" also appearedcalligrapherThere are naturally well written articles, but after the flood, they are gradually looked down upon by readers because some articles have no passion for life at all, just piling up data;Even worse, it's for othersresearch data With several adjectives, "literature" becomes "historical and cultural prose".In fact, good prose essays need threeBasic conditionsThe first is the passion of life, the second is poetic aesthetics, and the third is the light of philosophyZhang ZhongxingMr. A emphasized that "thought is the most important".All these advantages have been seen in The Old Country of Zhongshan, so it is known as a wonderful book.
Guo Moruo and Zhongshan
In the early summer of 1978, Mr. Guo Moruo was lying in his hospital bed. He could no longer write poems or write plays. He was about to bid farewell to his beloved archaeological career, but he was still concerned about Zhongshan, a country of art.Ten years ago, he personally went to the Manchu Han Tomb and carefully talked with King Jing of ZhongshanLiu ShengTalk and touch the legendaryJade clothes sewn with gold wire。He heard about Pingshan County and foundMausoleum of Zhongshan State in the Warring States PeriodHe also unearthed a large number of inscriptions and asked people around him to show him the rubbings of the inscriptions. He wanted to use the last hours of his life to comfort his beloved Zhongshan art.
The mystery of Zhongshan, the exquisite bronzes of Zhongshan, and the tragic and generous songs of Zhongshan make Guo Moruo remember them all his life.He once said this paragraph to express his admiration for Zhongshan:
Zhongshan is an artistic nation, but with the passage of time, we have no chance to listen to and appreciate its deep and solemn singing, graceful and beautiful music, graceful and colorful dance steps. Only those exquisite relics that belong to two thousand years ago still remain in our sight, reminding us that there was a nation called Baidi on the land under our feet,It has established a once prosperous country, and now... everything is as prosperous as the spring rain, and the light passes away from the ground at any time. We try hard to imagine the former pavilions, the former heroes, and the former songs[6]
