https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/milestones

History&Milestones

In the United States in the mid-to-late1970s，there was growing concern about the potential for various substances inour environment to directly or indirectly cause illness and disease。室内cases，there simply wasn't enough scientific data to prove a link；systematic testing was needed to understand the effects of environmental substances on human health。

In response to this demand，NTP was established in 1978by Joseph A.Califano，Jr.，then Secretary of the U.S.Department of Health，Education and Welfare（today known as the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services）。In Octover of 1981，Secretary of Health and Human Services Richard S.Schweiker granted permanent status to NTP as a government program。

NTP was established to：

  • 测试电流控制
  • 开发和汽化试验台
  • Provide needed information to regulatory and research agencies
  • Strengthen the science base in toxicology

David P.Rall，who at the time was Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health，was named the first director of NTP。

Milestones

  • 1978

    • Department of Health，Education and Welfare establishes NTP。
    • David P.Rall，M.D.，Ph.D.，named first Director。
    • NTP publishes100th technical report。

  • 1980

    • 第一次报告的Carcinogens published；26listings。
    • NTP publishes200th technical report。
    • Developmental toxicity testing initiated。

  • 1981

    • 设备安全和Human Services（HHS）transfers National Cancer Institute（NCI）Carcinogenesis测试程序toNIEHS/NTP。

  • 1982

    • Immunotoxicology incorporated into testing strategy。Comprehensive testing battery defined to evaluate immune system alterations。
    • Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding studies initiated。

  • 1985

    • Technical Reports series on carcinogenesis bioassay broadened to include toxicology evaluations。
    • Cellular and genetic toxicity integrated into cancer bioassays。

  • 1986

    • standards for quality assurance for pathology established。
    • Five categories set to define levels of evidence of carcinogenic activity。
    • First systematic evaluation of the predictability of various genetic toxicity screens for cancer published。
    • 300th technical report published。

  • 1990

    • NIEHS/NTP establishes an interagency agreement with Centers for Disease Control/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health（CDC/NIOSH）for immunotoxicity of workplace xenobiotics。

  • 1991

    • Kenneth Olden，Ph.D.，named Director ofNIEHS/NTP。
    • Toxicity Report series initiated。

  • 1992

    • NIEHS/将FDA/NCTR的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例的总成比例软驱。

  • 1993

    • 400th technical report published。

  • 1995

    • Scientific consensus reached toward mechanistic-based approaches for understanding toxicity。
    • International workshop on validation and regulatory acceptance of alternative toxicological methods convened with ad hoc Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods（ICCVAM）。

  • 1996

    • HHSapproves revised listing criteria for the Report on Carcinogens，allowing consideration of all relevant information。
    • Formal process for removing a listing from the Report on Carcinogens established。
    • NIEHS/NTP初始化协议withCDC/National Center for Environmental Health（NCEH）to provide funding for expanded biomonitoring of environmental toxicants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey。

  • 1997

    • Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods（ICCVAM）established to support the development，validation，acceptance，and harmonization of alternative toxicological test methods。
    • NIEHS/NTP establishes interagency agement withCDC/NIOSHto characterize and evaluate adverse effects of complex occupational exposures。

  • 1998

    • NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods（NICEATM）established to convene scientific panels to evaluate alternative toxicological methods。
    • Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction（CERHR）established to conduct scientific assessments of the reproductive and developmental toxicity literature on selected environmental agents。
    • 第8次报告的容量；first report to apply revised listing criteria。

  • 1999

    • Regulatory acceptance of the Murine Local Lymph Node Assay and Corrositex®人工安全测试ICCVAM。

  • 2000

    • 第9次报告用电缆；first report to apply new criteria to remove listings（saccharin and ethyl acrylate）and to upgrade listing based on consideration of mechanistic data（dioxin and ethylene oxide）。
    • ICCVAMbecomes permanent underNICEATM宽度宽度ICCVAMAuthorization Act of 2000。
    • Center for Photototoxicology established。
    • Collaborations with the European Ramazini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences formalized throughNIEHS/NTP。
    • 500th technical report published。

  • 2002

    • 10th Report on Carcinogens published。
    • NICEATMinitiates first international validation study with the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods。

  • 2003

    • NTP-CERHRmonograph series initiated。
    • Technical Report series for genetically modified models created。
    • 重新启动和向下的产品交流强度ICCVAM。
    • NICEATMand，andICCVAMpropose and define performance standards concept to allow for regulatory acceptance of proprietary test methods。

  • 2004

    • Use of toxic equivalency factor approach for cancer risk assessment of dioxin mixtures supported by NTP studies。
    • Roadmap completed and course planned for the 21st century to include greater use of high-and medium-throughput，mechanism-based assays。

  • 2005

    • 第11次报告用电缆；first report to list biological agents。
    • NTP celebrates a quarter century of toxicology for public health and unveils a new toxicology for the 21st century。
    • Program to identify and evaluate high-throughput screening assays for toxicity testing initiated。
    • David A.Schwartz，M.D.，Ph.D.，named Director ofNIEHS/NTP。

  • 2007年

    • NIEHS/NTP funds dense single nucleotide polymorphisms mapping of 15mouse strains to identify genetic variations asatool for exploring genetic susceptibility to environmental disease。
    • Samuel H.Wilson，M.D.，designated as Acting Director ofNIEHS/NTP。
    • National Research Council（NRC）reportToxicity Testing in the 21 st Centuryechoes themes from the NTP Roadmap（2004）in calling for new approaches to toxicity screening。
    • Prenatal exposure as default paradigm in toxicity testing adopted。

  • 2008年

    • Collins et al.Perspectives article inScienceresponds to 2007NRC出口，出口Toxicity Testing in the 21 st Centuryby laying out a comprehensive federal agency response。
    • NIEHS/NTP establishes formatal agement withEPAand，andNIHChemical Genomics Center for high-throughput toxicity testing。
    • NTP-CERHRmonograph on bisphenol A released。
    • Linda S.Birnbaum，Ph.D.，named Director of NIEHS/NTP。

  • 2009年

    • New criteria for evaluating outcomes from studies on reproduction，development，or immune system announced。
    • NIEHS/NTP establishes International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods（ICATM），a formal agement to cooperate on alternative test methods with Europe，Japan，and Canada。

  • 2010

    • Chemical Effects in Biological Systems（CEBS）-anew database for housing，integrating，and managing data—published。
    • 软驱joins Toxicology in the 21st Century（Tox21）。

  • 2011

    • Scientific literature assessments expanded to include all non-cancer toxicities。
    • Korea joinsICATM。
    • modified one generation reproduction study design adopted。
    • 12th Report on Carcinogens published。

  • 2012

    • BG1luciferase estrogen receptor transactivation test method byEPAand firstOEDC性能测试guidelines for estrogen receptor agonists（PBTG455）achieved throughICCVAM。

  • 2014

    • Nonneoplastic lesion atlas launched as guide for standardizing terminology in toxicologic pathology。
    • Systematic review methodology adopted for literature-based scientific assessments。
    • Research to evaluate West Virginia Elk River spilled chemicals combining high-throughput，computational，and traditional toxicology approaches initiated。
    • 13th Report on Carcinogens published。

  • 2015

    • Diversity outbred mouse demonstrated asa tool foridentifying inter-individual variation in toxicity response。
    • 收集窗EPA城市基础管道测试EPAEndocrine Disruptor Screening Program，the first use ofTox21approach by regulatory agency to replace animal testing。
    • Funding awarded to map gene expression during differentiation in mouse and human stem cells and to standardizebrafish development protocols。

  • 2016

    • 分析byNICEATMand，andEPAshows acute oral toxicity data can reliably assignEPAacute derma hazard classifications，supporting newEPApolicy to waive all acute lethality dermal studies for for formulated pesticide products。
    • NTP Monograph on Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure toPFOAand，andPFOS单击功能区上，first evaluation using a systematic review approach，published。
    • Research Report series created。
    • 14th Report on Carcinogens published。

  • 2017

    • National Institute of Standards and Technology（NIST）joinsICCVAM。
    • Integrated Chemical Environment（ICE）database that provides high-quality，curated data and analysis tools launched。
    • New method for analyzing genomic dose-response data announced。

  • 2018

    • ICCVAM's report已安装的状态，用于生产和存储设备的Strategic Roadmap for Establishing Approaches to Evaluate the Safety of Chemicals and Medical Products in the United Statespublished。
    • New translational toxicology pipeline to increase NTP focus on predictive toxicology and enhance public health impact unveiled。
    • 新建EPApolicy to acceptin vitropesticide ingredients and single chemicals under the Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act supported byNICEATManalysis。
    • Research Report onCLARITY-BPAcore study published and grantees'data released。
    • 铁路基础设施施工报告书；the most expensive and technologically challenging studies ever undertaken by NTP。