Ferric chloride

A covalent compound

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synonym Ferric trichloride (ferric chloride) generally refers to ferric chloride

Ferric chloride is a covalent inorganic compound , chemical formula FeCl three 。 It is dark brown crystal, also in thin sheet shape, melting point 306 ℃, boiling point 316 ℃^[1] , soluble in water and strong Water absorption , can absorb moisture in the air and deliquescence. FeCl three When separating from aqueous solution, there are six crystal water, FeCl three ·6H two O， Ferric chloride hexahydrate It's an orange crystal. Ferric chloride is a very important ferric salt 。

Chinese name: Ferric chloride^[4]
Foreign name: Ferric chloride^[4]
Iron(III) chloride^[5]
Alias: Anhydrous ferric chloride 、 Ferric chloride (III)^[5]
chemical formula: FeCl three^[4]
molecular weight: one hundred and sixty-two point two zero four^[4]
CAS login number: 7705-08-0^[4]
EINECS login number: 231-729-4^[4]

Melting point: 306°C
Boiling point: 316 ℃^[4]
Water solubility: Easily soluble in water
Density: 2.8 g/cm³^[4]
Appearance: Black crystalline powder
Flash point: 316 ℃^[4]
Security description: S26；S39^[4]
Hazard symbol: Xn^[4]
Hazard description: R22；R38；R41^[4]

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Physical and chemical properties

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The ferric chloride aqueous solution is acidic and corrosive. Brown floccule after hydrolysis Ferric hydroxide , with strong cohesion. It is easily deliquescent in the air and has strong hygroscopicity. It can generate 2, 2.5, 3.5 and 6 water substances. As an oxidant, it can react with copper, zinc and other metals in an oxidation-reduction manner. It forms complexes with many solvents. And Potassium ferrocyanide Reaction, generating dark blue prussian blue 。 The workers shall take good care of protection. If they accidentally touch the skin, they shall immediately wash it with flowing water. The material shall be stored separately from metal powder, flammable, combustible, reducing agent, etc. Anhydrous ferric chloride can be dissolved in many solvents, especially those that can form complexes with ferric chloride, such as alcohols, ethers, ketones pyridine 、 Benzonitrile 、 Phosphorus tribromide 、 sulfur dioxide and Thionyl chloride 。 When heated in air ferric oxide And chlorine.^[5]

Crystal structure of anhydrous ferric chloride

It can be sublimated at a temperature slightly lower than the melting point. According to the measured vapor density, it is dimer at 440 ℃ and monomer above 750 ℃, but chlorine release reaction will occur above this temperature. When contacting with humid air, anhydrous salt is easily transformed into yellow brown hexahydrate. Therefore, if it is necessary to transfer anhydrous ferric chloride from one container to another instrument, it should be carried out in the "drying oven".^[5]

physical property

melting point	306℃
density	2.8g/cm three
boiling point	316℃
appearance	Black brown crystalline powder
Solubility	Easily soluble in water, insoluble in glycerol , easily soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone and ether.^[2]

chemical property

Reaction object	Principles and equations
Reaction with alkali	Fe 3+ +3OH - =Fe(OH) three FeCl three +3NH three ·H two O=Fe(OH) three ↓+3NH four Cl^[2]
React with reducing agent	2FeCl three +SO two +2H two O=2FeCl two +H two SO four +2HCl 2FeCl three +H two S=2FeCl two +S↓+2HCl^[2]
Color reaction of ferric chloride with enols	With hydroxyl and sp two Compound with hybrid carbon atom linked structure (- C=C-OH) can be mixed with FeCl three The aqueous solution of shows special color: phenol 、 Pyrogallol Purple; Catechol 、 hydroquinone Green; Cresol Blue. Some phenols do not develop color.^[2]
Inspection of iron ion	FeCl three +3KSCN=Fe(SCN) three +3KCl The solution consists of yellow (Fe 3+ ）Becomes blood red [Fe (SCN) three ]^[2]
Ferric chloride and active metal relative to Fe	Magnesium: 3Mg+2FeCl three =3MgCl two +2Fe The solution changes from yellow to colorless.
	Aluminium: Al+FeCl three =AlCl three +Fe The solution changes from yellow to colorless.
	Zinc: 3Zn+2FeCl three =3ZnCl two +2Fe The solution changes from yellow to colorless.^[2] (All the above are metal excess)
Ferric chloride and other metals	Copper: Cu+2FeCl three =2FeCl two +CuCl two The solution changes from yellow to blue (FeCl two The light green of is covered).
Ferric chloride and other metals	Iron: Fe+2FeCl three =3FeCl two The solution changes from yellow to light green. Note: ferric chloride cannot react with K, Ca, Na and Ba.^[2]
Hydrolysis reaction	Ferric chloride is one of the most acidic salts of aqueous solution in the range of junior high school and senior high school, because Fe 3+ The intensity of Hydrolysis reaction Caused by: Fe 3+ +3H two O⇌Fe(OH) three +3H + FeCl three +3H two O⇌Fe(OH) three +3HCl (Because hydrolysis is a reversible reaction, the generated Fe (OH) three The amount is too small to precipitate, so no precipitation symbol is written) This is also the reason why only ferric hydroxide or basic ferric chloride can be obtained by evaporating ferric chloride solution (if ferric chloride is required Hydrogen chloride Evaporation in atmosphere, hydrolysis inhibition) (If heating continues, HCl will continue to be removed to get ferric hydroxide)^[3] FeCl three +3H two O=Fe(OH) three (Colloid)+3HCl The laboratory can use the hydrolysis reaction of ferric chloride to produce Ferric hydroxide colloid 。^[2]

Preparation method

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Put the scrap iron into the steel vertical reaction furnace for chlorination. The upper part of the reaction furnace is a preheating section, lined with refractory materials; The lower part is the reaction section with water-cooled jacket. Waste iron filings (wires) are added from the top and react with chlorine gas upstream in the lower reaction section. The generated ferric trichloride vapor and tail gas are discharged from the top, enter the condensation trap to condense into solid crystals, and scrape off the wall of the condensation trap through the agitator to produce anhydrous ferric trichloride finished products. The reaction equation is as follows:^[5]

2Fe + 3Cl two = 2FeCl two

The tail gas contains a small amount of unreacted free chlorine and ferric chloride, which is absorbed by ferrous chloride solution to obtain ferric chloride solution. During production and operation, because the ferric chloride vapor is strongly heated after contacting with the moisture in the air, and the hydrochloric acid gas is released, the pipeline and equipment should be well sealed, and the whole system should be operated under negative pressure.^[5]

application area

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Mainly used for metal etching and sewage treatment . Etching includes the etching of copper, stainless steel, aluminum and other materials. It has the advantages of good effect and low price for the treatment of raw water with low oil content, but it has the disadvantage of yellowing water color. It is also used for printing and dyeing cylinder engraving, electronic industrial circuit board and fluorescent digital cylinder production. Construction industry for preparation concrete To enhance the strength, corrosion resistance and water resistance of concrete. Can also be connected with Ferrous chloride 、 calcium chloride 、 Aluminium chloride 、 aluminum sulfate , hydrochloric acid, etc Waterproof agent Inorganic industry is used to manufacture other iron salts and inks. The dye industry is used as an oxidant in the dyeing of indigo dyes. The printing and dyeing industry uses Mordant 。 Metallurgical industry is used as chlorination intrusion agent for extracting gold and silver. Organic industry is used as catalyst, oxidant and chlorination agent. The glass industry is used as a hot colorant for glassware. Soap making industry is used to recover glycerol from soap waste liquid Coagulant 。

Another important use of ferric chloride is Hardware etching Etching products such as: Spectacle frame , clocks, electronic components, nameplates.^[2]

Calculate chemical data

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data^[5] ：

1. Reference value for drainage parameter calculation (XlogP): None

2. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0

3. Number of hydrogen bond receptors: 0

4. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0

5. Number of tautomers: none

6. Topological molecular polar surface area 0

7. Number of heavy atoms: 4

8. Surface charge: 0

9. Complexity: 8

10. Number of isotope atoms: 0

11. Determine the number of atomic structure centers: 0

12. Number of uncertain atomic structure centers: 0

13. Determine the number of chemical bond structural centers: 0

14. Number of indeterminate chemical bond structure centers: 0

15. Number of covalent bond units: 1

Molecular structure data

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data^[5] ：

1. Molar refractive index: None available

2. Molar volume (cm three /Mol): None available

3. Isotonic specific volume (90.2K): none available

4. Surface tension (dyne/cm): none available

5. Dielectric constant: None available

6. Polarization (10 -24 cm three ）: No available

7. Single isotope mass: 160.8415 Da

8. Nominal mass: 161 Da

9. Average mass: 162.204 Da

test

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test method

Method for Analysis of Additives in Food by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, translated by Ma Jiaxiang, etc.

Colorimetry (EPA Method 9250)

Titration (EPA Method 9252)^[2]

Inspection standard

GB 4482-2006
Ferric chloride (FeCl three ）Mass fraction of/% ≥	ninety-six	forty-one	ninety-three	thirty-eight
Ferrous chloride (FeCl two ）Mass fraction of/% ≤	two	zero point three zero	three point five	zero point four zero
Mass fraction of impermissible matter ≤	one point five	zero point five zero	three	zero point five zero
Mass fraction of free acid (calculated by HCl)/% ≤	—	zero point four zero	—	zero point five zero
Mass fraction of arsenic (As)/% ≤	zero point zero zero zero four	zero point zero zero zero two	—	—
Lead (Pb) mass fraction/% ≤	zero point zero zero two	zero point zero zero one	—	—
Mass fraction of mercury (Hg)/% ≤	zero point zero zero zero zero two	zero point zero zero zero zero one	—	—
Mass fraction of cadmium (Cd)/% ≤	zero point zero zero zero two	zero point zero zero zero one	—	—
Mass fraction of chromium [Cr (VI)]/% ≤	zero point zero zero one	zero point zero zero zero five	—	—

Leakage emergency treatment

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Isolate the leakage contaminated area, set up warning signs around it, and suggest emergency treatment personnel to wear gas masks and chemical protective clothing. Do not directly contact with the leakage, avoid dust, collect and transport to the waste disposal site for disposal. Dissolve it in a. water, b. acid, or c. oxidize it into aqueous solution, add sulfide to precipitate, and then discard it. It can also be washed with a large amount of water, and the diluted washing water is put into the wastewater system. If there is a large amount of leakage, it shall be collected and recycled or discarded after harmless treatment.

Protective measures

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Protection part	Protective measures
respiratory system protection	Wear a dust mask when you may be exposed to its dust. Wear gas mask when necessary.
Eye protection	Wear chemical safety goggles.
Protective clothing	Wear work clothes (made of anti-corrosion materials).
Hand protection	Wear rubber gloves.
other	After work, take a shower and change clothes. Store the clothes contaminated by poisons separately and reuse them after washing. Keep good hygiene habits.

First aid measures

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Contact part	First aid measures
Skin contact	Immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes. In case of burns, seek medical treatment.
Eye contact	Immediately lift the eyelids and flush them with flowing water or normal saline for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.
inhalation	Quickly leave the site to fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. Perform artificial respiration when necessary. Get medical attention.
Ingestion	Rinse the mouth immediately when the patient is awake, and drink milk or egg white. Get medical attention.

security information

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Safety terminology	S26：In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. After eye contact, immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
Safety terminology	S39：Wear eye/face protection. Wear eye/face protection.
Risk terminology	R22：Harmful if swallowed. It is harmful if swallowed.
	R38：Irritating to skin. Irritating to skin.
	R41：Risk of serious damage to eyes. Risk of serious damage to eyes.

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