In some respects, the composition and functions and powers of the upper and lower houses are the same. For example, members of both houses are generally elected and re elected regularly. Both houses enjoy legislative andSupervising administrationAnd so on, but each has some differences.The House of Lords is generally more conservative than the House of Commons, with more restrictions on the eligibility of members to be elected and longer terms of office.The laws of some capitalist countries stipulate that bills must be passed by both houses of parliament before they can be established, so the House of Lords generally has the right to delay or veto resolutions passed by the House of Commons in order to check or offset the role of the House of Commons (such as Britain and America).[1]
The bicameral system originated in Europefeudalistic ageThe level meeting ofclergy, aristocrats, civilians, etcFrench RevolutionPreexplosive“Third level meeting”The members from different levels held their own meetings and discussed with each other, thus forming a multi court system (includingThree hospital system, quadrameralism, etc.) Now, the multi chamber system has long been unpopular, and western countries have either a bicameral system or a unicameral system.
The bicameral system operates as two independent systemshouseThe Congress was formed asLegislatureOfpolitical system, also known as the bicameral system.OppositeParliamentary systemIt is called unicameral system orUnicameral systemThat is, there is only a single parliament as the legislature.[2]
In some countries in the world, there are two houses of parliament.Members of both houses are usually elected and re elected regularly. Both houses have legislation andSupervising administrationBut the names are different, such as“The House of Lords”And“House of Commons”The United States, Japan and Italy are called "Senate" and“House of Representatives”France is called "Senate" and "National Assembly",RussiaIt's called the Federal Council and the State Duma.
The advantage of the bicameral system is that the two chambers discuss, discuss and pass bills separately, making legal bills or other major issues prudent. The disadvantage is that only passing bills separately can serve as the formal laws of Parliament, so that the two chambers are easy to wrangle with each other.Especially in the WestBipartisan systemperhapsmulti-party systemAll political parties have their own interests. The bicameral system has actually become a mechanism for competing interests between political parties and is easy to be used by political parties.
Bicameral system
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The "two" of the "bicameral system" has the meaning of coexistence, while the "two" of the "bicameral system" has two independent meanings.
Generally speaking, "bicameral system" and "bicameral system" are regarded assynonymHowever, strictly speaking, the meanings of the two can be distinguished according to the following classifications.
Bicameral system: "One Congress" consists of two independent chambers.for examplebritain, the United States, Japan, etc.
Two House System: There are two completely independent "parliaments".for exampleGermanywait.
The British bicameral system originated fromBritish ParliamentAt the beginning of the establishment, the interests of the nobility and civilians could not be balanced, so the establishment of theThe House of LordsAnd composed of civiliansHouse of CommonsTo check and balance each other.The American bicameral system stems from the fact that the states merged into the United States have their own origins and cultures. In order to prevent states with a large population from encroaching on the interests of states with a small population, it was establishedsenate, each state has two representatives regardless of its population;At the same time, there are alsoHouse of Representatives。
pattern
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Two of the bicameral systemhouseThere are mainly three modes:
stayfederalismIn a country, one house is usually elected by the member states, and the other house is elected according to the proportion of the population.
In constitutional monarchies, one house is usually composed of nobility, and the other is elected by civilians.
In a republic, usually one house is composed of appointed or indirectly elected members, and the other house is directly elected by the whole people.[3]
There are mainly three situations in the division of functions and powers of the two houses:
1. Similar to the UK,house of commonsDominant.British House of CommonsyesFinance ActHave the right to discuss first,Upper HouseOnly one month's extension is allowed,public billThe opposition of the House of Lords to the approval of the House of Commons for more than three consecutive times is invalid.The Cabinet is accountable only to the House of Commons.
2. Similar to the United States Congress, the two houses are basically equal, and the upper house has a slight advantage.
3. Similar to France, the two houses are basically equal, and the lower house has a slight advantage.
Republic of ChinaThe bicameral system was implemented intermittently from 1912 to 1924senateAnd the House of Representatives.It was later abolished by warlords.
The People's Republic of ChinaIn the "two sessions" system of the National People's CongressSoviet UnionHighest ofsovietIt is the highest deliberative body;The Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceDemocratic partiesAnd other social organizations have no power to legislate, initiate and review national policies.Although the National People's Congress and the CPPCC are collectively referred to as the "two sessions", they are not bicameral, so China isUnicameral systemcountry.[5]
Once in 1954National People's CongressPrior to the convening of the CPPCC, the CPPCC had always assumed the function of "temporary parliament" of New China.After the first National People's Congress,People's CongressFormally established.The newChina FirstConstitution“May 4th Constitution”It is clearly stipulated that the National People's Congress is the highestOrgans of state power。Since then, the CPPCC's "temporary parliament" function has ended, becoming“united frontAnd the National People's Congress became the highestState powerInstitutions.At the same time, the "May 4th Constitution" also incorporated thisOrganizational form of state powerDetermined, and it will become the futureConstitution makingThe blueprint of the organizational form of domestic politics in China.
First time
“May 4th Constitution”Zhang Bojun put forward the "bicameral system" during the constitution making
When the "May 4th Constitution" was formulated, the relationship between the CPPCC and the National People's Congress was controversial, which triggered the first discussion on the "bicameral system".Professor Dong Chengmei, a law expert who participated in the formulation of the May 4th Constitution, recalled: "During the discussion of the draft constitution, Chairman Zhang Bojun of the NLD proposed the bicameral system:" Someone proposed the bicameral system... I remember that the bicameral system was proposed by then Chairman Zhang Bojun of the NLD.At that time, I wrote an article criticizing Zhang Bojun's bicameral system... It is the work of capitalist countries. I think we should implement the unicameral systemThe system of people's congresses。”(According toHan Dayuan《1954 Constitution and New China's Constitutionalism》，Hunan People's Publishing House ）The proposal of "bicameral system" was also rejected by Mao Zedong.At that time, Mao Zedong was the chairman of the coalition government and also the chairman of the drafting committee of the May 4th Constitution.
The second time
Zhang Bojun put forward the "bicameral system" in response to the rectification movement
In 1956, Mao Zedong invited intellectuals to contribute to socialist construction in his book On Ten Major Relationships.In the same year, the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. At the meeting, Mao Zedong wanted to carry out rectification within the Party, and invited democratic parties to participate in the rectification to help the Party.The discussion of "bicameral system" was also activated.This proposal of "bicameral system" is also Chairman of the NLD Zhang Bojun.In the end, Zhang Bojun was identified as a "rightist" because he proposed the "Political Design Institute", and the "bicameral system" has become "anti socialist". Wu Han and Shen Junru, the democratic parties, also criticized him.
The third time
Hu Qiaomu once again proposed the "bicameral system"
The third discussion of the "bicameral system" was held in the“1982 Constitution”When formulating.At that time, when the reform and opening up was taking place, people's thoughts were quite active, the social atmosphere was relatively relaxed, and the formulation process of the "1982 Constitution" was also relatively democratic.In the formulation of the "1982 Constitution", the bicameral system was the entry of the Secretariat of the Constitution Drafting CommitteeSubstantiveThe first question discussed after the discussion.
Hu Qiaomu proposed to reform the National People's CongressOrganizational systemThe bicameral system was his long thought.He believed that the National People's Congress (NPC), with 3000 deputies, was not easy to convene, and because there were too many people at the meeting, it was difficult to go deep into the discussion, so the resolution could not be passed without going through the motions.In order to prevent the people's congress from giving“Rubber stamp”He advocated that the NPC should reduce the number of deputies, for example, to 1000, then divide it into two chambers, each with 500 members, and then divide it into two chambers.When there are fewer people, it is easy to discuss problems seriously, and debate can also be carried out, so that the National People's Congress can become a real organ for the people to exercise power.
In February 1981,Constitutional amendmentCommittee SecretariatZhang YouyuAnd discussed the preliminary draft of the“National institutions”In the draft, on the issue of the establishment of two chambers of the National People's Congress, most of the deputies supported the establishment of a bicameral system. Later, Deng Xiaoping thought that "we should not establish a bicameral system. If the two sides disagree, it will be difficult to operate" and was rejected again.
Recent News
In 2008《Seeking truth》The magazine published Wu Bangguo's article, which stressed that China would never copy the Western style, and would never engage in multi-party governance by turns“Three powers standing side by side”, bicameral system.The article also said that there is an essential difference between deputies to the National People's Congress and western parliamentarians“One House and Two Houses”It is not a mutual constraint or a confrontation.
