East Asia is one of the most densely populated regions in the world,population sizeoccupyWorld population22%.The economy of all countries (regions) has developed to a certain extent in recent years.Among them, Japan, South Korea and ChinaHong Kong, Macao and TaiwanThe region has reached a developed level.
Ancient Korea entered in 5000 BCNeolithic Age；The first 10 centuries began to enterBronze Age；The first four centuries entered the Iron Age.In the 3rd and 4th centuries,Korean PeninsulaformationGoguryeo 、Baekje 、SillaThe situation of tripartite confrontation, and then Silla unified the Korean Peninsula;tenth centuryKoreaDynasty establishment;Late 14th centuryJoseon Dynasty Establishment;Japan annexed the Korean Peninsula in 1910;World War IIThe post Korean Peninsula formed a state of confrontation between North and South Korea.
Japan
In the 5th centuryHonshuThe rise of Dahe in central China has been basically unifiedJapan；In 646, Japan began to imitate the system of the Tang Dynasty“Dahua Renovation”, become aCentralizationFeudal state;At the end of the 12th century, Japan enteredShogunate rulePeriod;In 1868, Japan learned from the Western system“Meiji Restoration”, gradually developed into aConstitutional monarchyCountry.
Mongolia
In the early days, the Mongolian Plateau was a place of multi-ethnic nomadism, where HunsXianbei、Turkicetc.nomadic people。In 1206, Genghis Khan unified all Mongolian ministries, and from then on, most ethnic groups on the Mongolian Plateau were renamed Mongolia.modernMongoliaIt became independent from China in 1946.
At the edge of East Asia continent, the geological conditions are complex, mountainous, volcanic and seismic.Typhoons often hit in summer and autumn.
East: Coastal, winding coastline, many islands and peninsulas;Terrain: many plains and hills.
West: far away from the sea;Terrain: many plateaus and mountains.
This difference in topography between the east and the west leads to a high terrain in the west and low terrain in the east. Most of the big rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean from west to east.
The rice produced accounts for the world's ricetotal outputMore than 40%, tea accounts for more than 25% of the world's total output, and soybeans account for 20%.Cotton, peanut, corn, sugarcanesesame、rapeseed The output of silk occupies an important position in the world.
Location and topography
East Asia is located in the east of Asia and the west bank of the Pacific Ocean.The total area is about 12500000 square meters
It accounts for about 9% of the global land area.The terrain is high in the west and low in the east. Traditionally, there are three steps: the first step isQinghai Tibet PlateauThe altitude of this place is generally more than 4000 meters;The second level is a series of basins and plateaus;The third level includes plains, hills and some islands.
climate
East Asia has the most typical monsoon climate in the world, which is characterized by hot and rainy summer, mild and humid winter, seasonal variation of precipitation andInterannual changeLarge.
As East Asia is located in the east of the world's largest continent and faces the world's largest ocean,Thermal difference between land and seaLarge, thus forming a typical monsoon climate.
The west of East Asia is located inEurasiaInside, it is far away from the ocean, and the ocean water vapor is difficult to reach, which results in less precipitation,Annual rangeLargetemperate continental climate , and this oneClimatic zoneBecause the distance between the east and the west is very different from the ocean, the climate difference between the east and the west is also very obvious.
Due to the complex terrain and large topographic relief in East Asia, the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the "roof of the world", is the most prominent, forming a uniquePlateau and alpine climate。
Japan and China are adjacentSiberiaandCentral AsiaThe area is warm and humid, and the original rich temperate zoneconiferous forest、broad-leaved forestandMixed forestBecause densely populated lowlands and river valleys have been converted to agricultural and urban use, forests will be found mostly in mountainous areas in the 21st century.ice ageOfGlaciationIt has little impact on East Asia.From Japan and South ChinaPalaearcticTemperate forest, toOriental RealmSubtropical zone andtropical forests And create a rich and diverseFloraandfauna。The mountains in southwest China are listed as the worldBiodiversity hotspotsOne, for examplethe himalayasContains about 8% of the world'sbirds。In Southeast Asia,MyanmarThe northern and southern mountain ranges of China form the tongue region of the Palaearctic flora and fauna.The isolated Sky Island exists in the south to the central part of Myanmar, and in the northVietnam?And the mountains of Taiwan Province.
Countries and regions
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China
(including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan)
"China" in the concept of political powerHuaxia nationalityEstablish,Chinese cultureThe main founder of the Chinese ethnic group is the Han nationality, a descendant of the Chinese ethnic group.The Han nationality is also the Chinese mainland and China in the 21st centuryHong Kong, ChinaMacaoAnd Taiwan'sMain ethnic groups, withAncestor worshipBuddhism, TaoismConfucianismAnd other beliefs.
The monsoon climate is remarkable.Climate in ChinaIt is hot and rainy in summer, cold and rainy in winterHigh temperature periodAndRainy seasoncoincidentMonsoon climate characteristics。Because China is located on the world's largest continent——EurasiaIn the east, and in the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world, southwestthe indian oceanIt is also near, because the climate is significantly affected by the mainland and the ocean.The northerly wind blowing from the mainland to the sea prevails in winter, and the southerly wind blowing from the sea to the land prevails in summer.Winter windIt originates from the interior of Asia and is cold and dry in nature. Under its influence, most parts of China generally have little precipitation and low temperature in winter, especially in the north.Summer monsoonIt comes from the Pacific Ocean in the southeast and the Indian Ocean in the southwest. It is warm and humid in nature. Under its influence, precipitation generally increases,Rain heatSame season.
Foreign Trade of Mainland China
Although China's climate is conducive to development in many aspectsagricultural productionBut there are also disadvantages, ChinaDisastrous weatherFrequent, for ChinaProduction and constructionAnd people's lives, among whichdrought、big flood、cold waveTyphoon, typhoon, etc. are the main disastrous weather that has a great impact on China.Drought and flood disasters occur on average once a year in China, mostly in the north, and in the south.In summer and autumn, the southeast coast of China is often affected bytropical storm- Typhoon attack.Typhoons (called typhoons when tropical storms develop to a particularly strong level) are most frequent from June to September.In autumn and winter in China, from MongoliaSiberiaOfcold airWhen the cold air is particularly strong, the temperature drops suddenly and cold waves appear.Cold wave can cause low temperature, strong windSandstorm、frostAnd other disasters.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to political factors, trade with Western countries has almost been cut off;During the period when relations with the United States and the Soviet Union were not good, China'smodernization of industryThe process is rather slow.However, since the beginning of the reform and opening up policy in 1978, the economic development has become increasingly active under the stimulation and drive of foreign technology and capital investment,Production technologyAnd accelerated progress.During this period, the foreign capital invested in mainland China mainly came from the United States, Japan, South Korea and ChinaHong Kong, Macao and TaiwanRegion (includingReinvestment）Equal place;With the influx of foreign capital and the prosperity of the industry,Zhujiang delta、Yangtze River deltaAnd other eastern coastal areasOpen areaAnd some inland cities have rapidly developed into highly capitalized and industrialized areas.
Since the 1990s, due to the globalIndustrial divisionResultingscale economyAdvantages make China play an increasingly important role in the world trading system.The Chinese industry mainly produces export-oriented products, and by 2010, the overallGross domestic productionListedSecond in the world, second only to the United States;In addition, the increasingly vigorous battalionJianyeanddomestic marketIt also makes mainland China a major importer of raw materials and energy in the world.The admission to the World Trade Organization in 2001 marked the trend of closer integration between the economic and trade development of mainland China and the world's mainstream system.
on the other hand,The People's Republic of ChinaAndRussiastayMilitary weapons, energy, industrial equipment, daily necessities and other aspects of trade relations are very close.From the People's Republic of China to Russia, KazakhstanUzbek、KyrgyzstanandTajikistan Six countries in totalShanghai Cooperation Organization (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and Sino Russian cooperationNortheast AsiaThe action of the natural gas pipeline can be seen that the Chinese mainland is facing the westerncapitalismglobalizationAt the same time, it also attaches great importance to regional strategic partners andEnergy securityLayout.
stayHong Kong British PeriodHong Kong has developed into an important international port where the world's commercial and financial activities converge.Since the reform and opening up of the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong has become the welcome of the Chinese mainlandForeign investment, and the most important window for the transfer of raw materials and products;With the economic integration of Hong Kong and mainland China,Zhujiang deltaThe region has been driven to develop into another highly developed region in mainland China.Hong Kong's current economic activities are dominated by shipping, logistics, finance, tourism and service industries, and it has begun to devote itself to high-tech research.
The People's Republic of ChinaMacao, another earlier internationalized city, is also among the developed economies. Its economy is dominated by tourism and service industries.
TaiwanExisting in the early stage of the provinceTaiwan's ethnic minoritiesDuring the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Taiwan began to have immigrants from the coast of mainland ChinaNetherlands、Spain, Japanese rule to varying degrees, Han andPingpu nationalityCommon descendants become the majority of Taiwan's population;In terms of economy, Taiwan'sInfrastructure, but in the Second World WarFebruary 28 IncidentAfter that, the infrastructure and people's livelihood construction were damaged to a certain extent.In 1949, the Kuomintang government fled to Taiwan after its defeat and began to rule.
Taiwan develops industry with agricultureImport substitutionProcessing export and industrial structure transformation have developed all the way to the 21st century.From 1963 to 1996, the average annual economic growth rate exceeded 9%.The economy is developed, the political and economic level and living conditions are up todeveloped countryOr regional level.Taiwan's main industries are high-tech, electronic, communication products, and automobile production;In particular, computer components have a very highmarket share。In addition, based on geographical and cultural rootsstraitTaiwan IslandBilateral economic and trade exchanges between mainland China are also quite frequent.
Japan
National flower of Japan
Japan lies in the Pacific Ocean in the east of Asia.It is composed of four large islands and about 4000 small islands, with an area of 377800 square kilometers.With a population of 125.6 millionWorld population densityOne of the largest countries.withDaiwa familybyMain ethnic groups, common Japanese, believe inShintoismAnd Buddhism.
Tokyo, the capital, with a population of 36.7 million, is the political, economic and cultural center of the country[3]。
After Shinzo Abe came to power again at the end of 2012, he vigorously promoted "Abenomics" and implemented a series of economic stimulus policies, which to some extent boosted the Japanese economy.Before the COVID-19 epidemic, Japan's stock market rose, exports grew and consumption recovered.After Takeo Kishida came to power, he proposed to build a "new capitalism", promote a virtuous cycle of economic growth and income distribution, strengthen economic security, and revise the neo liberal economic line, including "Abenomics".Revitalizing the Japanese economy is a top priority, focusing on coping with rising prices and yen depreciation, improving national income, and promoting economic growth through investment and reform.Diplomatically, Japan adheres to the Japan US alliance, attaches importance to multilateral diplomacy, and strives to play an important role in international affairs.[11]
the republic of korea
Capital: Seoul
South Korea is located in the southern half of the East Korean Peninsula on the Asian mainland, surrounded by the sea on three sides: east, south and west, with an area of 99600 square kilometers. The total length of the peninsula coastline is about 17000 kilometers (including island coastline)Northeast High, low in the southwest.The mountainous area accounts for about 70%, which belongs to the temperate monsoon climate. The average annual temperature is 13 ℃, and the precipitation is about 1300~1500 mm.winterAverage temperatureIt is below 0 ℃. August is the hottest month in summer with a temperature of 25 ℃. It is vulnerable to typhoons in March, April and early summer.With a population of about 50 million (2012), the Korean nationality (Korean nationality) is the main ethnic group, which believes in BuddhismConfucianism。
In the 1960s, the Korean economy began to take off.Since the 1970s, it has continued to grow at a high speed. The per capita GNP has increased from US $87 in 1962 to US $10548 in 1996, creating a "miracle of the Han River".In 1996, he joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and became one of the founding countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the same year.After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, South Korea's economy entered a period of moderate growth.
In 2008, affected by the international financial crisis, South Korea's economy declined significantly.The South Korean government quickly adopted a series of policies, including large-scale fiscal stimulus. The financial market recovered in an all-round way, the real economy stabilized and rebounded, and the confidence of enterprises and consumers continued to increase, making it the first country among the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to go out of the bottom.[4]
It is located in the eastern part of the Asian continent, bordering China in the north, Russia in the northeast, and Japan across the sea.averageAltitude440 meters, with mountains accounting for about 80% of the land area.The total length of the peninsula coastline is about 17300 kilometers.genusTemperate monsoon climate，Annual average temperature8~12 ℃, annual average precipitation 1000~1200 mm.It has a population of about 25 million, with Korean (Korean) as the main ethnic group, and believes in BuddhismConfucianism、Cheondoism 。
Implement planned economy.According to the official data released by North Korea in January 2023, 100.7% of the budget revenue and 99.9% of the expenditure will be completed in 2022.The budget revenue in 2023 is expected to increase by 1% over the previous year, including 1.2% increase in economic construction investment and 0.7% increase in science and technology investment.The defense budget accounted for 15.9% of the total budget, unchanged from the previous year.We should attach importance to the development of the four leading industries of metallurgy, electricity, coal and railway transportation, as well as mining, machinery, chemical industry and light industry, and strive to realize the normalization and modernization of production.Concentrate on developing grain production, continue to promote seed improvement and double cropping, and expand the planting of potatoes and soybeans.Grain production is dominated by rice and corn.[10]
MongoliaIt is the largest inland plateau country in the world and the second largest in the worldinland country, located between China and Russia, with an area of 1.56 million square kilometers and a population of 2.9 million.with much land and few people.withMongolianbyMain ethnic groups, believe inTibetan Buddhism、Shamanism 。Mongolia is located in the northern half of the Mongolian Plateau.The north and northwest are relatively high, and the southeast is relatively flat, with an average elevation of 1500 meters. The climate is typical temperate continental climate, with short and hot summer and long and cold winter.Annual temperature difference andDiurnal rangeEverything is very big.Rainfall is scarce.There are forests in the Altay Mountains in the northwest and some mountains in the north, and the Gobi in the southeast（Coarse sandAnd gravel).The whole grassland is vast, and the animal husbandry is MongolianEconomic lifelineThe main livestock types are sheep, horses, camels, etc.The industry is dominated by livestock products processing.northSelenge RiverThere are wheat fields around, which is the main farming area.
capitalUlan BatorIs the national political, economic, cultural andTransportation CenterWool textile, leather and other industries are relatively developed, and there are railways connecting China and Russia.
Population and nationality
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East Asia has a population of more than 1.6 billion, accounting for 22% of the world.This region is also one of the regions with the highest population density in the world;About 135 people per square kilometer, equivalent to the world population densityaverage value(about 40 people per square kilometer).population distributionunbalanced,Western ChinaRegion and MongoliaSparse population, andEastern China, Korean Peninsula andJapanese archipelagoThe population is dense.
East Asians are mainly Yellow Asians, mainly in coastal and valley plains.The ethnic distribution can be roughly divided into two groups: genusSino Tibetan language familyHan nationality andthe zang or tibetan people, and genusAltaicMongolianManchu；Korean, and ethnic groups of isolated language family.
East Asian Scenery
About 5000 years agoAncient timesSince the beginning of the Yellow River Basin（central plains）Established by the Chinese civilizationcentralizationEmpire is the most important country in the region.During the period when the Chinese Empire was relatively strong, it often established tributary relations with nomadic or settled peoples in the surrounding areas to exchange needed goods;Sometimes they are expelled by force.The territory of the Chinese Empire expanded significantly to the south and northwest from the first three to the first century, indirectly or directly resulting in the great migration of ethnic groups in the Southeast Asia and Central Asia;Then in the third, 13-14th and 17th centuriesnomadic peopleThey invaded on a large scale and were even conquered.However, due to the deep-rooted Chinese civilization and large population, these nations that invaded or conquered the Chinese Empire later adopted the ChineseRules and regulationsTo be fully or partially integratedChinese nationamong.
international relation
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Ancient relations
The influence of the two cultural bodies of Japan and China is between the Korean Peninsula and Taiwancontemporary historyThere were several wars here until the 15th century when overseas colonization and trade flourishedancient civilization The historical track ofsee alsoBattle of Baicun RiverWenyong, Hong'an Campaign, Japanese piratesWanli Korean WarorRen ChenPatriotic War]
sixteenth century
From EuropeSpain、Portugal、NetherlandsAnd other forces began to directly contact with East AsiaCivilized exchanges；The establishment of a maritime trade network, and Western crops andThermal weaponThe input ofSupply capacityAnd the pattern of war, which indirectly affected the historical trajectory of the two countries later, though not obviously.For example, maritime trade and“Iron cannon”（Musket）The introduction and application of ", to a considerable extent, affected the growth and decline of Japan's internal regional forces in the sixteenth century, and influenced Japan to a considerable extentSengokuThe result of the competition for hegemony.For example, the planting of new crops such as sweet potatoes has slowed downChinese nationfieldarable landThe problem of development saturation, however, was caused by the change of food supply, which led to the population explosion in the Ming Dynasty since the 18th century;Later, the excessive population became a heavy burden that the People's Republic of China could not shake off until the 21st century.On the other hand“far eastThe "The Far East" trade demand provides European forces in the United States, AfricaAsiaVigorously develop everywhereColonialismInducement of;Affects as far as possiblecapitalismandindustrial revolutionThe rise ofobjective condition。
nineteenth century
After the long-term impact of the aforementioned development, there has been a huge gap in economic and technological development between Europe and East Asia.Powered by emerging Western powers such as Britain, France and the United Statesmilitary superiorityThe Qing DynastyEdo Bakufu andJoseon Dynasty ——Are forced to accept the European centeredInternational politicsAnd trade system, and entered the history of modernization and transformationNew stage。
A modern country
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By Europenation-stateThe impact of concepts, and contemporary ItalyGermanyStimulated by the success of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the political history of China, South Korea, and Japan after the second half of the 19th century, can be said to be a history of shaping their own under the background of modernization and transformationNationalitiesThe history of the founding of the People's Republic of China.
China
ChinaThe initial modernization efforts were constrained by the powerful conservative forces that combined the ruling class and traditional bureaucrats in the Qing Empire, andPopulation issuesUnder the drag of, it failed to achieve significant success.The 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty,Republic of ChinaIs established equal toDominionIt was also dominated by the majority Han nationality. The "golden decade" after the Northern Expedition in 1928 was the period of the Kuomintang's political and economic development in the mainland, but then it fell into the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China and the 14 year war of resistance, which almost destroyed the foundation and people's livelihood construction.1949The People's Republic of ChinaAfter its establishment, it carried out socialist transformation, and China enteredsocialist constructionDuring this period, the social economy was fully recovered and developed.After entering the Deng Xiaoping period, the People's Republic of China began to restructure its domestic economy and actively develop diplomacy,national policyLed the transformation of the People's Republic of China intoWorld FactoryAfter the 21st century, the People's Republic of China has become an international power in terms of military affairs, economy and trade, which cannot be ignoredEconomies。
Taiwan's ethnic minorities already existed in the early stage of Taiwan Province. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Taiwan began to have immigrants from the coast of China. Despite the rule of the Netherlands, Spain and Japan to varying degrees, the Han nationality still became part of Taiwan's populationabsolute majority；Economically, the Japanese colonial period has gradually built Taiwan's infrastructure, butthe Second World WarAfter the 228 Incident, infrastructure and people's livelihood construction were damaged to a certain extent.In 1949, the Kuomintang government moved to Taiwan to promote land reformUS AidImplementation with supportcapitalismSystem;After the 1970s, the economy gradually transformed to industry and commerce (secondThree industries）Mainly, in politics, it has successively gone through martial law lifting, universal election of the Legislative Council, direct election of the "President", and political party rotation,Taiwan ConsciousnessGradually popularized.At the same time, the relationship between Taiwan and the mainland is also complicated from the early military, anti communism and other confrontation and conflict modes to the recent exchanges in the form of political alienation and economic cooperation (see the current situation of the Taiwan Strait and the Taiwan issue).Taiwan's national identity has long been regarded as a phenomenon of identity confusion. However, in 2010, Taiwan's national identity survey showed that 80% of the people agree that they are“Chinese nationIt shows that Taiwanese have no doubts about national identity.
South Korea and North Korea
Under the influence of the international situation in the second half of the 19th century, North Korea first broke away from the suzerain relationship with China and was included by JapanSphere of influenceAnd finally merged with Japan in the early 20th century.However, under the great stimulus of hard won independence and immediate loss of one's own country,Republic of KoreaThe people have experienced Japan for more than 30 yearscolonial ruleOn the contrary, it has strengthened the national consciousness that we must establish our own country;Finally, after the end of World War IIAlliesThe sovereignty of South Korea was restored by consensus of the major powers.
However, in the United States and the Soviet UnionCold WarAgainst the backgroundKorean War, causingNorth KoreaThe split of the regime on the peninsula: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, which controlled the northern part of the peninsula with the assistance of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, has long implemented pure communismplanned economy；The Republic of Korea, which controls the southern part of the peninsula with the support of the United States, Britain and other countriesState capitalismAfter several times of political interference by the military, democratization was finally achieved in the 1990s.
The North and the South have long practiced different policies, economiessocial systemAs a result, two completely different countries were created on the Korean Peninsula;In the case of huge differences in all aspects, the future reunification of the Korean people in the DPRK is bound to encounter major challenges in reality.
Japan
After being oppressed by the West, such as the black ship incident in 1853JapanOfHonor the king and fight against the barbariansIdeological trendInversion movementWind surges, and towards the establishmentcentralizationThe civil war andLocal systemChange, first of all, will bring about the success of its founding;Through“Meiji Restoration”The long-term reform of the feudal systemJapanAt the end of the 19th centuryconstitutional monarchyCountry.Is eager to imitate the WestImperialismAndSocial DarwinismWith the help of ideology, Japan actively extended its influence into North Korea and Taiwan Province of China in an attempt to expand its international influence, which led toSino Japanese War；The result of the war has decisively changed the two warring parties, as well as North Korea'sQing DynastyThe historical track of Taiwan (see TaiwanJapanese occupationTimes).
Japan gradually stepped up in the early 20th centuryMilitarismThe way is itselfPolitical systemAnd InternationalStrategic situationInteractionResults.staySino Japanese War of 1894-1895(Japan called the Japanese Qing War)Russo Japanese WarAndWorld War IUnder the "encouragement" of successive victories,Sea of JapanThe morale of the young soldiers at home and abroad is high, and the non main fighting factions are inferior. FinallySino-Japanese hostilitiesRaise andPacific WarThe outbreak of such campaigns asCircum PacificCountries are mired in war.The post-war Japanese regimethe United NationsConcept reorganization, composition reform, implementation of representative democracy and its essenceCabinet systemCountry.
On December 28, 1911, Outer Mongolia declared "independence",Tsarist RussiaThey consider themselves as Mongolian protectors.Emperor QingAfter abdication, the Beiyang government continued to negotiate with Russia and signed the agreement on June 7, 1915《China Russia Mongolia Treaty》, barely keeping the sovereignty of Mongolia in the legal sense.In the summer of 1919, MongoliaZhebuzundambaThe feudal upper class, led by the Communist Party of China, began negotiations with the Beiyang government on the cancellation of "autonomy".In November, the "autonomy" government of Outer Mongolia revoked and submitted a petition to restore the old system. The Chinese government agreed to this request, declared the documents between China and Russia on Outer Mongolia autonomy invalid, and conferred Jebzun Danba the title of Borghyperhidrosis, and sent the northwest border guard envoyXu ShuzhengLed the army into Outer Mongolia and recoveredTerritorial sovereignty。Zhiwan WarAfter the event, Xu's main force was transferred back from Mongolia to participateWarlord scuffle, only in Kulun and the border between Mongolia and Russia to the northBuying and selling city(TodayAltan Prague）Keep a small number of troops.On February 3, 1921, Wen Ganlun's troops defeated the Chinese garrison, occupied Kulun, helped the eighth Zhebuzun Danba to ascend the throne of "Mongolian Emperor" again, and established the so-called "autonomous government".On July 10, the constitutional monarchical government of Mongolia, with Jebzundamba as its emperor, was officially established and declared independence in Kulun.The next day, it was later designated as MongoliaNational Day, and the date of liberation of the Buying and Selling City (March 18) is set asMongolian People's ArmyArmy Day.In 1924, the Chinese government signed the Outline Agreement on Settlement of Outstanding Cases with the Russian government, which still stipulated that Outer Mongolia wasChinese territoryChina enjoys territorial sovereignty.In May 1924, the eighth Zhebuzun Danba died of illness.Mongolia cancels after one monthConstitutional monarchy, establishrepublic, establishedthe people's republic ofmongolia 。[5]
On January 5, 1946, the National GovernmentFormal recognitionOuter Mongolia Independence。In 1952, Chiang Kai shek believed thatSoviet UnionObstruct its presenceManchuriaThe efforts to restore sovereignty and assist the Communist Party of China in the Kuomintang Communist civil war violated the treaty and sued the former Soviet Union to the United Nations.United Nations General AssemblyWith 25 votes in favour, 9 against and 24 abstentions, the former Soviet Union was condemned by Resolution 505.
The Taiwan region of China vetoed Mongolia's accession to the United Nations in 1955, but in order to prevent the People's Republic of China from joining the United NationsAfricaEleven students from the French Departmentmember stateUnder the pressure of, the Taiwan region of China stopped blocking Mongolia, and finally Mongolia joined the United Nations in 1961.[5]
Contemporary politics and economy
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China
Mainland China
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to various unfavorable political factorsthe WestThe trade between them is almost cut off;During the period of bad relations with the United States and the Soviet Unionadvanced techniqueThe pipeline of the People's Republic of China is restrictedmodernization of industryThe process is rather slow.However, since the beginning of the reform and opening up policy in 1978, under the stimulation and drive of international technology and capital investment, economic development has become increasingly active, and production technology has also been able to accelerate progress.During this period, foreign investment in the People's Republic of China mainly came from South KoreaU.S.A、JapanAnd Taiwan Province of China;With the influx of foreign capital and the prosperity of the industry,Zhujiang delta、Yangtze River deltaAnd other economic open areas such as the eastern coastal areas, as well as some inland cities, have rapidly developed into highly capitalized and industrialized areas.
Since the 1990s, due to the global industrial divisionscale economyThe advantages of the People's Republic of Chinaworld tradePlay an increasingly important role in the system.In recent years, the industry of the People's Republic of China hasExport orientedThe main products of the People's Republic of China by 2010Gross domestic productionIt has ranked second in the world, second only to the United States;In addition, the increasingly vigorous construction industry and domestic market also make the People's Republic of China become the worldRaw materials, energy, etc.Admitted in 2001World Trade OrganizationIt marks the trend of closer integration between the economic and trade development of the People's Republic of China and the world mainstream system.[6]
On the other hand, the People's Republic of China andRussiaTrade relations in military weapons, energy, industrial equipment, daily necessities, etc. are very close.From the People's Republic of China andRussia, KazakhstanUzbek、KyrgyzstanandTajikistan Six countries in totalShanghai Cooperation Organization (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), as well as the Sino Russian cooperation in building the natural gas pipeline in Northeast Asia, it can be seen that the People's Republic of China is greeting the westerncapitalismAt the time of globalization, it also attaches great importance to regional strategic partners and energy security layout.
Hong Kong, China
Hong Kong, China is located inPearl River EstuaryOn the east coast, facing Macao across the sea, during the British rule, Hong Kong developed into an important international port where the world's commercial and financial activities converged.Since the reform and opening up of the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong has become the welcome of the People's Republic of Chinainternational investment , and the most important window for the transfer of raw materials and products;With the economic integration of Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China,Zhujiang deltaThe region has been driven to develop into another highly developed region in the People's Republic of China, and is second only to New YorkLondonIs the third largest in the worldInternational Financial Center。Currenteconomic activityMainly in shipping, logistics, finance, tourism and service industries.
Macao China
Macau, China is located inPearl River EstuaryOn the west bank, across the sea from Hong Kong, Macao developed into a world-class gambling industry during the Portuguese ruletourist cityThe economy is also among the developed ones, with tourism and service industries as the main industries.
Taiwan, China
Taiwan, China, develops industry with agriculture, import substitution, processing and exportIndustrial structure transformationDevelopment along the way.From 1963 to 1996, the average annual economic growth rate exceeded 9%.The economy is developed, and the political and economic level and living conditions have reached a developed level.Taiwan's main industries in recent years are high-tech, electronics, communication products, and automotiveOEM；In particular, computer components have a very highMarket share。 In addition, based on geographical and cultural relations, economic and trade exchanges with Japan, mainland China and other places are also quite frequent.
Japan
World War IIAfter the war, Japan first used supplythe Korean WarThe front-line military supplies are an opportunity to rebuild its economy.After the 1960s, the economy developed rapidly, and enterprises were able to accumulate a large amount of capital.After the 1970s, Japan's capital and technology intensivePrecision manufacturingAlready very developed, the export of automobiles, household appliances and other products swept the global market, once seriously threatening similar industries in the United States.With the rapid economic growth,Tokyo—Yokohama.、Osaka—KobeThe commercial centers such as the Shanghai Metropolitan Area have developed into the largest metropolitan area in the world.
Japan's manufacturing industry has made great achievements in technology improvement and product export, which has established Japan's leading position in the worldeconomic base。Although experienceUS Japan trade friction、bubble economyThe collapse and other shocks have led to the stagnation or even regression of Japan's economic development trend since the 1990s. However, Japan is still the world's leading economy in the 21st century, and its gross domestic product ranks the third in the world, after the United States and the People's Republic of China.In the 21st century, Japan's industries are dominated by service industry, shipping, finance, high-tech research and development, etc.
North Korea is oneSocialist countryIt is in the process of unifying problemsSix Party Talks, missile test launchnuclear weaponTest explosions and human rights have attracted worldwide attention.
Scope includesNortheast AsiaSeveral countries, China in the east and several Southeast Asian countries.
definition
It was done in Europe after the Second World WarEuropean Community(andEuropean Union）And the same community conceived in East Asia.This is the desire of the countries in East Asia that are geographically close to each other through long-term mutual cooperation andintegration process And form a close whole.It is based on common interests and regional identity, not aexclusivenessAnd does not target any countries outside the region.
This idea has been used in ASEAN+3, IndiaAustralia、New ZealandThe 9th session in 2003ASEAN SummitAs a topic.On October 10, 2009, the second timeChina Japan ROK Leaders' MeetingHeld in Beijing, China, Japan and the ROK finalized the general direction of future cooperation: jointly building the East Asia Community.
member state
If its member states areEast Asia SummitIf members, their potential members include:
At the Nikkei meeting in Japan on 24 May 2007,Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Arroyo listed 17 potential member countries, and replaced them with Russia on this listTimor-Leste。Russia asobserverAttended the first East Asia Summit.Later, Arroyo listed only 16 countries in his keynote speech at the 40th ASEAN Ministerial Conference.
There are many economic cooperation frameworks in East Asia."10+3" Summit Begins in AsiaCurrency crisis。"10+6" is the framework of 10+3+Australia, India and New Zealand.In 2011, ASEAN invited the United States and Russia, and "10+8" was born.In addition, the United States is promoting the TPP out of economic and geopolitical motives.The birth background of each framework determines its characteristics.From the perspective of East Asia Community's need for monetary cooperation to achieve exchange rate stability, East Asia Community should be a "10+3" with 10 years of practical achievements in financial cooperation and cooperation system, rather than other cooperation frameworks.In fact, Japan expects CMI to becomeAMRObyPermanent establishmentAsiaMonetary Fund"10+3" will become the embryonic form of East Asia Community.
The idea of establishing a trade community in East Asia has a long history.Since the 1940s, Japan has been established in East AsiaGreater East Asia Co prosperity CircleThe assumption of.However, this idea is not successful, because it is mainly used as aideologyYes, Japan wants to rely on its huge economy, military andpolitic force, establishJapanese yenCircle and Japanese sphere of influence.However, the idea of Asian integration did not end with Japan's defeat.
East Asian scenery
On August 8, 1967, it was composed of the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Singaporeasean(ASEAN) Association was established to prevent the expansion of communist forces in the region.
In 1997,Asian financial crisisAt the end of the same year, the first informal meeting between the leaders of ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea (9+3 at the time, Cambodia became 10+3 after joining ASEAN in 1999) was held in MalaysiaKuala LumpurHeld.
In 2002, the "10+3" Leaders' Meeting adoptedEast Asian StudiesThe report on the establishment of "East Asia Community" proposed by the Group (EASG).
At the end of 2003, Japan and ASEAN held a special summit meeting. The Tokyo Declaration issued after the meeting also confirmed the goal of establishing the "East Asian Community".East Asian countries have set the establishment of "East Asian Community" as the long-term goal of East Asian cooperation.
On December 14, 2005, the first East Asia Summit will be held in Malaysia.But Japan and China are meetingjoint declarationThere were major differences in drafting.China believes that the forum for discussing the establishment of the future East Asian Community should be the "10+3" meeting, but Japan advocates that it should be the East Asia Summit including the "10+3" members and India, Australia and New Zealand.In short, the focus of the confrontation between Japan and China is whether the "10+3" Conference or the East Asia Summit is the parent of the "East Asia Community".
Assumed disputes
Most of the proponents advocate that the goal should be to first move towards the common economic circle in East Asia, and theneuroImport common currency as a model.This is from“Asian monetary unit”AsA basket of currenciesOfConcept acquisitionAnticipation that begins with adoption.But others say it is from parliamentary democracy?The opinions summarized from the common values of market economy and Chinese character culture.
In JapanMinistry of Foreign AffairsIt is regarded as a more active party in the realization of this concept.Liberal Democratic Partyandthe Democratic Party of the United StatesBoth mentioned in their political platforms the idea of building a community in East Asia.In particular, the Democratic Party, which advocates "symbiosis with Asia" among political parties, is more favorable.In Japan and abroad, it is mainly advocated by conservative politicians in South Korea.
This idea was once used in ASEAN+3?India, Australia and New Zealand participated in the 1st ASEAN Summit as a topic.
In September 2009,Democratic Party of JapanAfter taking office, the Prime MinisterYukio HatoyamaWhen contacting with the leaders of China and South Korea, they repeatedly mentioned the construction of the East Asian Community, and the leaders of China and South Korea also responded positively. The concept of the East Asian Community is rapidly warming up.Hatoyama has positioned the East Asian Community as the third pole of the world in Asia, keeping pace with the United States and the European Union.On September 28, 2009China Japan ROK Foreign Ministers' MeetingChinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said that he would actively participate in East Asia cooperation and integration;Japanese officials also said for the first time that this dream is expected to be realized in the next 10 to 15 years.
At the end of December 2009, Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping was invited to visit Japanofficial visitOn the eve of his visit, Xi Jinping accepted Japan and the ROK at the Great Hall of the People on the 12thmainstream mediaThe reporters stationed in Beijing made a joint interview and made an important statement on the construction of the East Asian Community.Xi Jinping said that the East Asia Community is the common goal of China and Japan. He said that Prime Minister Hatoyama's proposal to establish the East Asia Community shows that the Japanese government attaches importance to East AsiaRegional cooperationPositive attitude.This concept is in line with the general trend of Asian integration process, and is also the common goal of all countries in the region, including China and Japan.Building an East Asian community is a systematic project, which should be based on reality and long-term vision.At present, the most important thing is that all countries should strengthen dialogue and communication and reach consensus.[8]This talk has shown the world the bright future of the East Asian Community, which has attracted wide attention.
Affirmative opinion
The opinions in favor can be roughly divided into the following points:
Economic advantages
*If it is limited to currency, the introduction of Asian common currency will suppressforeign exchange marketThe impact of the East Asian region has made the economy of East Asia stable for a long time.In addition, the common currency will bedollarAnd the euro exist side by side in the world, making Asiainternational economy Its position has been upgraded and contributed a lot.
*In the EU andnaftaIn the process of global regional integration, in order to make the economic growth of countries in East Asia more stable, East Asia also needs such an organization to maintain.
*With the active development of the community in economic exchanges, the political opposition between countries will gradually disappear, so it is regarded as closely related to regional stability.In addition, it may also promote the democratization of China.
other
*Japanese proponents believe that if Japan does not participate in the Community, the Community will be formed with China as the center, and China's influence on the participating countries will grow.Therefore, Japan, as a check on China's role, is necessary to do something in building a communityLeadership role。
Objection
Objections can be broadly divided into the following points:
Different ideologies
*There is no consistentideology。Compared with the sense of community,nationalismOur values tend to be preferred.
*There is a gap between China, Japan and South Korea in their understanding of each other's history.
*There is a common religious existence of Christianity/Catholicism among EU countries, which is also opposedturkeyReasons for joining the EU.In contrast, what once dominated East AsiaConfucianism(Confucianism) can no longer be said to be the common religion in the region.
Territorial and political disputes
*Because this idea would exclude the United States, the ally of Japan and South Korea, the United States is not happy with this idea.Therefore, the United States actively lobbied Australia and other allies to join the Community.
*Because of the participation of the People's Republic of China, China will not be recognizedTaiwanThe authorities act as "independentSovereign state”As a prerequisite.
*It is precisely because the People's Republic of China adheres to its independent national character, as well as South Korea, which is both anti AmericanRoh Moo hyunThe government, so some minority people think that this idea is anti American.
*People in China and South KoreaAnti Japanese sentimentHigh, so there are many opponents in Japan and Japan.
*South Korea and JapanDokdo /Takeshima, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and JapanDiaoyu Islands/The territorial issue of the Senkaku Islands remains unresolved.In addition, there are alsoNansha IslandsThe territorial disputes of.
Economic reasons
*Because of the great difference in economic level between Japan and other countries, a large number of workers with lower quality will flow into Japan.So even if such social burden factors are taken into accountfree trade agreement There are still quite a few.
*If a common currency is introduced, countries will losefinancial policyandfiscal policyOfAutonomy。As a result, countries will not be able to implement financial and fiscal policies in line with their own markets, so opponents believe that the economy will deteriorate.In fact, they didn't joineurozoneBritainSwedenandDenmarkThe economies of Germany and France, which have joined the euro zone, are in a downturn.
*After the establishment of the Community, the United States, China's largest trading partner and one of Japan's most important trading partners, will be excluded.
*East Asia is expected to be stronglyChina's economic circleNibbled.Japan is also doomed to be eaten by this economic circle.In order to prevent the economy from weakening, the opposition from the Japanese side believes that Japan should joinnaftaInstead of the East Asian Community, it forms a community with the United States, which has similar values.
Security reasons
*If we set up a common army like the European Union Army, it is not an American ally[9]For example, Chinese troops may stay in Japan.In addition, JapaneseSelf Defense ForceIt is also possible to stay in China and the Korean Peninsula, which will lead to opposition from the host country.
other
*Other opinions point out that this is exactly the same as the "Greater East Asia Co prosperity Circle" once advocated by Japan.One side of the consensus believes that this is contrary to the idea of building an international organization in which all East Asian countries can participate under the position of reciprocity.The opposition side believes that the reality of international politics ispower politicsTherefore, we should trust the optimistic idea of "reciprocity between countries" from the very beginning.
*As a maritime country, Japan would be irrational in land politics if it intervened deeply in mainland countries as it did before the war.However, the objection to this point is that the land politics itself has also haddeficiencies(Because a country in a region does not necessarily mean a mainland country), it should not be discussed based on land politics.
