In 534, the powerful ministerGao HuanEmperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei DynastyYuan XiuUnwilling to be a puppet emperor, he was forced to go to Guanlong warlordYu Wentai。Gao Huanli is only eleven years oldYuan ShanjianHe was the emperor, namely the Emperor Xiaojing of Wei, whose name was "Wei". The Northern Qi Book began to call him "Eastern Wei"[27]。The Eastern Wei Dynasty built its country on the strength of the fresh Han soldiers and fought with the Western Wei Dynasty.Gao HuanDuring the period of taking power, land annexation was serious, social contradictions and ethnic contradictions were acute, and they were repeatedly defeated by the powerful enemy, the Western Wei DynastyYu Wentai。Battle of Mountain MangIn the next three years, Gao Huan died of illness.Gao Cheng, the eldest son, continued to supervise all armies at home and abroad and take charge of the government.[25]In the seventh year of Wuding (549), Gao Cheng was killed by Lan Jing, a Shannu, at the age of 29 on the eve of Zen.[24]The second son of Gao Huan in the eighth year of Wuding (550 years)GaoyangHe succeeded him and was crowned king of Qi.Emperor Xiaojing of Wei abdicated in the name of abdication.Gao Yang was called the emperor and established the state of Qi.[3]
The Eastern Wei Dynasty established its capitalan ancient place name(now Linzhang County, Handan City, Hebei Province)Jinyang(Today's Shanxi ProvinceTaiyuanWeibeidu,Gao HuanThe remote control imperial court in Jinyang.Land includes todayHenanThe eastern region ruled by the former Northern Wei Dynasty in Runan, north of Xuzhou, Jiangsu, and east of Luoyang, Henan.
The name of the Eastern Wei Dynasty was originally“Wei”, YesNorthern Wei DynastyContinuation of the country name.After the Northern Wei Dynasty split, it was divided into the Western Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty. The so-called "Eastern Wei" was just a different name from the Western Wei Dynasty. It appeared in the Book of the Northern Qi Dynasty: "Yellow was the Eastern Wei DynastyarmorColor, blackWestern Wei DynastyMilitary color "[27]。The Eastern Wei Dynasty has the land to the east of Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and its capital is in Yecheng. The Western Wei Dynasty is located to the east of the East, so it is called the Eastern Wei Dynasty.[1][6]
Encyclopedia x Misunderstanding: Illustrating the Southern and Northern Dynasties
history
Announce
edit
Northern Wei split
The Northern Wei regime was teetering under the attack of the great uprising of the people of all ethnic groups at the end of the Wei Dynasty, and there was a fierce struggle for power among the ruling class.Er ZhuronglaunchThe change of HeyinThey controlled the central government of the Northern Wei Dynasty.In the third year of Yong'an (530 years), Emperor Xiaozhuang of WeiYuan ZiyouTake advantage of the opportunity to kill Er Zhurong, nephew RongErzhuzhaoGo to Luoyang and killEmperor Xiaozhuang, StandingYuan GongFor the emperor (Wei Jie Min Di).TaichangIn the first year (532), the former general of Er ZhurongGao HuanWith the support of the Hebei Han nationalityTongguanErzhu's forces in the east killed the Emperor Jie Min and establishedYuan XiuFor the emperor, that isEmperor Xiaowu。The Northern Wei regime fell intoGao HuanHands.[7]
YongxiIn 534, Emperor Xiaowu refused to be a puppet emperor under Gao Huan's control and fled to Chang'an to take refugeYu Wentai。 In October, after a detailed discussion between Gao Huan and Bai Liao, they decided to rushYuan danStand downYuan ShanjianHe is the emperor, namely Emperor Xiaojing of Wei, and the great grandson of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei,QingheSon of Wenxuan Wang Yuandan[26]。Is located inYecheng, was renamed Tianping, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty was officially established at the age of 11.Because of his youth, Gao Huan, a powerful minister, assisted him in politics.[8]
In the fourth year of Yongxi (535 years), Yu Wentai established in Chang'anYuanbaojubyEmperor Wen of the Western Wei DynastyThe Northern Wei Dynasty was officially divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty.[7]Gao Huan YiyuanSix townsMainly refugees, they established strong armed forces and lived in Jinyang (now Taiyuan City), making it the second political center of the Eastern Wei Dynasty.In fact, it was the combination of the generals of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the big families of Hebei.In order to gain the support of the Xianbei nobility, he tried his best to carry out the Xianbei oriented policy, and in order to gain the support of the powerful landlords of the Han nationality, he allowed them to embezzle and accumulate, commit crimes, and corrupt the officials day by day.[11][16]
East West scuffle
Eastern Wei Dynasty andWestern Wei DynastyIn contrast, the Eastern Wei Dynasty has a wide territory, a large population, a strong military, a wide territory and a developed economy.[11]Gao Huan repeatedly sent troops to attack the Western Wei Dynasty, trying to annex the other side and unify things.In the fourth year of Tianping (537), the Eastern Wei ArmyTongguanXiaoguan on the left was attacked and defeated by the Western Wei army,dadudu DoutaiGao Huan was forced to withdraw after committing suicide.After that, atBattle of Shayuan(537 years)Battle of River Bridge(538 years)Battle of Mountain MangIn 543, the two sides won or lost each other.
Jade Wall Ancient City
In the fourth year of Wuding (546), Gao Huan, the prime minister of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, led an army of more than 100000 people to besiege the city of Yubi (now Jishan County) in the Western Wei Dynasty.In August, the Western Wei Dynasty took Wei Xiaokuan as the governor of Bingzhou (governing Yubi) and led the army to guard Yubi.Soon, the Prime Minister of the Eastern Wei DynastyGao HuanHe led his troops from Yecheng (now HebeiHandanLinzhang）Set out to attack the Western Wei Dynasty.In September, the East Wei Army surrounded the Jade Wall to lure the West Wei Army to war.Wei Xiaokuan firmly guarded the city.In October, the Eastern Wei Army attacked the city day and night.Wei XiaokuanBe adaptable and try to resist.The Eastern Wei Army built earth mountains in the south of the city, and wanted to attack the city from a high place.Wei Xiaokuan tied wood and raised the city tower, making the East Wei Army unable to attack.[9]
The Eastern Wei Army changed its tactics, dug 10 tunnels and concentrated its forces to attack the northern city.Wei Xiaokuan dug a long trench, cut off the tunnels of the East Wei Army, and sent troops to garrison. When the East Wei Army dug a deep trench, he would capture and kill it.Wei Xiaokuan piled up firewood outside the ditch and prepared the kindling. He found that the Eastern Wei Army was lurking in the tunnel, so he stuffed the firewood into the tunnel, threw it into the fire and burned it. He also used a cowhide bag to blow air. The fire and smoke blew into the tunnelSoldiersBe burnt to the bone.[9]
The Eastern Wei Army also hit the city wall with "attack vehicles".Wei Xiaokuan made a tent out of cloth and opened it as it went. The cloth was hit by a car and immediately hung in the air, leaving the city wall undamaged.The army of the Eastern Wei Dynasty tied the dry pine branches and hemp stalks to the long poles, poured oil into them and burned the curtains, trying to burn down the Yubi Tower together.Wei Xiaokuan also tied the sharp hook knife to the long pole. When the fire pole attacked, he lifted the hook knife to cut it and cut all the pine branches and hemp stalks that were burning.
The Eastern Wei Army switched to tunnels, dug 20 tunnels around the city, supported them with wooden pillars, and then set fire to burn the wooden pillars, causing the city wall to collapse.Wei Xiaokuan blocked the collapse of the city wall with a fence, making it impossible for the Eastern Wei Army to enter the city.Gao Huan failed to conquer the city, so he sent someone to persuade him to surrender. Wei Xiaokuan also rejected him.Gao Huan's army attacked the city for 50 days, and 70000 soldiers died. They were exhausted and tried their best to defeat it. Gao Huan was so anxious that the old disease recurred. On the first day of November, Gao Huan lifted the siege on Jade Wall and withdrew.After the war, Emperor Wei WenzhaoYuanbaojuPromote Wei Xiaokuan toCavalry General、Kaifu Yitong Third Division, entered the feudal duke of loyalty to reward him for his merit in guarding the jade wall.
The war between East and West Wei lasted for more than ten years.The number of troops invested, the duration of the battle, and the ferocity of the battle are rare in history.The war has caused great damage to social production and great hardship to people's lives.The history said: "The East and the West split, and years of war, and the counties in Henan were surrounded by lush grass. The public and private were exhausted, and many people starved to death.[9][10]
Zen in Qi
Gao Huan is good at playing politics. His power is growing stronger and more powerful, which makes Emperor Xiaojing worried about Gao Huan every day.In the fifth year of Wuding (547), Gao Huan died. During this period, land annexation was serious, social contradictions and ethnic contradictions were sharp, and he was repeatedly defeated by the powerful enemy, Yuwentai of the Western Wei Dynasty.After Huan died, his sonGaochengHe inherited his father's position and became more powerful. He once scolded Emperor Xiaojing in the court because he complained that he would die if he was controlled by the Gao family, and asked his subordinates to beat him.In the seventh year of Wuding (549), Gao Cheng was assassinated and died,GaoyangHe succeeded his father and brother again. Seeing that the time had come to usurp Wei, he abolished the emperor the next year and became independent, changing the country's name“Qi”, the Eastern Wei Dynasty died.
BeiqisealYuan ShanjianHe is the king of Zhongshan, with ten thousand households;He wrote to me that he was not an official, answered that he was not an imperial edict, carried the banner of the Son of Heaven, walked Wei Zhengshuo, and took the five hour coach;The king and his sons were appointedCounty magistrate, 1000 households each;Thirty thousand pieces of silk, ten million yuan, twenty thousand millet stones, three hundred slaves, a water mill, a hundred hectares of land, and a garden were presented;In the National Weizong Temple in Zhongshan.The next yearTianbaoIn the second year, Yuan Shanjian was poisoned by Gao Yang with poisonous wine. He was only 28 years old and had four years: TianpingMetaimage、Xinghe, Wuding, posthumous title: Emperor Xiaojing, temple name: Zhaozong.
territory
Announce
edit
The Eastern Wei Dynasty only existed for 17 years in Chinese history, and its jurisdiction was mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River at that time.[2]
Before the Northern Wei Dynasty split, Gao Huan occupiedKantoTherefore, after the establishment of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty included Runan, Henan Province, and the eastern part of the former Northern Wei Dynasty to the east of Luoyang, Henan Province.As it occupied the traditional rich areas of Shandong, the economic strength and population of the Eastern Wei Dynasty at that time ranked among the three countries (Eastern WeiWestern Wei Dynasty、South beam）First.
Politics
Announce
edit
Set up overseas Chinese state
Gao Huan found that Jinyang area has a very advantageous geographical position. It is surrounded by high mountains, easy to defend and difficult to attack. It is a place for stationing troops.So Gao HuanJinyangHe built the Grand Prime Minister's Mansion, where he lived for a long time and remotely controlled Luoyang.He also moved his Xianbei people from Hebei to Bingzhou and Fenzhou, and set up the overseas Chinese state governments of Heng, Yan and Yun in Xiurong County (today's Yuanping County in Shanxi), Shouyang City (today's Shouyang West in Shanxi), and Shouyang County (today's Wenshui East in Shanxi);They also changed the six towns into Shuo, Xian and Wei, and set up overseas Chinese state governments in Liubi City (now the southwest of Xiaoyi, Shanxi), Wu County (now the northwest of Pingyao, Shanxi) and other places.The Qiaozhou government is not under the jurisdiction of the local government and is directly under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Mansion.[4]
Ease contradictions
Gao Huan gave the six towns Xianbei a lot of special care politically and economically, stipulating that they took war as their main occupation, did not engage in production, and their food and clothing supplies were all owed to the Han people.The six Xianbei arched guards around Jinyang not only benefited Gao Huan's deployment and use of the army, but also became an important source of his troops.[5]
Gao Huan believed that the Eastern Wei Dynasty was the regime of Xianbei people, and the interests of Xianbei nobles should be guaranteed to the greatest extent.At the same time, he also won over the Han nationalityGate valveLineageTo participate in the political power as the second kind of political power support force, he claimed that he was a descendant of the Gao family of the Han nationality in the Bohai Sea. In order to improve his prestige among the Han people, he also married his daughter to the Huayin ClanYang Yin。The officials he cited and granted important positions, such asGao Aocao、Gao GanThey are all the figures of the Han family.He also tried to reconcile the sharp and tense relationship between Xianbei and the Han people at that time, and ordered the army to "not bully Han people".[11]Gao Huan's methods could not promote the harmony of ethnic relations and solve the sharp ethnic conflicts at that time.[12]
Gao Huan's sonGaochengThere are different views on politics.After Gao Cheng became the minister of the Ministry of Officials, he carried out reform and abolished the system of annual labor based on seniority. This is "not to question the virtues and fools of the scholars, but to stop solving the problems of the month and the day."[13]A system that opens the door to mediocrity.Gao Cheng abolished this system, began to select talents, and paid attention to the talent of officials."All the talented and famous people who have not been recommended have led to their families, and they are called literati and officialdom for their banquets, discussions and poems."[14]Gao Cheng's purpose is to rely onHan nationalityForce, preparing for the Gaoshi Group to represent Wei.He also knew that it would cause dissatisfaction among Xianbei's followers, but he was determined to persevere.On one occasion, he deliberately gave a speech to the Han people under the eyes of the whole roomCui SiamMaking way for the throne and bowing to show respect, so as to elevate the political status of the Han people, he put Cui Sian andCui JishuAs a confidant, it is an important task.This has caused more confusion among some ghost aristocrats.Upon Gao Cheng's death, Cui Jishu and Cui Sian were forced to commit crimes, flogged and humiliated, and became despicable.[12]
Until the Eastern Wei Dynasty was conquered and the Northern Qi Dynasty was established, the contradiction between the Han clan and the Xianbei nobility did not ease.[12]The conflicts between the Han clans in the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Xianbei nobility, as well as the ethnic discrimination policy that the rulers have always pursued, have cast a shadow on the politics of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, and they cannot win the support of all parties in the face of their own regimes, as the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty did.[15]
Corrupt practices
In the Eastern Wei Dynasty, officials embezzled and exploited people seriously.Powerful powers have sheltered the population and competed with the government for labor force, which has caused great losses to the interests of the government.The so-called: "When the law was relaxed, people left their old houses and paid taxes."[17]Gao Huan dared not impose sanctions.Han ClanDu BiI don't know why, so I tried to persuade Gao Huan to take measures.Gao Huan said to him, "The world is chaotic and the custom has been long. Today, the governor and his family are mostly in the west of Kansai, and the black monkey (Yu Wentai) often seduces each other. The fate of the human relationship is uncertain. There is an old man Xiao Yan in the east of the Yangtze River, who specializes in dressing, etiquette and music. The scholar officials in the Central Plains looked at him and thought that Zhengshuo was the place.If I hurry to catch the law and don't spare it, I'm afraid that the governor will throw himself into the black otter, and the scholar knows that he is running away from Xiao Yan, then the characters will be scattered. Why is it that he is a country? "[18]Gao Huan's concern has objective reasons, but his indulgence to these people will not make the Eastern Wei Dynasty strong, but will erode and engulf the Eastern Wei regime.[16]
Build Yecheng
In 534, the capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty was changed fromLuoyangMoved to Yecheng, started construction in 538Yenan CityThe plane layout of the city wall was changed from square to tortoise shape, becoming the earliest known "tortoise shaped city" in China.In July 2015, the Yecheng Archaeological Team jointly established by the Archaeological Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, with a total exploration area of more than 230000 square meters and an excavation area of more than 9000 square meters, found many large rammed earth building sites, small courtyards, rammed earth walls, drainage facilities, roads, tombs, kiln sites and other relics in the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, as well as tombs and kiln sites in the Han and Jin Dynasties.In January 2023, the No. 206 Hall excavated in the north of the central axis of the palace city in Yenan City is the emperor's dormitory during the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, which has important academic value for understanding the construction concept, structural layout and construction technology of large-scale palace buildings in the late Northern Dynasty.Hall 206 is located in the north of the central axis of the palace city. It is one of the largest palace style buildings in the palace city. It belongs to the center of the palace city's back bedroom, that is, the emperor's bedroom.The foundation site of the building is rectangular, facing south from north. The central main building and the surrounding corridors and corridors are paved with pebbles with exquisite patterns to form a closed courtyard.[23]
military
Announce
edit
Adjustment and adaptation
Northern Wei DynastyYuan GongFor a long time after the second year of Putai (532 years), Gao Huan concentrated on making a relatively large adjustment and reorganization of his army.[4]The military forces of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty were the capital of Gao Huan's rise, but they also became corrupt and weak in the later period, and lost their military advantages.[21]
military defense
After the establishment of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the boundary between the west and the south was basically the Yellow River and Luoyang, Henan, and the Western Wei Dynasty. In order to fight for land and population, there were many wars in the northShanhu、Ruru、roen The ethnic groups also continued to harass the Eastern Wei Dynasty.In the face of military threats from the Western Wei Dynasty and Shanhu, Ruru, Rouran, etc., as far as the national strength at that time was concerned, the Eastern Wei Dynasty was extremely difficult to win on two fronts at the same time. Therefore, for the northern side with less threat, in addition to the diplomatic means of marriage with relatives, it was also the logical choice of the new regime of the Eastern Wei Dynasty to build a wall for defense.Therefore, in the first year of Wuding (543), at the junction of Guancen Mountain and Hengshan Mountain, two mountain systems with strategic importance, Gao Huan gathered more than 50000 people and took more than 40 days to build a Great Wall, which was called "the Great Wall of Sizhou" in history.[22]
Eastern Wei DynastySizhouThe Great Wall is distributed inNingwu County、Yuanping The six villages within the territory are generally east-west oriented, and the actual length of the existing relics is about 60 kilometers.
The Eastern Wei Dynasty's original national strength was not inferior among the tripartite confrontation at that time.The area occupied geographically, passing throughNorthern Wei DynastyLong term operation and solid economic foundation.At that time, most of the richest agricultural areas in the Central Plains were within the territory, and they also benefited from fish and salt.Cangzhou alone has 1484 salt boiling places[19]。Its handicrafts and manufacturing industries, such as iron smelting and porcelain making, are also very developed.However, the corruption and high taxes under the rule quickly destroyed the economic strength.[20]
nation
Announce
edit
Gao Huan speaks Xianbei language to Xianbei officers and soldiers, claiming thatHe Liuhun。Use Chinese names when speaking to Chinese people.To the Xianbei people, he said, "The Han people are your slaves. Men farm for you, and women weave for you. Don't oppress them." To the Han people, he said, "The Xianbei people fight for you, let you live in peace, and don't hate them." Gao Huan tried to ease the conflict between the Xianbei people and the Han people, to maintain his rule, and to promote the integration of nations.[3]
Emperor lineage
Announce
edit
The lineage of the emperors of the Eastern Wei Dynasty
remarks:In 534, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty ran to Chang'an with anger at Gao Huan's autocracy.Gao Huan established another Yuan Shanjian as the emperor and moved his capital to Ye, known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history.Gao Huan, Gao Cheng, Gao Yang and their sons successively usurped power.In May 550, Gao Yang became emperor on behalf of Wei, and granted Yuan Shanjian the title of King of Zhongshan. He was killed in December the next year.The Eastern Wei Dynasty perished.
