The Three Kingdoms Annals was written by《Wei Shu》Thirty volumes《Shu calligraphy》Fifteen volumes《Wu Shu》Twenty volumes are composed of three parts, totally sixty-five volumes.Cao Pi abolished Han and built Wei, and Shu Han and Wu became emperors one after another.Chen Shou, starting from the historical reality, named it after the "Three Kingdoms" and compiled it in different countries to record the history of this period, creating a new style in the chronological history.In the Three Kingdoms Annals, Wei Shu was the first, and the Emperor of Wei was called "Emperor", which was passed on as "Ji";After Shu Shu and Wu Shu, the emperors of Shu and Wu were called "masters", and their biography was "Chuan".However, Chen Shou also faced up to the historical fact that Wei, Shu and Wu had the same status during the Three Kingdoms Period. The biography of the masters of Shu and Wu adopted the same method of recording events as that of the Emperor of Wei, both adopting the chronological style of "original chronicles".The History of the Three Kingdoms actually recorded a history of nearly 100 years from the Yellow Scarf Uprising (184) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Three Kingdoms (280 years).The Annals of the Three Kingdoms is good at narration and concise in writing. At that time, people called Chen Shou a talented person with good history.Therefore, after the publication of Chen Shou's Annals of the Three Kingdoms, other books recording the historical events of the Three Kingdoms disappeared one after another, and it was unique to the later generations.However, "Three Kingdoms Annals" also has shortcomings: (1) There are only records and biographies, but no tables or records.（2） It records Sima's struggle with the Cao Wei Dynasty, and Qubi Ashi protects Sima.（3） It is lost in brevity.[6]
The historical materials recorded in the Three Kingdoms Annals are more accurate and reliable, and are important documents for studying the history of the Three Kingdoms.[1]
The book fully records the whole process of China's transition from division to unification in the nearly 100 years from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the early Western Jin Dynasty.The book has a total of 367000 words and is divided into 65 volumes, of which《Wei Shu》Thirty volumes《Wu Shu》Twenty volumes《Shu calligraphy》Fifteen volumes.Although "Three Kingdoms Annals" and "Historical Records", "Hanshu" and "Houhanshu" are called "the first four histories", they are not consistent with the general official history norms established by "Historical Records" and "Hanshu".The book is brief in content. It neither records the "table" of the lineage of princes and officials, nor records the "chronicles" of economy, geography, officials, rites, music, and legal calendar.As Chen Shou had entered the Jin Dynasty when compiling this history book, the world of Jin inherited from Wei, so the book respected Wei as orthodox. Only Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Rui, the monarchs of the State of Wei, had their own imperial disciplines, namely, the History of Emperor Wu, the History of Emperor Wen and the History of Emperor Ming. The monarchs of the State of Shu and the State of Wu had only biographies. Liu Bei and Liu Chan had their own Biography of the First Lord and Biography of the Later Lord, respectively.Sun Quan has the Biography of Wu Zhu, and Sun Liang, Sun Xiu, and Sun Hao have the Biography of Three Successors.However, in fact, Wei, Shu, and Wu were all independent in the Three Kingdoms Annals, which recorded the situation of the three kingdoms, each acting independently and occupying the same position.Chen Shou regarded Wei as orthodox, but only in name.[7]
Catalogue of works
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Wei Shu
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contents
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Figures in the volume (figures in brackets are attached biographies)
Cao Ang, King of Fengmin, Cao Shuo, King of Xiangshang, Deng AiCao ChongCao Ju, king of Pengcheng, Cao Yu, king of Yan, Cao Lin, king of Peimu, Cao Gun, king of Zhongshan Gong, Cao Xuan, king of Jiyang Huai, Cao Jun, king of Chen Liugong, Cao Ju, king of Fan Yangmin, Cao Gan, king of Zhao, Cao Shang, son of Linyi, Cao Biao, king of Chu, Cao Qin, son of Gangshang, Cao Cheng, son of Gucheng, Cao Cheng, son of Mei Dai, Cao Jing, son of Lingshang, Cao Jun, son of Fan An, Cao Ji, son of Guangzong, Cao HuiCao Mao, King of Leling, Cao Xie, King of Praise, Cao Rui, King of Beihai, Cao Jian, King of Dongwuyang, Cao Lin, King of Donghai, Cao Li, King of Yuancheng, Cao Yong, King of Handan, Cao Gong, King of Qinghe, Cao Yan, King of Guangping
The first leader was Empress Gan, the first leader was Empress Mu, the second leader was empress mourning, the second leader was empress advocating, the first leader was Liu Yong, the first leader was Liu Li (Zi Liu Ji), and the second leader was Prince Liu Xuan
Sun Po captured Mrs. Wu (younger brother Wu Jing), Mrs. Xie of Wu Sovereignty, Mrs. Xu of Wu Sovereignty, Mrs. Bu of Wu Sovereignty, Mrs. Wang of Wu Sovereignty, Mrs. Pan of Wu Sovereignty, Mrs. Sun Liangquan, Mrs. Sun Xiuzhu, Sun He Ji, and Mrs. Sun Haoteng
Sun Jing (son Sun Yu), Sun Jiao, Sun Huan (son Sun Yi), Sun Ben (son Sun Lin), Sun Fu, Sun Yi (son Sun Song), Sun Kuang, Sun Shao (son Sun Kai), Sun Huan
Chen ShouIn the book, he publicized the feudal thought of monarchical power granted by God.Record Cao Cao's destruction in the "History of Emperor Wu"Yuan ShaoLater, it was confessed that the yellow star appeared 50 years ago, indicating the rise of the Cao Wei regime representing Tude.rememberCao PiWhen he was proclaimed emperor, he also talked about the hometown of Cao Cao, where Huanglong appeared. Chen Shou also pointed out that it was heaven's will to proclaim the emperor of Shu and Wu.
From this theory of destiny, he agreed that the old ministers of the former dynasty had become the new rich, but accused the failed politicians of being ignorant of current affairs. According to Chen Shou, the rise and fall of the dynasty was determined by the divine will. Who established the political power was the fate of heaven. Obeying the new dynasty was also obedient to the divine will, which was in line with the political interests of the aristocratic families at that time.When the dynasties change frequently, only in this way can the clans advance and retreat freely and avoid losses as much as possible.
The book attaches great importance to the historical role of outstanding talentsZhuge Liang, Cao CaoLiu Bei、king of Wu in the Three Kingdoms EraThe abilities and historical roles of various people have been fully described and described.As for the influence of personnel and human resources on historical events and processes, the book also makes a lot of descriptions, providing people with rich historical experience.The complicated interweaving of the thoughts of valuing human resources and destiny constitutes the contradictory characteristics of Three Kingdoms Annals.
Chen Shou also publicized the feudal ethics of loyalty, chastity and righteousness through historical figures.In the book, Zang Hong led the soldiers and civilians of Dongjun County to resist Yuan Shao, and finally the whole city died in battle.When there is no food and grass in the city, and there is no grass outside to save the soldiers,Zang HongLet the officials and men under them lead their families to escape, and the masters under them insist on dying in the end.After all the edible things were consumed, the master book took out three buckets of rice from the inside kitchen. Zang Hong ordered to make thin porridge and distribute it to all the soldiers, and "killed his beloved concubines and ate the soldiers" was moved to "no one looked up to them, but they shed tears".In the end, "Seven or eight thousand men and women died on each other's pillows. There was no betrayal".
"Three Kingdoms · Lv Bu Zang Hongzhuan" Chen Shou expressed his yearning for festival righteousness here, and also wrote more vivid fragments in the book.His practices of advocating loyalty and justice, and of following nature to reach destiny and encouraging officials of the new dynasty seem incompatible, but they can be unified in the fundamental interests of the clan.As God ordered, Pao Wat appeared.The leading figures in the clan should follow the trend to ensure their prosperity and wealth;Loyalty and righteousness, death without regret, but the clan's subordinates should be loyal and loyal, and die generously for their masters. They have maintained the feudal ethics, but also maintained the fundamental interests of the clan.[5]
Confucian thought
The Three Kingdoms contains rich thoughts of Confucian classics.Emperor Wen of Wei "set up the Imperial College, made the Five Classics examination method, and set up the Doctor of Spring and Autumn Grain and Liang".In the period of the Cao Wei Dynasty, Confucian classics were still listed among the officials.Some famous officials of the Cao Wei regime, such asXun Yu、Wang Lang、Wang Su、Chen QunAll the others are Confucian scholars.From the Three Kingdoms, we can see that the solutions proposed by Confucianism and Legalists are different when facing the same social problems at that time.Chen Shou, the author of Three Kingdoms Annals, and Pei Songzhi, the commentator, also criticized some systems of Cao Wei's regime from the perspective of Confucian classics.
From the "Three Kingdoms", we can see that the combination of the Ming Lord and the first-class advisers became an important factor to change various social situations at that time.It is with the help of these counsellors that Ming lords can seek good fortune and avoid evil.These first-class advisers are the heroes of the day.In the chaos of the late Han Dynasty, social resources were redistributed in the whole society.All local forces want to improve their social competitiveness by recruiting talents.At the same time, due to the influence of the war, many scholars also wandered among various local forces, hoping to settle down.Most of these scholars appeared on the political stage as counselors.The counsellors of the Three Kingdoms period were not only recorded in history, but also praised by the world.Countless later generations have taken them as their life models.At the same time, Tianshi was the main reason for the outbreak of the plague.In the face of the plague, the Mingzhu should adjust his strategy of governing the country and rest with the people.
According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, many local political forces such asSun Ce、Liu BeiWe have tried to flatterEmperor Xian of the Han Dynasty。And how to pacify the world is an important problem that the Ming Lord and counselors need to solve.Since ancient times, literature and martial arts are two different ways to conquer the world.At the same time of the military expedition against other local forces, the Cao Wei regime also attached great importance to the moral education of ordinary people.Cao CaoThe order said, "The funeral has come for five years. The younger generation has not seen the wind of benevolence, righteousness and comity, and I am very hurt." Cao Cao never denied the important role of moral education in governing the country."The way of the former king of the commoners is not abandoned, but is beneficial to the world." On the one hand, the country's moral education of ordinary people is conducive to harmonious coexistence between people, on the other hand, it is also conducive to people avoiding prison.[11]
artistic characteristics
Narrative structure
The Three Kingdoms Annals takes Wei as the orthodox state, and describes the history of the Three Kingdoms by country. Instead of setting up a "chronicle" for Shu and Wu, it is named after "biography".However, in fact, the "First Master Biography", "Later Master Biography" in Shu Shu, and the "Wu Master Biography" and "Three Successors Master Biography" in Wu Shu are equivalent to the "discipline" of Shu and Wu.Although this kind of calligraphy is often criticized by later generations, "as for the orthodoxy of Wei, it was the feudal historians of the Western Jin Dynasty who had to do so, and the so-called 'orthodox' right and wrong, we don't have to care about it today".Besides, this isChen ShouOn the premise of clearly recognizing the historical development trend from the disputes among the heroes to the separation of the Three Kingdoms and then to the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, combined with the historical reality and the characteristics of the biographical style and the chronological style, we innovatively adopted the style of combining the national style and the biographical style, developed the strengths to offset the weaknesses, and skillfully avoided the drawbacks brought by using a single style.On the one hand, Chen Shou divided the history of Wei, Shu, and Wu into three main lines to describe, each of which takes "discipline" as the narrative main line, supplemented by other biographies, and detailed one by one, so as to better overlook the historical development trend from the end of the Han Dynasty to the separation of the three kingdoms to the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty;On the other hand, the same war event adopts multiple narrative clues to complement each other, presenting a three-dimensional and multi-level war, which can be summarized as multiple narrative ways of tripartite wars.
Chen Shou wrote Wei Shu not from Cao Pi in the Han Dynasty, but from Cao Cao's suppressionHuangjin UprisingWrite it down.The first chapter of Shu Shu is not about Liu Bei, but about Liu Yan and Liu Zhang's father and son who were independent of Yizhou.The first article in Wu Shu is about Sun Jian and Sun Ce, rather than Sun Quan, the leader of WuLiu YouBiography.Chen Shou's move,Liu ZhijiThere was some criticism that he "didn't follow the rules".In fact, the purpose of Chen Shou's writing is to trace the origin of the Three Kingdoms, reflecting the process of the world from integration to separation.Moreover, the separation of the three countries is not the normal state of history, and the final trend of the three countries' confrontation is unity.Looking at the history of the Three Kingdoms, we can divide it into three stages according to time: the first stage (190-207 AD), that is, the period of the separatist regime of the heroes. The chronicle mainly revolves around Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, and Cao Cao's war of basically unifying the north is the top priority;The second stage (AD 208 to AD 229) is the period of the Three Kingdoms confrontation. This stage mainly describes the struggle between Wei, Shu and Wu, and the balance between one and the other. Under the situation of balance, the situation of the Three Kingdoms confrontation finally took shape;The third stage (AD 230 to AD 280) is the stage when the Three Kingdoms moved from confrontation to unification.The description of the first two historical stages reveals why the situation of the Three Kingdoms was formed, and the description of the third historical stage explores why Cao Wei unified the Three Kingdoms and why Sima took the place of Cao.The first two historical stages focus on the most intense wars in the Three Kingdoms period. Chen Shou's description of these two stages is also extremely wonderful, which seems to be the focus of the book.In the third stage, due to the lack of historical data, Chen Shou did not describe much about the war, but carried a large amount of information, which lasted 51 years, accounting for half of the history of the Three Kingdoms.Thus, Chen Shou described the history of the Three Kingdoms from confrontation to unity.
Chen Shou regarded Wei, Shu and Wu as relatively independent individuals, treated them equally and recorded the parallel history of the three kingdoms.The First Master's Biography and the Later Master's Biography in Shu Shu, the Wu Master's Biography and the Three Successors' Biography in Wu Shu are equivalent to the "original discipline" of Shu and Wu. Chen Shou's three books in Wei Shu, Shu Shu and Wu Shu take the respective "original discipline" of the three kingdoms as the guide, and respectively biography the three regimes of Wei, Shu and Wu and their officers and menThe attached biography records the relevant figures of the important historical deeds of this period.Read through the book "Three Kingdoms", there is no war with turning significance in the history of Wei, Shu and Wu, which is better than unifying the northBattle of Guandu, deciding the confrontation between the North and the SouthBattle of Chibi, which determines the eastern and western boundariesXiaoting BattleZhuge Liang's five northern expeditions, which decided to revive the Han Dynasty in Shu, and Deng Ai of Cao Wei, who broke the situation of the Three Kingdoms confrontation, broke the war in which Zhuge, the general of Shu, came to Mianzhu, and Sima family went south to fight against Wu.For example, in the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao were the top commanders of both sides in the battle. Chen Shou fully recorded the cause, process, climax and end of the battle of Guandu with time as a clue in the "Chronicle of Emperor Wu".However, the records in this discipline are relatively brief, including the strategic layout, the use of tactics, the confrontation between the two sides of the war, Cao Cao's pursuit of the victory of Yuan Shao Group after the war, and the removal of roots. Chen Shou skillfully placed them in the biographies of Yuan Shaochuan, Guan Yuchuan, Xun Yu, Jia Xu, Cao Ren, Zhang He, Xu Huang, Zhang Liao, Le Jin and other advisers or generals,Through detailed description of their words and deeds in the war, the contest between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao has been systematically supplemented, and the overall picture of the war has been described in a way of mutual observation.[10]
Another characteristic of the Three Kingdoms is that the "Quanxu is impressive".Chen Shou arranged the historical events closely.The same thing is more detailed here than there, and more detailed here than there, with little repetition.At the time of the Three Kingdoms confrontation, many historical events related to the Three Kingdoms. If we can't connect them, it will be tedious and miscellaneous.Chen Shou paid full attention to this point. For those found in Wei Zhi, Wu Zhi and Shu Zhi did not reappear;On the contrary, where it is found in Shu Zhi and Wu Zhi, Wei Zhi does not reappear.Therefore, the "Three Kingdoms" is simple and clean, with few contradictions.[14]
Direct report
First of all, the direct evidence of the Three Kingdoms Annals is reflected in the fact of facing up to the separation of the Three Kingdoms.The Western Jin Dynasty inherited the power of Cao Wei. Therefore, when people in the Central Plains in the Western Jin Dynasty talked about the history of the Three Kingdoms Period, they tended to regard Cao Wei as orthodox and Shu and Wu as puppet states.That is to say, they only recognize the existence of Wei, and do not recognize the objective fact of the separation of the three countries.Although Chen Shou was a minister in the Western Jin Dynasty, he was different from people's common view. He regarded Wei, Shu and Wu as equal countries, and affirmed the objective fact of the separation of the Three Kingdoms. Therefore, he would name his book reflecting the history of the Three Kingdoms Period "Three Kingdoms Annals".
It can be said that the publication of "Three Kingdoms Annals" not only broke the traditional practice of taking one country as the history of historical records, but also was a breakthrough in the method of writing historical records. Moreover, if combined with the specific historical background of Chen Shou, it undoubtedly reflected the dauntless spirit of historians and the attitude of writing history based on facts.In this regard, historians of the Qing DynastyQian DaxinHe gave full affirmation in Qianyantang Anthology - Preface to the Identification of the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms. He believed that "the scholars in the Central Plains at that time knew that there was Wei but did not know that there was Shu and Wu. Since the book was written by Zuo, the name of the Three Kingdoms began to be established." He believed that Chen Shou's practice of "drawing Wei to match the two countries (Shu and Wu)", "he was the most important person who was able to write, and looked at Nan and Dong (referring to the historian who dared to write directly in the Spring and Autumn Period, Nan Shi and Dong Hu)."How can you let it go? "
Secondly, the direct reports of the Three Kingdoms are reflected in the commenters.As a historian, Chen Shou has long served as a magistrate in the county, so commenting on people is his strong point.Therefore, the book "Three Kingdoms" not only attaches importance to the comments on historical figures, but also most of its comments are relatively pertinent.And this kind of appropriate evaluation of historical figures is undoubtedly also a reflection of the spirit of "Three Kingdoms" based on facts.For example, the commentary on "Three Kingdoms"Cao Cao, affirming that he is "brilliant, slightly superior", and is a "extraordinary person, outstanding in the world";commentLiu BeiHe thinks that he is "magnanimous and generous, knows people and treats people well, and has the style of ancestors and the tools of heroes". However, "he has the power to do things wisely, and does not catch Wei Wu. He is also narrow based on his foundation";Commenting on Sun Quan, he affirmed that he "bent down to endure humiliation. He was talented and scheming. He had Gou Jian's wonderful talents and outstanding people, so he was able to excel in the river watch and become a tripod industry";commentZhuge LiangHe affirmed that he was "refined in his work, based on his physics, honest in his name, hypocritical and contemptuous", and was "a talented person of knowledge and governance, and a good leader of management and leadership". However, "he has moved the public for years without success, and he is not good at coping with emergencies";commentGuan Yu、Zhang FeiThey think that they are "all called enemies of ten thousand people, and they are the world's tiger ministers". However, Guan Yu is "just but arrogant", Zhang Fei is "cruel but ungrateful", and they finally "defeat with short, reason and number often", and so on.These comments can be called fair and just.
On the whole, Chen Shou's attitude towards compiling history is relatively objective, and he tries to record it truthfully.For example, when writing that Cao Cao threatened the emperor to order the princes, in order to avoid taboos, he wrote directly about Cao Cao's political intentions, and passedDong ZhaoThe practice of others implies.Another example is that when writing about Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, Chen Shou had feelings for Shu Han, but he did not cover up their mistakes and killed Liu Bei because of personal gratitude and resentmentChangyu Zhuge Liang misusedMa SuWhen everything is recorded truthfully.There are many stories about some historical events. Chen Shou only chooses authentic and reliable stories to record, such as writingSun CeThere were many absurd stories about Sun Ce's death at that time, but Chen Shou only recorded that Sun Ce was severely injured and died by an assassin.[7]
Characterization
In the writing of Three Kingdoms, psychological description is seldom used to describe the characters, and the inner world of the characters is reflected in the language or dialogue of others.In the Biography of Yuan Shao, the battle between Yuan Shao and Liu Yan,AutarchyHe admonished Yuan Shao and said, "Although he is brave and brave, he cannot be alone." Chen Shou reflected it in the words of Professor JuYan LiangBrave but narrow-minded.At the beginning of the battle of Guandu, Ju Shu again admonished that "the number of soldiers in the north is large, but their strength is not as strong as that in the south, and their goods and wealth are not as strong as those in the north; the war in the south is urgent, and the war in the north is slow. It is better to continue slowly, and the war is open to the sun and the moon." By the mouth of Ju Shu, the advantages and disadvantages of both sides of the war and the strategic policy were demonstrated.From the perspective of Yuan Shao, it is advisable to adopt a protracted war first, and then take surprise to win, instead of rushing forward. "You can send Jiang Qibei as an army to cut off Cao Gong's banknotes".Two expostulations show that Ju Shu is resourceful and decisive as a counselor.As for Yuan Shao's tolerant appearance, suspicion and inconsistency, Chen Shou not only described his words and deeds three times and four times, but also usedTian FengThe dying words showed that "if the army is advantageous, I will be complete. If the army is defeated, I will die".Before and after the Battle of Guandu, Chen Shou commented on Yuan Shao's behavior: "Shao is generous and elegant outside, has a certain degree of intensity, is not in the shape of sorrow and joy, and is afraid of harm inside." It can be said to hit the nail on the head.
When Chen Shou wrote the Three Kingdoms Annals, he was very careful and did not care about erudite and curious. He often chose several typical examples to show the character's character and characteristics.For example, in the Biography of Zhang Liao, Chen Shou graspedZhang LiaoThe key events in his life are described to outline the general's unique personality characteristics.Chen Shou began to write that Zhang Liao and Xia Houyuan surrounded Chang Siege. After a long attack, food was running out. The generals proposed to withdraw their troops. Zhang Liao alone found thatSiegesia ChangHe was hesitant to surrender and could fight for it, so he pretended to pass on Cao Cao's will, ventured up the mountain to persuade Chang Siege to surrender, and finally succeeded. The act of persuading him to surrender highlighted Zhang Liao's wisdom and courage;Then it describes Zhang Liao's sudden rebellion. "Liao said to the left and right: 'Don't move. There is no one battalion to oppose, and there will be people who want to make changes. They want to make trouble.' This is to make the people in the army who don't oppose sit down. There are dozens of Liao generals who are close to Chen and stand up. If you are determined, you will be killed by the first plotter." With just a few dozen words, Zhang Liao's calm, decisive and specific expression will be portrayed.In the battle to break the encirclement of Hefei, Zhang Liao's demeanor as a general was even more displayed, and his characters were vividly portrayed on the paper."In Pingdan, Liao was armed with a halberd. He stepped into the battle first, killed dozens of people, killed two generals, shouted his name, rushed into the fortress, and came under the command of Quan. Quan was so shocked that people did not know what to do, walked up the high mound, and guarded himself with a long halberd. When Liao chided the power to fight, Quan did not dare to move. When he saw that Liao had few generals, he gathered around Liao several times.Liao's left and right captains encircled and rushed forward to encircle. When dozens of Liao's generals arrived, the rest of them shouted, 'General, I am abandoned!'Liao Fu also broke through and pulled out the rest.All powerful people and horses are invincible. No one dares.From the first day of the war to the middle of the day, the people of Wu took their breath away, and they were still on guard. The hearts of the people were at peace, and the generals were clothed with salt. "[10]
deficiencies
Although the Three Kingdoms Annals is higher than other histories, it has obvious shortcomings compared with the other three histories of the previous four histories. Many of these problems have been blamed and criticized by later generations.The Book of Jin · Biography of Chen Shou records two things: first, Chen ShouyaoDing instrumentDing Lin's son gave him a thousand Hu meters. If he did, he could consider making a good biography for their father. If Dante didn't give them, Chen Shou didn't write a biography for Ding Yi and Ding Yu.Second, Chen Shou's father joined the army. After the Jieting fell, Zhuge Liang killed Ma Su, and Chen Shou's father was also shaved and punished.Plus Zhuge Liang's nephewZhuge ZhanChen Shou has always looked down upon him, and he resented him.Therefore, General Zhuge Liang is a little incompetent and has no talent to meet the enemy;It is said that Zhuge Zhan only works in calligraphy and painting.There have been many controversies about these two things, among which Wang Mingsheng, Zhao Yi, and Pan Mei defended Youli for Chen Shou.However, no wind, no fire. Many of the people or things Chen Shou wrote are related to himself. Many people in the "Three Kingdoms" are well known to protect the Qubi. It is entirely possible for Chen Shou to make unfair praise and criticism because of his personal gratitude, resentment, likes and dislikes.Chen Shou wrote the Annals of the Three Kingdoms. Although he said that "many things are right", he was meticulous in writing, but because he was in the Jin Dynasty, he had to give more support when Wei and Jin were in the final stages of reform.The situation is exactly the same as that of Wei who inherited Han from Jin. If you want to protect Jin, you have to protect Wei first.Therefore, in the Three Kingdoms Annals, especially in the Wei Annals, Chen Shou often used the calligraphy of Hui Hui.asEmperor Xian of the Han DynastyForced Zen is located inCao PiThis event is recorded in the Wei Zhi · Wen Di Ji: "The Emperor of the Han Dynasty was in the Wei Dynasty with great popularity. He called a group of officials and officials, told the temple and the high temple, and made Zhang Yin, who was also the official of the imperial history, stick to the throne of the imperial seal." It seems that the Emperor of the Han Dynasty's abdication was entirely out of initiative, without any signs of coercion.Another example is Wei Shaodi, a noble township officialCao FengTo killSima ZhaoHe was killed by Cheng Ji, a Zhao Dang, in Chen Shou's writing. It became that Cao Feng wanted to kill the empress dowager, so that he "got himself into a big trouble". He was guilty and deserved to die.Moreover, this matter was totally a "corruption" of Cheng Ji and others, and had nothing to do with Sima Zhao.In addition, the war between Xu Wei and Shu was also a way of avoiding defeat and boasting victory.[14]
It is also an objective fact that the "Three Kingdoms Annals" has much to say about historical events.The Annals of the Three Kingdoms emphasizes education, which was called "many words of advice, clear about gains and losses, beneficial to weathering".For this reason, the Book of Jin · Biography of Chen Shou uses a lot of hidden writing techniques to favor the rulers.For example, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was forced to meditate in Cao Pi, but the Wei Zhi · Wen Di Ji said: "The Emperor of the Han Dynasty was in Wei with great popularity. He called a group of officials to leave the temple, so that Zhang Yin, who was also the official of the imperial history, held the throne of the imperial seal." This seems to tell people that Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty voluntarily gave the position of the emperor to Cao Pi.Another example is that Wang Fang of Wei Qi was abolished. In factHorse MasterThis idea was not recorded in the Records of King Fang of Qi, but was ordered by the empress dowager, and was abolished because of Wang Fang's immorality and unfiliality.Another example is that Cao Feng, a noble township official, was killed by Sima Zhao, and the Annals of the Three Kingdoms: A History of the Young Emperor only records that "May has become ugly, and the noble township official died in his twenties." There is absolutely no sign of the noble township official being killed between the lines.It was the "Ji" that recorded the order of the empress dowager, saying that the noble townsman was disobedient and disobedient, and was buried as a commoner after his death.Another example is to treat Sima's political enemiesCao Shuang、He YanPeople, Wei Zhi did its utmost to vilify them, and He Yan, as a scholar of a generation, did not write a biography for him in Three Kingdoms.On the contrary, people like Liu Fang and Sun Zi were originally evil people. Just because they had contributed to Sima and were Sima's trusted followers, the Three Kingdoms Annals not only gave them a joint biography, but also gave them false praise.[3]
Later influence
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Historical influence
After the Three Kingdoms Annals was written, it was praised by scholars of all ages.In the age of Chen Shouzhi, the history books of the Three Kingdoms written by various schools at that time gradually disappeared after the publication of the Annals of the Three Kingdoms.[15]
The Three Kingdoms Annals wrote a book for Wei, Shu and Wu, which can be said to be an innovation in the biographical history books.Chen Shou named the book "Three Kingdoms", which represents the historical fact that the Three Kingdoms were in a confrontation.At the same time, the book adopts the method of parallel description of the Three Kingdoms.Although the names of "Ji" and "Chuan" vary from book to book, the "Chuan" of Shu and Wu are basically the same as "Ji", and this compilation style can quite reflect the actual history of the Three Kingdoms.Chen Shou set a precedent for the merger of the Three Kingdoms, which had a great impact on later generationsLi YanshouThe compilation of the Northern History and the Southern History is to imitate its style and make some changes. The Yuan Dynasty revised the history of Liao, Song, and Jin, and also decided its style by imitating Chen and Li.[16]
The Records of the Three Kingdoms not only records the figures who had influence in politics, economy and military affairs, but also made contributions to academic thought, literature, art, science and technology during the Three Kingdoms period, but also records the history of domestic minorities and neighboring countries. Wei Shu · Biography of Japanese People is an important historical material of Japanese ancient history.[2]
As one of the official histories integrating the major events of various countries during the Three Kingdoms period, the Annals of the Three Kingdoms inherits and develops the national writing traditions of the Records of the Historian and the Hanshu, and makes independent biographies for ethnic minorities.In addition to Wu Wan Xianbei Dongyi Biography, which is a special biography of ethnic minorities, other biographies of the Three Kingdoms also involve many ethnic minorities. The book generally presents a detailed and orderly ethnic writing pattern that echoes each other.It can be said that the Annals of the Three Kingdoms supplements the communication and interaction between ethnic minorities and the Han nationality during the period from the end of the Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Wei Dynasty to the Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty. It records the living conditions and development process of ethnic minorities at that time in terms of economy, politics, culture, social customs, etc. It is an important historical document for studying the history of ethnic minorities during the Three Kingdoms period,It can also be seen that Chen Shou's national thought has both the awareness of distinguishing between Chinese and foreigners and the tendency of integrating Chinese and foreigners.[13]
Literary influence
After the completion of the Three Kingdoms Annals, it had a profound impact on later generations.Southern Song DynastyLiu YiqingOf《A New Account of the Tales of the World》It has compiled some anecdotes about the figures of the Three Kingdoms.According to Li Shangyin's poem "either banter at Zhang Feihu or laugh at Deng Ai eating" ("Poems by Proud Children"), the stories of the Three Kingdoms in the late Tang Dynasty have gone deep into the folk.Pinghua, shadow play, puppet play, etc. of the Song Dynasty also have rap performances of the stories of the Three Kingdoms.It is said that there were as many as 50 kinds of stories about the Three Kingdoms in Yuan Dynasty dramas.Later Yuan Dynasty and Ming DynastyLuo GuanzhongBased on the creation of the masses, referring to historical materials and his own life experience, he wrote the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.This shows that "Three Kingdoms" has long had a great impact on the creation of ancient Chinese literature and art.[18]
Work evaluation
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Western Jin DynastyShangshulangFan"Chen Shou wrote the" Annals of the Three Kingdoms ", which contains many words of exhortation. They are friendly to gain and loss, and are beneficial to decency. Although they are not as beautiful as each other, they are straight, and are willing to record them."
Northern Wei DynastyCui Hao"There is a style of ancient and good history. His works, with correct literary meaning, are all carried forward in the words of Wang Ting. They are small and obvious, and graceful and form a chapter. Since Ban (Gu) and Shi (Qian), they have not lived long.".
Three Kingdoms
Southern Dynasty peopleLiu Xie《Carving a Dragon at the Core of Literature·Historical Biography: "Three heroes of the Wei Dynasty, their biographies are mutual," Yang Qiu "《Wei Lue》Belonging to, River Table《Wu Lu》Such as, or stimulate resistance difficult to sign, or sparse few want.Only Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms",the ornamental and the realIt is not a false reputation to distinguish between Xunzi (Xu) and Zhanghua (Hua)
Southern Song DynastyYe Shi"Sima Qian is forced to write high, and Ban Gu is the leader of Fang. He advocates to be less literal and less literal and to win back in the end.".
Qing DynastyPan MeiTextual Research on the Annals of the Three Kingdoms: "Ding Yi and Ding Xuan, the officials can't hurt the pussy andYellow Gate WaiterThere is no power to destroy the front and connect the blade outside, and there is no effect of ascending the hall and winning the temple insideChen SiwangJi shook the grave heirs and provoked the flesh and blood. When the matter failed, the punishment followed. The criminals in the Sishi Wei Dynasty should not be announced.The Book of Jin said that Somi had to write a biography, which was the most ignorant statement. "
the Qing dynastyZhao Yi《Reading Notes of the Twenty second History》：《Jin Shu》It is said that "Shou Fu joined the army for Ma Su, and Su was killed by Zhuge Liang. Shou Fu was Kun, so Shou was called" Biography of Liang ", which means that the general was not good at it. This is really a theory of ignorance. There is no need to be good at using troops because of the inaccessible place of Liang. Guan Shou revised the" Zhuge Collection ", saying that Liang was strict in science and education,Reward and punishment must be believedNo evil is not punished, no good is not shown. As for officials, they are not allowed to be treacherous, and people encourage themselves.Up to now, the people of Liang and Yi have sung the songs of Zhao Gong and Zheng people in "Gantang"OffspringThere is nothing wrong with it.Another comment in the Biography of Liang said: "Liang Zhizhi is also for governance. He is open minded and fair. He does not reward good without being weak, and does not demote evil without being weak.".Finally, in the country, we are afraid and love them,Criminal administrationThose who are serious but have no evil resentment will admonish them with their peaceful intentions.Odekong mingIt can be said that it is very big. "It can be seen from this that the "Book of Jin" belittles Chen Shouzhi, which is really untrue and cannot be fully believed.
Historian of the Qing DynastyQian DaxinQianyantang Collection: A Doubtful Preface to the Identification of Three Kingdoms Annals: "I like historiography for my nature, and I will push this book out of the office and class, thinking that it is too Fan (Hua) and Ouyang (Xiu)".
Modern historianBai ShouyiTextbook of History of Chinese Historiography: "The Annals of the Three Kingdoms looks like a collection of biographies, but in fact it has its own pattern of close sewing".[4][15]
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Pei Songzhi's Note
Due to the insufficiency of historical data in the compilation of Three Kingdoms Annals, the records are rather sketchy, especially the Shu Annals, which is too thin in content.Although Chen Shoufei has tried his best to pay attention to even the missing articles, his book still reflects the dilemma that it is difficult for a clever woman to make bricks without straw.So after more than 100 years, Liu Yilong, Emperor Wen of the Southern Dynasty, ordered Pei Songzhi to make a note of it.In view of the shortcomings of Chen Shouzhi's book, which is "omitted from time to time, omitted from time to time", Pei's note is different from the previous historical note that focuses on explaining the meaning of the text, but focuses on the supplement of historical facts.From the third year of Yuanjia (A.D. 426), in order to complete the emperor's entrustment, Pei Shi "searched for old news and collected some anecdotes", worked in Zhou Dynasty, and finally completed the annotation of the Three Kingdoms Annals in July of the sixth year of Yuanjia.
In the Annotations to the Annals of the Upper Three Kingdoms, Pei once classified his annotations more than three times the length of the text into four categories: "Those whose lives are not recorded and whose affairs are recorded cannot stop taking to fill their gaps. Or they say the same thing and say that it is strange, or they cannot be judged because of the original doubt of the accident, and all of them are copied to prepare for different information. If it is obvious that a mistake is made, and the words cannot be attached to reason, then they will be corrected along with the violation to punish their mistakes.Whether the current events should be or not, and the small loss of life, are often argued with foolishness.Later, the officials of the Siku Library summarized the contents of Pei's notes into six parts, namely, "citing the theories of various schools to distinguish between right and wrong", "referring to the theories of various books to verify the false and different", "spreading all the things. See their grievances", "spreading all the things that are not, filling in the missing", "spreading all the people, see their life", "spreading all the people that are not, attach the same kind".It is just a re opening and re closing of Pei's self statement.In other words, Pei Zhu's main work is to supplement the omission and brevity of the original book, and he absorbs all kinds of different statements for different news.At the same time, the obvious errors in the original text are also revised according to other materials, and the length of the gains and losses of Chen Shou's records and other materials based on which he is supported is also evaluated.
Pei Zhu said that it includes Hongfu.Since the Qing Dynasty, many people have made statistics on the cited books of Pei Zhu. Although there are some differences, they are not far away from each other.There are more than 210 kinds of Pei annotated and cited books in general, and there are more than 140 kinds of books except for those who have nothing to do with historians.Scholars in the past commented on Pei's note, saying that it was neither sweet nor bitter, nor endless;It is praised that it is comprehensive, rigorous and comprehensive.To be fair, Pei Zhu is indeed addicted to curiosity and love of Bo, and even has many strange words. But it has collected the old books of the Six Dynasties, which is not only rich and considerable, but also complete.Now none of these materials exist, so Pei Zhu has made great contributions to the preservation of historical materials.[9]
spread
After more than 1700 years of circulation, Chen Shou's Annals of the Three Kingdoms has produced many versions, and its development context is relatively clear.From the original manuscripts to the manuscripts of the Western Jin Dynasty, before the Song Dynasty, they were circulated in the form of transcription.There are six kinds of fragments of the Three Kingdoms Annals written in the Jin Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, which are collected in mainland China and Japan respectively.Since the Song Dynasty, there had been printed editions, which was the main form of the spread of the Three Kingdoms Annals, and gradually formed the version system of the Three Kingdoms Annals.
The Three Kingdoms Annals was first published in the early years of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty, and was carried out by the Imperial College.There are three versions of the Jian version, namely, large, medium and small letters, which can be proved by other historical records and the reprints of the Jian version of Three Kingdoms Annals.However, the "Three Kingdoms Annals" in Xianping has not been handed down. Only the Southern Song Dynasty reprints and later reprints have been handed down.
Since the Qing Dynasty, it has been regarded as the "Xianping Jianben" and "Wu Shu" of the Northern Song Dynasty. In fact, it is a copy of the "Xianping Jianben" written by the Imperial College at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, which was last repaired and printed in the Xiaozong Dynasty.However, Wu Shu can still reflect the appearance of the small script of the Northern Song Dynasty, so it is still precious.Originating from the Northern Song Dynasty's Jianben "Three Kingdoms Annals", there are the Southern Song Dynasty's Shaoxing Quzhou engraving and the Southern Song Dynasty's Ningzongshi Jianyang engraving, which are two version systems for the Southern Song Dynasty and later "Three Kingdoms Annals" to spread.Both of them originated from the Chinese character version of the Xianping prison version of the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the Quzhou version became the prison version of the Southern Song Dynasty, which was an official engraving, and the source of the Ming Dynasty later, including the South, Beijing Imperial College, and the Wuying Palace of the Qing Dynasty. The Jian version was a block printed version, and became the base of the Three Kingdoms Annals carved by Dade of the Yuan Dynasty.
The Three Kingdoms Annals of the Yuan Dynasty has only one moment, that is, the ten history books of Dade, which were published by the Confucianism of Chizhou Road, so it is called the Confucianism book of Chizhou Road.The private engraving of the Three Kingdoms Annals in the Ming Dynasty mainly includes Wanli Wu's Xishuangtang, Chen Renxi's comments, and tomorrow's Qiyunlin Jixiu Hall,
In the 17th year of Chongzhen period, Mao's Jiguge edition was the most widely spread, contributing a lot to the spread of Three Kingdoms Annals.
The Annals of the Three Kingdoms of Wuying Hall in the Qing Dynasty was printed on the basis of the Wanli Northern Edition, which became the mainstream of the engraving system of the Annals of the Three Kingdoms in the Qing Dynasty and even after the Republic of China.Since the Qing Dynasty, there have been many versions of the Three Kingdoms Annals, which have been widely circulated, but most of them are not beyond the Wuyingdian edition. Only the Jinling Book Company, which was based on Mao's Jiguge edition from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, is popular.[12]
There are four modern editions of the Three Kingdoms Annals:
IPatchwork, photocopied according to the two editions of Song Shaoxing and Shaoxi;
2、 Engraved edition of Wu Ying Hall in the Qing Dynasty, according to the edition of the school of the Northern Imperial College in the Ming Dynasty（Lead printing、LithographyEach copy is based onWuying HallReprint);
4、 Printed by Jiangnan Book Company, according to Mao's Jiguge School.
In addition to the photocopies of the patchwork script, the other three types of engravings inevitably added some wrong words, but they were carefully collated and corrected many of the original errors.
Other notes
Many people have studied the Three Kingdoms Annals and Pei's notes in the past dynasties, especially the people in the Qing Dynasty.Hang Shijun, Hou Kang, Zhao Yiqing, Liang Zhangheng and others have supplemented the Three Kingdoms Annals.Lu Bi, a modern writer, wrote the book "Collection and Interpretation of the Annals of the Three Kingdoms", which is the most detailed annotated edition so far. Today, there are the 1957 typeset edition of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and the 1982 photocopied edition of Zhonghua Book Company.The first edition in 1959 and the second edition in 1982 of Zhonghua Book Company are better.The anthology includes Selected Records of the Three Kingdoms and Miao Yue's annotations, which were published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1962. It is an authoritative anthology.[17]
The earliest Chinese translation was made by Taiwanese scholars in 1980Wang JingzhiThe Three Kingdoms in Vernacular Translated by et al.Since the 1990s, mainland scholars have successively launched more than a dozen versions.
4. Liu Guohui and others translated the Modern Edition of the History of the Three Kingdoms (Hongqi Publishing House, 1992, only translated "Chen Zhi", without notes)
5、Cao WenzhuAnd other editors in chief of The Three Kingdoms in Vernacular（Central University for NationalitiesPress, February 1994, translated "Chen Zhi" and a small amount of "Pei Zhu", without notes)
6、Loner Editor in chief: Complete Translation of Three Kingdoms（Guizhou People's Publishing HouseIn October 1994, only "Chen Zhi" was translated, without notes)
Before the Northern Song Dynasty, the three books of Wei, Shu and Wu were written separately.《The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty, Classics and Records》WithWei ShuFor the official history《Shu calligraphy》《Wu Shu》In the compilation, the classification is very unscientific, but it can prove that the three books are still three independent books.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, three books were carved on a carved board.The earliest extant edition is the edition of the Imperial College in the sixth year of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (1003).The Records of the Three Kingdoms has no forms or records. Since the Qing Dynasty, many scholars have supplemented it. Although the materials are basically not available from the original book or Pei's notes, the classification and ranking make it clear that the forms and records related to geography and officials are particularly useful.Most of these supplementary forms and records are collected in《Supplement to the Twenty fifth History》And《Thirty kinds of supplementary tables for Three Kingdoms Annals in the Later Han Dynasty》。The supplement table of the Three Kingdoms Annals is listed below:
Supplement and Author
author
Supplement form, supplement record and introduction
The official system of the Cao Wei Dynasty is very different from that of the Han Dynasty, and most of the officials in the Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties originated from this, so all those who were initially established in the table are unique.This form is the same as the official record. The names of the people who occupy this position before and after each official below can be used to test the promotion and transfer of official positions.
Wu's correctionHong LiangjiIn the Supplement to the Territory Annals of the Three Kingdoms, the three kingdoms are listed in the order of emperors and counties.Yang'sCorrection.
List the names of prefectures and counties included in the final territory of the Three Kingdoms, and note the place at the end of the Qing Dynasty.[23]
Supplementary Notes to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms
It was written by the Hong family and supplemented by the Xie family. It was based on the final territory of the Three Kingdoms.County bet on towns, mountains and rivers and other relevant local facts.[23]
The official history is quoted as the main body, and Pei Zhu and other books are written in low style.This book and later compiled by Zhu MingpanSouthern Song DynastyThe meetings of Qi, Liang, etc. are the same. They cannot provide new historical data, but can be used as classified indexes.
Mary
Research on Appellation Words in the Records of the Three Kingdoms
Chen Shou (233-297), with the word Chengzuo, was born in Anhan (now Nanchong, Sichuan), Brazil, and a historian of the Western Jin Dynasty.He and Li Mi both learned from Qiao Zhou and became Shu Han at the beginning. They successively held the posts of Secretary Lang of Dongguan and Minister Shi of Guange. After entering the Jin Dynasty, they worked as writers.After the destruction of Wu in the Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Shou began to write the Three Kingdoms Annals, which took ten years to complete.[20]
