TCM refers to the study of human beings based on the theory and practical experience of TCMLife activitiesIt is a comprehensive science of health and disease transformation, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and health care in traditional Chinese medicine.[1]Traditional Chinese medicine, guided by the theory of Yin Yang and Five Elements, studies human physiology, pathology, pharmacology and its relationship withnatural environmentThe knowledge of relationship and seeking the most effective way to prevent and cure diseases.If any theory does not have the characteristics of the overall concept, it will not be a complete sense of traditional Chinese medicine. If the overall concept does not have the dynamic nature, then this theory has not yet fully grasped the essence of traditional Chinese medicine.“Holistic concept”And "syndrome differentiation and treatment"TCM TheoryIn addition to the Physiological and Pathological System of Traditional Chinese Medicine, almost no one in the existing TCM can achieve such a comprehensive highlight of the "overall concept" and "syndrome differentiation and treatment" characteristics, which can not only reveal the law of Yin and Yang qi transformation of the zang fu organs, communicate with the law of Yin and Yang qi transformation of heaven and earth, but also reveal the law of syndromes of diseasesTheoretical system。 For example, traditional Chinese medicine has a concept that "healthy qi and evil qi constitute diseases"basic contradiction”This concept should be the theoretical basis for TCM to determine the name of the disease.However, because it is almost lostYin Yang and Five ElementsThe guiding role and value of the theory to it is bound to confuse the difference and relationship between "etiology" and "syndrome cause", and realize that "disease" and "syndrome" are the basic elements of disease, but confuse "etiology" and "syndrome cause", and even finally confuse the concepts of disease which are located in different logical categories.However, Yin, Yang and Five Elements belong toAncient Chinese PhilosophyCategory, which confuses philosophy and medicine, makes some people unconvinced and becomes the basis for those who question its scientificity.
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Foreign name
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Alias
Han Medicine Han Medicine Traditional Chinese Medicine
Physiological and Pathological System of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine belongs toYin Yang and Five ElementsUnder the guidance of theory, research on human physiological, pathological and pharmacology and its relationship withnatural environmentThe knowledge of relationship and seeking the most effective way to prevent and cure diseases.Because of this, if any theory does not haveHolistic conceptIf the overall concept is not dynamic, then this theory has not fully grasped the essence of TCM.So.Although traditional Chinese medicine has long recognized that "holistic concept" and "syndrome differentiation and treatment" areTCM TheoryIn addition to the Physiological and Pathological System of Traditional Chinese Medicine, almost no one in the existing TCM can achieve such a comprehensive highlight of the "overall concept" and "syndrome differentiation and treatment" characteristics, which can not only reveal the law of Yin and Yang qi transformation of the zang fu organs, communicate with the law of Yin and Yang qi transformation of heaven and earth, but also reveal the law of syndromes of diseasesTheoretical system。 For example, traditional Chinese medicine has a concept that "healthy qi and evil qi constitute diseases"basic contradiction”This concept should be the theoretical basis for TCM to determine the name of the disease.However, because it is almost lostYin Yang and Five ElementsThe guiding role and value of the theory to it is bound to confuse the difference and relationship between "etiology" and "syndrome cause", and realize that "disease" and "syndrome" are the basic elements of disease, but confuse "etiology" and "syndrome cause", and even finally confuse the concepts of disease which are located in different logical categories.If so, its so-called treatment based on syndrome differentiation is actually a kind of "syndrome" or "disease"Substitute diseaseIt's neither fish nor fowlWestern medicineUnder the strong pressure, the crux of TCM's failure to truly show its own characteristics and advantages in a large range.My above statement is unacceptable to the general public until they have really understood the scientificity of the theory of Yin Yang and Five Elements, because the truth will be in the hands of a few people first.But I believe that, with everyone's understanding of the theory of Yin Yang and Five ElementsScientific knowledgeThe sublimation of the theory of Yin Yang and Five Elements may be more perfect than my statement. This is my original intention to emphasize the scientificity of the theory of Yin Yang and Five Elements and the importance of its cognitive methodsPharmacyMy pleasure!(Source: TCM Human Rhythm Regulation)
Other names
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As for traditional Chinese medicine, it is also called Han medicine for short. It originated from the Han people and was developed by the Han people. It is also the Han peoplecultural systemComponents of.Before 1949, the term "Chinese medicine" was relatively common.After Qing DynastyRepublic of China, also known as national medicine.Chinese medicine, one is from Japan, the other is from the Qing Dynasty.[2]
Based on the theory of Yin Yang and the five elements, Chinese medicine regards the human body as the unity of qi, shape and spirit,Four diagnostic methods combined with ginsengTo explore the cause, nature, location and analysisPathogenesisAnd the changes and judgments of the five zang organs, six fu organs, meridian joints, qi, blood and body fluid in the human bodyThe growth and decline of evil and right, and then get the name of the disease, summarize the syndrome type, formulate the treatment methods of "sweating, vomiting, lowering, harmonizing, warming, clearing, tonifying, and eliminating" based on the principle of syndrome differentiation, and use traditional Chinese medicine, moxibustion, acupuncture, massageCuppingQigong, dietotherapy and other treatment methods can make the human body reach the harmony of yin and yang and recover.The positive side of TCM treatment lies in the hope that it can help restore the human bodyYin Yang balanceThe negative side is the hope that when drugs must be used to slow down the deterioration of disease, life and quality of life can also be taken into account.In addition, the ultimate goal of traditional Chinese medicine is not only to cure diseases, but also to help human beings achieve the same goal as in《Inner Canon of Huangdi》The four types of exemplary figures proposed in the "The Realm of True Man", "The Supreme Man", "The Sage" and "The Sage".
The traditional thinking mode of traditional Chinese medicine is not compatible with modern science originating from Europemodern medicineTo analyze some phenomena and treatment mechanism in traditional Chinese medicine.
U.S.AUS Food and Drug AdministrationWhen defining the concept of "complete medical system", Chinese medicine was mentioned: "NCCAM (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) described the complete medical system as involvingAntagonistic therapy(Routine) A complete theoretical and practical system of medicine that evolves independently or in parallel.These may reflect the uniquecultural system, such as traditional Chinese medicine and IndianAyurvedic medicine (English).The whole medical system has some common elements. I believe that the body has the ability to heal itself, which may involve the application of emotional, physical and mental therapy. "
historical background
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Birth of Traditional Chinese Medicine
OracleSome diseases and treatment methods recorded inLake crossing bridgeThe ancestors have mastered primitive acupuncture techniques,Dawenkou Cultural SiteSuccessful craniotomy performed 5000 to 5200 years ago can be fully proved!
Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, China was invaded by western powers, and its national fortunes declined.meanwhilemodern medicineThe influx of western medicine has seriously impacted the development of traditional Chinese medicine.In China, many people advocate the modernization of medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine is facing great challenges.People began to use the western medical systemthinking model Examined, traditional Chinese medicine fell into the debate of its existence and abolition.Japan belongs to the Chinese medical systemChinese medicine, KoreanKorean MedicineSo it is.2003“Sars”Since then, TCM has begun to show signs of recovery.
During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese medicine, as a medical example of "making the past serve the present", was developed with the support of the Communist Party of China's policies.In modern times, Chinese medicine is still one of the commonly used means to treat diseases in China.
Internationally, acupuncture has aroused great interest in the medical community,world health organizationAccording to the opinion ofPostoperative painPregnancynausea causing、chemotherapyNausea and vomitingToothacheThe aspect is effective and its side effects are very low, howeverChronic pain, back pain andheadache，data displayBe ambiguous or controversial.WHOThink that many acupuncture and some herbal medicineEffectivenessGet sciencedouble blindThe research has strong support, but further research is needed for other traditional therapies, and the safety and risks of traditional therapies that have not been studied cannot be ignored.On May 26, 2002, WHO issued the "Global Strategy for Traditional Medicine Research 2002-2005", inviting more than 180 countries around the world toAlternative medicineIncorporate into the country's medical policy.
Traditional Chinese medicine has completeTheoretical systemIts uniqueness lies in the "harmony between man and nature" and "correspondence between man and nature"Holistic viewAnd treatment based on syndrome differentiation.The main features are:
It is believed that man is a part of nature, which is composed of two categories of materials, Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang are opposite and interdependent, and are always in motion and change.Under normal physiological conditions, the two are in a dynamic balancedynamic equilibriumIf damaged, it will appear asPathological state。However, in treating diseases and correcting the imbalance between yin and yang, we do not take an isolated and static approach to the problem, but rather focus on the dynamic perspective, that is, we emphasize the concept of "constant movement".
It is believed that man and nature are a unified whole, that is, "Heaven and Man are one" and "Heaven and Man correspond".HumanLaw of life activityAnd the occurrence of diseases are closely related to various changes in nature (such as seasonal climate, regional areas, day and night, morning and evening, etc.)natural environmentDifferent and human to natural environmentAdaptabilityDifferent, their physical characteristics and pathogenesis are also different.Therefore, when diagnosing and treating the same disease, we should pay more attention to the time, place and individual conditions, which is not the same.
It is believed that all tissues and organs of the human body are in a unity, and they are interrelated and affect each other both physiologically and pathologically.Therefore, we never treat a certain physiological or pathological phenomenon in isolation. We treat headache and foot pain as a remedy, but treat disease treatment and prevention from a holistic perspective, with special emphasis on the "holistic view".
Essence and qi theory
Qi is the primitive substance that constitutes all things in the world.
The movement of qi is called "qi engine"“Lifting access”Four forms.Various changes caused by movement are called "gasification", such as the "growth and aging" of animals, the "growth and aging" of plants“Growing collection”。
Qi is the medium between heaven and earth, making it sympathetic and corresponding.For example:“Man is connected with heaven and earth, corresponding to the sun and the moon ".
The essence of heaven and earth turns into human beings.
Yin-yang theory
Yin and Yang are the generalization of the attributes of the opposite sides of the interrelated things or phenomena in the universe.Originally meant for daylightBackward, facing the sun is the sun, and backing the sun is the shade.
The Five Elements Theory isAncient Chinese PhilosophyThe five elements are wood, fire, earth, gold and water, but they do not represent five substances, but five attributes.
The five elements in traditional Chinese medicine reflect the relationship among the five systems of the human body with these five attributes.The five symbols of wood, fire, earth, gold and water respectively represent the five systems led by the liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney.Traditional Chinese medicine is not the theory that studies how microscopic viruses and bacteria act on the human body, but the relationship between the various systems of the whole human body, and through traditional Chinese medicine, massage, acupuncture, and evenPsychological effectTo adjust the balance between various systems in order to maintain good health.
The interaction of the five elements includes: mutual generation, mutual restriction, institutionalization, victory and recovery, mutual aggression, mutual multiplication, and mother son interaction.
Visceral theory
Zang: refers to the five zang organs and six fu organs in the human body, which are called zang fu organs.Elephant: One refers to "image", that is, the anatomy of the zang fu organs;Two fingers“sign”Namely, the physiology and pathology of viscera;The third refers to the "corresponding image", that is, the viscera correspond to the image of Yin and Yang in the four seasons.
Through the change of external "image", to measure the physiology of internal "Tibet"Pathological stateIt is called "measuring reservoir from image".That is, "look at the outside to know its internal organs".
"Zang Fu" is not only a concept of anatomy, but also a comprehensive concept including anatomy, physiology and pathology.
The five zang organs: liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney. The general functions are“MetaplasiaAnd store essence ".
Six fu organsIt refers to the gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, and triple energizer. Its general function is to "decompose water and grain, distinguish turbidity, and transfer dross".
Three Aspects of Traditional Chinese MedicinePhilosophical outlook: Holistic view, dialectical view, and the newly excavated third philosophy of Chinese medicine:Similarity view－fractalOn.Modern gas is a generalized wave of the unity of information energy matter.Fractal fractal dimension meridian fractal fractal dimension meridian anatomical structure, non smooth, non tubular, rough, cell filled 'Self regulation-Body fluid nerve fractal meridian model.Fractal meridianfractal dimension Fractal set of traditional Chinese medicine Fractal yin-yang set Fractal geometry The simplest binary yin-yang fractal set Fractal dimension Five element fractal set Self similar, multi-level five element fractal set Fractal dimension Mathematical yin-yang yin-yang mathematical quantitative fractal hidden image Five systems Fractal dimension of the five zang organs Five systems - heart system, liver system, spleen system, lung system, kidney system
Theoretically reasonable
Ternary theoryIt is believed that "there are thousands of diseases, which cannot be separated from the three elements. What is the three elements? Toxicity and depression".
Ternary medical theoryTo understand diseases, we believe that the causes, pathogenesis, dialectics and treatment of the world's myriad diseases are inseparable from three words: "toxin stagnation and deficiency".
Depression means that the body is not popular and unobstructed, that isStagnationNo way.It includes obstruction or blockage caused by qi, blood, phlegm, dampness, food and water in the body.If the air stagnates, it will swell,Blood stasisIt may be blue or painful, phlegm may be obstructed, or mental disorders may occur, and dampness may be heavy,dyspepsiaIt is not necessary, or the defecation is difficult.If water stops, it will swell likeascites。
There are thousands of diseases in the world. They are toxic, impassable and weak. There is no other disease except these three.If there is no toxin, no deficiency, and the internal organs and meridians are unblocked, there is no disease.This is it.Martial arts writingChief Physician of Traditional Chinese Medicine“Ternary medical theory”。
There is also an inseparable dialectical relationship between the toxin depression and deficiency of the ternary medical theory.Nor can we completely separate the poison depression and deficiency.That is, there is depression and deficiency in the poison, and there is also poison and deficiency in the depression,Empty middleIt can also be toxic and gloomy.That is, you have me in you, or there are three in one, or there are three in two, in order to understand the disease completely and systematically.
Development and communication
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Treatment methods include Bian stoneacupuncture、Decoction medicine, moxibustion, guidance, etc.He has known about the "eight principles" (yin and yang, exterior deficiency and interior excess, cold and hot) and summarized“Eight methods”。Hua TuoThen mastersurgical operationandanaesthesiaIt is famous all over the world, and also founded the "Five Animal Play" of fitness gymnastics [1].Tang dynastySun SimiaoSummarizing the theory and experience of predecessors, collecting more than 5000 prescriptions, and adopting dialectical treatment, the western science division is nearly complete, and unifying the acupoint disorder caused by the transmission of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion, and publishing the "Atlas".In the late Ming DynastyLi ShizhenOfCompendium of Materia MedicaIt is the most important work of traditional Chinese medicine.At the same time,Mongolian medicineTibetan medicine, influenced by traditional Chinese medicine, has also made great progress in Korean medicine.After the Opium War, a large number of modern medicine (Western medicine) poured in, seriously impacting the development of traditional Chinese medicine, but traditional Chinese medicine still has a considerable position and influence in China.
Compared with traditional Chinese medicine, the innovations and inventions of modern Chinese medicine deserve attention, including:Pinknife, traditional drug injection preparations,Scientific Chinese medicineEtc.
Internationally, acupuncture has aroused great interest in the medical community [2].In today's world medical system, TCM is classified asAlternative medicine(Comprehensive and alternative medicine, CAM).world health organization(WHO) published the "Global Strategy for Traditional Medicine Research 2002-2005" on May 26, 2002, inviting more than 180 countries around the world to incorporate alternative medicine into their medical policies.
Practical methods
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When diagnosing and treating diseases, we should adopt the method of syndrome differentiation and treatment, that is, the data, symptoms and signs collected from the four diagnostic methods of observation, smell, inquiry and palpation. Through analysis and synthesis, we should identify the cause, nature, location of the disease, and the relationship between evil and good, summarize and determine it as a "syndrome" of a certain nature, so as to explore the nature of the disease and draw conclusions,And on this basis, determine the treatment principles and specificTherapeutic method。This method is different from simple localSymptomatic treatmentIt is also different from the treatment method of disease differentiation, which does not distinguish between primary and secondary, stages, nature, and one medicine for one disease.
There is also daily food therapy represented by medicated diet.
Generally speaking, a complete prescription of traditional Chinese medicine includes at least four items:Emotional governance(Emotional control) guidance;Taboos (food precautions);Sports suggestions (swimming, running, guiding, Qigong, etc.);Use of traditional Chinese medicine oracupuncture, moxibustion, massage, etc.Therefore, when TCM treats diseases, it is a comprehensive consideration from the perspective of physical and mental integration.
In recent years, a number of traditional drug injection preparations have also emerged, which are used for muscle andintravenous injection。In addition, the vast majority of drugs are natural animals, plants, minerals, non synthetic chemicals, and most of them areCompound preparation, corresponding antagonistic measures can be taken in the formulation.
Chinese and Western Medicine
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Since modern medicine was introduced into China from the West, the comparison between the two medical systems has been ongoing.Opponents of traditional Chinese medicine used to call them "new medicine" and "old medicine";Supporters of traditional Chinese medicine have used such names as "western medicine" and "national medicine".Contemporary relatively neutral terms are "modern medicine" and "traditional medicine".
Medical theoretical system
The medical system in the world can be roughly divided into:
"Anthropomorphic medical system" (theology): It believes that the occurrence of diseases is caused by the power of supernatural things (gods), such as Satan, ghosts, gods, etc., including witch doctors, shamans, and spells.
"Naturalistic medical system" (empirical medicine): It believes that the occurrence of diseases is caused by changes in the natural environment or abnormal lifestyles of people, such as changes in climate, eating habits, and people's emotions.Traditional Chinese MedicineAyurveda、HomeopathyAnd so on.
"Scientific medical system" (experimental design): the mainstream of modern medicine, such as western medicine, is medicine produced by setting up hypotheses, designing experiments, presenting results by deduction, induction and other methods, or by detecting scientific instruments.
The former two are classified as traditional medicine or alternative medicine, while the latter belongs to the mainstream of modern medicine.
Mode of thinking
TCM diagnosisDiseases are identified and differentiated according to the results of observation, hearing and inquiry, but there are also cases where only diseases are identified without syndrome differentiation (such as emergencies or special prescriptions for special diseases), or only syndrome differentiation without disease differentiation (such as unknown diseases, difficult and miscellaneous diseases, or physical conditioning).Different from the way Western medicine focuses on "disease" in diagnosis, Chinese medicine often emphasizes "dialectics".
withcoldFor example, Western doctors can identify whether it is viral or bacterial infection, and can identify whether it isupper respiratory tract infectionOr mergepneumonia；However, these diagnoses are not the most important for TCM practitioners.From the point of view of traditional Chinese medicine, it is necessary to distinguish whether it belongs to wind cold orWind heat；If it belongs to wind chill, then it belongs toSolar disease、Yang Ming diseaseorShaoyang disease；If it belongs to wind heat, it can identify the pathogenic factorsWei Qi Ying XueWhich stage of.
Some Chinese medicine experts believe that one of the values of traditional Chinese medicine lies in prescriptions, which are the crystallization of doctors' experience.The development process of TCM itself is experimental medicine, especially after hundreds or even thousands of years of clinical experience of countless doctorsHuman experimentIt is used repeatedly to prove that it is actually effective and has been recorded and handed down.Face the disease directly and masterPrincipal evidenceIt is the essence of traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases based on syndrome differentiation.
Modern Chinese medicine also uses integrated traditional and western medicineTreatment modeEspecially in mainland China, TCM doctors can treat patients with both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine by using modern medical detection methods to assist diagnosis.
West mainly determines the condition through medical equipment and chemical tests, and then usesChemicalsAdvancedMedical equipmentIt can kill the disease source or inhibit the way of treatment to cure the disease, which is calledAntagonistic therapy。
Usually some patients are suffering from stubborn diseases,chronic disease, and diseases of unknown causes, or limited by the development of modern medicine, or available to patientsMedical resourcesLimited, when there is no way to treat them, they will turn to TCM.But most peopleSurgery, and seek help from western medicine in the case of serious diseases with rapid deterioration.
Whether a disease can be cured or not has clear statistics to follow in western medicine than in traditional Chinese medicine.
Efficacy verification
Traditionally, TCM judges the curative effect by pulse condition and the change of symptoms of patients after taking medicine.Some TCM doctors think that TCM is difficult to carry outcontrast test However, modern scholars studying Chinese medicine have also established a variety ofexperimental animalModel or enter clinicHuman experiment, carry out a comparative test to verify the efficacy of the prescription or traditional Chinese medicine.
Western medicine treatment methods and medicaments should pass scientific comparative tests (such as the use ofplaceboCompare) to confirm the effect.
Knowledge dissemination
Most of the classics of traditional Chinese medicine were written in ancient times, such as in the Warring States PeriodYellow Emperor's Internal Classic, Eastern Han Dynasty《Typhoid theory》, Ming Dynasty《Compendium of Materia Medica》The use of classical Chinese or ancient spoken language, singing rhymes records, people today are not easy to understand, and increase the difficulty of communication.In ancient China, the official authorities also continuously collected and revised all kinds of TCM classics, which became official medical booksexamination systemHowever, in the folk, it is mostly passed down by teachers and disciples or by family tradition.Modern times are establishedUniversity of Traditional Chinese MedicineOr colleges, which systematically collate, research, and teach TCM, while some teachers and apprentices and family heirlooms are reserved in the folk.
Western medicine is based on writtenKnowledge systemIf a certain treatment method or medicine is wrong or effective, this knowledge can be quickly spread.
Generally considered experiencedOld Chinese MedicineMedical skill is superior, and experience has a significant decisive role in the efficacy.Because the dialectical method emphasized by TCM is described by the words of Yin Yang and Five Elements in Chinese philosophy, it is difficult to understand the experience.And inMedical classics, herbal medicine, medical recordMedical talkAll kinds of traditional Chinese medicine books and records, such as the use time, processing method, use taboos, side effects, symptoms after misuse and treatment methods of various prescriptions and traditional Chinese medicines, have been recorded in detail.
diagnostic method
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Treatment based on syndrome differentiation
It is different from the treatment method of disease differentiation, which is not divided into primary and secondary, stage, nature, and one medicine for one disease.
Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the way for TCM to recognize and treat diseasesbasic principleIt is a special study of disease andprocessing method。It is also called syndrome differentiation.It includes two processes: syndrome differentiation and treatment.
Syndrome differentiation is the process of authentication.Syndrome is a summary of the pathological reaction of the body at a certain stage in the process of disease development, including the location, cause, nature of the disease and the relationship between evil and positive, reflecting this stagepathological change The essence of.Therefore, syndrome reveals the essence of disease more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly than symptom.The so-called syndrome differentiation is to identify the etiology, nature and location of the disease, as well as the relationship between evil and positive, and summarize and judge the syndrome of a certain nature according to the data collected by the four clinics through analysis and synthesis.
Treatment, also known as treatment, is to determine the corresponding treatment method according to the results of syndrome differentiation.Syndrome differentiation and treatment are two inseparable parts in the process of diagnosis and treatment of diseases.Syndrome differentiation is the premise and basis of treatment, and treatment is the means and method of treatment.The correctness of syndrome differentiation can be tested by the effect of treatment.Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the process of recognizing and solving diseases, the embodiment of the combination of theory and practicePrescriptions and MedicinesThe concrete application in clinical practice is the basic principle guiding the clinical work of TCM.
Syndrome is the pathological generalization of the body at a certain stage in the process of disease development.Because it includes the location, cause, nature of the disease, and the relationship between evil and positive, reflecting the essence of pathological changes at a certain stage of the disease development process, it reveals the essence of the disease more comprehensively, more profoundly, and more accurately than symptoms.
"Syndrome differentiation" is to diagnose four diseases（Inspection、Auscultation、Inquire, palpation).Treatment, also known as "treatment", is to determine the corresponding treatment method according to the results of syndrome differentiation.Syndrome differentiation is the premise and basis for determining treatment, and treatment is the means and method for treating diseases.Through the effect of syndrome differentiation and treatment, the correctness of syndrome differentiation and treatment can be tested.The process of syndrome differentiation and treatment is the process of recognizing and solving diseases.Syndrome differentiation and treatment are interrelated in the process of diagnosis and treatment of diseasesinseparableThe two aspects of TCM are the embodiment of the combination of theory and practice, the specific application of principles, methods and prescriptions in clinical practice, and the basic principles guiding the clinical practice of TCM.Differentiation of symptoms and signs refers to the collection of data, symptoms and signs (such as pulse conditionsTongue picture）Through analyzing, synthesizing and distinguishing the cause, nature, location of the disease, as well as the relationship between the evil and the good, it can be summarized and judged as a syndrome of a certain nature.Treatment, also known as treatment, is to determine the corresponding treatment method according to the results of dialectics.
TCM clinical understanding and treatment of diseases, both disease and syndrome, but mainly not focus on the similarities and differences of "disease", but focus on the difference of "syndrome", and further understand the disease through syndrome differentiation.For example,coldIt is a disease that can be seen clinicallyAversion to cold、fever, head and body pain, but due to the cause of disease andBody reactivityIt is different, but also shown asCold、Wind heat cold、Cold due to summer dampnessAnd so on.Only by identifying the syndrome type of cold, can we correctly choose different treatment principles and adoptPungent temperature relieving superficies、Pungent and cool relieving exterior syndromeOr clear the summer heatDispelling dampness and relieving superficialityAnd other treatment methods.Differentiation of symptoms and signs and the treatment of headacheanodyneFor feverfebrifuge. The symptomatic treatment that only takes specific measures against a certain symptom is completely different, and it is also fundamentally different from the simple disease differentiation treatment of all patients suffering from the same disease with the same prescription.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the same disease has differentDevelopment stage, different syndrome types can appear;Different diseases may have the same syndrome type in their development process.Therefore, when treating diseases, we can take“Treating the same disease differently”Or“Treat different diseases together”Principle of."Different treatment for the same disease" refers to different treatment methods for different syndrome types in different stages of the same disease.For example,measlesIn the initial stage, when the rash is not fully exposed, it should be published withPenetration rashMethods of treatment;Measles metaphase usuallyPulmonary feverObviously, the treatment must clear away the lung heat;But in the late stage of measles, there is more residual heat left, which will hurtLung yinStomach yinAt this time, the treatment should beNourishing yin and clearing away heatMainly."Treating different diseases with the same treatment" means that different diseases have the same syndrome type in the development process, so the same treatment method can be used.For example,ArrhythmiaAndamenorrhoeaIt is two completely different diseases, but both can have blood stasis syndrome, and can be treatedXuefu Zhuyu DecoctionconductPromoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis。This principle of using different methods to solve different contradictions in the process of disease development is the embodiment of the essence of syndrome differentiation and treatment.
Unique acupuncture (acupuncture, moxibustion)Cupping, massage, QigongAir distributionAnd other non drug therapies, as well as daily food therapy represented by medicated diet.Therefore, when TCM treats diseasesPhysical and mental unityFrom a comprehensive perspective.
Compared with traditional Chinese medicine, the innovative inventions of modern Chinese medicine include:Pinknife, traditional drug injection preparations,Scientific Chinese medicine。
Discipline classification
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Compiled by Su Wen Lingshu, Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic
sinceZhou DynastyThere are food doctors, disease doctorsUlcer doctorAnd veterinary medicine.Sui TangImperial Medical DepartmentIt is divided into medicine and pharmacy. There are four medical departments, namely, medical department, acupuncture departmentMassage Department、Curse Department；Medical science is divided intoPhysiotherapy, less smallSore, ears, eyes, mouth and teethAngular methodAnd five other departments.Song DynastyImperial Medical BureauOfmedical education It is initially divided into three branches: square pulse, acupuncture and yang,Song ShenzongLater divided intoNine families, i.eGenerous pulse、Small square vein、Wind family, obstetrics, ophthalmology, oral and dentalPharyngology, sore swelling and fracture department, acupuncture and moxibustion department, golden arrowhead and book prohibition department.elementTaihu HospitalbranchThirteen familiesLater, there are ten families: Dafang PulseMiscellaneous Medicine, Small square pulse department, wind department, obstetrics and womenMiscellaneous diseasesDepartment, Ophthalmology Department, Oral and Pharyngology DepartmentOsteogenesisIt is also known as Golden ArrowheadUlceration Department, Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Zhuyushu Department.Mingtai Hospital is divided into 13 departments: Dafang Pulse, Xiaofang Pulse, Women, Typhoid, Sores, Mouth, Throat, Bone Connector, Golden Arrows, Eyes, Acupuncture, Massage and Prayer.Qingtai Hospital was initially divided into eleven departments, and later into nine departments: Dafang Pulse, Xiaofang Pulse, Women, Typhoid, Sores, Mouth and Throat, Bone Setting, Eyes, Acupuncture and Moxibustion.The second year of Daoguang (1822)An imperial edict"Acupuncture and moxibustion by fire are not suitable for Feng Jun", the Imperial Court ordered Tai Hospital to abolish the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion.TongzhiKorean generalDafang pulse, women and typhoid fever are all in one department, so there are only five departments.
Similarities and differences between China and the West
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Traditional Chinese Medicine
Since Western medicine (also known asAntagonistic medicine）With the introduction of missionaries from Europe to China, the competition and integration of the two medical systems has been going on.Modern western medicine is westerntraditional medicine Biology towards modern biological sciencemedical modelTransformation, facing the formation of social psychological biological comprehensive medical model, in April 1992Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe "First National Traditional Chinese and Western Medicinecomparative study symposium”, at the meetingZeng Bangzhe(Zeng Jie) proposed the trend of the convergence of Chinese and Western medicineSystems MedicineAlong the way of systems medicine and pharmacy, the classics of traditional Chinese medicine are preserved as traditional medicine. On the one hand, it provides modern medical resources for the convergence of Chinese and western medicine, on the other hand, it enables traditional medicine to play its unique and irreplaceable role, that is, traditional Chinese medicine exists as authentic traditional medicineCombination of Chinese and WesternMedicine must be thoroughly modernized.
Medical theoretical system
The medical system in the world can be roughly divided into:
“AnthropomorphismMedical system (theology): It is believed that the occurrence of diseases is caused by the power of supernatural things (gods), such as Satan, ghosts, gods, etc., including witch doctors, shamans, and spells.
“Scientific theoryMedical system "(experimental design): the mainstream of modern medicine is medicine that is generated by setting up hypotheses, designing experiments, presenting results by deductive, inductive and other methods, or detecting by scientific instruments, such asWestern medicine。
Diagnostic thinking
TCM often emphasizes "syndrome differentiation".
Therapeutic thinking
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine mainly helps the human body expel diseases and evils and restore vital energy through traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and other treatments.Their thinking can be simplified into two categories: attack and remedy. According to different conditions, attack or remedy, orAttack and supplement。Traditionally, there are eight methods for clinical attack and tonification, namely "sweating, vomiting, lowering, harmonizing, warming, clearing, tonifying and eliminating", which are called eight methods.Traditional Chinese MedicineBoth traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine can be used to treat patients.
Efficacy verification method
Hippocampus is a common Chinese medicine guide
Traditionally, traditional Chinese medicine judges the curative effect by pulse conditions and changes in symptoms of patients after taking medicine.In recent years, all major teaching hospitals or regional hospitals in Taiwan have generally set up TCM departments and undertake the task of clinical trials of TCM.For example, Yang Xianhong, director of the North District Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Changgeng Hospital, issued the "Xinyi Powder Treatment" at the "2006 Chinese Medicine Research and Clinical Cases Academic Seminar" held on September 24, 2006rhinallergosisRandom double blindClinical efficacyAssessment "in the two-yearDouble blind experimentA total of 108 patients were collected, and 60 patients completed the overall experiment, includingexperience group40 bitscontrol group20 persons, and focus on clinical symptoms, nasal resistance, nasal cavityCross-sectional area、Dust miteSpecific immunoglobulinT lymphocyte hormone secretion and other indicators were statistically analyzed.The results show that Xinyi Powder has a clinical effect on patients with allergic rhinitis. The mechanisms of this effect includeT cellOfImmunomodulationAnd addicted toNeutrophil granulocyte Effect of activation.This is one of the numerous scientific evidences of TCM science and its medical value verification.OthersRepresentativenessThe results of scientific research and verification of TCM are also in Taiwan“Health Department, Executive Yuan”The website of the Committee of Traditional Chinese Medicine has open and detailed records, providing interested people with a glimpse of the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical practice.
Knowledge transmission mode
The ancient Chinese authorities also constantly collected and revised various TCM classics.
A very different point between traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine is that traditional Chinese medicine pays attention to the experience of the ancients.Doctor of traditional Chinese medicineThe researchers of modern medicine, on the contrary, pay more attention to the development of medicine.
Western medicine is constantly pushing through the old to bring forth new drugs.On the one hand, traditional Chinese medicine digs, collects, researches and draws on ancient secret prescriptions and medical booksclinical experience, and continue to examine and apply it, on the other handClassic prescriptionorTime squareOn the basis of this, we can add or subtract from different diseases in clinical practice, develop new prescriptions, or expand the therapeutic scope of prescriptions or enhance their efficacy by changing dosage forms, such as traditional Chinese medicine injection preparations.
Modern Internet andCommunication mediaAndUniversity of Traditional Chinese MedicineWith the establishment of the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, various ancient books and information of traditional Chinese medicine have gradually become electronic and rapidly spread.
Debate over the Existence or Abolishment of Traditional Chinese Medicine
The dispute between Chinese medicine and western medicine in modern times was mainly manifested in the suppression of traditional Chinese medicine by the powerful western medicine.It's called the dispute between Chinese medicine and Western medicine. In fact, it'sScientismThe problem of the preservation and abolition of traditional Chinese medicine under the impact.
February 1929National GovernmentAt the Central Health Conference held by the Ministry of Health, the "case of abolishing traditional Chinese medicine" was passed.
In March 1929, the traditional Chinese medicine community took various measures to oppose the "abolition of traditional Chinese medicine case", and gained public support, which far overwhelmed the western medicine community.Through the efforts of all parties, the Civil Office of the National Government finally gave instructions to "revoke all the laws and regulations that imprison Chinese medicine".At this point, the debate on the preservation and abolition of modern Chinese medicine came to an end.
In 2003, the SARS epidemic broke out, and TCM became theMain force。[3]
On June 3, 2003, at the International Seminar on SARS Prevention and Control in ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea, Gao Qiang, the Executive Vice Minister of the Ministry of Health, pointed out that Chinese medicine has become an important force in treating SARS patientsScientific valueIs fully reflected.Practical proofWe actively used the resources of traditional Chinese medicine and practiced the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, which played an important role in the prevention and treatment of SARS.[3]
2005Central South UniversityprofessorZhang GongyaoOn《Medicine and Philosophy》In a magazinePublic publicationThe article "Farewell to Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine" once again triggered the public opinion of the debate on the preservation and abolition of traditional Chinese medicine.
On October 5, 2015, scientists from the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineTu YouyouWith the extract of Chinese herbal medicine“artemisinin”It has made great contributions and won the award of 2015Nobel Prize in MedicineTu Youyou claimed that this was "a gift of traditional Chinese medicine to the world".[4]
In October 2015, the General Office of Zhejiang Provincial People's Government issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of TCM Health Services, requiring education departments to incorporate relevant TCM knowledge into primary and secondary schoolsLocal coursesTextbooks.[5]
In February 2016, the State Council issued the Outline of Strategic Planning for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2016-2030), calling for vigorously promoting traditional Chinese medicineCultural knowledgeWe will promote the use of traditional Chinese medicine in schools, communities, villages and families, and incorporate basic knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine into primary and secondary schoolstraditional culturePhysiological health courses.[5]
white paperIt is pointed out that the development of traditional Chinese medicine has become a national strategy, and the cause of traditional Chinese medicine has entered a new historical development period.[6]
Issued by the 13th National People's Congress on March 14, 2018Institutional reform plan of the State CouncilThe State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine will be placed under the jurisdiction of the State Council under the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China to further consolidate the official position of traditional Chinese medicine.[7]
Application for World Heritage of Traditional Chinese Medicine
In November 2005, the Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineMinistry of CultureSubmitted the Draft of Traditional Chinese Medicine Application for National Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection.
In 2006, the country issued the first batch of intangible cultural heritage protection list, and traditional medicine was included in the list as the ninth category of 9 items.The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine said in the progress report of the declaration: "It is suggested that our bureau should put forward the declaration of traditional Chinese medicine from the national strategic perspectiveWorld Intangible Cultural Heritage。It is hoped that it will attract the attention of the leaders of relevant countries and give priority to declaration. "
In 2009, following the Dragon Boat Festival event, South Korea reported that it planned to change traditional Chinese medicine to Korean medicine for declarationWorld Heritage Site, causing multiple disputes.July 31, South Koreacultural heritageHall announced,the United NationsUNESCO applied for《Treasure of Eastern Medicine》First issue includedMemory of the World Heritage ListIt is not "changing traditional Chinese medicine into Korean medicine to apply for world heritage", and the rumor is wrong.[8]
Professional training objectives: Cultivate a systematic grasp of the basics of traditional Chinese medicineTheoretical knowledgeandbasic skill , AdaptModern Chinese MedicineIt is necessary for the development and higher education of traditional Chinese medicine, and has good humanistic and natural science literacyWestern medicinefundamental theoryAnd basic skills, certainTraditional Chinese Medicineandpreventive medicineRelevant knowledge and strong clinical skillsThinking abilityAnd clinical practice abilitySpecialists。Graduates of this major have comprehensive quality, good learning ability, strong ability to handle clinical practical problems with TCM theory and preliminary scientific research ability.After graduation, I can work in TCM medical institutions at all levelsscientific research institutionGeneral hospitals and various related medical and health units are engaged in medical treatment, teaching and scientific research.
