Ancient Tribe Names from the Yellow Emperor to Yao, Shun and Yu in Chinese Legends
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Sanmiao, andHuandou、Coproduction、GunCollectively referred to as“Four crimes”。In Chinese legendYellow EmperortoYao, Shun and YuAncient tribal names of the era[1]。The scope of Sanmiao's activities《Strategies of the Warring States Period·Wei Ceyi wrote: "In the past, the three Miao people were the wave of Peng Li on the left, the water of Dongting on the right, Wenshan Mountain in the south, and Hengshan Mountain in the north."[2]
In ancient times, the ancient residents of Jingchu area were Miao Man Group, also known as Sanmiao or Youmiao.The age of the ancient Three Miao is roughly the same as that of Yao, Shun and Yu, and their residence is generally in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Today, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi are adjacent to the Dongyi Group in the east with the Dabie Mountains as the boundary, and the Huaxia Group in the north with the Funiu Mountains outside.The area of Sanmiao in general and archaeologyqujialing cultureandshijiahe culture It is generally believed that Qujialing culture and Shijiahe culture are cultural relics created by the ancient Three Miao.In ancient legends, Sanmiao had a large-scale war with the Huaxia Group led by Yao, Shun and YuYu Zheng Sanmiao, won a decisive victory, and Sanmiao died from then on, no longer seen in the literature. Its descendants developed into southern descendants in the Xia and Shang DynastiesChumanEthnic groups.[3]
Chinese name
Sanmiao
Alias
Youmiao
Four crimes
Sanmiao, Huandou, Gonggong and Gun are collectively called the four crimes
Guo Pu《shanhaiching·The note of "Three Miao Countries" in Overseas Nanjing records: "In the pastYaoGive way to the worldShunThe king of the three Miao is not the one, but the emperor kills him.Some Miao people defected into the South China Sea and became the Three Miao Countries. "According to Lv Shi's Spring and Autumn Annals, Zhao Lei: "Yao fought in the pool of Danshui to subdue the Southern Barbarians. Shun, however, changed the customs of the Miao people more easily." Huai Nan Zi · Fan Lun Xun "said:" Shun took care of the cadres and Qi and subdued the Miao people. "
“Yu Zheng Sanmiao”According to《Mozi·It was recorded in the book of Non attack, "The Three Peasants Rebellion in the past, and the fate of the people killed them." So“YuTake the heaven's auspicious order personally to show that there are seedlings ".The same book, "Under Universal Love", said: "Yu's expedition to Miao was not for the sake of emphasizing wealth, doing good things and enjoying the eyes and ears. He was also for the sake of promoting the interests of the world and eliminating the harm of the world."
It is recorded in the First Record of the Five Emperors, Volume I of Historical Records“HuandouAdvancementsCoproductionYao said that the workers who could not be tested should work together to achieve success.Yao thought that it was impossible for the four mountains to raise guns to control the flood. Yue Qiang asked him to try it, but he failed. So it was inconvenient for the people.Sanmiao was in chaos in Jianghuai and Jingzhou, so Shun Gui came to the emperor and asked him to work togetherYouling, to changeBeidi；Put Huan Dou inhigh mountains, to changesouthern barbarians；Relocate to SanmiaoThird danger, to changeXirong；Kill GunsHayama , to changeDongyi：Four crimesAnd the world is salty. "
legend
In Yao's time, Sanmiao caused a disturbance. Yao sent troops to fight in Danshui and defeated Sanmiao.In the time of Yu, Sanmiao was not satisfied. Yu and Sanmiao had a 70 day war, and Sanmiao disappeared from historical records.Since then, the activities of Sanmiao are no longer seen in historical records.
Myth and legend
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Legendary PeriodThe Southern Clan Tribal Group.It is also called "Three Seedlings" and "Youmiao".Its location is said to be in the northwest, that is, in Gansu, and to the south of the Yangtze River.Scholars in the Han and Wei Dynasties said more about the Three MiaoChiyouMonarchicalJiuliTribal descendants.Yao fought with Sanmiao in Danshui area and exiled some of his people to Sanwei. Yu attacked Sanmiao and defeated the Miao division. Sanmiao disappeared from historical records.
《Six Taos》It said, "Yao felled a seedling in the pool of Danshui"《Lu's Spring and Autumn Period·Zhao Lei said that "Yao fought with elixir and water to servesouthern barbarians”。Some scholars believe that the three Miao versions of ancient books are in the north, and later in the southwestethnic minorityirrelevant.
archaeological discovery
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createqujialing cultureOur ancestors were Sanmiao people.The scope of Sanmiao's activities《Strategies of the Warring States Period·Wei Ceyi wrote: "In the past, the three Miao people were the wave of Peng Li on the left, the water of Dongting on the right, Wenshan Mountain in the south, and Hengshan Mountain in the north." The Qujialing culture was mainly developed from the Youziling culture dating back about 5900-5100 years ago, and it is distributed from the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in the west, to eastern Hubei in the east, to the foot of Funiu Mountain in Henan in the north, and between Dongting Lake in Hunan and Poyang Lake in Jiangxi in the south.Qujialing culture has bred theshijiahe culture 。The archaeologists and ethnologists have always regarded Qujialing culture as the object of studying the Sanmiao Tribal Group and its cultural sources.[2]
There are generally two views on the origin of Sanmiao in the academic circle.One is the external view: this view believes that the three seedlings come from Jiuli.It is said that after Chiyou Jiuli Tribal Group was defeated in the war with Yanhuang Huaxia Tribe, quite a few of its members retreated to the south, lived and multiplied between Jianghuai, Jianghan and Dongting Lake, and merged with the original indigenous culture to form a new tribal group and a new "Three Miao Culture".One is the aboriginal view that Sanmiao originally lived inJianghan Plain Jiuli is not the main source of Sanmiao.In any case, there is no doubt that this ethnic group has lived and multiplied stably on the land covered by Qujialing culture for a long time, and it is the founder of a civilization in the prehistoric agricultural settlement society.[2]
