They were all created by the imperialist powers to redistribute the coloniesFight for world hegemonyCaused by.In order to achieve their own war goals, the two belligerents pouredcomprehensive national strength, focusing on armed struggle, launched a fierce struggle on the military, political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological, diplomatic and other fronts,War scaleConsumption and harm are unprecedented and have caused great disasters to the people of the world.
Name
World War
Time of occurrence
July 28, 1914 to September 2, 1945(July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918, World War I, September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945)
Location
Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, North Africa, Pacific, Atlantic, Mediterranean
In 1887,Friedrich EngelsAnalyzed thearms raceThe situation predicts that "an unprecedented scale and intense world war" will take place（《Military Anthology of Marx and Engels》Volume 2, page 428).In the first half of the 20th century, two world wars broke out.the First World WarIt occurred in 1914-1918 in Germany, Austria, Italy, etcAlliesAnd Britain, France, Russia, etcEntenteTwo major imperialist military blocsExpand between.The war spread all over Europe, Asia and Africa, and 33 countries and 1.5 billion people were involved in the war.
The war ended in the defeat of the Allied Group.along withImperialismThe contradiction was further aggravated and broke out in 1939the Second World War。The war began with the unjust war of plunder provoked by the fascist axis countries such as Germany, Italy and Japan, and ended with the anti fascist war of allies such as China, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and FranceJust warThe victory of is over.A total of 84 people were involved in the warcountries and regions (Among them, 61 countries participated in the war), with a population of about 2 billion, causing unprecedented disasters to mankind.After the Second World War,Superpowerimplementhegemonismandpower politics, the world is still restless,local warOne after another, continuous.Since the 1990s, with the worldwidePolitical multipolarityAndeconomic globalizationPeace and development have become the theme of the times.People all over the world oppose war and hope for peace, which has become an important factor in stopping the outbreak of a new world war.China is an important force in safeguarding world peace and stability, and is willing to work together with other countries to safeguard world peace and establish a just and reasonable new world political and economic order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.[1]
Basic Introduction
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It is speculated that the famous word "world war" was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, before the outbreak of the first world war, and may be the literal translation of the German word "Weltkrieg".As early as 1904, the German writer Auguste William Ottoman's anti English novel "Der Weltkrieg: Deutsche Tr ä ume" (World War: German Dream) was published in English, and his work "Coming soonEnglandThe conquest of ".German Empire、Austro Hungarian EmpireandOttoman EmpireAndThe Third Republic of France、Russian EmpireandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland It is easy to cause global conflicts when a war breaks out when the two sides of a complex confrontation alliance are formed.Forces involving large-scale overseas domination almost ensure that the conflict is global, because colonial resources will be an important strategic factor.The same strategic considerations also ensure thatCombatantIt will attack the other's colony, and then the spread of the war is more extensive than in the pre colonial era.
As early as 1887,Friedrich EngelsAnalyzingcapitalismIt is predicted that the development of capitalism will inevitably lead to "unprecedented scale and intense world war" in its struggle for hegemony in the world. Therefore, the concept of world war was proposed for the first time to arouse the vigilance and preparedness of the people of the world.As the highest stage of capitalism, imperialism was formed in Europe, the United States and Asia from 1898 to 1914.This kind of war takes world hegemony and plunder as its political content and purposeImperialismThe continuation of policy and struggle is also a kind of redistribution of colonies.In 1914the First World WarThis proves that Engels' prediction 27 years ago was correct.1939 Germany, Japan and ItalyfascistThe group started againthe Second World War。
political purposes
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War scaleLarge and harmful.For example, in the First World War, in Europe, Asia and Africa, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Oceanmediterranean seaAs a result, 33 countries and 1.5 billion people were involved in the war, 65 million to 70 million troops were mobilized, and 37.5 million troops were lost, including 8.53 million deaths and 6% of the deaths of residentssixty-four10000 people,Direct economic lossUS $186.3 billion.
The political purpose of war isFight for world hegemony。This is determined by the nature of imperialism.The political content and purpose of imperialism is world hegemony.Several major countries all want to fight for world hegemony. When this struggle develops to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to a world war.The two world wars are a good example.
War scale
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In the Second World War, the battlefield covered three continentsFour oceansIn 84 countries, about 2 billion people were involved in the war, 110 million troops were mobilized, and more than 100 million military and civilian casualties occurred, including 50 million deaths,property loss$4 trillion.
Cause revolution
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The world war is characterized by slavery and plunder, which makes people miserable and inevitably leads to revolution.For example, the First World War led to RussiaOctober RevolutionSuccess has established the world's firstSocialist country。The revolution caused by the Second World War saw a series ofSocialist country，National liberation movementWith vigorous development, a series of countries have become independent one after anotherColonialismThe rule of.
The defensive side must also form a strong national alliance to deal with the strong enemy.This is an important feature of the war for hegemony since ancient times.here we areThe Age of ImperialismThe characteristics of the world war launched are even more prominent.For example, in GermanyAustro Hungarian EmpireIn order to carry out World War I, the main Allies successively gathered Italy (which withdrew from the Allies after the outbreak of the war), Turkey, Bulgaria and other countries to fight together;The three countries, Britain, France and Russia, form the Entente.
The alliance of two imperialist countries launched a great struggle to re divide the colonies and fight for world hegemony.stayWar processChina, the United StatesJapan、Italy、China25 other countries successively joined the Entente.The war ended with the surrender of the Allied countries.In the Second World War, Germany, Japan and Italythe axisConstituentfascistThe Group, in order to carry out the Second World War aimed at global domination, successively coercedHungary、Romania、Czechoslovakia、Bulgaria、CroatiaAnd join their group to fight.On December 23, 1941, China, the United States and Britain were in ChinaChongqingThe East Asia Military Joint Conference was held, and the Preliminary Plan of the Far East Joint Action and the Sino British Agreement on the Joint Defense of the Yunnan Burma Road were adopted. China, the United States, and the United Kingdom formally established a military conference in Chongqing to strengthen the cooperation with JapanOperational coordination。On January 1, 1942, led by China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union, 26 countries signed the《United Nations Declaration》, International Anti Fascistunited frontFormally formed.By May 1945, 21 more countries had joined the united front.This is a challenge to the people of the worldAnti-Fascist War Our complete victory played an important role.
Related concepts
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After the Second World War, different countries expressed the concept of "world war" in different ways.Both the US Army's Commander in Chief Outline and the 1962 version of the Operational Outline call the world war "all-out war", and define "all-out war" and "all-out war"nuclear war”、“Total nuclear war”Synonymous with "unrestricted" "use by both sides" by hostile nuclear powers or alliances using all meansnuclear weaponAttacks on each other's homeland.
The leaders of the former Soviet Union and official works all said that the new world war was a "rocket nuclear war" between two "camps", a "global confrontation", including armed strugglepolitical struggle、Economic struggle, diplomatic struggle and ideological struggle to achieve "major political and economic goals".The two major politics of the United States and the Soviet Unionmilitary blocIn order to fight for world hegemony, they have been preparing for a "pressbutton”World nuclear war.Soviet Union、“Warsaw Treaty Organization”After disintegration, Su MeiBipolar systemCollapse, the world is moving towards political and economic multipolarization.China and the vast majoritythe third worldThe growing strength of the country has become a major force in maintaining world peace.As long as the people of the world work together, the new world war can be postponed or stopped.Only eliminatedImperialism、hegemonismOnly in this way can the root causes and dangers of world war be completely eliminated.
the First World War
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status
The First World War took place in 1914-1918. It was a struggle between the two groups of imperialist countries to re divide the worldSphere of influenceAnd hegemony.It occupies an epoch-making position in the history of world military development.
Purpose of each country
World War INeither side is fighting for justice.The objectives of each country are as follows:
Britain wants to maintain its position as an old empire, defeat Germany, seize more colonies, andNear EastDismembermentOttoman Empire, take Mesopotamia andTrans Jordan、Palestine。
France wants toFranco-Prussian War To wipe out the humiliation, recapture Alsace Lorraine, seize the colony in Saarland, Germany, and become the overlord of Europe again
Turkey wants to recapture its territory in Europe and rebuild a strong Ottoman Empire.
The United States did not join the war until one year before the end of the First World War to reap the benefits, further strengthen its strength and seize world hegemony.
This war isCapitalist world economic systemThe product of the crisis iscapitalist countryThe result of unbalanced development after entering the stage of imperialism.As early as 1879, Germany formed an anti Russian and anti French alliance with the Austro Hungarian EmpireMilitary allianceIn 1882, Italy joined the alliance, thus forming an aggressive military and political group“Three country alliance”(i.e., the Allies).Russia and France quickly responded to this. From 1891 to 1893, the Russian French Union was established, and Britain subsequently joined, forming a treaty country.In this way, the two major allies and alliesmilitary blocIn order to carve up the world againCompete for coloniesAnd launched a fierce struggle.On June 28, 1914, the Austro Hungarian Empirecrown princeGrand Duke FerdinandBring your wife toBosniaReviewmilitary exercise, onSarajevosufferSerbiaThe assassination of nationalists.The incident became the fuse of the war.On July 28, Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia.Regard Serbia as an outpost for hegemonyRussiaAnnounced on July 30General mobilization。On August 1 and 3, Germany declared war on Russia and France becauseBelgiumRefusing to accept the ultimatum of German troops passing through their own territory, Germany declared war on Belgium at the same time.Britain once asked Germany to maintain Belgium's neutrality. After being rejected, Britain declared war on Germany on August 4.The First World War began in this way.33 countries on six continents were involved in the war, with 1.5 billion people (accounting for more than two thirds of the earth's population at that time). During the war, about 70 million people were mobilized to join the army.
Three fronts
After the war,Continental EuropeThere are three fronts: the western front, extending from Beihai toSwitzerlandOn the border, the British, French and Belgian armies fought against Germany;The eastern line starts from the Baltic Sea in the north and ends in Romania in the south. The Russian army will fight against Germany and Austria;In addition, there is the Balkan front, where the Serbian army fights against the Austrian army.The war is carried out on land, in the air, at sea and under the sea at the same time, and the battlefield covers Europe, AsiaAfricaandAtlantic, Mediterranean, Pacific and other sea areas.Europe, especially France, is the main battlefield that determines the overall situation, and the North Sea is the main battlefield on the sea.MainBelligerentsOfStrategic approachThe common point is: one-sided emphasisStrategic attack, despise defense;Trying to rely on one or two final battles to decide the outcome;Based on pre war dependenceMaterial reserveFight a short-term war.
War development
In the first year of the war (1914),A decisive battleThe plan went bankrupt.On the European battlefield, the German army carried out the "1914 Frontier War" with the British and French allied forces,French ArmyWithdraw to the south.German advance toParisEasterlyMan RiverIn 1914, the French army fought back in a large scaleBattle of Man River”）Germany retreats toAina Riverfrontline.9. In October, in order to detour each other's flanks, the German and British French forces entering the northern part of France carried out continuous maneuvers until they reached the coast.(Historical title“Run to the seaOperations ").By November, the whole western line will be fromMobile warfareTransferred inPositional warfare。This year, due to Turkey's participation in the war, a new battlefield was opened up;On August 23, Japan declared war on Germany, sent troops to occupy Shandong, China, and the Far East battlefield appeared.The main battles of the British and German navies were two in the North SeaHulgoran Naval Battle(August, November) and South AtlanticFalkland Islands Naval Battle(December).
In 1915, due to the reserve soldiers andlogistic serviceSerious problems occurred and forced the national economy into wartime orbit.The focus of the war shifted from the west to the east.Between the Russian army and the German armyEast PrussiaWinter campaign (January to February), Carpathian winter campaign (January to March), GolitzOffensive campaign(May) The Russian army suffered heavy losses. The German army took advantage of the victory and went deep into Russia, but failed to force the Russian army to withdraw from the war.From September to October, the entire eastern front also shifted from mobile warfare to positional warfare.In May, Italy transferred from the Allies to the Allies and opened a new war zone in the southeast of Austria Hungary.In October, after Bulgaria joined the Allies, the German Austrian military occupied Serbia with superior forces.
In 1916, the war again turned to the western front.The German army carried out“Battle of Verdun ”(February to December), the British and French Allied Forces implemented“Battle of the Somme River”(June to November).Eastern RussianSouthwest Front ArmyIt also launched a large-scale attack on the Austro Hungarian army (June August). From May 31 to June 1, the main force of the British and German navyJutland PeninsulaThe largest naval battle during the whole war was carried out in the west of Israel.From this year, the Allies began to loseStrategic initiative。
In 1917, Germany was forced to shift into defense on the east and west lines, and at the same time, "unrestrictedSubmarine warfare”, causing great difficulties for British and French shipping.The French Army implemented the policy against Germany in the area of the Eine River“Neville offensive”(April to May), the French army suffered heavy losses, and the British army alone launched continuous attacks against Germany, stabilizing France.In September, Germany launched“Riga Campaign”This is the last large-scale project on the eastern routemilitary action。On November 7, Russia broke outOctober Revolution, led by LeninSoviet governmentAnnouncing withdrawal from the war.On the Italian front, the German Austrian coalition has implemented“battle of caporetto ”(October to November), forcing the Italian army to retreat on all fronts.In April of the same year, when both belligerents were in trouble, the United States took the opportunity to join the Entente.August, Chinabeiyang government It also declared war on Germany and Austria under the impetus of Allied imperialism.
The end of the war
In 1918, the Allies launched a general offensive, and the Allied territory collapsed.From July to September, the British and French forces in the western front successively pulled out three protruding points on the German defense line.On September 26, the Allies launched a general offensive.By November, Turkey, Bulgaria, Austria and Hungary among the Allies had surrendered.On November 11, Germany was also forced to surrender.The First World War, which lasted four years and three months, ended in the victory of the Allies.
disaster-ridden
The war brought about a profound disaster to the people of the world.During the war, more than 8.5 million people were killed or injured, and more than 20 million were injured.The direct war cost of the belligerents was about 186.3 billion US dollars.
Significance
The war created an objective premise for the revolutionOctober RevolutionUnder the influence ofSemi colonyOfNational liberation movementFlourishing.From 1919 to 1920, a meeting was held to divide the spoils among the imperialist powers——Paris Peace ConferenceAs a member of the treaty, China became the target of the great powers at the meeting. Japan colluded with Britain, France, the United States and other countries in an attempt to force China to recognize Germany'sTransfer of rights and interestsTo Japan, which aroused strong opposition from the Chinese people, led to the great "May 4th" movement.
The war revealed the huge impact of the war on the economy and the reardependence。In the war, new weapons such as aircraft, tanks, submarines and poison gas began to equip the army in large numbers, and for the first timeGroup Army GroupBattle.The impact of the experience of the war on countries in the post-war 20 yearsart of warThe development ofsignificant impact ，General war、Blitz warfare、Theory of Tank Winning、Air Force Winning TheoryAnd rely on firmnessStrategic defenseThe emergence of various military theories such as fortification victory is the result of summing up the experience of the war from different perspectives.
Postwar pattern
The First World War adjusted the strength of the major military empires, and the colonies were able to reshuffle,Czar Russia，German Empire, Austria Hungary,Ottoman Turkish EmpireWhen the four empires fallBalkan PeninsulaAndMiddle Eastregionalnation-stateThen it will rise.The United Kingdom, formerly the world financial center and world hegemon, although its territory increased after the war, its national strength declined. Its status as the world financial center was replaced by the United States, making the United States the world's largest economic power.After the baptism of the October Revolution, Russia became the first country in the worldSocialist countrySoviet Union。Japan fromDebtor countryBecameCreditor country。[2]
The old colonial empires Britain, Russia, and France occupy most of the world's colonies, while emerging imperialist countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States have relatively few colonies. This imbalance in economic development and the distribution of colonies has led to increasingly acute contradictions among imperialist countries, and emerging imperialist countries strongly demand a new partition of the world.Secondly, the cyclical economic crisis in capitalist countries and domesticclass contradictionsThe sharp turn of the imperialist countries also made the imperialist countries' rule unstable. Countries have expanded their troops to prepare for war, sought alliances, and attempted to launchaggressive warTo ease domestic class contradictions.
PrussiaTo unify Germany and compete with France for EuropeContinental hegemonySo the Franco Prussian War broke out with France from 1870 to 1871.The war ended with the defeat of France, the victory of Prussia and the establishment of the German Empire.The peace treaty of the Franco Prussian Armistice was extremely harsh. It stipulated that France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and paid an indemnity of 5 billion yuanfranc。As a result, Germany and France became enemies, which became the cause of the First World War.
Mutual camp
After the Franco Prussian War, Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck worried about French retaliation, so he adopted an alliance policy to encircle France.He originally made Germany form the "Three Kingdoms Alliance" with Austria Hungary and Russia, but later RussiaBerlin Conference First, it happened with the Austro Hungarian Empire because of the Balkan Peninsula problemConflict of Interest。Germany finally chose the Austro Hungarian Empire as its ally in 1879, and concluded a secret German Austrian alliance with the Austro Hungarian Empire.In addition, Bismarck turned to fight for North Africa in 1881 because of the conflict with France in colonial affairsTunisiaThe Italian alliance failed and faced isolation.So the German Empire, the Austro Hungarian Empire andKingdom of ItalyThe three countries have concluded a "three country alliance".
Russia learned that Germany and Austria signed“Germany Austria alliance”Later, he was very angry.But Bismarck was an experienced politician.In order to maintain good relations with Russia, a "treaty of reinsurance" was signed with Russia in 1887.But when Bismarck stepped down in 1890, the German emperorWilliam II Appointmenttermination of a treaty。France, on the other hand, allied with Russia in 1892 after France financially supported Russia's industrialization.Yes for“Franco-Russian Alliance ”。
Britain signed a "sincere agreement" with France in 1904.This agreement is not a military alliance.This is an agreement to resolve the colonial disputes between the two countries.Egged on by France, Britain and Russia finally ended their colonial dispute in 1907 and signed the "Anglo Russian Understanding".In the same year, France, Britain and Russia were formed under the threat of German power in the Ottoman Empire“Three country agreement”。
Since then, Europe has been divided into two camps. Therefore, whenever there is any disturbance, it is possible to turn into a world war. The first world war is because of the crown prince of Austria Hungary——Grand Duke FerdinandCaused by assassination.
On June 28, 1914, the "Youth Bosnia" organization set up seven assassins on the street where the crown prince of Austria was going to pass.At about 10 a.m., after reviewing the military exercises in the outskirts of the city, Ferdinand and his wife proudly entered Sarajevo in an open car.A long line of royal cars slowly drove through the crowded street, only sparse gendarmes and police were arranged on both sides of the road to guard.Ferdinand sat in the second car,SophiaSit on his right.Bosnian military governmentchiefGeneral Oskar Potiolek sat in the left seat, next to the driverchamberlainCount Harahi.
When the motorcade passed the Chumurya Bridge on the Milyatska River in the center of the city and drove into the Apel wharf, the first assassin ambushed here failed to start because a policeman came and stood in front of him.Chabrinovic, another assassin not far away, suddenly rushed out of the crowd to the car that Ferdinand and his wife were takingThrowA bomb, but it wasHoodIt bounced to the ground and exploded in front of the third vehicle. The debris injured General Poti Ocre's deputy and Sophie's waitress.Ferdinand pretended to be calm, got out of the car, inspected the scene, took a look at Chabrinovic who was caught by the guard, and then got on the car, waved and said: "Gentlemen, this man is crazy, let's go ahead as planned." The team quickly drove incity hallFerdinand and his wife attended theWelcome ceremony, then take a break and drive to the hospital to see the injured attendants.
Originally, I was going to the hospital, but the driver turned in the wrong direction and hit Princebo (only 19 years old at that time) waiting at the corner of the street.The opportunity to assassinate comes.Principe pulled out his pistol and was about to raise it to shoot. A policeman not far from him found it and rushed up to grab his arm.What a coincidence.At that moment, a member of "Young Bosnia" named Mihalo Pusala who just arrived here waved like a bolt of lightning and punched the police in the neck. The police suddenly stumbled.At this time, the gunshot of Princebo rang, and the crown prince and his wife died.Suddenly, there was chaos everywhere. Mihalo took the opportunity to quickly escape from the scene, while Princebo was arrested on the spot and later died in prison.This incident broke out in EuropeAll-out warThe direct cause of.
the Second World War
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Basic overview
the Second World War(1939-1945) So far,human societyIt is the largest global war that has been carried out, with the heaviest casualties and the greatest destruction.
Although before September 1939, China's war of resistance against Japan,EthiopiaAnti fascist resistance such as the War of Resistance against Italy has begun, but it is generally believed that the war started from the German invasion on September 1, 1939polandAt the beginning, it ended on September 2, 1945 when Japan surrendered to the Allies.
The World War II had a profound impact on mankind. The bloody killings and huge damage caused by the war have long been reflected in the post-war humancivil lifevarious aspects.As a result of the war, fascismcancerBe eradicated.The political and economic pattern of the post-war world is largely the result of the war.In the military field, war has developed modernmilitary techniqueAnd large-scale useArmored forceThe main way of conducting operations, meanwhile,Strategic bombingIt also becomes a direct impactThe end of the warThe importance ofmilitary meansAt the end of the war, nuclear weapons were put into the war for the first time and showed their great lethality.The results of World War II fully prove that in modern timestechnical conditionsNext, the victory or defeat of the war and the scientific and technological strength and economic strength of the belligerents,Industrial technologyHorizontal,quality of personnelHas a direct relationship.World War IIMilitary weaponsThe development of radarJet fighter, rockets, missilescomputer、nuclear weaponAnd other high-tech weapons have been put into use and played a major role in the war.And these breakthroughs in the military field directly gave birth to the post-war humanThe Third Scientific and Technological Revolution。
In this bloody war, innocent civilians suffered the heaviest casualties in history, includingNazi Germany The massacre against Jews and other East European races, the massacre of countless Chinese and Korean civilians by Japan, and the Allied bombing of civilian targets in Germany and Japan at the end of the war.The Second World War resulted in a total of 90 million deaths, while the total number of military casualties was more than 50 million (the Soviet Union's casualties were more than 10 million), and the number of innocent civilian casualties was as high as 90 million.More than any war in history.
Countries at war
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and World War II broke out in an all-round way.As we all know, the opposing sides of World War II have two fronts: the fascist front represented by Germany, Japan and Italy;The anti fascist front represented by the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and China.
Countries participating in the fascist front include Germany, Italy, JapanHungary、Romania, BulgariaFinlandThe first three countries are the core of this front.
In addition, three other countries declared war:the people's republic ofmongolia On August 10, 1945, war was declared against Japan, Albania（fascistPuppet government) declared war on Britain on October 17, 1941Siam(TodayThailand）Ofcapitulationist cliqueThe government signed an offensive and defensive alliance with Japan on December 11, 1941, and declared war on Britain and the United States in January 1942.[3]
Postwar impact
The Second World War eradicated fascism, the cancer of human society, and the huge destruction caused by its bloody killing had a huge impact on the post-war human social life.The political and economic pattern of the post-war world is to a large extent the result of the war.In the military field, World War II played a significant role in promoting the development of military weapons, and large-scale use of armored forces in combat.In addition, radarJet fighter, rockets and missileselectronic computer, nuclear weapons and other high-tech weapons have been put into use and played a major role in the war.These breakthroughs in the military field directly led to the third scientific and technological revolution after the war.[2]
