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Chinese "poetry" learning terms.Qi Shi《Lu Poetry》"Han Shi".Because the three schools were written in official script, which was popular in the Han Dynasty, it is also called modern poetry.
Refers to“Lu Poetry”"Qi Poetry" and "Han Poetry"《The Book of Songs》The school of meaning belongs to the school of modern literature.In the Western Han Dynasty, there were three school officials (doctors).presentAll haveLost only《Han Shiwaizhuan》。 "Lu Poetry" belongs toJinwen Jing，Mao PoetryThey form four poems together, and Mao's poems belong toAncient classics。
The Book of Songs
After the burning of books in the Qin Dynasty, there were three schools of poetry in the Han DynastyYuanguBiography of Qi Shi, from LuShen PeigongBiography《Lu Poetry》, YanrenHan YingPass on Han Shi.alsoMaoheng、Gross currentBiography《Mao Poetry》He is the teacher of the four schools of poetry.
Study of Han Dynasty《The Book of Songs》Four of them are Qi sent to represent Qi Renyuan Gu, and Lu sent to represent Lu peopleApplication for trainingHan Ying, the representative of the Yan School, and Mao Heng, the representative of the Lu School, and Mao Chang, the representative of the Zhao School.Namely Qi, Lu, Han and Mao.The Qi, Lu, and Korean sects were very popular in the Western Han Dynasty. There were doctors in Korea who becameOfficial school, which belongs to modern classics.These three poems have something in common, which is also called three poems.The poems of the three poets are quite complicated. They are all written in the official script commonly used in the Han Dynasty, so they are also called "modern prose school"“Jinwen Classics”。Jinwen Classics is a school of study on Jinwen classics.
However, after the disaster of burning books in the Qin Dynasty, the Confucian classics were destroyed.Popular in the Western Han DynastyConfucianismMost classics have no old classics, but rely on survivalScholarOral transmission, fromStudy classicsStudents write it down.The characters used in their records are clerical script popular in the Western Han Dynasty, which belongs to the "modern text" of the time, so this kind of scripture is calledJinwen Jing。
When the Qin Dynasty burned books, some Confucian scholars risked their lives to hide some Confucian books in the interlayer of the wall.These scriptures were discovered in the Han Dynasty.In the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,King Lu GongDismantle Confucius' old house to expand his palaceConfucius MansionIn the interlayer of the wall of the old house《Shangshu》A large number of books are collected here.These books are written in tadpole documents of the Six Kingdoms Period, so they are called ancient classics.Because there were not many people who knew the ancient writings of the Pre Qin Dynasty, these ancient writings were mainly hidden in the royal family after they were re publishedlibrary, did not receive the attention of the people of the time.
Seen from the surface, the dispute between modern and ancient Chinese prose is mainly manifested in the difference of characters and the understanding and interpretation of Confucian classics.Generally speaking, when interpreting scriptures, the modern school pays attention to the "micro words and big meanings" in the scriptures, while the ancient school pays attention to the textual exegesis;The modern text school tried its best to link the scriptures with theological superstitions. Especially in the Western Han Dynasty, modern text scholars liked to mix the popularChenweiSuperstition.They combined the study of Confucian classics withYin Yang and Five ElementsIn addition, they talk about the scriptures as supernatural.Although the School of Ancient Chinese Literature has not yet completely got rid of the fetters of theological superstition, it opposes the prophecy of disasters and focuses onPractical learning。
Ancient and modern literature
In the Western Han Dynasty, the study of modern classics prevailed（“Five meridians”、“Six Meridians”）All doctorsJinwen SchoolControl.During the reign of Emperor Ping in the late Western Han Dynasty, there was a doctor of ancient classics,WithJinwen JingDoctor confrontation.Wang Mang's system reformAfter failure, the Eastern Han DynastyEmperor GuangwuIt also abolished the ancient text classics and advocated the modern text classics, but the ancient text classics still have considerable influence among the people.At the same time, withJinwen ClassicsThe research is becoming more and more complicated, and its influence is also declining.After the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty,Classical Chinese ClassicsRise and develop, and overwhelm modern classics.During this period, a group of masters of ancient Chinese classics emerged, such asJia Kui、author of many commentaries on the Classics、Xu Shenwait forsomeone.Xu Shen is the high foot of Jia Kui. He has devoted his whole life to writing《Analytical Dictionary of Characters》And made outstanding contributions to the spread of ancient Chinese classics.Also worth mentioning is the famous master of Confucian classicsZheng Xuan, he was Ma Rong's high footSchool of Classical Chinese Classics。However, he did not stick to the teacher's theory, but also understood the modern classics, and was good at absorbing some theories in the modern classics, so as to make the ancient classics more perfect, and also make the ancient classics eventually overwhelm the modern classics.So far, from the end of the Western Han DynastyClassical Chinese ClassicsThe dispute has just come to an end.
Han DynastyModern and Ancient ChineseThe struggle between schools is very sharp.On the surface, the difference between the modern school and the ancient school lies in the characters.But in essence, the difference between them is far more than words.In the Han Dynasty, especially in the Western Han Dynasty, the modern school was supported by the government and belonged to the official school.The ancient scriptures are "great Confucians in the wilderness"Private school。Classical Chinese ClassicsIt is also necessary to strive for the position of an official school in order to gain a position relative to modern classics, so as to break the monopoly of modern classics scholars on the academic and political arena, which is naturally unacceptable to modern classics scholars.Here, the dispute over the study of modern and ancient classics has actually gone far beyond the scope of normal academic debate, and has becomePolitical dominationThe extension of the need of "Tao" in the field of Confucian classics.
After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the dispute over the ancient Chinese classics rose and fell with the change of academic atmosphere and political situation.From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the ancient classics basically took the lead.The Song Dynasty, famous for its skepticism“philosophical theories of Song scholars”Rise.In contrast to the tradition of exegesis and biographical annotation in the study of ancient Chinese classics, the study of the Song Dynasty advocates seeking the truth directly from the classics.During this period, the orthodox study of ancient Chinese classics declined.In the Ming Dynasty, Confucian classics declined further.In the early Qing Dynasty, the study of ancient Chinese classics revivedQianlong、JiaqingDuring theqianjia school And reached its heyday.Jiaqingbrilliance of virtueIn, the study of ancient Chinese classics came to an end,Jinwen ClassicsBut it has sprung up again.Wei Yuan、Gong ZizhenandKang YouweiPeople advocated political reform, they absorbed the Han DynastyJinwen SchoolHe advocated the thought of system reform and strongly advocated the study of modern classics.With the collapse of the Qing DynastyModern and Ancient ChineseThe dispute between schools also disappeared.
in summary:
Qi RenYuanguHe passed on "Qi Shi", "Lu Shi" by Shen Peigong, a native of Lu, and "Han Shi" by Han Ying, a native of Yan,MaohengMao Changchuan's "Mao Poems".
The prosperity of ancient Chinese classics was in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. During this period, a group of masters of ancient Chinese classics emerged, such as Jia Kui, Ma Rong, Xu Shen, etc.
Qi Poetry
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Poetry（《The Book of Songs》）One of the modern school.Qi people in the early Han DynastyYuangu(Yuan Gusheng).Emperor Jing of Han DynastyWhen he became a doctor, he became an official student.The following "Qi Poems"Xiahou Shichang, Houcang, YifengXiao Wangzhi, Kuang Heng, etc.Features: Joyful introductionChenwei, infer current affairs from the disasters of yin and yang. 《Hanshu · Yiwenzhi》It is said that Yuan Gusheng once wrote a biography for "Shi", and the descriptions of this school include "The Story of Qihou Family", "The Story of Qihou Family", "The Story of Qisun Family", "The Story of Qisun Family", "The Miscellaneous Records of Qi", and so on. By the time of the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, they had all been lost.Chen Qiaozong of the Qing Dynasty wrote "The Commentary on Qi Poems", which has been edited and explained.Sima QianIn the Records of the Historian, it was said that "the words of" Shi "were used by Lu Ze to train the Duke, Yuan Gu to live in Qi, and Han Taifu to live in Yan;......" It was said that "all Qi were distinguished by" Shi ", and all Qi were disciples of Gu".Yuan Gu's disciple Lu RenXiahou ShichangShichang later taught Houcang.Hou Cang taught Yi Feng, Xiao Wangzhi, Kuang Heng;Kuang Heng taught Lang Xie Shi Dan, Fu Liqi JunYingchuanManchang, Jundu;Man Chang taught Jiujiang Zhang Han and Langxie Pi Rong.Therefore, "Qi Shi" has the learning of wing, Kuang, teacher and Fu.
One of the literary schools of Poetry.Lu people in the early Han DynastyShen GongPosted.This postscript《Lu Poetry》The flawed Qiu JianggongLiu XiangEtc.In the Western Han Dynasty, the most widely taughtWestern Jin DynastyLost.Features《Lu Poetry》OnPre QinThe origin and characteristics of the period: 1. Through《Mao Poetry》, Lu Shi and《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》Compared with the "cited poems" in, it shows that "Lu Shi" is the closest to the ancient poetry of the pre-qin period;2、 Reveal from the characteristics of the poetry theory in Lu ShiBan Gu"Lu is the closest";3、 From the only reserved materials, this paper analyzes the original state of the existence of poems and lines in Lu Shi.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Shen Gong once met his disciple Fu Qiubo in the South Palace of the State of LuLiu Bang。In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (201 BC)Liu JiaoHe was the King of Chu and Yuan.When King Yuan of Chu took office, he used Duke Shen as a Chinese doctor.Empress LvWhen Fuqiu Bo was in Chang'an, the King of Chu Yuan sent his son Yingke and Shen Gong to learn from Fuqiu Bo《The Book of Songs》Graduation.Wen Shengong studied during the reign of Emperor Wen《The Book of Songs》The most excellent, awarded doctor.The King of Chu and Yuan liked it《The Book of Songs》All scholars learned from the Book of Songs. Since then, Shen Gong has written a biography of the Book of Songs, known as《Lu Poetry》。King Zhu of Chu and Yuan Dynasty, Ying Ke succeeded himKing of Chu, appointed Duke Shen as the crown princeLiu WuOur teacher.Liu Wu was not eager to learn and was disgusted with Shen Gong's request.Liu Wu andKing of WuThe communication of rebellion was deeply blocked by Shen Gong and others. Liu Wu not only refused to listen, but tied Shen Gong and others up, put on ochre clothes, and pounded rice in the market with a pestle.Shamed, Duke Shen returned to his hometown and devoted himself to teaching. He had more than 1000 disciples, including Wang Zang, Zhao □Kong AnguoZhou Ba, Xia Kuan, Lu Ci, Miao Sheng, Xu Yan, QuemenCelebration。Shen Gong not only teaches《The Book of Songs》, also teach《spring and autumn》。
Lu Poetry Viewpoint
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《Lu Poetry》Yes《The Book of Songs》The scriptures have their own opinions."Cai Ren's Wife"《Lu Poetry》It is believed that she was the daughter of the Song Dynasty. After her husband got married, her mother wanted to make her remarry.The daughter said, "The misfortune of my husband is the misfortune of my concubine. How can I go? It's the way of the fittest person. I will never change my mind in life, and I will never change my mind in case of ill luck."."Zhou Nan's Wife"《Lu Poetry》He thought he was the wife of Doctor Zhou Nan.The doctor was ordered to harness the water and soil. When the deadline was up, the wife was afraid that her husband would slack off in politics, so she said to her neighbor, "The country is difficult, but it's just a matter of reluctance. There is no anger, and parents are worried about it." So she wrote a poem saying:“Megalobrama amblycephala□ The royal family is destroyed.Although it is like destruction, your parents are very famous. ""Wei Gu Dingjiang"《Lu Poetry》It is believed that it is the wife of Duke Wei Ding and the son's mother.The son died after marriage, and his wife had no children. After three years of mourning, he was sent back to his mother's house by his mother-in-law.Ding Jiang personally sent his daughter-in-law to the wild. Her love for her daughter-in-law and her grief for her son made her cry sadly. The daughter-in-law had gone away, and she was still busy looking around, crying and weeping.So he wrote a poem saying: "Yan Yan flies in the air, shame the pool and its feathers. His son returns home, and sends him away to the wild. He looks at his daughter in law and weeps like rain." As he walked back, he cried and looked back from time to time, and wrote a poem saying: "The thought of the first king is that animals are less than people." The gentleman said that Jiang was more kind than his mother-in-law."Mrs. Xu Mu"《Lu Poetry》Say yesWei Yigong's daughter,Xu MugongYour wife.When Mrs. Xu Mu was not engaged,dedicate oneself to one's countryTo propose,Qi StateCome and propose, too.Duke WeiShe was about to promise her daughter to Xu. Through her nanny, she said to Duke Yi, "The ancient people were the daughters of the princes, so Bao Ju played with them to help the big country." She also said, "Today's people may be small and far away, and even big and near. If today's world, the strong will be strong. If the border is crowned, Wei will be the reason of the four sides. Go to tell the big country, and the wife will not get better?Today, we are far away from the near, from the big and attached to the small. If it is difficult to drive, who can consider the state? "Duke Yi of Wei refused to accept his advice and married his daughter to Xu Guo.Later, the Zhai people attacked the State of Wei, breaking the State of Wei and Xu was unable to save it.Wei Yigong regretted not taking his daughter's advice and fled toXingzeKilled.Duke Huan of QiThey sent troops to rescue, and built Chuqiu City to let Wei's adherents live.When the State of Wei was destroyed by the people of Di, Mrs. Xu Mu hurried to mourn Wei Yigong. She wrote a poem because of her grief and said, "Go to mourn Wei Marquis. Drive your horse slowly, and say as far as □. The doctor traveled, but my heart was worried. I can neither praise nor reverse. I can't think far if I don't appreciate her." Prince praised her kindness, wisdom and foresight.
HapVerse
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[Phonics]: one of the modern school of poetry.Refers to the Yan people in the early Han DynastyHan YingTaught《The Book of Songs》。At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, there were Lu, Qi, Han and Mao.Han Ying wrote four volumes of Han's poem Nei Zhuan by pushing the poet's idea《External transmission》Six volumes, tens of thousands of words《Hanshu · Yiwenzhi》Recorded.There are also 36 volumes of Han Gu and 41 volumes of Han Shuo."Han Shi" inEmperor Wen of Han DynastyHe became a doctor at that time and became an official schoolLu PoetryAnd Qi poems are called three poems.At that time, Huainan Ben Sheng, Cai Yi and others passed on "Han Shi".As in the Eastern Han DynastyMao PoetryIn the Western Jin Dynasty, "Han poetry" existed, but noneMessenger；Southern Song DynastyLater, the "Internal Biography" was lost, and only the "External Biography" remained (in a word, the internal biography was incorporated into the external biography).Current edition《Han Shiwaizhuan》There are ten volumes in total, which is quite different from the sentences recorded in the historical records, indicating that the original book is no longer available, and some of them have been revised by later generations.Zhao Huaiyi of the Qing Dynasty compiled the lost articles of Nei Zhuan, which were attached to Wai Zhuan.Chen Qiaozong has a collection of "The Commentary on Han Shi".
Mao Poetry
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Current edition《The Book of Songs》That isMao PoetryIt is handed down from generation to generation.The Book of Songs, as the first collection of poems in the history of Han literature, has 305 piecesConfuciusHe was deleted and taught his disciples. Later, he went all over the world.It is undeniable that《The Book of Songs》The influence on Chinese thought and culture is extremely great, and the reason why it can spread today,MaohengGross current plays a vital role. 《Hanshu · Yiwenzhi》, Eastern Han DynastyZheng XuanThe Book of Songs"Notes on Mao's Poems"According to the Five Classics Justice by Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty and other books, up to the early Warring States Period, the people who studied and studied the Book of Songs included the Qi people, the Lu people, and the Yan peopleHan Ying、InterriverMaoheng."Mao Heng wrote The Justice of Mao's Poems at his home, and he offered them to the king in Hejian." Mao Heng taught the Justice of Mao's Poems to Mao Chang (according to the textual research of relevant scholars today, Mao Heng and Mao Chang are uncle and nephew).Wu People in the Three Kingdoms PeriodLand-based aircraftWritten by《Maoshi Vegetation, Birds, Animals, Insects and Fish》It is recorded that "Confucius deleted booksDivining merchants, divining merchants as the order, and giving Lu peopleZeng Shen, awarded to Wei RenRickMeng Zhongzi, a Kelu native, Meng Zhongzi, Genmouzi and Zhao RenXun Qing, Qing ShuluMaoheng, Heng wrote the Biography of Gu Xun to teachZhao Mao Chang, when people called Heng the Great Mao Gong, Chang the Small Mao Gong. "And the Tang DynastyLu DemingThere are different records in the Preface to Classic Interpretation:“Xu ZhenCloud:ZixiaGao Xingzi, Gao Xingzi, Xue Cangzi, Xue Cangzi, Bo Miaozi, and He Jian Da Mao Gong were given the title of "Shi Gu Xun Zhuan" at home to teach Zhao people Xiao Mao Gong. "
