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Special investigation is a kind of statistical investigation, which is specially organized to collect specific data for a specific purpose.It is mainly in the form of questionnairesTelephone survey、Media survey, visit and survey, publication of survey, discussion, etc.Special investigation is not simply the collection of information, but includes specialSurvey designCollection and sorting of special investigation dataAnalytical researchAnd writing special projectsinvestigation reportWait for a complete process.
Chinese name
Special investigation
Concept
Statistical survey to collect specific data for purpose
（1） Classification and objects of special investigation
classification
Special investigation includes policy specific investigation and non policy specific investigation.
(1) Special policy survey
The so-called policy specific investigation refers to the special investigation carried out for the purpose of formulating policies, tracking policy implementation, etc., and serving party and government leaders and governments at all levels.Special policy survey mainly includes:
① Special investigation on issues of concern to Party and government leaders and governments at all levels.For example, the Special Survey on the Issue of Pension for Retired Workers and Living Expenses of Laid off Workers in State owned and State holding Enterprises organized and implemented by the Enterprise Survey Team of the National Bureau of Statistics;
② Special investigation on policy tracking around the implementation of policies formulated by the party and government departments at all levels.For example, the "Governmentscientific research institutionSpecial Investigation on Management System Reform, etc;
③ Special investigation on hot and difficult issues in current economic operation.For example, the special investigation of "Three years' extrication of state-owned large and medium-sized loss making enterprises" organized and implemented by the Enterprise Survey Team of the National Bureau of Statistics;
④ Special investigation on issues of concern to the general public.For example, the Jiangsu Provincial Enterprise Survey Team organized and implemented the Jiangsu "People Say Housing" Public Survey.
(2) Non policy specific investigation
The so-called non policy specific investigation refers toProduction and operationRelevant market research, entrusted investigation, etc.Non policy specific investigations mainly include:
① Market research.Such as theMarket shareSpecial investigation, etc;
②Corporate image survey。Such as special investigation on enterprise after-sales service;
The objects of special investigation include not only enterprises, institutions, government organizations, but also individuals.However, due to different special investigationsRespondentsIt is also different.For example, to carry out a special survey of tourism, it is necessary not only to investigate the tourism units, namely travel agencies, hotels, restaurants and tourist attractions, but also to investigate individual tourists.
frequency
From the perspective of investigation frequency, special investigation can be divided into regular special investigation and one-time special investigation.
The so-called regular special investigation refers to the same special investigation conducted at a certain interval.
For example, the tourism started in Chinagolden weekFor this purpose, the special survey of the Golden Week of Tourism can be carried out on a regular basis during the Spring Festival, the "May Day", the "National Day" and other fixed times.
The so-called one-time special investigation refers to a special investigation on a specific investigation topic.Most of the special investigations carried out in China are one-off special investigations.
effect
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The main functions of special investigation are:
Macro decision service
along withsocialist market economyIt is urgent for governments and party and government leaders at all levels to grasp and understand the development trend of social economy, the implementation of national policies, new situations and new problems in the process of policy implementation at any time. This requires special surveys to obtain relevant data and information that are difficult to obtain in conventional statistical surveys, so as to quickly, timelyAccurately provide them to governments and party and government leaders at all levels to serve macro decision-making.For example《Vacant commercial housingThe special survey of "Current Situation and Digestion Research" will help our country formulate and digest the policy of vacant commercial housing, and study the reasonableCommercial housingVacancy rateA large number ofbasic data 。
Production and operation services
Our country has establishedSocialist market economyThe central link is to make enterprises truly becomeIndependent operation, be responsible for their own profits and lossesSelf-developmentAnd self-disciplineLegal entity。In order to position and survive in the fierce market competition, enterprises need to rely on special investigation and other measures to timely understand and grasp the changes of the market, market demand, and information about the industry and related industries, so as to expand the market and improve the marketcompetitive power。asJiangxiJiangxi Provincial Enterprise Investigation Team organized and implemented theFamous brand productsThe special investigation will help enterprises grasp the market share of their famous brand products and develop and strengthen famous brand productsStrategic measuresBasic information is provided.
serve the community
Timely capture and provide variousThe publicThe third main role of special investigation is to focus on information and serve the society.For example, the "Family andcommunity serviceDemand "special survey has provided a lot of employment information for laid-off workers engaged in family and community services.
Survey methods and characteristics
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Survey methods
In the special survey, the survey methods commonly used are: general surveyKey investigation、Typical surveyandsampling surveyEtc.
Due to the different contents, scope and requirements of special investigation, the specific special investigation methods should be selected according to different special investigations.
characteristic
To sum up, the outstanding characteristics of the special investigation are: "short", "flat" and "fast".
The so-called "short" means that the investigation is short in periodicity, simple in content and timely.asHainanThe Telephone Survey on the Social Effects of Levying Interest Tax carried out by the provincial enterprise survey team fully reflects the "short" characteristics.
The so-called "flat" means that the investigation objective is relatively single and targeted.Generally speaking, every special investigation is aimed at one thing.
The so-called "fast" refers to each special projectSurvey designFast, collect data quickly, sort data quickly, provide information quickly, and complete special investigationanalysis reportCome on.asInner MongoliaAutonomous RegionHulun BuirThe special investigation carried out by the League Enterprise Investigation Team on the problem of local citizens' rush to buy food caused by local floods, from investigation design to special printing and distributioninvestigation reportIt took only two days to achieve good results and make contributions to flood control, disaster relief and social stability.
requirement
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The requirements for special investigation are: subject selection should be accurateconceptual designScientific, reasonable questionnaire design, rapid survey, thorough analysis and timely service provision are required.For example, the special survey of "Research on the Status Quo and Digestion of Vacant Commercial Houses" carried out in China is to grasp the hot issue of how to digest a large number of vacant commercial houses at that time, design a questionnaire on vacant commercial houses, carry out a rapid special survey, reflect the status quo and causes of vacant commercial houses in China in detail, put forward digestion suggestions, and provide relevant party and government leadersRelevant departments have attached great importance to and been adopted.
Topic selection
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Scientific selection of special investigation topics is a key link in special investigation.It is related to whether the special investigation can play a role and the extent of its role.
requirement
Scientific selection of special investigation topics is a special investigationorganizer, especially the important responsibilities of the main organizers.Therefore, as the main organizer of the special investigation, we must:
2. Understand, master and study macro-control measures and policies in a timely manner, so as to track the implementation of various measures and policies in a timely manner;
3. Pay close attention to new situations and problems in social and economic life, and focus onSocial servicesAnd other special investigations;
4. Understand and be familiar with the enterprise, accurately grasp the needs of the enterprise, and carry outEnterprise servicesSpecial investigation, etc.
For this reason, the organizers of the special investigation need to keep close contact with departments and enterprises and pay attention tosocial phenomenonAnd actively visit relevant departments and enterprises to understand and grasp the concerns of party and government leaders and enterprise leaders, and determine special investigation topics.
choice
The field and scope of selecting special investigation topics are very wide, mainly focusing on the following aspects:
1. Hot and difficult issues in the operation of the national economy.For example, the National Bureau of StatisticsEnterprise surveyThe Investigation on Three year Recovery of Large and Medium State owned Loss making Enterprises organized and implemented by the General Team is based on the goal of three year recovery of state-owned enterprises set by the central government, focusing on the causes of loss and making up for lossFavorable factorsSpecial investigation on whether the goal of poverty relief can be achieved.
2. Tracking countriesPolicy implementationsituation.For example, the Special Survey on the Management System Reform of Government Scientific Research Institutions and the Special Survey on Improving theThree social security linesThe investigation on the implementation of "level" is a special investigation organized to track the implementation of the transformation of government scientific research institutions and the improvement of the three social security lines.
3. Party and government leaders at all levels are concerned about.For example, the Survey on the Income of Employees in Administrative Institutions and the Survey on the Implementation of Living Security for Retired and Laid off Workers in State owned and State holding Enterprises organized and implemented by the Enterprise Survey Team of the National Bureau of Statistics are all based on the concerns of party and government leaders at all levels.
4、massesConcerns.asJiangsuThe Public Survey of "People Talk about Housing" organized and implemented by the provincial enterprise survey team is centered on deepeninghousing reform, building new townsHousing systemAnd launched special investigations on housing consumption and other issues of concern to the people.
5. New situations and problems in social and economic life.asHenanThe Investigation on the Restructuring Costs of State owned Industrial Enterprises in Henan Province organized by the provincial enterprise investigation team is aimed atRestructuring of state-owned enterprisesThere are various charges in the process, which increases the burden of enterprises and organizes special investigations.
6. Enterprise needs.asShandongProvincial enterprisesInvestigation teamThe Corporate Image Survey of Jinan Unicom andEnterprise Survey Team of Gansu ProvinceThe Jiayuguan City China Telecom Fixed Communication, China Mobile Communication User Survey and so on were all carried out around the needs of enterprises.
7. People's living needs.asXinjiangThe Survey on Family and Community Service Demand and Social Intention of Enterprise Workers to Engage in Family Service, Community Service and Agricultural Production organized by the Enterprise Survey Team of the Uygur Autonomous Region.
Specific investigation methods
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The specific investigation methods of special investigation mainly include: general survey, key investigation, typical investigation and sampling investigation.
general survey
（1） Concept of census
A census is a one-time, large-scale survey organized by a country or region to learn more about an important national condition and strengthComprehensive investigationIt is mainly used to collect some information that cannot or is not suitable to be collected with regular comprehensive survey reports to clarify important national conditions and national strength.For example, China organized and implemented theThe Fifth National Population Census。
（2） Characteristics of census
The main characteristics of the census are as follows:
1. The census is more than any otherInvestigation methodThe information obtained by the method is more comprehensive and systematic;
2. Characteristics of the censusTiming pointSometimes, the overall number of social and economic phenomena on the Internet can also reflect the phenomenon of a certain period.
（3） Role of census
The main functions of the census are:
1. To developLong term planProvide comprehensive and detailed information and materials for grand development goals and major decisions;
2. It lays the foundation for regular investigation and sampling investigation.
（4） Advantages and disadvantages of census
1. Advantages: The collected information is comprehensive, systematic, accurate and reliable;
2. Shortcomings: It involves a wide range of work, takes a long time, and requires a lot of manpower and material resourcesOrganizationRelatively heavy.
Key investigation is a kind ofIncomplete investigation, which is to select a part of the respondentskey unitInvestigate as a sample.Key surveys are mainly applicable to those that reflect the main situation or basic trend.asHeilongjiangThe provincial enterprise investigation team has conducted a survey on nearly 100 enterprises in the provinceLoss making enterpriseOn the basis of the special investigation carried out, the key investigation of the Investigation of Ten Loss to Profit Enterprises carried out by 10 of them was selected.
（2） Selection of key units
The key units of key investigation usually refer toOverall surveyThose sample units that are important and can represent the overall situation, characteristics and main development trends.These units may be small in number, but they are representative and can reflect the overall basic situation of the respondents.
Two principles should be followed when selecting key units. One is to determine the key units and their number according to the requirements of the investigation task and the basic information of the investigation objects.In general, it is required that key units should be as few as possible, and the proportion of their mark value in the total should be as large as possible to ensure adequate representation;Second, we should pay attention to selecting those with sound management, strong business strengthstatistical work The units with good foundation are the key units.
（3） Characteristics of key surveys
The main characteristics of the key survey are: less investment, fast survey speed, and more accurate reflection of the main situation or basic trend.
（4） Role of key surveys
According to the characteristics of key surveys, the main function of key surveys is to reflect the main situation or basic trend of the overall survey.Therefore, key surveys are usually used for irregularOne time surveyBut sometimes it is also used for regular continuous investigation.
Typical survey
（1） Concept of typical survey
Typical survey is also a kind of non comprehensive survey, which is based on manyResearchAmong the subjects, consciously select several representative typical units for in-depth, thorough and systematic investigation and research.
The main purpose of conducting a typical survey is not to obtain the overall value of socio-economic phenomena, but to understand the relationship betweenDigital correlationThe vivid details of.
（2） Advantages and disadvantages of typical surveys
The advantages of typical surveys lie in their small scope of investigation, fewer investigation units, flexibility, specificity and depth, and saving human, financial and material resources.The disadvantage is that it is difficult to select representative typical units in actual operation, and it is also vulnerable tohuman factorWhich may lead to certain conclusions of the investigationTendentiousnessAnd the results of typical surveys are generally not easy to use to calculate comprehensive figures.
（3） Types of typical surveys
In general, there are two types of typical surveys:
One is the general typical investigation, that is, the investigation and study of individual typical units.In this kind of typical investigation, only a few typical units need to be selected from the whole population to illustrate the general situation of things orDevelopment of thingsOfgeneral rule。For example, the "Revelation of Huaxia Group - Investigation on the Successful Transformation of State owned Enterprises by Benxi Huaxia Group" organized and implemented by the Liaoning Provincial Enterprise Investigation Team is a typical investigation conducted by the provincial enterprise investigation team directly to Huaxia Group on the extraordinary development of state-owned enterprises.
The second is to haveStatistical characteristicsThe typical survey is divided into several categories, and then select several typical surveys from each category to illustrate various situations.
（4） Role of typical surveys
The role of typical surveys mainly includes the following two points:
1. It is used to check the quality of data under specific conditions;
2. Learn about vivid details related to numbers.
sampling survey
（1） Concept of sampling survey
Sampling survey is a kind of non comprehensive survey. It is a survey method that selects some units from all the survey objects to conduct survey, and estimates and infers all the survey objects.Obviously, although the sampling survey is not a comprehensive survey, its purpose is to obtain information that reflects the overall situation. Therefore, it can also play the role of a comprehensive survey.
According to the sampling method, the sampling survey can be divided intoProbabilistic samplingandNon probabilistic samplingTwo types.Probability sampling is based onProbability and Mathematical Statistics The principle ofRandom principleTo select samples, and to estimate and infer some characteristics of the population in terms of quantity, and to control the possible error in the sense of probability.In China, probability sampling is traditionally called sampling survey.
（2） Characteristics of sampling survey
The sampling survey has the following three prominent characteristics:
1. Select samples according to the random principle;
2. Every unit in the population has a certain probability of being selected;
3. A certain probability can be used to ensure thaterror control Within the specified range.
（3） Several main terms commonly used in sampling survey
In sampling survey, the commonly used terms are:
1. Overall
Overall refers to all the subjects to be studied.It is a collection of all the subjects to be investigated according to a certain research purpose, and the research objects constituting the whole are calledOverall unit。
2. Sample
A sample is a part of a population. It is a collection of population units selected from the population according to a certain procedure.
The sampling frame refers to a frame used to represent the population and select samples from it. Its specific manifestations mainly include the list and map of all units of the population.
Sampling frame is a basic part of sampling survey, and it has a considerable impact on the inference of population.
In sampling survey, the estimated value of a sample is usually used to estimate a certain characteristic of the population. When the two are inconsistent, errors will occur.Because the estimated value made by the sample changes with the sample selected, even if the observation is completely correct, there is often a difference between it and the overall indicators. This difference is purely caused by sampling, so it is called sampling error.
7. Deviation
The so-called deviation, also known as error, usually refers to the deviation caused by various reasons in sampling survey, except sampling error.
8. Mean square error
When sampling survey is used to estimate an indicator of the population, it is necessary to adopt certain sampling methods and select appropriateEstimatorWhen the sampling method and the estimator are determined, the estimated values of all possible samples are separated from the overall indicatorsSquare of differenceThe mean of is the mean square deviation.
Simple random samplingalso known asSimple random samplingIt refers to a sampling method in which n units are randomly selected from the total N units as samples, so that the probability of each possible sample being selected is equal.
Simple random sampling can generally adopttoss a coin、Roll diceDraw lots and checkRandom number tableAnd other methods to take samples.In the statistical survey, due to the large number of unitsThree methodsLess used, mainly the latter method.
Simple random sampling can be divided into repeated sampling andNon repeated samplingTwo.In sampling survey, especially in socio-economic sampling survey, simple random sampling generally refers to non repeated sampling.
Simple random samplingYes Otherssampling methodBecause it is the easiest to deal with in theory, and when the total number of units N is notLarge timeIt is not difficult to implement.But in practice, if N is quite large, simple random sampling is not easy to do.First, it requires a sampling frame containing all N units;Secondly, the sample units obtained by this sampling are relatively scattered, and the survey is not easy to implement.Therefore, in practice, simple random sampling is not widely used.
Stratified sampling is also calledClassified sampling, orType samplingFirst, it divides the total N units into k parts that do not cross and repeat each other, which we call layers;Then select n1, n2,...... Nk samples in each layer to form a sampling method with a capacity of samples.
The role of stratification is mainly three: first, for the convenience of work and the needs of research purposes;The second is to improve the sampling accuracy;The third is to reduce the number of sample units to save investigation costs under the requirement of certain precision.Therefore, stratified sampling is the most common in applicationSampling techniqueone of.
According to whether the sampling ratio between layers is the same, stratified sampling can be divided into equal proportion stratified sampling and non equal proportion stratified sampling.
In fact, stratified sampling is based on scientific grouping and sampling principleOrganic combinationThe former is to divide the layers with similar properties to reduce theVariation degree；The latter is to select samples according to the sampling principle.Therefore, stratified sampling is generally better than simple random sampling andsystematic sampling It is more accurate and can obtain more accurate inference results by investigating a small number of samples. Especially when the overall number is large and the internal structure is complex, stratified sampling can often achieve satisfactory results.
Cluster sampling is to first merge the units of a population into several sets that do not cross and repeat each other, which we call clusters;Then take groups asSampling unitA method of sampling.
Cluster sampling is particularly suitable for sampling frames lacking population units.When cluster sampling is applied, each cluster should be representative, that is, the difference between units within the cluster should be large, and the difference between clusters should be small.
The advantages of cluster sampling are convenient implementation and cost saving;The disadvantage is that the sampling error caused by the large difference between different groups is often greater than that caused by simple random sampling.
4. Equidistant sampling
systematic sampling Also called systematic sampling, orMechanical sampling, it is the first step to determine theSequential arrangement, according tosample sizeIt is required to determine the sampling interval, then determine the starting point at random, and sample a unit every certain interval.
According to the overall unit arrangement method, the unit arrangement of equidistant sampling can be divided into three categories:Relevant signsQueuing, queuing according to irrelevant signs and between queuing according to relevant signs and queuing according to irrelevant signsnatural stateArrange.
According to the specific practice of equidistant sampling, equidistant sampling can be divided into three categories: straight line equidistant sampling, symmetric equidistant sampling and circular equidistant sampling.
The main advantage of equidistant sampling is that it is simple and convenient, and whenoverall structureWhen you have some knowledge, make full use of the existing information to queue up the overall unitsResampling, can improveSampling efficiency。
Multistage sampling, also known as multistage sampling, refers to a sampling method in which samples are taken from the population in two or more stages.The specific operation process is as follows: in the first stage, the population is divided into several first level sampling units, from which several first level sampling units are selected for sampling;In the second stage, each primary sampling unit is divided into several secondary sampling units, and several secondary sampling units are selected from each primary sampling unit for sampling...... And so on until the final sample is obtained.
Multi stage sampling is different from stratified sampling and cluster sampling. Its advantage is that it is applicable to a wide range of sampling surveys. There is no sampling frame covering all population units, or the overall scope is too large to directly sample, which can relatively save survey costs.The main disadvantage is that it is troublesome to sample, and the estimation of the population from the sample is more complex.
Double sampling, also known as double sampling and double sampling, refers to a sampling method in which samples are taken twice during sampling, specifically: first, take a preliminary sample, and search for some simple items to obtain information about the population;Then, on this basis, further sampling is carried out.In practical application, double sampling can be generalized asMultiple sampling。
The main function of double sampling is to improve sampling efficiency and save investigation funds.
7. Probabilistic sampling proportional to size
Probabilistic sampling in proportion to sizePPS sampling, which is a way to useAuxiliary informationSo that each unit has a proportional probability of being selected according to its size.The methods of sample selection include Hansen Herwitz method and Rahili method.
The main advantages of PPS sampling are: auxiliary information is used to reduce sampling error;The main disadvantages are: high requirements for auxiliary information, complex estimation of variance, etc.
The specific investigation forms of special investigation mainly include: publication survey, questionnaire survey, interview survey, telephone survey, news media surveyleaving method 、Diary survey, documentary investigation, etc.
Publish survey
1. Concept of publishing survey
The so-called publication survey refers to a special survey form that collects special survey data regularly or irregularly by issuing special survey reports.
2. SpecialquestionnaireStructure, form and content of
The structure and form of the special questionnaire are general and generalStatistical reportThe structure and form of are basically the same;The content shall be determined according to the purpose, requirements and data to be collected of the special investigation.
3. Form of publication of survey
The survey was published by issuing special questionnaires.It is for this reason that the published survey is particularly applicable to the kind of inclusionStatistical systemSpecial investigation carried out regularly.
4. Characteristics of published survey
In view of the fact that published surveys are particularly applicable to special surveys that are included in the statistical system and carried out regularly.Therefore, the published survey has the following two main characteristics:
The so-called questionnaire is formulated according to the purpose of the surveyquestionnaire, a special survey form in which the respondents answer the questions and answers given in the questionnaire.Questionnaire survey is a commonly used special survey means, an internationally accepted special survey form, and also a major form of special survey in China.
2. Characteristics of questionnaire survey
(1) Easy to understand and implement
A special survey is conducted in the form of a questionnaire. Because the survey questions and alternative answers are provided to the respondents, they can choose from them.Therefore, it is easy to be accepted by the investigators.
(2) Wide scope of application
Questionnaire survey is applicable to social politicseconomic phenomena The special investigation is also applicable to the special investigation of the issues concerned by the broad masses of society, and also to the special investigation of other issues concerned.
Since the survey purpose, content, questions and alternative answers have been listed in the questionnaire, there is no need to explain in detail, except for special circumstances, only the respondents can choose to answer.As a result, time is saved and the investigation progress is accelerated.
Visit survey
1. Concept of interview survey
Interview investigation refers to the planned interview and inquiry of the respondentsAsk questionsIt is a special investigation form to obtain relevant information and materials through their answers, and it is also a basic form of special investigation.
2. Characteristics of interview survey
The biggest feature of interview survey is that the whole interview process is a process of direct meeting, mutual influence and interaction between investigators and respondents, and also a process of interpersonal communication.Therefore, the success of the interview survey requires not only the investigators to make various preparations for the survey and master interview skills, but also the close cooperation of the respondents.
3. Form of interview survey
In the actual investigation, there are many forms of interview investigation, which can be summarized as follows:
Interview investigation usually refers to a special investigation form of collecting investigation data by holding a symposium or visiting the investigated.Its advantages are: convenient and flexible, high response rate, authentic and reliable data collected, communication of feelings, and observation of respondents' attitudes.Interview surveys have high requirements for investigators. Otherwise, due to the low quality of investigators, their attitude, tone and technology will affect the quality of survey data.
(2) Expert survey
Expert survey usually refers to a special survey form in which experts hold symposiums to obtain special survey data by means of discussion, analysis, research and consultation, and on this basis, find out the crux of the problem and propose solutions to the problem.
The main advantages of the interview survey are: it can combine the survey with discussion and research, not only can raise questions, but also can explore and study ways to solve problems;deficienciesYes: due to the quality of the number of people interviewed, the number of people interviewed, and theRepresentativenessIf it is improper, it may affect the results of the special investigation.
Telephone survey
1. Concept of telephone survey
Telephone survey is a special survey form in which the investigators inquire the respondents by telephone through searching the telephone directory in order to collect survey data.Telephone surveys in the Westdeveloped countryIt is widely used, and it is just starting in China.In the near future, telephone survey will gradually enter our people's daily life.
2. Main advantages and disadvantages of telephone survey
The advantages of telephone survey are: first, the data collected is fast and the cost is low, which can save a lot of investigation time and funds;Second, the data collectedCoverageWide, you can directly call any area, unit or individual with a telephoneInquiry。
The disadvantages of telephone survey are: first, the time of each telephone survey cannot be too long;Second, we should not ask too complicated questions;Third, refuse to hang up the phoneRespondentIt's hard to do work.
News media survey
1. The Concept of News Media Investigation
News media survey refers to a special survey form that takes the news media as the carrier, issues special questionnaires, and collects survey data through the voluntary response and feedback of the vast audience, audience, and readers.The news media mentioned here mainly refer to television, radio, newspapers, Internet, etc.asGansuprovinceLanzhouThe Special Investigation on Lanzhou Investment Environment Improvement Year Activity organized and implemented by the municipal enterprise investigation team was passed《Lanzhou Daily》、《Lanzhou Evening News》, Urban Heaven and Earth News.
This is because all news media have a large number of listeners, or viewers, or readers, and come from different strata and work in different positions.
Due to the voluntary participation of the respondents, it can truly reflect the true thoughts and conditions of the respondents.
However, we should also see that the investigation of news media also has its shortcomings. For example,Survey errorUncontrollable, subject to the circulation of news media oraudience ratings、Reading rateAnd so on.
3. The Choice of News Media Survey Topics
It is very important to carry out a special investigation through the news media and choose the topic of the special investigation. In a sense, it will affect the success of the investigation.
Generally speaking, when conducting special investigation through the news media, attention should be paid to selecting a number of special investigation topics that are of concern to the general public, have an impact, and have a wide range of impacts, which can achieve relatively ideal results.
leaving method
The retention survey refers to a special survey form in which the investigator delivers the special questionnaire or questionnaire to the respondent personally, explains the purpose and requirements of the survey, and the respondent fills in the answer by himself, and then recovers it at the agreed time.
The retention survey has the advantages of high recovery rate, the respondents' answers are not affected by the investigators, the respondents have detailed thinking time, and avoid errors due to misunderstanding.However, due to geographical and traffic constraints, the retention survey should not be carried out widely, and it takes a long time and costs relatively high.
Diary survey
Diary investigation refers to the investigation ofInvestigation unitOr a special form of investigation in which the investigators issue registers or account books, record them item by item, and then collect, sort out and summarize them regularly by investigators.
The special investigation in the form of diary survey can establish a fixed contact between the investigator and the respondent, and the survey data recovery rate is high and detailed, which is conducive to the application of data;However, due to the heavy workload of bookkeeping and the influence of many subjective and objective factors, it is difficult to ensure the recordingContinuityandaccuracy。Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen relevant work to carry out special investigation in the form of diary investigation.
copy testing
1、CopyConcept of investigation
Documentary investigation, also known asSecondary dataApplication, which refers to a special investigation form of collecting, obtaining and using existing (referring to the department's or other departments') relevant data to study a specific topic.Usually, some documentary investigations need to be supplemented with necessaryad hoc survey。
2. Significance of copywriting investigation
The significance of using documentary investigation lies in making full use of existing data.
In addition to directly using second-hand data to study a topic, copywriting survey is generally used to determine whether it is necessary to organize a special survey, determine the scope and specific content of the special survey, etc.
3. Problems that should be paid attention to in case investigation
Due to different sources of secondary data, different time intervals of data, different caliber ranges, etc.Therefore, attention must be paid to theAvailability, which can be summarized as follows:
(1) Integrity of data;
(2) Accuracy of data;
(3) Scientific nature of data;
(4) InformativeComparabilityThat is, the source, caliber, scope, time and calculation method of the data.
Special investigationQuestionnaire designThe quality of the special investigation has a great impact on the success or failure of the special investigation.It is a highly technical job to design scientific and effective questionnaires according to the purpose, objects and methods of the survey.Generally, before the design of the questionnaire, it is necessary to preliminarily understand and master the characteristics of the survey object and the basic situation of the survey content, and then consider comprehensively and carefully in combination with the actual needs and possibilities, solicit opinions from many parties, and design the special questionnaire scientifically and practically to ensure a better survey effect.
（1） Structure and content of special questionnaire
A good special questionnaire usually has the following structure and content:
Name of questionnaire
The name of the questionnaire should be concise and to the point, summarizing the theme of the special survey, so that the respondents can understand the main content and purpose of the survey.
The so-called basic information of the respondents mainly refers to some main characteristics of the respondents.If a special investigation is carried out on an enterprise, its basic information refers toEnterprise name, unit codearea number , business addressEnterprise scale, Enterprise locationnational economyIndustryEnterprise registration type、Number of employees、sales revenueEtc.The number of items to be included should be determined according to the purpose and requirements of the survey, not the more the better.
These items are set up to meet the needs of grouping research on survey data;Second, to further understand the situation of the respondents;The third is the need for query.
Main content
The main content of the so-called questionnaire is the basic content that the investigators want to investigate, which is the most important part of the questionnaire.Due to the form of questionnaire, the main content of the questionnaire should be based on the purpose of the survey, and put forward the survey questions and alternative answers.
The quality of the main content design of the questionnaire will directly affect the value of the entire special survey.
The main contents of the questionnaire mainly include the following three aspects:
The first is people's behavior, including the behavior of the respondents themselves or the behavior of others through the respondents.For example, for consumersConsumer behaviorTo carry out a special investigation, it is necessary to investigate the specific consumption behavior of consumers.
The second is the consequences of people's behavior.If interest tax is leviedSocial effectsFor special investigation, it is necessary to investigate and levy interest tax on the respondentsreal incomeAnd how to deal with the deposit in the bank after the interest tax is imposed.
Third, people's attitudes, opinions, feelings, preferences, etc.If carried outlaid-offThe special survey of reemployment intention is to investigate whether there is a desire for employment at present, the reasons for not wanting to reemployment, the reasons for not being able to find employment, the way to find work now, what new jobs you hope to engage in, and the implementation of theRe employment projectRequirements or suggestions, etc.
The following two points should be paid attention to when designing the main content of the questionnaire:
First, the content should not be too much or too complicated, and should be determined according to needs;
Second, the above three items should not be set in every special questionnaire, but should be determined according to the needs of the survey.
Record of operation certificate
The so-called record of homework certificate means that the name, interview date, interview time, etc. of the investigator shall be indicated at the end of the questionnaire.If necessary, the name, work or home address, telephone number, etc. of the investigated person shall also be indicated for review and furtherFollow up investigation。Of course, for the questionnaire involving the privacy of the respondent, it can be considered whether the above contents are not included depending on the situation.
Questionnaire description
A complete copySpecial investigationThe questionnaire shall also include the necessary description of the questionnaire, usually including:
(1) Purpose and significance of the investigation;
(3) If it involves the content that needs to be kept confidential for the respondent, it must be specified that it should be kept confidential and not provided to the public, so as to eliminate the concerns of the respondent.
（2） Form of special questionnaire
There are three forms of special questionnaires: open, closed and semi open.
The so-called open questionnaire refers to the questionnaire that the respondents freely answer the questions without providing any specific answers.useOpen ended questionnaireThe advantage of the survey is that it can get answers that are more in line with the actual situation of the respondents. The disadvantage is that sometimes the opinions are scattered and difficult to integrate.
The so-called closed questionnaire refers to the questionnaire whose answers have been determined and from which the investigators choose the answers.The advantage of closed questionnaires is that they are easy to integrate, but the disadvantage is that sometimes the answers may not be complete.Therefore, when using a closed questionnaire, you must give all the answers.
The so-called semi open questionnaire refers to giving part of the answers (usually the main ones), but leaving the answers not given in other columns or blank spaces for the respondents to fill in by themselves.
（3） Problems needing attention
In the design of the special questionnaire, the following points should be noted:
1. The questionnaire should be coded.The purpose is to meet the needs of special investigation data processing.This must not be ignored;
2. The purpose should be clear, the focus should be prominent, and the content should be concise to avoid unnecessary problems;
3. The questions are natural, the words are accurate, easy to understand, suitable for the identity of the respondents, and easy to accept and cooperate with the respondents;
4. The need for analysis and research should be fully considered.
