3D image is that the images seen by the left and right eyes are not exactly the same, especially when observing a close scene, the images seen by the left and right eyes have large aberrations, because there is about 6 cm between the two eyes.You can feel this detail through a simple experiment. Hold up a cup and observe it carefully. What you see with your left and right eyes is actually the different sides and backgrounds of the cup. Two different real images enter the brain through the retina, so that people get a "three-dimensional impression" of space.
This "three-dimensional impression" gives us a real visual impression and an immersive on-site experience.In order to record and simulate this visual experience, Stereoscopic 3D stereo imaging technology came into being.
Stereo imaging technology has a history of several decades. Early stereo films focused on giving people visual impact of space. However, due to the high cost of traditional technology, complex means, and poor visual perception, the market scale cannot be formed.Today's stereoscopic image technology is gradually mature. The realistic and vivid spatial image gives people the feeling of coming to the scene. The promotion cost is also greatly reduced, and the market prospect is promising.
In order to reproduce the visual habits of the human eye, the stereo film is shot by two cameras,movie cameraThere is a certain physical distance between them. During the projection, the audience will wear glasses to separate the two images, and the left and right eyes will see the pictures taken by the left and right cameras respectively, so as to obtain a three-dimensional impression.
Photographers with different focal lengthsOptical lensShooting, different from human eyes, in usezoom lensWhen shooting remote scenes, the space between the two cameras needs to be properly increasedwide-angle lensWhen shooting, it is necessary to reduce the spacing appropriately to obtain a stereoscopic impression that conforms to the visual habit.
The shooting of three-dimensional programs can adopt traditionalCine cameraOr HD camera shooting, or computer graphics animation technology can be used to generate two channelsVirtual image。
The main venues for stereoscopic programs are usually cinemas and amusement parksStereoscopic televisionWith the launch of display terminals, stereoscopic TV broadcasting has become a topic of concern, stereoscopic DVD and other devices will also be available, and IPTV stereoscopic broadcasting will also gradually start, even some consumer products, similar to stereoscopicMP4 player(also known as "glasses"Stereoscopic cinema”Products such as "stereoscopic look everywhere" have also been launched.The broadcast of stereoscopic programs can be completed through film or digital projectors. In the future, stereoscopic programs will enter the home through IPTV or TV broadcasting.
Glasses are also needed to watch stereoscopic programs. The eyes mainly include low-cost chromatic aberration glasses and polarization glasses.At present, TV display terminals that do not need glasses to obtain stereoscopic perception have also entered the market.
In short,Stereoscopic imageThe main technical outline of is to use two cameras to shoot, separate the two pictures when playing, and enter people's left and right eyes respectively, so that the audience can have a "three-dimensional impression".
In recent years, with the rapid development of digital technology, the popularization and application of stereo image technology has quickly become a hot market.
Why has the stereoscopic image market become a hot spot?
The stereoscopic image market involves a huge scale of industries, from cinemas, amusement parks, television broadcasting to television receiving terminals, even including stereoscopic DVDs, stereoscopic MP4 "see stereoscopic cinemas with you" and glasses with various costs, which is a huge industrial chain.The production of three-dimensional programs involves film and television shooting, CG creation, post production, storage, transmission, reception, replay and other aspects.Today, the full production process of three-dimensional program production has been fully opened, and the viewing and communication modes at various prices are gradually available, which can form a three-dimensional consumer market.
For the audience, the visual impact and real perception brought by three-dimensional pictures are more easily recognized than HD programs, especially the younger generation of consumers are more willing to pay for the application of this new technology.Foreign experts predict that:Stereoscopic imageThe impact will be greater than the conversion from mono to stereo, and the market growth will be faster than the promotion of HDTV.
Technological innovation is often an important force to promote market growth. The promotion and application of a series of key technologies brought about by the digital revolution has brought today's stereoscopic image market to a "boiling point".
HDTV is undoubtedly the "catalyst" for the rapid development of stereoscopic images. The process of shooting, production and projection of traditional film based films requires expensive investment, which limits the wide application of stereoscopic images.Through years of development, today's HD format has emerged as a three-dimensional consumer market, with prices ranging from high to low to meet the needs of customers at all levels.Use HDTV to shootStereoscopic image, which not only greatly reduces the cost, but also enables the shooting to achieve the intuitive three-dimensional effect.
In the past five years, the number of digital cinemas in China and the world has been growing rapidly. Digital projectors can be used to broadcast digital stereoscopic programs conveniently, whether it is single or dual, whether it is "active stereoscopic" or "passive stereoscopic" mode, whether it ispolarized lightPrinciple or spectral separation technology, today's digital projection system can present three-dimensional image programs with bright colors, clear pictures, and synchronous accuracy.nowadayschristie , Barco, SonyPanasonic, NEC and other companies have launched projection equipment that supports 3D, and the transformation of the original non 3D projection system is also very simple.
In the field of television,PHILIPS、Sony、Samsung、Mitsubishi, even domesticTCLEnterprises such as the Company are vigorously promoting flat panel LCD stereoscopic display terminals. There are video display terminals that can obtain stereoscopic perception without wearing glasses everywhere in airports, bars and electric appliance cities.Once the stereoscopic display terminal enters the home,Stereoscopic imageThe audience of the program will enter the vast number of TV viewers, which is a huge market.Of course, it may take some time to broadcast stereoscopic images on TV, but viewers may see high-definition stereoscopic DVDs first.
The development of IPTV has attracted great attention in foreign developed countries. In the United States, high-definition video images based on 5-8Mbps bitstreams have entered thousands of households through telecommunications networks, and the cost of the receiving end is not high. Using an ordinary computer and projection can obtain very high image quality.The slogan of AT&T is that IPTV is not only TV, but also better TV.
How to realize IPTV stereo broadcasting?Therefore, let's study it firstStereoscopic imageComposition of glasses.
In order to separate two overlapping left and right eye pictures, there are mainly the following methods: 1, color difference separation.Add blue and red (left blue and right red) to the left and right eye images respectively, and useComplementary color principleThe color difference glasses (left red and right blue) can restore the color of the picture and separate the two pictures into the left and right eyes respectively.2. Polarization separation.The left and right eye pictures become two crossed polarized light beams either actively or passively, and the two pictures are separated by polarization glasses and enter the left and right eyes respectively.
Polarization separation glasses cost a little more, but can obtain very good visual effect. The color restoration is real and gorgeous, and it is suitable for digital cinema or someStereoscopic televisionLook ahead.The cost of color difference separation glasses is very low, which is convenient for popularization.
IPTV stereoscopic broadcasting can add color to the left and right eye pictures and superimpose them into a single layer of images by means of color difference, and then transmit the single layer image stream on the Internet. The computer receiver sees a layer of composite images with color difference superimposed. At this time, the picture can be divided into two layers by using very cheap color difference glasses to produce a stereoscopic impression.From this point of view, the cost of IPTV stereo broadcasting has not changed, and it is very easy to access thousands of households.Therefore, we can believe that the introduction of stereoscopic TV programs into families does not necessarily depend on the stereoscopic broadcasting of TV stations.
New technology brings new film market prospects
all-newStereoscopic imageShooting and production technologies have solved many defects of traditional stereoscopic films, with bright colors, clear details and strong stereoscopic sense. What people can see is a perfect, real and immersive scene, rather than the deliberate creation of early stereoscopic filmsSense of spaceThere are many defective pictures.
In recent years, a series of stereoscopic films produced by companies such as PACE and FOTOKEN in Los Angeles, USA, have been sought after by audiences.Stereo imaging technology has also been favored by many famous Hollywood directors. James, the famous director who directed the film TitanicCameronRecently, I have shot a lot of three-dimensional films of deep-sea subjects, and recently shot a three-dimensional blockbuster "Avatar of the Dragon" in New Zealand.
Audiences spend a lot of time in the cinema. What they can see is not only the plot of the film, but also the perfect picture quality, the rich details of the large screen appearance and the three-dimensional experience of being on the scene. Therefore, new technology has created a substantial increase in box office revenue for the film market.
Computer 3D animation creation inStereoscopic imageThe production is relatively simple, just add another virtual scene in the designed sceneCamera stand, rendering two sets of image sequences at the same time, with high accuracy and strong stereoscopic sense, becoming another force to promote stereoscopic images.It is reported that Hollywood“Dreamworks”The animation company recently announced that from 2009, all its animated films will be produced at the same time as "digital stereoscopic version"《Toy Story Mania》Trilogy, Alice in Wonderland and Paramount《Smurfs》They are also about to launch a three-dimensional version.
HD and stereoscopic images create more realistic video
As an ideal format to improve picture quality and detail perception, HD has not been able to quickly open the market situation.In the early days, the difficulty was mainly due to the high cost of promotion, but now, consumers are not paying enough attention.If the TV screen is not large enough and the viewing distance is far, the high-definition picture effect will be diluted, and the audience may not "pay" for this visual gap.
For stereoscopic video programs, if the definition is not high enough, it will not produce a sense of reality.If there are too many defects in the program, it will seriously affect the stereoscopic perception, which will easily lead to visual fatigue and will not be accepted by the public.
If the impact of HD on the market is not strong enough,Stereoscopic imageThe combination with HD will create a more realistic video, giving viewers a visual impact completely different from that of standard definition television.It is also based on this logic that in the United States, three-dimensional images are used for high-definition live broadcasting of concerts or sports events.For example, in 2007Las VegasThe 3D HD broadcast of the NBA Dunk Contest has received a huge market response.
The "Role Exchange" of Film and TV Programs
Over the years, people have formed a fixed impression of the form of TV and film programs.Film programs have high production costs and long production cycle, most of which are feature films;However, TV focuses on many live broadcasts with strong timeliness.
With the vigorous promotion of high-definition television broadcasting and digital cinema, the technical indicators of the resolution of programs in shooting, production, storage and broadcast are all converging, which seems to be defined as follows: at homeHD TVWatching is called TV, and watching in the cinema is called movie.
With HD DVD andHDTVWith the popularization of radio, it is believed that more and more people would rather watch feature films at home to gain freedom of time, while more and more high-definition stereoscopic broadcasts, including sports competitions, concerts, variety shows and other programs, are switched to digital theaters.For such programs, watching them in cinemas can experience large screen perception and shocking sound, and can obtain the perfect experience of picture quality and details. The introduction of stereoscopic imaging technology can make people have a real feeling of being on the scene in person, making people feel as if they are in a close seat at the Olympic opening scene or star concert.As the construction of digital cinema has been rapidly popularized, digital cinema has become the front position that high-definition stereo broadcasting can rely on, and this type of live broadcast will also make the cinema obtain higher box office income.
At this moment, you will find that the traditional definition of film and TV program has been overturned.
HD format is considered to be the link between film and television,Stereoscopic imageThe promotion of TV shows will bring about the integration of film and TV programs.
In front of this fast fission market, we will face——
3D imageThe difference from ordinary images is that it uses the principle of binocular stereo vision to enable the audience to obtain three-dimensional space images from the video media, so that the audience can feel immersive.The image seen by the audience is close to the real object and has a strong sense of reality.In particular, the shocking pictures make people feel immersive, as if everything is around.The 3D reality makes it more powerful than the 2D picture.
Trend of 3D image
In the 21st century, standardized products and high-quality and inexpensive products are no longer an important reason for consumers to buy products. Instead, they are replaced by an emerging lifestyle or experience. The era of products has ended and the era of customers has begun quietly!
Application of 3D image
The application fields of stereoscopic imaging technology are quite broad, mainly including 3D film post production,3D animationProduction, digital city construction, promotional videos,Virtual simulation，Phantom imaging，Stereoscopic cinemaConstruction,3D GamesProduction, exhibition, large-scale tour activities, 3D teaching, 3D medical imaging and other fields.
3D image
3D is not just a temporary trend, 3D will completely change our visual experience!
The Principle and Technology Development of 3D Image Display
In terms of information display, the ultimate goal that people pursue is "immersive", which includes two aspects, one is high definition, the other isStereoscopic display。The existing display technology has become increasingly perfect in terms of high definition, but it still needs long-term exploration in terms of stereoscopic display.
1. Parallax and stereoscopic display
The human eye has two basic characteristics: adaptive adjustment and convergence. Through adaptive adjustment, the eye gathers images of distant objects on the retina, and through the convergence effect, the left and right eyes see two imagesImage synthesis1 to avoid ghosting, and these two characteristics play an important role in generating stereo vision.
The main reason for the sense of near far is the parallax of both eyes.Because the two eyes have different positions in space, the image of the same scene in the left and right eyes is slightly different, which is called parallax.The parallax includesfieldThe information of depth and distance of each point in the middle will generate physiological response through the corresponding regulation process, and then it will be obtained through the relevant calculation of the brainStereoscopic image。
According to the parallax principle, people have designed manyStereoscopic displayThe basic method of these technologies is to make images corresponding to the left and right eyes on the plane, and then input the left and right eyes respectively.
The ways of wearing glasses can be divided into two categories:
(1) At the same time, the images of the left and right eyes are displayed, and the left and right eyes are introduced respectively, such as the commonly used binocularsBody mirrorMode (also known as peeping mode)chromatic aberration(Two colorComplementary color）Glassespolarized glasses Mode (mutually perpendicularLinearly polarized lightOr left and right circlespolarized light）Helmet mode (display screen for left and right eyes respectively);
(2) The images of the left and right eyes are displayed successively, and the switch on the glasses is controlled so that the left and right eyes can only see the corresponding imagesVisual persistencePhenomenon to seeStereoscopic image, for exampleLiquid crystal light valveGlasses usually display stereoscopic images by synchronizing the image display with the LCD switch. In the polarized mode, polarized light devices are placed in front of the screen to make parallax images display in left and right circular polarized light (or mutually perpendicular linear polarized light) successively, and then receive them with corresponding polarized light glasses.
2. Volumetric stereoscopic display mode
The principle of volumetric stereoscopic display is relatively simple, that is, to reproduce theScattered light, by dividing a three-dimensional object into a lattice, or into a series of two-dimensional images.Obviously, this display mode takes into account the characteristics of adaptive focusing and convergence of the eyes, and will not cause discomfort to the eyes.
Since the principle of holography is to reproduce the light front of an object, this is the ultimate goal of stereoscopic display.usuallyHologramHolographic negative is used for shooting and reconstruction ofHologramThe hologram can be taken by a camera and saved as an electronic picture. When the hologram is reconstructed, the dynamic screen can display the hologram to display the dynamicStereoscopic image, which is called electronic holographic stereoscopic display
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It is not only technology that drives the market, but also program content that is the most important. So far, we can hardly find any specialStereoscopic imageProgram production equipment.With the rapid development of the market, the stereo image market is facing a "program vacuum".
According to the traditional three-dimensional program production process, the shot materials are separately produced with the left and right eye pictures using the conventional post production system. What you see is not what you get, synchronous editing errors, picture defects and other errors often occur and are not easy to be found and corrected, which ultimately only makes the audience feel visual fatigue and poor perception. The reasons are as follows: First,The most common problem is left and right eye editing error. When shooting moving objects, the error of one or two frames will also lead to visual disorder and fatigue of the audience;Second, because the camera has a certain angle when shooting, the brightness, chromawhite balanceWhen the color of the left and right eyes is inconsistent, the audience will feel uncomfortable;Third, it is not possible to see only onemovie cameraThe defects (such as dirty spots, lens glare and other problems) taken by the camera will produce interference effects and mislead the eyes;Fourth, it is difficult to accurately judge and adjust the stereoscopic perception, accurately predict the edge error, and handle the audience's visual experience.
The upsurge of a new generation of stereoscopic films requires higher production efficiency and more natural stereoscopic effects. Against this market background, Quantel launched the world's first set of films at the 2007 IBC ExhibitionStereoscopic imageThe post production system adopts a two-way real-time image operation mode, which can see the left and right eye images in real time, and also can wear eyes to see the final stereo images in real time, which is convenient for matching the synchronization, color, exposure, depth of field, etc. of the two images, convenient for modifying various stereo defects such as flicker and distortion, and convenient for adjusting the visual angle between the two images (the included angle is determinedDeep feelingAnd stereoscopic) and so on.This major technological breakthrough immediately aroused strong attention in the industry and was immediately put into the production of Hollywood's latest three-dimensional film and the post production of many high-definition three-dimensional festivals.Thanks to the use of Quantel's three-dimensional image post production system, directors can finally see their three-dimensional works in the production process and create a series of perfect three-dimensional blockbusters.
Quantel'sStereoscopic imagePost production system includes the following main functions:
·Stereoscopic editing -- synchronous matching of left and right eye pictures
·Stereoscopic color matching and light distribution -- color, exposure and depth of field matching of left and right eye images
·Special effect of stereo synthesis -- modification of various stereo flaws such as flicker and distortion
·Adjustment of three-dimensional effect -- adjustment of included angle
Quantel can realize real-time 3D film post production not only because it has developed the relevant software functions required for 3D image production, but also because of Quantel's unique hardware processing engine, high-speed bus structure, frame magic and other technologies.Stereo film production needs to process two channels of film image data at the same time, and also has the ability to play back two channels in real time. The use of frame magic has effectively improved the speed of data reading and processing.
Stereoscopic imageThe online production system of,QuantelThe success of stereoscopic image system also lies in that it contains a complete set of tools for film image processing in a set of systems.Other general image systems require several different devices to achieve the above effectsEquipment roomCopying or transferring data, it is impossible to achieve real-time stereo image production of "what you see and what you get".
The SRW-5800 launched by Sony on NAB this year is an HDCAM-SR format recording and playback devicestudioThe editing video recorder, which has 880 Mbps recording function, can support 4:2:2 1080 50P/60P, 4:4:4 1080 HQ recording, especially in the dual video stream (3D) recording mode, can be recorded throughHD-SDIDual Link ports, andQuantelStereoscopic imageThe production system is connected to realize the synchronous acquisition and recording of stereo images.One tape simultaneously records the left and right eyes in HD formatStereoscopic image。
So far, the process of stereo HD digital production has been completely completed, no matter what you useHD cameraThe left and right eye stereo images can be recorded on a tape, and the left and right eye images can be synchronously uploaded to the Quantel stereo image production system to accurately complete the post production of stereo images, and then synchronously recorded on a tape, which can facilitate the storage and transmission of stereo programs, and also facilitate the playback of stereo programs.
The impact of stereoscopic images on us will be no less than the transformation from mono to stereo, or even another revolution, which is the same technological revolution as the visual impact of black and white pictures to color pictures.The progress of science and technology will constantly change our life experience.
