synonymZhongshan(Prefecture level cities under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province) generally refers to Zhongshan City
Zhongshan City, formerly known asXiangshan, due to its rich productionAgarwoodAnd get its name,[239]Guangdong ProvinceIt governs prefecture level citiesPearl River DeltaOne of the central citiesGuangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay AreaImportant node cities[2]One of the regional central cities in GuangdongPearl River Estuary West Coast Metropolitan AreaOne of the cities[225]National Type II Big City.[66]The city is located between 22 ° 11 ′ - 22 ° 47 ′ north latitude and 113 ° 09 ′ - 113 ° 46 ′ east longitudeZhujiang deltaSouth centralXijiang River、BeijiangDownstream sea outlet[50]；It is one of the four prefecture level cities without districts in China. As of September 2022, the city covers an area of 1783.67 square kilometers, governing 8 streets and 15 towns.[55]By the end of 2023, the permanent population of Zhongshan City will be 4.4582 million.[252-253]
In 2023, the GDP of Zhongshan City will be 385.065 billion yuan, up 5.6% year on year.Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 9.413 billion yuan, up 5.5% year on year;The added value of the secondary industry was 196.592 billion yuan, up 7.3% year on year;The added value of the tertiary industry was 179.059 billion yuan, up 3.7% year on year。[235]
First Emperor of QinIn the 33rd year (214 BC), Qin Shihuang was pacifiedLingnan。Immediately, Qin Shihuang set up three prefectures, namely, Guilin, Elephant and Nanhai, in the Lingnan area he captured,Nanhai CountyIt includes parts of the eastern, northern, central and western parts of Guangdong today. Most areas of Guangdong today belong to Nanhai Prefecture, while Zhongshan belongs to Nanhai PrefectureGuangzhou MansionPanyu CountyJurisdiction.
ChineseYuan DingSix years (111 years ago),Martial EmperorAfter the destruction of Nanyue, Zhongshan returned to the central authority of the Han Dynasty.
Western Jin DynastyAt the end of the year, the royal family of the Jin Dynasty broke out“Rebellion of the Eight Kings”In order to avoid the war, a large number of people from the Central Plains migrated to Lingnan, some of whom came to Xiangshan Island.
the tang dynastyhighest virtueIn the second year (757), Bao'an County was renamed Dongguan County, and Zhongshan was under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County, Guangzhou Prefecture.Because Zhongshan is rich in sea salt, the government began toZhuhai CityShanchang Village has establishedXiangshan TownMilitary battalion town.
Southern Song DynastyShaoxingTwenty two years (1152),Chen TianjueIt is proposed to change Xiangshan into a county, which is approved by the imperial edict[118]It was upgraded to Xiangshan County, and there was a county-level administrative division in Zhongshan. At that time, Xiangshan County was subordinate to Guangzhou Prefecture.
In the late Southern Song Dynasty,Song DuanzongUnder the pursuit of the Yuan army, he fled to Xiangshan for refuge. After the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of descendants of the royal families and officials of the Southern Song Dynasty settled in Xiangshan.
the ming dynastyThe northern part of Xiangshan began to deposit and form land, which was connected to the mainland at this time.
Qing DynastyIn the Pearl River Delta, river embankments for flood control and moisture-proof began to be built gradually. The farmland reclaimed in Xiangshan County is increasing, and the agricultural output is also increasing.
In the Qing DynastyJiaqingDuring the period ofPanyu, Dongguan and other counties.
On April 15, the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), the name was changed toZhongshan County。
After 1949, it successively belonged to the Pearl River, Central GuangdongFoshan。
In January 1951, Zhongshan County set up 1 district level town (Shiqi Town) and 11 districts.
In March 1953, 17 districts and 3 district level towns were set up.In June of the same year, Zhongshan County dividedZhuhai CountyLater, the whole county has 15 districts and 3 district level towns.
On March 12, 1953, the Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the establishment of Shiqi City (a city under provincial jurisdiction), with the administrative region of Shiqi Town, Zhongshan County as its administrative region.
In August 1955, all districts in the county were named after the location of the district (town).
In February 1957, 15 districts were changed into 34 large townships.
In August 1958, the major townships established people's communes.In October of the same year, 34 communes in the county were merged into 7 large communes, implementing the system of government and commune integration. The county has 34 farming areas under its jurisdiction.
On March 20, 1959, the State Council approved the revocation of Shiqi City, and the original administrative area of Shiqi City was all under the jurisdiction of Zhongshan County.
In October 1959, Shiqi Commune was changed to Shiqi Town;In December, it was identified as a county-level town by the People's Committee of Guangdong Province, still called Shiqi Town of Zhongshan County, belonging to Zhongshan County andFoshan DistrictDual jurisdiction.
In August 1961, the organizational system of the area was restored, including 7 communes including Lanbian, Nanlang and Cuiheng under the jurisdiction of Zhangjia Border Region.
At the beginning of 1963, the district organizational system was revoked.
In December 1976, the county set up 3 district level towns and 25 communes.
On December 22, 1983, with the approval of the State Council, Zhongshan County was changed from a county to a city (county level)Foshan CityEscrow.
On January 7, 1988, it was upgraded to prefecture level city.[7-8]
Home of Chenxiang in China
In 2011 and 2014, Zhongshan was awarded the title of "Hometown of Agarwood in China" by the Industry Association of the Ministry of Forestry of China and the China Wildlife Conservation Association.[239][243]According to the national survey of wild agarwood resources, there are more than 80000 wild agarwood stocks in China, and about 40000 wild agarwood stocks are naturally distributed in Zhongshan, accounting for half of the total amount of wild agarwood in China, mainly distributed in the Wugui Mountain area.[244]
On June 28, 2020, the scientific research institution Guangdong Chenxiang Scientific Research Institute settled in Wuguishan Town, Zhongshan City.[245-246]
In June 2021, the State Intellectual Property Office announced that "Zhongshan Wugui Mountain Agarwood" was approved to be registered as a geographical indication certification trademark.[239]
In September 1996, 4 streets in Central District, Yandun District, Lianfeng District and Qijiang District were merged into Central District streets;In December of the same year, the suburban streets of Shiqi were changed to the northern streets.
On January 1, 1998, the streets of Huancheng District were officially renamed as South District streets.In 1998, Cuiheng Village and Hengmen Town were abolished and their administrative regions were merged into Nanlang Town.In August 1998, the administrative area was revoked.
In 1999, Shalang Town was cancelled and incorporated into the West Street, and Tanbei Town was cancelled and incorporated into Dongsheng Town.
In May 2000, the Zhongqu Sub district Office and the Beiqu Sub district Office were abolished and Shiqi Sub district Office was formed;Cancel Langwang Town and merge it into Minmin Town;It was officially implemented on June 8.By the end of 2000, the city had set up 19 towns, 4 streets, 1 development zone, 94 neighborhood committees and 400 village committees.
In 2002, Zhongshan City governed 5 streets (East District, West District, Shiqi, Huancheng, Zhongshan Port), 19 towns (Port, Delta, People, Nanlai, Sanxiang, Tanzhou, Shenwan, Banfu, Dayong, Shaxi, Henglan, Guzhen, Xiaolan, Dongfeng, Nantou, Fusha, Huangpu, Dongsheng, Wugui Mountain), 400 village committees and 124 neighborhood committees.
On September 1, 2003, Nanlang Town was renamed Nanlang Town.
On November 10, 2005, Wuguishan Town was abolished and Wuguishan Sub district Office was established.So far, Zhongshan City has jurisdiction over 6 streets and 18 towns.
At the end of 2008, Zhongshan City had jurisdiction over 6 streets (Shiqi, East District, West District, Huancheng, Zhongshan Port, Wugui Mountain), 18 towns (Port, Sanjiao, Minmin, Nanlang, Sanxiang, Tanzhou, Shenwan, Banfu, Dayong, Shaxi, Henglan, Guzhen, Xiaolan, Dongfeng, Nantou, Fusha, Huangpu, Dongsheng).The municipal government is located in the East Street.
By the end of 2009, Zhongshan City had jurisdiction over 6 streets, 18 towns, 120 communities and 159 administrative villages.The municipal government is located in the East Street.[9]
On July 19, 2021, Xiaolan Town and Dongsheng Town will be abolished and a new Xiaolan Town will be established;Abolish civilian towns and set up civilian streets;Nanlang Town was abolished, Nanlang Street was established, and Ma'an Village in the coastal community of Zhongshan Port Street was under the jurisdiction of Nanlang Street.[49]
Zoning Details
As of September 2022, Zhongshan City has 15 towns and 8 streets under its jurisdiction;In addition, it has jurisdiction over one national development zone and one economic cooperation zone.The city has jurisdiction over 127 communities and 150 administrative villages.The Municipal People's Government is located at No. 1, Songyuan Road, East District, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province.[55]
The terrain of Zhongshan City is mainly plain. The terrain is high in the middle and flat around. The plain area inclines from northwest to southeast.Wugui MountainZhusong Mountains and other mountains stand abruptly in the south central part of the city. The main peak of Wugui Mountain is 531 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the city.The landform is composed of low mountains, hills and platforms rising from the continental shelf and alluvial plains and beaches at the mouth of the Pearl River.Among them, low mountains, hills and platforms account for 24% of the total area, with an altitude of 10-200m. The soil type is lateritic red soil.The plain and tidal flat account for 68% of the total area, with an altitude of - 0.5-1 meters. The plain soil type is paddy soil and base water land, and the tidal flat is widely distributed with coastal saline marsh soil and coastal sandy soil.The river area accounts for 8% of the whole territoryXihai Waterway、Knife grinding gate water channelIt flows through the western boundary of the city from north to southKnife sharpening doorGoing out of the South China Sea;Downstream of Beijiang RiverHongqili WaterwayFrom northwest to southeast, passing through the northeast boundary of the cityHongqimenAt the mouth of the Pearl River.The branches are crisscrossed, among whichXiaolan Waterway、Chicken and crow waterwayAcross the northern half of the cityHengmen WaterwayfromHorizontal doorAt the mouth of the Pearl River.The river system is divided into two parts: plain river network and low mountain and hilly river network. The river network in the plain area is deeply affected by the ocean tide in the South China Sea, with typical estuarine characteristics.[91]
Zhongshan City has a subtropical monsoon climate with sufficient light and heat and abundant rainfall.The annual average temperature (1981-2010) is 22.5 ℃.The rainfall is abundant, the annual average rainfall is 1886 mm, and the sunshine duration is 1705.4 hours.The annual average number of thunderstorm days is 68.2.Disastrous weather mainly includes typhoon, rainstorm and strong convection.Zhongshan has good air quality, high forest vegetation index, good ecological environment, rich climate resources, abundant water resources and good water quality.[55]
hydrology
Zhongshan City is located in the south central part of the Pearl River Delta, bordering the Lingding Sea to the east. Among the eight major waterways of the Pearl River, there are three waterways, namely Modaomen, Hengmen, and Hongqili, which go out to sea through the city boundary.The city has vast plains, undulating hills, and heavy rainfall.The river system can be divided into plain river network and low mountain and hilly river network, which are obviously different and interrelated.The river network in the plain area is deeply affected by the ocean tide in the South China Sea, and has typical estuarine characteristics.The plain river network of Zhongshan City is one of the main parts of the network water system in the Pearl River estuary area.The fan shaped network river system extends from northwest to southeast.The river bed elevation of the plain river network in the city is below sea level, and the gradient is very small.Most of the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the riverbed are undulating, and only the longitudinal profile of the Modaomen Channel riverbed shows an inverse gradient.Most of the rivers in the low mountain and hilly areas of Zhongshan City flow into the main and tributaries of the Pearl River, and a small part flows into the Lingding Bay of the Pearl River estuary alone, so they still belong to the Pearl River water system.Influenced by the geological structure and geomorphic morphology, the rivers and streams show the characteristics of radial grid distribution with Wugui Mountain as the center and flowing around.[10]
natural resources
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water resource
There are 13 external rivers and 1041 internal rivers in Zhongshan City, with a total length of 2016.35 kilometers. The river network is densely distributed and the basin is wide.1041 rivers in the city are divided into 15 basins, and there are 6 basins with a drainage area of more than 100 square kilometers, namely Qijiang River basin, Qianshan River basin, Min San Lian Wei basin, Xiao Yin Chong basin, Wu Xiang Da Nan Lian Wei basin and Nanlang basin.[91]
mineral resources
There are not many kinds of minerals in Zhongshan City, and there is a shortage of metal minerals. The dominant minerals are mainly granite for building, mineral water, underground hot water, sand and refractory clay.The proven and exploited minerals include granite stone, sand, refractory clay, mineral water and underground hot water.Among them, the stones are mainly biotite granite, biotite monzonite granite and granodiorite, which are widely distributed in low mountains, hills and platforms in the city, with the reserves of Wugui Mountain and Zhusong Mountain being the most abundant;The underground hot water contains fluorine and radon, which is of medical value and can be used for hot spring bath, mainly distributed in Sanxiang, Tanzhou, Cuiheng and other places;Mineral water is a mineral resource development industry that rose in the late 1980s. It belongs to granite fissure water and is a natural mineral water with low salinity of metasilicic acid, mainly distributed in the mountainous areas from Wugui Mountain to Shenwan;The sand material is mainly medium coarse quartz sand, which is mainly distributed in the eastern Longxue and Xiasha coastal areas in the city;Refractory clay is mainly distributed near Haotou Village, Zhongshan Torch High tech Industrial Development Zone.[91]
plant resources
The representative type of vegetation in Zhongshan City is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the representative type of vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.There are 1771 species of vascular plants belonging to 912 genera and 217 families in the city, including 1235 species of wild vascular plants belonging to 646 genera and 186 families, accounting for one sixth of the total species in Guangdong Province.The city's forest coverage rate is 23.10%.Wugui Mountain, the only mountain area in the city, has 1539 species of vascular plants belonging to 844 genera and 209 families, including 1003 species of wild vascular plants belonging to 573 genera and 178 families, accounting for 96.3%, 92.5% and 86.9% of the total families, genera and species of vascular plants in the city, and 95.7%, 88.7% and 81.2% of the total families, genera and species of wild vascular plants in the city;There are more than 10000 wild agarwood trees.[91]
Animal resources
The main activity places of large and medium-sized mammals in Zhongshan City are distributed in the low mountains and hills of Wugui Mountain and the high hills of Baishuilin Mountain. There are 230 species of vertebrates in the city, including 159 species of birds in 45 families of 15 orders, 31 species of mammals in 13 families of 6 orders, 11 species of amphibians in 5 families of 1 order, and 29 species of reptiles in 7 families of 1 order.There are 21 national key protected species and 1 national first level key protected species, namely python;There are 20 national second-class key protected species, including Chinese pangolin, otter, baby civet, spotted forest fox, black winged kite, black eared kite, white bellied sea eagle, snake eagle, crested eagle, red bellied eagle, sparrow eagle, common buzzard, white bellied falcon eagle, kestrel, brown winged crow cuckoo, small crow cuckoo, collar horn owl, eagle owl, eagle owl, tiger frog;The plain area is dominated by reptiles, amphibians, birds and rats;Aquatic animals include fish and crustaceans.[91]
population
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By the end of 2023, the permanent population of Zhongshan City will be 4.4582 million, an increase of 27100 over the end of the previous year, including 3.9035 million urban permanent residents, accounting for 87.56% of the permanent population (urbanization rate of permanent residents), 0.54 percentage points higher than the end of the previous year.The annual birth rate is 8.03 ‰, the mortality rate is 3.22 ‰, and the natural growth rate is 4.81 ‰.[252]
Change of permanent population in Zhongshan City (2017~2022)
Reference source:[193][200-204]
Politics
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Current leaders
Leaders of Zhongshan Municipal Party Committee, Municipal Government and CPPCC
In 2023, Zhongshan City will achieve a regional GDP (preliminary accounting) of 385.065 billion yuan, up 5.6% year on year.Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 9.413 billion yuan, up 5.5%;The added value of the secondary industry was 196.592 billion yuan, up 7.3%;The added value of the tertiary industry was 179.059 billion yuan, up 3.7%.The proportion of the three industrial structures is 2.4:51.1:46.5.The per capita GDP was 86636 yuan, up 5.7%.[252]
In 2023, the consumer price of residents in Zhongshan City will rise by 0.4% over the previous year.By category, food, tobacco and alcohol increased by 1.3%, clothing by 0.2%, living goods and services by 0.3%, daily necessities and services by 1.0%, transportation and communication by 2.9%, education, culture and entertainment by 3.1%, medical care by 0.8%, and other goods and services by 2.0%.The ex factory price of industrial producers fell 0.6% over the previous year, with light industry rising 0.6% and heavy industry falling 1.7%.
In 2023, the per capita disposable income of residents in Zhongshan City will be 62379 yuan, an increase of 4.4% over the previous year.In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 64856 yuan, up 4.3%;The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 45770 yuan, up 5.2%.The per capita consumption expenditure of the whole city was 39165 yuan, an increase of 1.3% over the previous year.In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 40366 yuan, up 1.2%;The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 31114 yuan, up 2.5%.The Engel coefficient of the city's residents is 34.2%, including 34.0% in urban areas and 36.2% in rural areas.[252-253]
Change of GDP of Zhongshan City (2017~2022)
Reference source:[193][200-204]
In 2023, the local general public budget revenue of Zhongshan City will be 33.298 billion yuan, up 5.4% year on year;Among them, the tax revenue was 20.97 billion yuan, up 11.1%.Local general public budget expenditure was 46.587 billion yuan, up 0.6%.Among them, education expenditure was 9.621 billion yuan, down 5.8%;Expenditure on social security and employment was 5.122 billion yuan, up 0.2%;Health expenditure was 3.808 billion yuan, down 5.7%.Expenditure on people's livelihood was 31.845 billion yuan, accounting for 68.4% of general public budget expenditure.
In 2023, the fixed asset investment in Zhongshan City will increase by 1.8% over the previous year.From the perspective of investors, investment in the state-owned economy increased by 2.7%, private investment by 6.2%, investment in the private and individual economy by 11.8%, investment in the collective economy by 47.7%, and investment in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign businesses by 5.3%.Among the fixed asset investment, the investment in the primary industry decreased by 25.7% over the previous year, the investment in the secondary industry increased by 47.1%, and the investment in the tertiary industry decreased by 15.1%.Industrial investment increased by 47.3%, accounting for 39.3% of fixed asset investment.Infrastructure investment decreased by 6.0%, accounting for 33.9% of fixed asset investment.Investment in high-tech manufacturing increased by 53.4%, accounting for 10.6% of fixed asset investment.Among them, the investment in medical equipment and instrument manufacturing increased by 197.2%, the investment in pharmaceutical manufacturing increased by 61.3%, and the investment in electronic and communication equipment manufacturing increased by 41.2%.[252]
primary industry
In 2023, the sown area of grain crops in Zhongshan City will be 45200 mu, an increase of 3.0% over the previous year;The vegetable planting area was 225000 mu, down 0.9%;The fruit area was 53900 mu, up 1.7%.The annual grain output was 15900 tons, an increase of 4.2% over the previous year;The output of vegetables was 37700 tons, up 1.1%;The output of fruit was 122900 tons, up 5.4%.The annual output of pig, cattle, sheep and poultry meat was 11200 tons, down 9.8% over the previous year.Among them, the output of pork was 1200 tons, down 13.0%;Poultry meat output was 10000 tons, down 9.3%.At the end of the year, the number of live pigs on hand was 8600, down 10.1%;15900 pigs were sold, down 3.9%.The annual output of aquatic products was 394900 tons, an increase of 6.4% over the previous year.Among them, 700 tons of seawater products, an increase of 39.2%;394200 tons of fresh water products, up 6.4%.[252-253]
In 2023, the industrial added value of Zhongshan City will increase by 6.6% over the previous year.The added value of industries above designated size increased by 6.1%. In terms of economic types, state-owned holding enterprises increased by 10.9%, foreign invested enterprises, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan invested enterprises decreased by 0.8%, joint-stock enterprises increased by 11.2%, and collective enterprises decreased by 41.5%.In light and heavy industries, light industry grew by 4.5% and heavy industry by 7.8%.In terms of enterprise size, large enterprises increased by 4.5%, medium-sized enterprises by 7.8%, and small and micro enterprises by 6.5%.[252]
In 2023, the added value of advanced manufacturing industries above designated size in Zhongshan City will increase by 10.0% over the previous year, accounting for 50.1% of the added value of industries above designated size.Among them, the high-end electronic information manufacturing industry grew by 18.9%, the biomedical and high-performance medical device industry grew by 23.0%, the advanced equipment manufacturing industry grew by 7.7%, the advanced light textile manufacturing industry grew by 6.9%, the new material manufacturing industry grew by 7.4%, and the petrochemical industry grew by 3.9%.The added value of high-tech manufacturing increased by 10.7% over the previous year, accounting for 16.0% of the added value of industries above designated size.Among them, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry grew by 29.2%, the electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry grew by 10.0%, the computer and office equipment manufacturing industry declined by 14.4%, and the medical equipment and instrumentation manufacturing industry grew by 9.9%.The added value of the equipment manufacturing industry increased by 8.3% over the previous year, accounting for 34.4% of the added value of industries above designated size.Among them, the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry grew by 15.8%, the computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry grew by 6.7%, and the automobile manufacturing industry declined by 3.4%.The added value of advantageous traditional industries increased by 6.8% over the previous year. Among them, the manufacturing industry of household electric appliances increased by 12.7%, the metal products industry increased by 2.6%, the building materials industry increased by 3.7%, the textile and clothing industry decreased by 8.8%, the food and beverage industry increased by 25.8%, and the furniture manufacturing industry increased by 1.6%.The added value of industrial machine tool industry increased by 10.4% over the previous year, of which the manufacturing of generators and generator sets increased by 18.3%, the manufacturing of special equipment for chemical, wood and non-metallic processing increased by 7.5%, and the manufacturing of pumps, valves, compressors and similar machinery increased by 1.8%.[252]
In 2023, the total profit of industries above designated size in Zhongshan City will reach 30.401 billion yuan, up 9.9% over the previous year.The total loss of loss making enterprises was 4.873 billion yuan, down 11.5%.The loss area of loss making enterprises is 26.31%.By economic type, the profit of state-owned holding enterprises was 2.281 billion yuan, up 57.9%;Shareholding enterprises totaled 14.717 billion yuan, up 29.9%, while foreign-invested enterprises, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan invested enterprises totaled 15.563 billion yuan, down 4.0%.By industry, the manufacturing industry was 28.222 billion yuan, up 5.4%;The production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water reached 2.18 billion yuan, an increase of 144.4%.The annual cost of industrial enterprises above designated size per 100 yuan of operating income was 83.99 yuan, a decrease of 1.04 yuan;The operating income profit margin was 4.52%, up 0.37 percentage points.[252-253]
In 2023, the added value of the construction industry in Zhongshan City will be 15.057 billion yuan, an increase of 17.7% over the previous year.There were 706 general contracting and professional contracting construction enterprises with qualification levels throughout the year, up 17.3%;The total output value of the construction industry achieved by general contracting and professional contracting was 61.171 billion yuan, up 23.5%;The total profit was 1.147 billion yuan, up 59.1%;Total profits and taxes were 821 million yuan, down 7.5%.
Growth rate of added value of industries above designated size from 2016 to 2021
the service sector; the tertiary industry
In 2023, the added value of the wholesale and retail industry in Zhongshan City will be 38.709 billion yuan, an increase of 3.1% over the previous year;The added value of transportation, warehousing and postal services was 7.511 billion yuan, up 12.5%;The added value of accommodation and catering industry was 5.907 billion yuan, up 14.3%;The added value of the financial industry was 30.881 billion yuan, up 8.4%;The added value of the real estate industry was 26.343 billion yuan, down 4.7%.The added value of modern service industry was 105.653 billion yuan, up 3.7%.[252]
In 2023, the service enterprises above designated size in Zhongshan City will achieve an operating revenue of 50.366 billion yuan, up 1.8% over the previous year;The total profit was 6.612 billion yuan, up 22.7% over the previous year.Among them, the operating income of high-tech service industry increased by 1.8%.In terms of industries, the operating revenue of information transmission, software and information technology services increased by 7.2%, that of scientific research and technology services decreased by 4.1%, that of health and social work decreased by 26.2%, that of leasing and business services increased by 1.8%, and that of transportation, warehousing and postal services increased by 0.7%.[253]
In 2023, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Zhongshan City will be 164.391 billion yuan, an increase of 3.0% over the previous year.In terms of business, the retail sales of urban consumer goods reached 149.522 billion yuan, up 2.8%;The retail sales of rural consumer goods reached 14.869 billion yuan, up 4.6%.In terms of consumption type, retail sales of goods reached 151.384 billion yuan, up 2.1%;Catering revenue was 13.006 billion yuan, up 14.7%.Among the retail sales of wholesale and retail commodities above the designated size, the retail sales of household appliances and audio-visual equipment increased by 78.1% year on year, Chinese and western medicines by 14.2% year on year, daily necessities by 3.9% year on year, automobiles by 8.2% year on year, oil and products by 7.3% year on year, cosmetics by 32.2% year on year, beverages by 26.4% year on year, clothing, shoes and hats, knitwear and textiles by 8.9% year on year,Grain, oil and food declined by 1.6% year on year, and communication equipment declined by 1.2% year on year.The retail sales of goods by units above designated size in the city through public networks increased by 12.7% year on year, accounting for 17.1% of the retail sales of goods by units above designated size.[252]
In 2023, the total import and export volume of goods in Zhongshan City will be 257.66 billion yuan, a decrease of 5.9% over the previous year.Among them, the export was 221.19 billion yuan, down 2.5%;Import was 36.48 billion yuan, down 22.5%.The trade surplus was 184.71 billion yuan, a decrease of 1.02 billion yuan over the previous year.Among them, the import and export volume to countries (regions) along the "Belt and Road" was 73.35 billion yuan, up 0.8%.
In 2023, the total amount of post and telecommunications business in Zhongshan City will be 18.376 billion yuan, an increase of 21.4% over the previous year.Among them, the total amount of postal services (calculated at constant prices in 2020) was 10.061 billion yuan, an increase of 27.8%;The total amount of telecommunications services (calculated at the same price last year) was 8.315 billion yuan, up 14.3%.[252]
In 2023, there will be 847 newly established foreign-invested enterprises in Zhongshan, an increase of 45.8% over the previous year.The actual use of foreign direct investment was 3.521 billion yuan, down 15.4%;The total direct investment from Hong Kong and Macao in Zhongshan was 3.203 billion yuan, down 12.3%.
By the end of 2023, there were 53 securities business departments and 1 futures institution in Zhongshan City.The turnover of securities in the whole year was 1875.242 billion yuan, up 0.5% over the previous year;The transaction amount of futures was 154.055 billion yuan, up 8.9%.
In 2023, Zhongshan will achieve a premium income of 25.835 billion yuan, an increase of 13.5% over the previous year.Among them, the premium income from life insurance business was 18.693 billion yuan, up 12.4%;The premium income from property insurance business was 7.142 billion yuan, up 16.6%.The annual compensation expenditure was 7.536 billion yuan, up 26.3%.Among them, the compensation expense of life insurance business was 3.456 billion yuan, up 27.7%;The compensation expenses for property insurance business were 4.08 billion yuan, up 25.2%.[252-253]
social undertakings
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Science and technology
In 2023, the total number of patents granted in Zhongshan City will be 39700, down 8.3% over the previous year;Among them, 2921 invention patents were granted, up 50.6%.The number of PCT international patent applications in the Patent Cooperation Treaty was 186, up 4.5%.
By the end of 2023, the research and experimental development (R&D) expenditure of Zhongshan City was 10.066 billion yuan, with a year-on-year increase of 24.1%;The intensity of R&D investment (compared with the city's GDP) was 2.8%, an increase of 0.5 percentage points over the previous year.[252]
education
Xiangshan people have always respected literature and education.Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially since modern times, Xiangshan has nurtured many talents and talents due to its special geographical and cultural environment, and has produced many famous and influential historical figures at home and abroad.As early as the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Xiangshan culture and education were on a par with the level of Central Plains and other places.During the Jiajing period, the number of people who took part in the imperial examination increased day by day. The number of people who took part in the imperial examination reached 180, of which 16 were admitted to the imperial examination.Such as Huang Ji, Huang Zuo and his son.Huang Ji is diligent in writing and is known as Mr. Yuezhou;Huang Zuo took part in the imperial examination, ranking first in all five examinations. He wrote a lot and was widely read. People at that time praised him as a genius.He Wu Zou and He Shuxuan, who were officials and cabinet scholars at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and who were called by the Tang King of the Southern Ming Dynasty as the leader and assistant after the death of the Ming Dynasty, were all celebrities at that time.In the Qing Dynasty, there were a large number of students and examinees in Xiangshan. During the more than 200 years from the early Qing Dynasty to the abolition of the imperial examination system, there were 2 Tanhua, 107 Jinshi, 721 Juren, and 589 Gongsheng and Jiansheng in Xiangshan.[57]
In 2023, there will be 56900 full-time higher education students in Zhongshan, a decrease of 1.9% over the previous year;There were 211300 students in ordinary middle schools, up 6.4%;There were 29600 students in secondary vocational and technical education, up 6.4%;378200 primary school students, up 5.1%;There were 158100 preschool children in kindergartens, down 4.3%.The enrollment rate of primary school age children in the city is 100%, the enrollment rate of junior high school graduates is 99.0%, and the enrollment rate of ordinary college entrance examination is 96.9%.[252]
By the end of 2023, there are 11 municipal cultural and cultural relics administrative institutions in Zhongshan.There are 5 cultural institutions and 6 cultural relics institutions.There are two radio stations and television stations, 760700 cable radio and television users, one municipal culture and art museum, one public library, and 7.2145 million copies (pieces) of public libraries in the city.Throughout the year, 94.5 million newspapers, 120000 magazines and 87900 books were published.There are 25 municipal and township archives.In 2022, the added value of culture and related industries will be 14.001 billion yuan, accounting for 3.9% of the regional GDP.[252-253]
By the end of 2023, there were 1517 medical and health institutions of all kinds in Zhongshan City, an increase of 18.5% over the previous year, including 69 hospitals, 1411 primary medical and health institutions, 30 professional public health institutions, and 7 other institutions such as clinical laboratory.Among the hospitals in the city, there are 12 Grade III hospitals, 25 Grade II hospitals, and 32 Grade I and unspecified hospitals;Among the primary medical institutions, there are 230 community health service institutions, 1174 outpatient departments (stations) and 7 village clinics.There were 31855 health technicians in medical and health institutions, up 9.1%, including 12230 licensed doctors and assistant licensed doctors, and 15290 registered nurses.It has 16683 medical beds, including 16594 hospitals and 89 community health service institutions.[252]
Sports
By the end of 2023, there were 10888 sports venues of all kinds in Zhongshan City, an increase of 192 over the previous year.It has participated in 94 national and provincial competitions, 1192 people participated in national and provincial competitions, and won 132 gold medals, 113 silver medals and 150 bronze medals.
social security
By the end of 2023, 2025300 people in Zhongshan City participated in the basic endowment insurance for urban employees, a decrease of 0.5% over the previous year.8200 people participated in basic old-age insurance for urban and rural residents, an increase of 17.4%.1.9978 million people participated in basic medical insurance for employees, down 8.4%.1242200 people participated in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents, an increase of 2.6%.1941500 people participated in industrial injury insurance, an increase of 5.3%.1.695 million people participated in unemployment insurance, down 0.6%.173.50 people participated in maternity insurance, down 9.5%.[252]
By the end of 2021, there are 679 urban community service facilities in Zhongshan City.2978 key special care recipients, 15890 special care recipients over the age of 60, and 153.74 million yuan of special care expenses;The total number of social assistance is 14082, the number of urban and rural households with minimum living security is 3115, and the minimum living security fund for urban and rural residents is 81.346 million yuan.[86]
Transportation
Announce
edit
summary
Zhongshan is located in the geometric center of the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area, between the three poles of Guangfo, Shenzhen Hong Kong, and Zhuhai Macao. It has four ports: Zhongshan Port, Xiaolan Port, Shenwan Port, and Huangpu Port.From here, you can reach all cities in the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area within one hour.Within the 90km radius of Zhongshan, there are five international airports in Hong Kong, Macao, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhuhai, and four deep-water ports in Nansha Port, Yantian Port, Shekou Port and Gaolan Port.We will promote the construction of a number of road network projects, including the Shenzhen China Channel, Guangzhou Zhongjiang Expressway, Shenzhen Maoming Railway, Nansha Port Railway, and the integrated planning and construction of the western metro network in the Bay Area, integrate into the "Great Bay Area on the track", build a "four vertical and five horizontal" expressway network, create a "three ring and twelve fast" high-speed road network, and plan a "two vertical and three horizontal" rail transit network,To build an important comprehensive transportation hub in the west of Dawan District.Shenzhen China Channel will be completed and opened to traffic. It takes half an hour to reach Shenzhen in Zhongshan, one hour to reach all bay cities, and half an hour to connect Shenzhen China Channel in the town street under its jurisdiction.[236]
The construction of Zhongshan Section of Shenjiang Railway was commenced, and Huangpu Station and Dongfeng Station of Nansha Port Railway were completed.West Ring Expressway, Guzhen Expressway and Nanlang Expressway have been completed and opened to traffic, Yixian Road, Shagang Road and National Highway 105 South Line have been reconstructed, and the leading section of South Outer Ring Road has been opened to traffic one year in advance.[237]
In 2023, the total volume of goods transportation in Zhongshan City will be 100.5584 million tons, a decrease of 0.5% over the previous year.The turnover of freight transportation was 9.964 billion ton kilometers, up 12.0%.The port cargo throughput was 18.4229 million tons, up 19.7%.Among them, the throughput of foreign trade goods was 5.29 million tons, down 4.9%;The domestic trade cargo throughput reached 13.133 million tons, up 33.6%.The port container throughput was 1.2966 million TEUs, down 4.8%.The total number of passengers transported throughout the year was 6.5108 million, an increase of 47.7% over the previous year.Passenger transport turnover reached 618 million person kilometers, up 70.9%.[252-253]
Zhongshan has 209 bus lines and more than 2600 operating vehicles.Build a BRT backbone network with "one horizontal and one ring" as the main line and "two intersections, three horizontal, four vertical and five auxiliary lines" as the branch line;Large station express trains radiating from the urban area to all towns and streets will be opened to facilitate citizens to quickly return to schools, hospitals and business districts;Open a number of bus routes between and within the clusters, optimize and adjust the supporting bus services of various industrial platforms and industrial parks, open responsive bus "preferential" buses, improve the network connection to Zhongshan North Station, Zhongshan Station, Zhongshan Port Passenger Terminal and other external hub windows, help optimize the business environment, and attract more investors to invest and start businesses in Zhongshan;More than 20 cross city buses to and from Guangzhou (Nansha), Foshan (Shunde), Zhuhai, Jiangmen and other surrounding cities have been opened to promote interconnection with bay area cities[88]。
Track railway
Railway line
Guangzhou Zhuhai Urban Railway - Zhongshan North Station
Guangzhou-Zhuhai intercity railway , referred to as Guangzhou Zhuhai Urban Rail, passes through Foshan City from Guangzhou South Railway Station in the northShunde DistrictZhongshan City, south toZhuhai CityZhuhai Station at Gongbei Port, connected by extension lineZhuhai AirportAnother branch line is set up from Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan CityGuzhen Town, Zhongshan City, spanXijiang River, connecting Jiangmen CityNew meeting areaHuicheng StreetDongjia.This line and GuangshenIntercity rail transitIt is the two backbone lines in the "A" shaped network of the inter city fast track in the Pearl River Delta.It was officially opened on January 7, 2011, and it only takes 41 minutes to get from Guangzhou South Railway Station to Zhuhai North Railway Station.[12]
Zhongshan was called Xiangshan in ancient times, which was named after "many immortal flowers"[45]。It is famous for its rich agarwood.[239]The Annals of Xiangshan County, compiled in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, once annotated the name of Xiangshan: "The old Annals said that it was named after the fragrant wood suitable for the place."[240]During the Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty, there was a "Xianglin Temple" on Xiangshan Island.[241]During the Southern Song Dynasty, the agarwood produced by the Fragrant Hill and Wugui Hill was a tribute and an important gift for overseas exchanges. It needed to be transported through the port, so there were such places as Fragrant Hill, Xiangzhou, Xiangjiang, Hong Kong and so on.[242]
Local culture
Xiangshan Culture
Xiangshan culture and Lingnan culture are isomorphic and developed synchronously in modern timesLingnan culture Add color.The Lingnan culture is restricted and influenced by the unique geographical environment and social and historical conditions. In the course of thousands of years of evolution, it has gradually formed a model different from other regional cultures[57]。Xiangshan CultureIt is a sub culture of Lingnan culture, which embodies in essenceGuangfu CultureThe main characteristics of.[95]
According to statistics, sincethe tang dynastyreachLate Qing DynastyXiangshan County has 138 Jinshi, including 67 Chinese Jinshi and 71 Wu Jinshi.Especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the economy and education of Xiangshan County had a great development, and the number of Jinshi was increasing.During the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, there were 16 Jinshi from Xiangshan, and during the 267 years of the Qing Dynasty, there were 105 Jinshi.Well known philologists of the Ming DynastyHuang Zuo, BachelorHe WuZou, Minister of RitesLi SunchenHenan Bingbei RoadWu Ruilong, there was a governor of Sichuan in the Qing DynastyZeng WangyanGovernor of Fujian and Zhejiang and General of FuzhouHe Jing, TanhuaLiu Qichang、 Guangdong Navy SupervisorHe ChangqingEtc.[230-231]
Guangfu Culture
Cultural category
Specific introduction
Wok ear room
Wok ear roomyesGuangfu Folk HouseOn behalf of[99]Is the architectural logo of Guangfu Village in the Pearl River Delta[96]，Xiaolan TownSome of the ancient buildings preserved in the streets and alleys of the old city have another feature, that is, the gable walls on both sides of the herringbone are built in the shape of wok ears. This kind of house is called wok ear house or wok ear house. Only people with official positions can build it. The oldest existing wok ear house in Xiaolan is Li's Dafudi, which is a building of the Ming Dynasty[97]。Xiaolan Zhaowudi is a wok house with a history of more than 270 years. It was built in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. It is the five entrance mansion of a military officer surnamed Li[98]。The existing Wooerwu in Zhongshan and Huangpu TownSanshe CommunityNanlang TownChadong VillageEtc.[99-100]
Xiaolan Chrysanthemum Club
It is said that in the 10th year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1274), a group of people who avoided disasters set out from Zhuji Lane in Nanxiong and moved to Xiaolan in Xiangshan County.It was late autumn, and people were attracted by chrysanthemums everywhere, so they settled down in Feituoling and Fengshan.They transplanted wild chrysanthemums into the garden and told their children and grandchildren to love and plant chrysanthemums from generation to generation.By the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Xiaolan's economy had made great progress. Xiaolan people who loved chrysanthemums had set up the "Chrysanthemum Club" and the "Huanghua (flower) Fair" to appreciate chrysanthemums and recite poems to congratulate Shengping. In the 19th year of Jiaqing, Jiaxu (1814), considering that their ancestors moved from Zhuji Lane in Jiaxu, they decided to hold a grand chrysanthemum fair every 60 years, that is, every Jiaxu year of the lunar calendar,This is famous at home and abroadXiaolan Chrysanthemum ClubWhy.[205]
Xiangshan Business Sect
modern,Zheng Guanying、Tang Tingshu、Xu RunAt that time, the famous compradors and businessmen of Xiangshan took the lead in responding to the call of the Qing government to carry out the Westernization Movement, actively participated in the construction boom of China's early industrialization, opened new industries such as shipping and telegraph, opened mines and built machines, and almost participated in the investment and operation of most projects of China's modern new industry. They were truly pioneers of China's modern industrial and commercial society.[198]
Guangdong opera
Fragrant Hill will be there in the year of Qingxian and FengnianGuangdong operaClass performance, the inheritors of Xiangshan puppet show changed into Cantonese opera.In the year of Guangxu, Liang Yuansan, a native of Zhangxi, a district, (whose stage name is Su, the Snake King) was good at cross dressing as a Dan character. After the performance of the drama "Wai Liu Guang Xue", he became famous all over the pear garden.Since then, the people of Xiangshan have started Cantonese opera.After the victory of the Anti Japanese War, Cantonese opera was reborn and Quyi singing resumed.After liberation, the Red Flag Cantonese Opera Troupe was established in February 1950, followed by the "Galaxy", "Huajinxiu", "Big Phoenix", "Jintianhua" and other Cantonese opera troupes.In October 1965, the "Zhongshan County Cantonese Opera Troupe" was merged, with more than 60 people in total;Others were transferred to the factory.The Zhongshan Troupe performed in all parts of the province and was popular.[101]
Lingnan School of PaintingIt is one of the representatives of Guangfu culture, the "hometown of calligraphy and painting"Xiaolan TownThere were many famous masters in the past dynasties, including those in the Ming DynastyWu Ruilong、Li Sunchen、He WuZouHis paintings and calligraphy are treasures that the world competes to collectHe Changqing、Jiang Lian、Deng Dalin、Li YaopingAnd other calligraphy and painting works are listed as national cultural relics[229]。Li Yingshi from XiangshanLin JieruRuan Yunguang is the founder of Lingnan School of PaintingGao Jianfu、GaoqifengThe earliest and most direct followers of the Shaxi peopleFang RendingIt is recognized as one of the representative figures of Lingnan School of Painting. Among the active figures of Lingnan School of Painting in the 20th century, at least more than ten people are from Zhongshan.[113-114]
Sangji fish pond
Before the 1970s, mulberry planting and fish culture in ponds“Sangji fish pond”It is a traditional farming mode in the Pearl River Delta region such as Zhongshan. Its production mode is: feeding fish with silkworm excrement (silkworm dung), fertilizing mulberry with mud, planting mulberry, sericulture, and fish farming, forming a cycle of interdependence and promotion of mulberry, silkworm, fish, and mud.Xiaolan TownHistorically, Sangji fish ponds are scattered everywhere, forming the delta water town feature of "three bases, six waters and one field", making Xiaolan Town one of the richest areas in Zhongshan[227]。In the 21st century, the added value of traditional agriculture is not high, and the scene of "fish in the pond are fat, and mulberry trees are green" is rare.[103]
piaose
piaose Originating from the Central Plains, the Yingshen Games belong toShehuoAs one of the performing arts, it is still an important art form in the Pearl River Delta and one of the folk arts in Guangfu[104]。The floating colors of Zhongshan are similar to those of Yakou Village, Nanlang TownYakou Piaose, Huangpu TownYellow Garden。[105-106]
Lion dance
Zhongshan Luoliang XingshiIt is a school of South Lion.Luo Liang is the collective name of the founders Luo Yuesheng and Liang Guorong.After more than one hundred years and five generations of orderly inheritance and development, with solid waist horse power, flexible body shape and footwork, combined with magnificent and exciting drum musicLion danceAll kinds of expressions and expressions of.[110]
Northern Emperor's Birthday
Northern EmperorIt is also called Xuanwu, Zhenwu, etc. It is the god of water in TaoismGuangfu peopleOne of the most worshipped gods[111]。The Longtoushuan villagers in Shaxi Town believed in the Northern Emperor. During Daoguang's reign, a Northern Emperor Temple was built in the village. Every year, a grand ceremony was held in front of the Northern Emperor Temple on the third day of the third lunar month.In many villages of the Pearl River Delta“Northern Emperor's Birthday", especially in Longdu.[112]
Dragon Boat
Dragon boat racing has a history of more than 500 years in Zhongshan. The Ming Jiajing edition of Xiangshan County Annals records that "Dragon Boat Festival is a time to worship gods or draw dragon boats, and race in the water..." In 2012, Shi Qi successfully entered the provincial intangible cultural heritage list.[199]
Dragon Dance
Drunken DragonOriginating in the Song Dynasty, flourishing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it originates from Changzhou Village in the western district of Zhongshan, and radiates from Changzhou to Zhangxi, Shaxi, Dayong, Haotou, Torch Development Zone and other places in Shiqi.In addition, it was also spread to Macao through Zhongshan citizens who immigrated to Macao from Changzhou and other places in the early years.[212]
Cloud Dragon Dance in Six CirclesIt is a kind of dragon dance developed from the traditional custom of "wandering gods" during the Spring Festival, and has been passed down to Liufang Village, Guzhen Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province for more than 300 years.[213]
Embroidery
Xiaolan embroidery is a representative of the traditional folk embroidery art in the Pearl River Delta, and a branch of Guangdong embroidery with local characteristics.Xiaolan embroidery has a long history. In the Annals of Xiangshan County written by Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, there were many records of local women "industrial embroidery for self support" and "industrial embroidery, but needlework for self support and filial piety". It can be seen that embroidery has become one of the main handicrafts of rural women.[211]
paper-cut
Xiaolan folk paper-cutThe paper-cut culture in Xiaolan Town, Zhongshan City, was introduced from the Central Plains when the village was opened in the Southern Song Dynasty. For more than 800 years, Xiaolan folk paper-cut has combined local customs and people's wishes, with national characteristics and artistic charm.Xiaolan folk paper-cut has a wide range of subjects and rich contents. Flowers and birds, touch, animals, figures, landscapes, traditional decorations, etc. can all be painted.[214]
Wuguishan StreetIt is the only town street in Zhongshan where Hakka people live, so most of the food in this area is Hakka specialty food, which is located at the south bridge section of Chenggui HighwayHakka VillageIt is a representative building of Hakka culture.[107-108]
Hakka Village Earth Building
Folk song
Folk Song of Baikou Lotus
Folk Song of Baikou LotusIt is the oldest and most popular Hakka folk song in Wugui Mountain.The folk song of Baikou lotus originated at the junction of Wugui Mountain District and Shatian Watertown. Hakka culture and Dan culture exchange, learn from and integrate each other, which is the prominent feature of the folk song of Baikou lotus.For example, it uses Hakka vernacular to sing salt water songs, absorbing the characteristics of high pitched folk songs and soft salt water songs;The backing words of "ah", "ah li", "ah" and "lo" used in its lyrics, as well as the backing words of "mei ali" sung by men and "brother ali" sung by women, are all absorbed from the salt water song.[115]
The folk songs of Bai Kou Lian are mostly sung in salt water, Hakka and Cantonese.The improvisation of singing is very strong, including tea picking, sighing, singing flowers, singing emotions, jingles and other forms.In 2007, the folk song of Baikou lotus was listed in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage in Guangdong Province.With the support of Wugui Mountain Office and the village committee of Guinan Village, Guinan Village established the Baikou Lotus Folk Song Team in 2009.[116]
Grab fireworks
Shenwan TownShenxi VillageThe villagers of Youpu Natural Village were fromChaozhou、XingningThey moved to this place successively for reclamation and cultivation, and gradually formed villages.“Grab fireworks”It is the folk culture of Youpu Village with a history of more than 200 years.[208]
Zhongshan Salt Water SongIt has specific regional characteristics.Dan people live in boatsPearl River DeltaOn the river, or along the coast in Shatian area“Maoliao”Medium.Such living environment has bred Zhongshan CityShatianThe unique customs and lifestyle of the people are also the congenital conditions for the emergence and development of Zhongshan Salt Water Song[65]。Dan FamilyThey made a living by fishing. In the past, the fishing vessels were small and the conditions were poor, but the sea was unpredictable. Every time they went to sea, they would pray for the gods to protect their safety.After the founding of New China, the Dans went ashore to settle down, the Dans boats in the rivers gradually disappeared, and the Dans also changed from water vagrants to permanent residents living on land.[228]
They learned and absorbedGuangfu peopleOf‘Wooden Fish Song’‘Dragon Boat Song’‘southern accent’‘Yue Ou’And other advantages of folk artHakka people‘Tea picking songs’To create various salt water songs[93]。The traditional song of the Dans in Zhongshan, Salt Water Song, can become one of the representatives of Zhongshan folk culture, and it also reflects the rich and colorful cultural connotation of the people in Zhongshan and the good quality of loving life[65]。
The local residents of Zhongshan have sung songs since ancient times, and they have followed them from generation to generation, retaining the traditional singing method, and forming a folk song with strong local characteristicsSaltwater song[65]。Salt water song isDan FamilyOral culture of singing by mouth and ear.It is recorded in Qu Wengshan's "Guangdong New Language Poetry" that "Dan people also like singing, and the two boats meet on the wedding night, and if the male song wins, they lead the female clothes across the boat." It can be seen that salt water songs were popular as early as the late Ming and early Qing dynasties[65]。
Cultural Relic
Protection class
type
Protection unit
National Insurance
Important historical sites and representative buildings in modern times
Zhongshan is rich in folk art, including Zhongshan folk songs, dragon dance, lion dance, crane and phoenix danceYakou PiaoseEtc.Zhongshan is the hometown of folk songs. Popular folk songs includeSaltwater song、Gaotang Song, Dazong SongHakka folk songs, crane songs, sister songs, fishing drums, dragon boats, minor children's songs, among which salty water songs and Gaotang songs are the most distinctive. These two folk songs have a history of more than 300 years and are popular in Tanzhou Town and other large Shatian areas.Zhongshan dragon dance can be divided into eight types, namely wooden dragon, fire dragon, golden dragon, salon, grass dragon, dragon tour, board dragon, cloud dragon, etc.In 2006,Tanzhou Salt Water Song、Xiaolan Chrysanthemum Club、Shaxi Herbal TeaIt has been included in the national intangible cultural heritage, Nanlang Yakou Piaose, Wugui Mountain Baikou Lotus folk songShaxi Crane Dance、Huangpu Kylin Dance、Yellow Garden5 folk art forms were included in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage of Guangdong Province.[58]
The Charity Walk of Ten Thousand People was included in the Guangdong "One City, One Special" Spring Festival Cultural Activity List, which was founded in 1988. It is a folk charity activity that draws on Hong Kong's "Million Walk", carries out the "Walk of Ten Thousand People" in Zhongshan, respects the elderly with the help of social forces, and is named "Zhongshan Walk of Ten Thousand People".Since 1989, it has changed its name to "Zhongshan Charity 10000 People's Walk", which is held on the seventh day of the first lunar month every year. Since 2000, it has been held on the 15th Lantern Festival of the first lunar month every year.The Charity Walk has become the most distinctive and meaningful traditional Spring Festival activity in Zhongshan New Year, the most distinctive urban spiritual and cultural brand in Zhongshan, and the city card that Zhongshan people enjoy talking about.[14]
Xiaolan Chrysanthemum Club
Xiaolan Town is located in the north of Zhongshan City.Xiaolan ethnic chrysanthemum has a history of more than 700 years since the Southern Song Dynasty.The Chrysanthemum Festival originated in the first year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1736 A.D.), and is known as“Jucheng”Later, Xiaolan held it once a year in autumn.Every flower season, the chrysanthemum growers move the art chrysanthemums to the chrysanthemum club to observe and evaluate them and exchange their experience of chrysanthemum art, which has become a traditional festival in Xiaolan, Zhongshan.During the Chrysanthemum Festival, thousands of pots of chrysanthemums competed to open. In addition to holding large-scale chrysanthemum exhibitions, Xiaolan people also carried out various cultural activities, including folk art, floating colors, dragon dance, lion dance and many other artistic performances.
Lingnan Water Town Tourism Culture Festival
Minmin Town, Zhongshan City, is the most well preserved natural ecological and humanistic ecological scenic spot with the most water town characteristics in Lingnan area, and has the reputation of "Lingnan Water Town".In order to better develop and tap local tourism resources and develop rural eco-tourism, Zhongshan launched the "Zhongshan Lingnan Water Village Tourism Cultural Festival" in 2007, and held a variety of activities, including "Harmonious Village" photo exhibition, famous agricultural products fair, rural food and customs street, animal performance show, water village sports meet, water village folk custom exhibition, water folk song invitational contest, etc.Among them, the "Water Village Games" with a strong local flavor is the most interesting, and the public participation is also strong, including water tug of war, threshing bucket, water eel catching, water duck catching, couples back running and other events.
Xiaolan Chrysanthemum Club
language
The language situation in Zhongshan is relatively complicated, mainly using Chinese dialects, includingCantonese、Min dialectandHakka dialect。There are 10 dialects in Zhongshan, includingShiqi dialect6 Cantonese dialects, including Xiaxia dialect, Shuishang dialect, Dongguan dialect, Shunde dialect and Xinhui dialect, 3 Min dialects, including Longdu dialect, Nanlang dialect and Sanxiang dialect, and 1 Hakka dialect.
Shiqi dialect mainly refers to the dialect that is now widely used in the streets of Shiqi District, East District, West District, South District, Torch Development Zone, Nanlang Town and other urban areas of Zhongshan City. It belongs to Cantonese Canton, and is also the representative dialect of Xiangshan Cantonese.Shiqi dialect has a history of more than 1000 years, but only in the Northern Song Dynasty began to have formal written records.During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many "Shiqi villages" that spoke Shiqi dialect.Sun Yat-senHer mother tongue is Shiqi dialect.[117]
Zhongshan Cantonese is divided into Shiqi dialect, Shatian dialect (near Shunde dialect), Sanjiao dialect (near Dongguan dialect) and Guzhen dialect (near Singapore dialect);There are also Sanxiang dialect, Longdu dialect and Zhangjiabian dialect in the Min language family.The Xiangshan Hakka language family is relatively consistent internally, but there are some differences between it and the Hakka language in eastern Guangdong. The former is not only influenced by the surrounding Sanxiang dialect, Zhangjiabian dialect and Nanlang dialect, but also by the western modern language and culture, with a lot of foreign language content.[216]
Zhongshan has a variety of dialects, mainly using Chinese dialects, including Cantonese, Fujian and Hakka dialects.Among them, the number of people who use Cantonese dialect is the largest, accounting for 84% of the total population, which is mainly distributed in the northern alluvial plain area and the central Shiqi area.CantoneseIt can be divided into four types, including Shiqi dialect, which is mainly distributed in Shiqi area, Nanqu and Nanlang street;Shatian dialect (near Shunde dialect) is mainly distributed in Nantou Town, Huangpu Town, Dongfeng Town, Xiaolan Town, Fusha Town, Henglan Town, Gangkou Town, Minmin Street, Tanzhou Town, Banfu Town, Shalang of West District Street, Hengmen of Nanlang Street, etc;Sanjiao dialect (near Dongguan dialect), mainly distributed in individual villages of Sanjiao Town and Huangpu Town;Ancient town dialect (recent new conversation) is mainly distributed in ancient towns.Min dialectIt is mainly distributed in Shaxi Town, Dayong Town, Sanxiang Town and Zhangjiabian of Torch Development Zone.Hakka dialect, mainly distributed in the south of Wuguishan Street, Shenwan Town and Tanzhou Town.[218]
Folk art
Zhongshan is rich in folk art, including Zhongshan folk songs, dragon dance, lion dance, crane and phoenix dance, Yakou Piaose, etc.Zhongshan is the hometown of folk songs. Popular folk songs include Xianshui Song, Gaotang Song, Dazeng Song, Hakka Folk Song, Crane Song, Gumei Song, Fishing Drum Song, Dragon Boat Song, Minor Children's Song, etc. Among them, Xianshui Song and Gaotang Song are the most distinctive, with a history of more than 300 years, and they are popular in large Shatian areas such as Tanzhou Town.Zhongshan dragon dance can be divided into eight categories: wooden dragon, fire dragon, golden dragon, salon, grass dragon, dragon tour, board dragon and cloud dragon.Zhongshan Salt Water Song, Xiaolan Chrysanthemum Festival, Shaxi Herbal Tea, West Changzhou Drunken Dragon, Nanlang Yakou Piaose, Ancient Town Six Square Cloud Dragon Dance have been included in the national intangible cultural heritage representative list, Wugui Mountain Baikou Lotus Folk Song, Shaxi Crane Dance, Huangpu Qilin Dance, Huangpu Piaose, Shaxi April 8, Juxiangyuan almond cake traditional production process, Huangpu preserved meat traditional production processA total of 17 folk art forms, including triangular unicorn dance, Shiqi dragon boat race, Xiaolan dragon boat race, Dongfeng five person airship race, Nantou five person airship race, Dachong mahogany furniture carving art, Huangpu dragon boat race custom, Xiaolan embroidery, Shaxi March 3, and Nantoudeng wine custom, have been included in the list of representative projects of intangible cultural heritage in Guangdong Province, including Hege, Dongxiang folk songs28 folk art forms such as Sanjiao Town Three person Root Boat Race were included in the intangible cultural heritage list of Zhongshan City.[218]
There is no essential difference between Xiangshan's old age folk custom and the folk custom of weddings and funerals in Central Plains, but it is slightly different in some specific regulations and rituals.Xiangshan folk culture, which can best reflect and have the most aesthetic and development value, should be the folk culture and art of Xiangshan, including the popular Gaotang song, salt water song and Daguan song in Shatian area, Hakka folk song in Wugui Mountain area and crane song in Shaxi.[216]
Famous and special products
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Zhongshan isCantonese cuisineOne of the birthplaces of,[4]Zhongshan has a rich Cantonese food culture,[42-43]Zhongshan cuisine is famous nationwide and overseas. "Eating in Zhongshan" isPearl River DeltaConsensus of citizens, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots and overseas Chinese.Zhongshan has more than 6000 restaurants of all sizes.
Geographical indication products of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.Huangpu people, according to the characteristics of hot and humid weather in the delta, used salt, sugar, soy sauce and wine to marinate and then dry the bacon.Later, various parts of the pig were made in this way.Gradually summarize a set of pickling formulas and methods for making fancy varieties[68]。
The body of the banana is particularly plump, the skin is green and yellow with small black spots (commonly known as "plum blossom spot" ripe bananas), the burnt meat is particularly thick, tender and white, and the taste is delicious and sweet.Because Maoshengwei is located in the border area of salt and fresh water, farmers, according to traditional experience, choose dry land and close to the water source to plant bananas;As a result, the coke produced is superior to that in other places[71]。
March red lychee is a famous historical product in Zhongshan City, and also a "herald of spring" in the lychee family.It is characterized by bright red shell, plump fruit body, thick white and juicy pulp, sour but not sour taste, sweet but not sweet taste, and unique flavor. Eating it can refresh the spleen and appetizers. It is a famous fruit in the south of the Five Ridges[74]。
Shixia longan is characterized by large fruit, small stone, 67% to 69% edible part, crystal and thick flesh, crispy and sweet, no juice flow, and the average weight of a single fruit is 9.36 grams[75]。
Geographical indication products of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, and national geographical protection indications.Pineapple, which is rich in Shenwan Town, Zhongshan City, is called Shenwan Pineapple. Shenwan backs the mountain and faces the sea. With abundant rainfall and fertile mountains, it is particularly suitable for pineapple growth.After long-term selection and cultivation, the pineapple produced in Shenwan is generally about one jin each. It is golden in color, thin in skin and thick in flesh. What's more, it is rare that the core is fine, crisp, and free of residue. It is sweet, fragrant, and free of sour taste. The rich fruit aroma stays between the teeth and cheeks for a long time[76]。
Shalan Chicken, also known as "Sanjiao Chicken", originated from Shalanwei, Sanjiao Town. It is also called "Shiqi Chicken" because a large number of Shalan Chicken are re exported to Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macao via Shiqi.This chicken breed is famous in Hong Kong and Macao for its tender and smooth meat, delicious taste, moderate size, and especially suitable for making "white cut chicken"[78]。
Zhongshan duck is an egg meat dual-purpose breed, which is listed as one of the excellent local poultry species in Guangdong.The territory of Zhongshan is mostly alluvial sand fields. In the past, there were many lands and few people, lacking labor, and extensive farming;In addition, they are vulnerable to typhoons and insect pests, leaving a lot of grains in the field. In production practice, farmers use the duck's habit of eating pests and weeding to raise "intertillage ducks" (i.e. Daxi ducks) in the morning and evening every year for intertillage weeding and disinsectorization.It also raises "port ducks" of both industries and feeds on the grain left in the rice fields after harvest, so as to achieve the goal of harvesting both food and ducks[80]。
Zhongshan introduced Macrobrachium rosenbergii in 1978. After the success of artificial incubation and breeding in 1979, it began to invest in small amounts of shrimp seedlings for trial breeding in small fish ponds.In 1984, there were 2 farms and 170 mu ponds in the city, with a total output of 18.9 tons and an average output of 114 kilograms per mu. In 1987, there were 991 mu farms, institutes and towns, with a total output of 72 tons and an average output of 72 kilograms per mu. It has become an important base for the reproduction and breeding of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Guangdong Province[81]。
National geographical indications for agricultural products.The Shiqi pigeon is long, shaped like a banana bud, with white feathers and large size.Flat head and smooth shin, thin eyes, long nose and sharp mouth, nose tumor and mouth are pink, round chest, red feet.After slaughter, the skin of Shiqi pigeon is light beige, the subcutaneous fat is less, and the muscle is light red, shiny and elastic.Shiqi pigeon is tender, juicy, delicious, with clove flavor[82]。
National geographical indication products.Zhongshan Crispy Grass Carp has a stiff spine. Its meat is compact, crisp, soft and smooth, with toughness. The shredded meat is not easy to break.Physical and chemical characteristics: cut the fish into 2 mm to 3 mm thin slices, and cook in boiling water for more than 30 minutes without breaking;Water content of fish back muscle ≤ 79.00%, fat ≥ 1.63%, calcium ≥ 0.47 mg/g, glutamic acid ≥ 0.47 mg/g.
It is fresh and tender, marinated with pigeons growing for 21-28 days and baked in the oven.The pigeon is crispy outside and tender inside, with a bubble of soup in the middle.This soup is fresh and pure, but not oily. It feels fresh and delicious.Pigeons are mild in nature and taste. People with hot or cold constitution can eat them[69]。
Among the local specialties in Zhongshan, Juxiangyuan almond cake is the most famous one. It has a rich almond flavor, crisp and sweet, and is welcomed by diners.Through the reform of cake making technology, almond cakes not only maintain the traditional pure and rich flavor, but also have the characteristics of crisp and sweet melting in the mouth, and the cake quality is more exquisite, and the decoration is more in line with modern requirements[70]。
It is made of pig gill meat (not greasy) with southern milk, pepper, anise and other seasonings.Jinzha should pay attention to the way of eating: from the tip to the meat filling, first suck a mouthful of oil, then bite the meat.Otherwise, if you bite down rashly, the oil foam will splash everywhere[72]。
Zhongshan Ludou Zong is a cylindrical rice dumpling with a flat mouth at both ends, generally 12 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length. It is brewed with washed glutinous rice (with a trace of refined salt, oil, and mixed well), mixed with braised pork belly, salted egg yolk (preferably washed with protein glue), and bound with round water grass.Boil the rice dumpling in Ludou until the water boils down. Cook it for 4 hours in a slow fire. Add some boiled water between the hours. Turn off the fire and leave it in the soup for 4 hours.It tastes delicious and smooth[73]。
Xiaolan chrysanthemum meat is made of pig back fat, cut into transparent slices, pickled with sugar, and mixed with a layer of half fresh and half dry sugar preserved chrysanthemum petals.Although this kind of chrysanthemum meat looks fat, it tastes crisp and not greasy, and has a delicious fragrance. In particular, the chrysanthemum petal liquid is fragrant and tastes delicious. It is a traditional gift in Zhongshan[77]。
Shaxi braised pork should first pay attention to the selection of ingredients. The selected pork is neither too fat nor too thin. The fatter "five flowered belly" is the first choice.The most time spent in the production is to bleach the oil, that is, after the original large piece of meat is boiled with water, the side with pigskin is slapped with a special "nail board" and then soaked in water to make the fat oil float out, and then added ingredients to marinate and braise until the meat surface turns yellow and the skin color and lean part turn red, and then cut into pieces. Each piece is sandwiched with a piece of cooked kudzu (called kudzu) or taro (called taro)Or use green vegetables or Meilai as the base (called vegetable button), and arrange a bowl to stew for about an hour[79]。
Zhongshan Cuisine
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Sunwen West Road Tourist Culture Pedestrian Street
Sunwen West Road, formerly known as Yingen Street, starts from Zhongshan Department Store at Yuelai intersection in the east and ends at Fengming intersection in the west.The low rise buildings on both sides of the road are a mixture of European style buildings and Lingnan arcade buildings at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Architecturally, they are called "Nanyang style buildings". Up to now, there are still exquisite wood carvings, plaster sculptures, Nanyang arcade buildings and other Chinese and Western buildings, and visitors are not affected by the weather whether it is windy, rainy or sunny.Several or more than ten arcade buildings are often connected together to form a continuous interface effect with a uniform appearance.On holidays, there are also colorful artistic performances, acrobatic performances, folk art singing, riddle quizzes, lion and dragon dances with national characteristics.The main scenic spots are the bronze carvings of rickshaws, the relief of "The Story of a Small Town", the Zhongshan Commercial Culture Museum, the Sihao Hotel, and the Youth Culture Square.
Revolutionary forerunnerSun Yat-sen, China's first ambassador to foreign countriesZheng Zaoru, Chief of the Navy of the Republic of ChinaCheng Biguang, the father of modern Chinese musicXiao YoumeiFather of the Chinese Air ForceYang Xianyi, the father of optical fiber in ChinaZhao Zisen, Chinese modern reformist thinker and industrialistZheng Guanying, the first victim of the republican revolution in China's historyLu HaodongFounder of Yong'an Company, one of the four major department storesGuo LeFounder of Xinxin Company, one of the four major department storesLi MinzhouFounder of Xianshi, one of the four major department storesMa Yingbiao, Hong KongFour familiesOne ofGuo Desheng, writer, poet, translatorSu Manshu, a generation of film queenRuan Lingyu, Guangdong Music MasterLv Wencheng, film actors and directorsZheng Junli, inventor of the quadrangle number, general manager of the Commercial PressWang Yunwu, the father of Chinese science fiction literatureZheng Wenguang, WriterLiu Sifen，translatorLi Wenjun, Evergreen Tree in Chinese Cartoon IndustryFang Cheng, Fuwa's original and main designerWu Guanying, the first world champion in Chinese sports historyRong Guotuan, World Champion of Table TennisJiang Jialiang, the talented girl on the iceGuan Yingshan, Gymnastics World ChampionLu YufuThe first person in Asia to break 10 seconds in 100 metersSu Bingtianwait.
