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Chinese modern chemistry education began in the 1860s.After the Opium War in 1840, modern chemistry began to spread to China.In the mid-1960s, modern chemistry teaching activities were first initiated in Beijing, Shanghai and other places.In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), the Qing government establishedJingshi Tongwen HallThis is the first new school run by the government.In 1866, the School of Computing was set up, followed by the Hall of Astronomy, Gezhi, Chemistry, etc. The courses were expanded to all aspects of natural science. The length of study was eight years, and chemistry courses were opened in the seventh year.
In 1866, a chemistry class was set up and a Frenchman MA. Biligan was appointed as a chemistry teacher. In 1876, he built a chemistry laboratory to carry out chemical experiment teaching.In 1865, the Qing government set up the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai to manufacture guns and ammunition.In order to train the required talents, the bureau set up a machinery school to teach scientific and technological knowledge about manufacturing. Chemistry was one of the teaching contents at that time.
In 1867, Chinese modern chemical pioneer and chemical educatorXu ShouHe was assigned to Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau to engage in the translation and teaching of western science and technology books such as chemistry. He has translated more than 180 western science and technology books, including more than 60 chemistry and chemical technology books.In 1874, Xu Shou and Fryer, an Englishman, founded Shanghai Gezhi Academy. With his translation of Chemistry Appreciation as the teaching material, he taught chemical knowledge and demonstrated chemical experiments, making the Academy one of the first bases to carry out chemical teaching.
Since then, many new schools in China have set up chemistry courses.The period from the mid-1960s to the end of the 19th century was the embryonic period of Chinese chemical education.
Development History
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In 1903, the Qing government issued《Finalize the School Constitution》It became the first new school system of modern education in China (later called "Guimao school system").It stipulates chemistry as a compulsory subject and content in various schools at all levels in the form of government decrees, which makes chemistry education form a system and be widely and gradually carried out throughout the country.
The Constitution of Zuoding School stipulates that the educational system of higher primary schools is four years, and the second and third years are respectively given chemical contents such as "image of ordinary chemistry", "substance and compound";The duration of secondary school is 5 years, and chemistry is taught in the fifth year, 4 hours a week;The educational system of the higher school is three years, divided into three categories of disciplines, of which the second and third categories of disciplines (preparatory courses for entering universities of science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine) are the general theory of chemistry andinorganic chemistry, awarded in the third yearOrganic chemistryAnd chemical experiments;The academic system of the university is 3 to 4 years, and it is divided into 8 subjects. Among them, the department of chemistry (equivalent to department) is set up in the department of Gezhi (i.e. science), the department of applied chemistry is set up in the department of engineering, and the department of agronomic chemistry is set up in the department of agriculture.
Each department has corresponding chemistry courses, for example, the chemistry department of Gezhi Branch has inorganic chemistry, organic chemistryanalytical chemistry, chemical experimentApplied chemistry, Theory andphysical chemistryFor chemistry courses such as chemical equilibrium theory, graduation courses or self written treatise (equivalent to graduation thesis) shall be submitted at the time of graduation in the third year;Other branches of medical science, engineering, and agriculture also have related chemistry courses, such as pharmaceutical chemistry, health chemistry, physiological chemistry, fermentation chemistry, and forest chemistry.
After the promulgation of the "Guimao School System", various schools at all levels throughout the country gradually created conditions to carry out chemical education, and started the training and education of more formal higher chemical professionals. For example, Beijing Normal University (founded in 1898, renamed Peking University in 1912) was the first to set up the Gezhike Chemistry Department in 1910, which is the earliest higher chemical education institution in China.However, due to the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and the historical limitations of the "Guimao school system", the chemical education system formed in this period was not perfect and the level was not high.
After the 1911 Revolution, the May 4th MovementNew Culture MovementIn 1922, the Ministry of Education of the Beiyang Government issued a new school system reform case, also known as the "Renxu school system".Since then, chemistry education has developed.The credit system is implemented in middle schools, with 8 credits for chemistry. Chemistry courses are offered throughout the year in junior three and senior two, with 6 class hours per week. The content of teaching materials, teaching level and experimental teaching are constantly improved.After junior high school, there is special chemical vocational education.Higher chemistry education has been greatly developed and improved.1919Peking UniversityThe Department of Chemistry was changed to the Department of Chemistry, which is the first department of chemistry in China.Later, the Department of Chemistry was established earlierNankai University(1921), Xiamen University (1921), Southeast University (1922, now Nanjing University)Sun Yat-sen University(1924)、Tsinghua University(1926)、Sichuan University(1926)、Zhejiang University(1928)、WuHan University(1928)、Shandong University(1930), etc.According to the statistics in 1931, there were 1239 students in chemistry departments of universities and independent colleges across the country, accounting for 3.7% of the total number of students in the country. Some universities started graduate education in chemistry. In addition to training chemical talents in China, they also sent a group of students to study chemistry abroad through various channels, many of whom returned home after completing their studies,He has made contributions to the development of chemical science and chemical education in China.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, a new education system was established, and continuous reform and improvement have made great progress in Chinese chemical education.The basic education of chemistry has been implemented from middle school. Chemistry courses are offered from the third grade of junior high school to the third grade of senior high school, with a total of 380~430 class hours.The teaching organization, teaching content, teaching level, teaching methods and chemical experiment teaching are constantly innovated, improved and perfected.After the adjustment of colleges and departments of colleges and universities in 1952, the national comprehensive universities and most normal universities set up chemistry departments, set up various chemistry majors, determined the training objectives and requirements of each major, formulated teaching plans and syllabuses, introduced a large number of Soviet textbooks, compiled a set of chemistry textbooks step by step, and established modern chemistry laboratories,The level of chemistry education has been greatly improved.
1966~1976“the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”During this period, chemistry education suffered a serious setback.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978, the education cause has been brought to order, adjusted and reformed, and has made great progress.
By the mid-1980s, there were about 100000 ordinary middle schools nationwide, with about 50 million students and 170000 middle school chemistry teachers. The basic education of chemistry was widely popularized.Chemical education in secondary vocational and technical education has also made great progress.All colleges and universities have adjusted their specialty settings, reformed various teaching systems, updated teaching contents, opened many new courses reflecting the new development of modern chemistry, compiled a batch of new teaching materials with higher level, improved teaching methods, introduced and added a large number of modern chemical experiment instruments and equipment, and higher chemical education has been greatly improved and developed.
By the mid-1980s, there were 1056 colleges and universities in China, with a total of more than 22000 chemistry professors, associate professors, lecturers, teaching assistants and teachers.More than 250 colleges and universities across the country have set up chemistry departments or applied chemistry departments, including chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer chemistry, biochemistry, chemical physics, polymer physics, applied chemistryRadiochemistry、Radiation chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Material Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Marine Chemistry, Geochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, etc.Bachelor degree, 4-5 years;Junior college education lasts for 2-3 years and no degree is granted.
Since 1981, a postgraduate education system for master's and doctor's degrees has been established. The chemistry discipline has more than 200 master's programs, including inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer chemistry, biochemistry, radiochemistry, environmental chemistry, and nearly 80 doctoral programs. In 1985, nearly 1500 master's and doctoral students were enrolled.Since 1985, 14 chemical postdoctoral education centers have been set up.Some schools and research units have also established cooperative relations with some famous foreign universities to jointly cultivate doctoral students.In addition, 10 universities in Taiwan Province have chemistry departments, all of which train undergraduate students and graduate students receive bachelor's degrees. Most of the chemistry departments also train master's and doctoral students.
Colleges and universities are important bases for scientific research. Chemistry teachers in most colleges and universities undertake the dual tasks of chemical education and scientific research.Many colleges and universities have chemical research institutions.
For example, Nankai University hasElemental organic chemistryInstitute: Peking University has the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nanjing University has the Institute of Coordination Chemistry, Jilin University has the Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Lanzhou University has the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Sun Yat sen University has the Institute of Polymer Chemistry, etc. They also undertake various national and local research tasks.
