The terrain of this area is roughlyCarpathian MountainsIt is divided into two parts: north and south.
Northernpolandandthe BalticThe plain of the three small countries is vast, which is the eastern part of the European Great Plain, and the terrain inclines from south to north.SectionFour seasonsThe continental glaciers left fertile glaciers in the south of the plainExternal washingLoess also accumulates groups ofMoraineThe hills make the plain undulate.The east-west depression between moraine hills has been the only place for east-west traffic since ancient times.
The terrain in the south of Eastern Europe is more complex, with mountains and plains interlaced, only in eastern Hungary andRomaniaIn the south, we can see a large plain covered with fertileAlluvial soil, an important area of agriculture.The high mountains are scattered, which poses a serious obstacle to the traffic. Fortunately, there are many valleys and passes between the mountains, which can serve as the entrance and exit.This area isKarstTopographicalrange。
RussiaOfthe Ural MountainsandUral RiverTo the west is a vast and gentle ancient landLandmassThe stratum is very stable and solid, and the whole territory is mostly erodedPeneplain, mainly located inRussiaThe territory is called the Russian Plain.The middle part of the plain is Waldai Hill, which is a part of the riverwatershed。
Located in the Caspian Sea andBlack SeaBetweenCaucasus Mountains, it is EurasianJieshanOne is that the mountains are tall, rugged and complex, mixed with plateaus, plains and lowlands.
Politics
Announce
edit
Politically, the Communist Party is in power and economicallyplanned economySystem countries, which is the opposite of Western Europe.Most Eastern European countriesSlavic nationalityAs the main body, most residents believe inThe Orthodox Church, but in the Communist era, the official implementationatheism。
This areaWinter temperatureIt is very low, so the river is icebound, and sledges pass through. In some areas, winter lasts six to eight months.Snow falls widely in winter. It often snows from November to March of the next yearconiferous forestIn the district, there is the most snow in winter. It often covers two or three feet of snow. The snow melts slowly in spring. The snow melt water seeps into the soil, which can be absorbed by plantsFrigid zoneThe development of forests is of great benefit.
South andCaucasusBecause the mountains block the cold air flow from Russia to the south, the climate is warmer, which is conducive to the development of tourism.The Caucasus has a strong subtropical climate due to its low latitude.
nation
Announce
edit
Slavic nationalityOriginated in today's southeast Polandvistula river The upstream area began to migrate outward in the first century of the Western Yuan Dynasty, and by the sixth century, it had settled all over Eastern Europe and Russia.According to the different places of residence, the Slavic nationality can be divided into three branches: east, west and south. The east branch is mainly distributed in Russia, and the west and south branches are mainly distributed in eastern Europe.The Hungarians were originally the ethnic group in the west of Eastern Europe, which was established in the 9th centuryKingdom of Hungary。In the process of westward migration, he mixed with Slavs and Turks, and was influenced by German culture after moving to the Hungarian plain.
Albanians are mainly distributed in present-day Albania andSerbiaOfKosovo Province, since the 14th centuryturkeyIts culture is full of oriental color, and its religion is also dominated by Islam.
Romanians are the only Balkan people in Eastern Europe, but they are the same as mostSlavic nationalitySimilarly, they believed in the Eastern Orthodox Church. They were descendants of the Romans becauseAncient RomeHe once established a province here and ruled in Eastern Europe.
civilization
Announce
edit
According to Huntington'sOn the clash of civilizationsEastern Europe can also be divided into the following civilization circles:
coverturkeySecularBalkan PeninsulaMost countries (except Slovenia and Croatia) belong to the Eastern Orthodox Churchcultural ring, the civilization of these countries comes fromByzantine culture Most people believe inThe Orthodox Church。According to Huntington's theory, the Orthodox countries in the Balkans do notWestern EuropeGeneral national experienceThe Renaissance, religious reformenlightenment campaignAnd so on,humanistic spiritWeak, failed to establishIndividualismandLiberalismTradition.After independence from Turkey, most of these countries implementedAbsolute monarchy, and after World War II, the Communist centralized government was established（GreeceExcept), compared with PolandCzechoslovakiaAnd other Central European countries are also much more difficult.Another significant difference between these countries and Central European countries is that there are many ethnic groups in China,National contradictionComplex,YugoslaviaandAlbaniaAfter the end of the Cold War, violent unrest broke out.Because twiceindustrial revolutionThey didn't catch up. They didn't start to industrialize until after World War II. The Balkan economies were generally backward (except for Greece, which had been helped by Western European countries for decades during the Cold War), not only behind Western and Central European countries, but also with TaiwanThailand、Malaysiaetc.AsiaAdvanced countries (regions) are also poor countries.BalkansHuman trafficking is particularly rampant.
Russia、Ukraine、BelarusThe three countries are all Eastern European countries, with ethnic origin andLanguagesThey are very similar and belong to Orthodox countries.However, the three countries have a deeper autocratic tradition than the Balkan countries, and the democratic transition is more difficult, so they were earlierView of civilization historyThe commentator Toynbee regards it as an independent Russian civilization circle.Ukraine and Belarus are also economically backward countries, although Ukraine can still maintain world-class military industry.Russia is still able to maintain because of its massive export of oil, natural gas and armshigh-incomeHorizontal.
Most of Eastern Europe believes in the Eastern Orthodox Church.HuntingtonOn the clash of civilizationsProposed byWestern EuropeThe difference between Eastern Europe and Eastern Europe is whether they believe in Eastern Orthodox Church, soGreeceIt should be regarded as an oriental country.frontYugoslaviaSome ethnic groups in the region also believe in Islam.
Economics
Announce
edit
The district is rich in wheat, potatoesbeet, sunflower, developed livestock industry.The most economically developed region in Eastern Europe is Russia, which has a large population and densely populated citiesTraffic networkDeveloped and distributed with many famous industrial zones, such as Moscow, Kuzbas Industrial ZoneSt.Petersburg(Leningrad) Industrial Zone, Donbas Industrial Zone,Ural Industrial ZoneEtc.
RussiaLocated in Eastern Europe andNorth AsiaWith an area of 17.054 millionsquare kilometre, with a population of about 145 million and 176 nationalities, includingRussianIt accounts for 83% of the population.Russia GeotransEurasianTwo continents, the European part of which isNational economyIt is the political and cultural center where three quarters of the country's industry and population are concentrated.Its ethnic and cultural origins are mainly from Europe, but also from bothOriental CultureCharacteristics, religion occupies a certain position in daily life, and main beliefsThe Orthodox Church。Russia used toMoscowIt is composed of several remote small villages around the city. It was built in the middle of the 12th century and gradually formed around itMoscow Principality。In 1480, Russia broke away from the control of the Mongols for 240 years and became independent.In the mid sixteenth century,Grand Duke of Moscowivan iv callczarRussia becomes acentralizationA feudal country.In 1689, the tsarPeter I Carry out reforms to makeRussiaBecome a modern power.In 1861, the tsaralexander ii Carry out a top-down reform, and make Russia embark oncapitalismDevelopment path.In October 1917,socialist revoltionSuccess has established the world's firstSocialist country。On December 30, 1922Union of Soviet Socialist Republics。On December 8, 1991, the Alliance was dissolved.On December 25, 1991, the Russian Federation was established and took over the formerSoviet UnionThe dominant position in the world.
Russia consists of 85Federal subjectComposition, including 22autonomous republic, 46 states, 1 autonomous prefecture, 9 border regions, 104 ethnic groupsAutonomous RegionAnd 3 federal municipalities.Russia is implementingPresidential systemThe federal state system,State powerIt is composed of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, all of which are independent organs.President, Parliament (Federal Council andState DumaThe government and the federal court jointly exercise state power.
Russia has a solid industrial foundation, and its military industry, aerospace and other cutting-edge fields are in a leading position in the world.Russia is the country with the richest resources in the world,Natural gas reserves48 trillion cubic meters, accounting for one third of the world's total proven volume, ranking first in the world;6.5 billion tons of oil reserves, accounting for the worldproved reserves13% of;Coal reserves200 billion tons, ranking second in the world;The reserves of iron, aluminum, uranium and gold also rank among the top in the world.forest coverage800 million hectares, accounting for 42.7% of the land area, accounting for the world's total forestStockA quarter of.forestAnnual growth800 million cubic meters per yearHarvest400 million cubic meters, is the world's major exporter of wood and wood products.
Volga River
Announce
edit
Volga RiverIt is the largest river in Europe and also the largest river in the worldcontinental river。Russiainland water transportmain rd.It originates from the lakes and marshes in the Valvolga River generation hills in the west of the Eastern European Plain and flows throughForest belt, forest grassland belt and grassland beltCaspian Sea。64.5 million people live in this basin, accounting for about 43% of the Russian population.It passes through the Volga River--Baltic SeaConnecting the Baltic Sea to the North Denavi River system andWhite Sea——The Baltic Sea connects with the White Sea and connects with theAzov SeaIt communicates with the Black Sea, so it has the reputation of "the river of the five seas".
The Volga River is the cradle of Russian history.It is called the Mother River of Russians.The Volga Basin accounts for 2/5 of the European part of Russia, and its residents account for almost 1/2 of the total population of the Russian Federation.The huge economic, cultural and historical importance of the Volga River - as well as the huge area of the river and its basin - makes it one of the world's largest rivers.
Volga River at night
Volga River originates from RussiaKalininOstashkov DistrictValdai Hills Among the southeast lakes, the source is 228m above sea level.From the source, it flows northeast to Leibinsk, turns southeast, turns south to Gubishev, and flows toVolgogradThen it flows southeast into the Caspian Sea.The total length of the river is 3688km,Drainage area1.38 million square kilometers, estuary for many yearsAverage flowAbout 8000 m3/s,Annual runoff254 billion cubic meters.The total fall of the main stream of Volga River is 256m, with an average gradient of 0.007.The river flow is slow, the channel is curved, there are many sandbanks and shoals, and there are many banksOxbow lakeandWaste stream。Below Volgograd, as it flows through semi desert and desert, the water is evaporated, no tributary flows in, and the flow decreases.Volga RiverHeadwater of riverIt is only 228 meters above sea level, while the estuary is lower thansea level28m.From Erzhefu, which is not far from the source of the river, the total fall of the river is only 190 meters in the lower reach of more than 3000 kilometers, so the river flow is slow, and sandbanks, shoals, oxbow lakes, and waste rivers are widely distributed, which is a typicalPlain river。DeltaIt covers an area of 19000 square kilometers.
Eastern Europe is a tourist resort full of culture and regional customs. The large cities and towns with a long history exude a strong cultural atmosphere and are a paradise for artists.During the Spring Festival, Eastern Europe also has a unique style. Walk around and enjoy itBohemiaThe style will be a good choice.
Tallinn, Estonia
Tallinn(Tallinn) Famoustourist city, Eastern Europebaltic states Estonian capital, the economic and cultural center, is located on the Baltic SeaMarine climateIt is cool in spring, warm and humid in summer and autumn, and cold and snowy in winter. It is also the most important port for Estonia to enter the Baltic Sea, with a population of 400000. Tallinn has been a crossroad of Europe since ancient times, connecting Eastern EuropeSouthern EuropeandNorthern EuropeThe key area of,geographical positionSuperior scenery, surrounded by water on three sides.
The old city of Tallinn was built in the middle of the 13th century. It can be divided into upper city and lower city. The upper city is for the nobility and religious classUpper class societyThe gathering area of has always maintained the appearance of medieval style. The upper city has the famous castle Tombia, while the corresponding lower city ishandicraftsmanIt also hascity hallAmong them, the statue of Old Thomas, the patron saint, is one of the symbols and landmarks of the city of Tallinn. What complements the old city is that Tallinn New Town has been built, and many parks have been built for tourists to rest.
There is also a park called YouCadreorg Park(also called Yekaterinburg Park), it isTsarist RussiaPeter the GreatOrdered to be established.There is a bronze angel statue in the park, which is 16 meters high, to commemorate the sinking on the reef in 1893RussiaThe warship Mermaid.There are many famous historical sites in the city, including castles, churches and other ancient buildings from the 13th to the 15th century. Among them, Olives Cathedral is the highest church along the Baltic Sea;There are also ancient city walls, towers and castles built in the Middle Ages, which are still standing and the ancient style still exists.
Moscow
Moscow is the capital of Russia. Since it became the capital, Moscow has always been a political, economic, scientific, cultural andTransportation Center, the most populous city in Europe.The city iseurasiaUpper importantTransport hubIt is also an important industrial manufacturing center.
Moscow is one of the most green cities in the world. When you look down at Moscow from a high place, you can see the green trees under the blue sky and the clear rivers and lakes. The city is clean and tidy.There are 96 parks, 14 gardens and 400 parks in the cityStreet Garden160avenueThe total green area accounts for about one-third of the total area, reaching 45600 hectares.Moscow is a very famous tourist city in Europe, with a high green area, the reputation of "capital in the forest", and a large number of cultural attractions in the city.Kremlin, Red Square, New Virgin Cemetery, Museum of Armed Forces, OstankinoPushkin Museum of Plastic Arts、Pushkin's Former Residence Museum、arbat street Plato Renuo Church is a must visit place.
Russia and Eastern EuropeEstonia、Latvia、Lithuania、Barrows 、UkraineOther countries are all on this wavy plain.The terrain in the south of the plain is relatively flat.With flowing waterErosionMainly, gullies and flat valleys are relatively developed.Although the average elevation of the Eastern European Plain is only 170 meters, there are many hills above 300 meters above sea level (such as the Central Russian hills, Volga hills, etc.), as well as the Caspian lowlands below the ocean level.Due to the undulating terrain and vast area, the climate of different places is different, and the distribution of animals and plants is also very different.From north to south, it is freezingtundra , colderForest beltForest grassland belt with moderate climate and grassland belt at the southernmost.Forest belt accounts for more than half of the total area of the plain.There are famous rivers on the plain, such as the Volga River, the Don River and the Dnieper River.
Eastern European Plain
Eastern European PlainShanghai is not only rich in coal, iron, oil, manganese and other mineral resources, but also densely populated, with developed industry, agriculture and land and water transportation. With Moscow as the center, there are many importantIndustrial and mining area, is the heart of Russia.geological structure I have received 4 timesGlaciationImpact,Moraine landformVery developed.In the northern part of the plain, there are several northeast southwestTerminal moraine ridgeThe Valdai highland is evolved from the terminal moraine ridge.moraine hill And widely distributed depressionsMarshland。in additionSerpentine hill, drum hills, moraine ports and other moraine landforms are also common.Hilly highlands and lowlands are distributed alternately, with an average altitude of about 170 meters.Widespread in the north of the plainGlacial topography, typical moraine hills such as Valdai Hill andoutwash plain ；Southern waterGeomorphic development, there arearid landform。
