Location of Yingde City

Source: Yingde Municipal Government Website Published on: August 15, 2023

[Geographic location] Yingde is located in the southeast of Nanling Mountains, in the north central part of Guangdong Province, and in the middle reaches of Beijiang River. Wengyuan County and Xinfeng County in the east; Fogang County and Qingcheng District in the south; It borders Yangshan County in the northwest and Qingxin District in the southwest; It is connected to Ruyuan County and Qujiang District in the north. Geographic coordinates: 23 ° 50 ′ 31 ″ - 24 ° 33 ′ 11 ″ north latitude, 112 ° 45 ′ 15 ″ - 113 ° 55 ′ 38 ″ east longitude. It starts from Qingtang Town in the east and ends at Huanghua Town in the west, with a span of about 119 kilometers. From Boluo Town in the north to Lixi Town in the south, the span is about 78 kilometers. The land area of the city is 5634 square kilometers (8.451 million mu).

[Geology] The territory is mainly composed of metasandstone, glutenite, feldspar, quartzite and siliceous rock. The geological structure belongs to the Beijiang interference zone. After the Caledonian, Variscan Indosinian, Yanshan and Himalayan tectonic stages, multiple and multiple crustal movements have occurred. Folds, faults and magma intrusion are relatively prominent, forming alluvial plains and valley plains on the landform, with rock strata trending north, northeast, and northwest to southeast. Faults and reverse faults can be seen everywhere. Due to the influence of the movement in each period and the mutual balance of these influences, the structure is extremely complex, and the spatial distribution of the geomorphic morphology in the area is strictly controlled, forming the basic skeleton of various geomorphic types. Especially during the Yanshan movement, the two rows of granite intrusion zones formed in the northern and southern areas of England and Germany contain rich non-ferrous metals; In karst areas, due to groundwater movement, a large number of underground rivers and underground karst caves are developed.

[Landform] Surrounded by surrounding mountains, the main body of the basin inclines to the south. In general, the Yingde landform is a basin surrounded by surrounding mountains, which inclines to the south
Yingde Basin. The basin is bounded by the Huashuishan Mountains in the east, the Huangsinao Mountains in the north, a group of granites, low mountains and hilly areas in the south, and a series of mountain barriers in northwest southeast direction in the west.

The arc structure is obvious, and the range boundary is arranged in an orderly manner. The mountain ranges are mainly in three directions: north, northeast south, southwest, east west, and northwest southeast. The geomorphic pattern of England and Germany is roughly determined by these three trends, of which the eastern ridge and valley is in the northeast direction, and the western ridge and valley is in the northwest direction, forming an obvious arc structure.

Middle and low mountains are widely distributed, and most of the land in the area with strong erosion is mountainous, with an area of 2.7451 million mu, accounting for 32.5% of the total area of the city. Among them, 1.43 million mu of low mountains with an altitude of 500-800 meters, accounting for 16.9% of the total area. If the hilly area is included, the hilly and mountainous area is 4.4682 million mu, accounting for 52.9% of the total area.

The river has wide water sources and narrow outlets, forming the only outlet of major rivers in the valley area prone to waterlogging, which is a narrow valley in the low mountains and hills in the south
Zhenyang Gorge (commonly known as the blind child Gorge), Damiao Gorge and other gorges. The catchment area is 34000 square kilometers, and the water flows out from the narrow river channel, resulting in the river valley prone to waterlogging. Due to the accumulation of river water, alluvial plains, river terraces and other accumulation landforms are widely distributed in the territory.

Karst landforms are developed. The western, central and eastern regions have various types of karst landforms, including isolated peaks, peak clusters, peak forests, eroded border lands, mountains, etc. The area of karst landforms is 1.69 million mu, accounting for 20% of the total area of the city.

The landform types mainly include flowing water landform and karst landform.

The main geomorphic types of flowing water landform are distributed all over the territory, and their forms are divided into five types: plain, terrace, platform, hill and mountain.

According to its size, the plain can be divided into alluvial plain, river platform plain and intermountain flat. The area is 630900 mu, accounting for 7.5% of the total area of the city. It is mainly distributed in Dazhan, Yingcheng, Panguang, Dawan, Shigutang, Dazhen and other places, and is the main agricultural land.

Terraces include river terrace, proluvial terrace, proluvial alluvial terrace and proluvial deluvial terrace. River terraces, the main type of terraces in the territory, covers an area of 955000 mu, accounting for 11.3% of the total area of the city. It is mainly distributed in the eastern basin and the central Liangjiang basin.

Terrace, a landform type between terrace and hill, with a specific height of less than 80m and a slope of less than 15 °, is divided into low platform and high platform. The area is 269700 mu, accounting for 3.2% of the total area of the city. It is mainly distributed in the eastern and central basins.

Hill, one of the main geomorphic types in the territory, covers an area of 1.9931 million mu, accounting for 23.6% of the total area of the city. It is divided into low hills and high hills.

Mountain, one of the main geomorphic types in the territory, covers an area of 2.4751 million mu, accounting for 29.3% of the total area of the city, which is divided into low mountains and middle mountains.

Various forms of karst landform are developed in the karst landform, mainly including karst plains, karst platforms, karst hills and karst mountains.

[Soil] According to the data of the second British German soil survey from 1982 to 1983, British German soil can be divided into 10 soil groups, 15 sub groups, 52 soil genera and 145 soil species. The soil area is 7891200 mu, accounting for 93.4% of the total area of the city, including 6824700 mu of natural soil, accounting for 80.8%; The cultivated soil is 1156400 mu, accounting for 13.7%. The natural soil is mainly lateritic red soil, red soil, red lime soil and yellow soil, accounting for 48.7%, 27%, 15.8% and 6.6% of the natural soil respectively; The cultivated soil is mainly paddy soil, lateritic red soil dry land, red lime soil dry land (red fire mud land) and tidal sand soil dry land, accounting for 64.8%, 20.1%, 7.9% and 6.8% of the cultivated soil respectively.

The lateritic red soil is the largest soil type in China, with an area of 3.5592 million mu, accounting for 42.1% of the total area of the city and 45.1% of the soil area. The red soil area is 1.8406 million mu, accounting for 21.8% of the total area of the city and 23.3% of the soil area. Paddy soil is the largest type of cultivated soil in China, with an area of 749800 mu, accounting for 8.9% of the total area of the city and 9.5% of the soil area. It is widely distributed in low mountain and hilly areas, river valley plain areas and limestone peak forest areas.

[Mountains] Yingde is located at the southern edge of the Wuling Mountains, and it is a basin surrounded by surrounding mountains that inclines to the south. To the east is the Shuishuishan Mountains, to the north is the Huangsinao Mountains, to the south is a group of granite, low mountains and hills, and to the west is a line of mountain barriers running northwest southeast.

Huangsinao Mountain ranges from east to west, about 40 kilometers long, running across the northern part of the city. It is the skeleton mountain range of the geomorphic pattern in the territory, and has a significant impact on the microclimate, river hydrology and other natural environments in the territory. There are more than 70 mountains with an altitude of more than 1000 meters, including 1586 meters at the top of the boat bottom (the highest peak in China), 1150 meters at the Twelve Banners, 1366 meters at Shangtian, 1124 meters at Yeding Mountain, 1324 meters at Dazhuping, 1384 meters at Meihuading, 1364 meters at Huang Sinao and 1092 meters at Lugutin.

The north, northeast south and southwest directions of the Huashui Mountain range are about 60 kilometers long, running through the eastern part of the city. It is the natural boundary between the eastern Wujiang Basin and the central region, and the skeleton mountain range of the geomorphic pattern in the territory. The mountain range has more than 30 peaks with an altitude of more than 1000 meters, including 1397 meters of Snow Mountain, 1135 meters of Junzi Mountain, 1142 meters of Water Skiing Mountain and 1004 meters of Umbrella.

Wudian Meihua Mountain runs from northwest to southeast, with a length of about 30 kilometers. This mountain range forms the natural boundary between the central region and the western karst basin. The main peaks are: Qishan 1178m, Wuzhishan 1144m, Langmangshan 850m, Beishan 979m, Wudianmeihua 906m, and Road Jumping 911m.

Tiantangshan Mountain ranges from northeast to southwest, with a length of about 18 kilometers. This mountain range is the main mountain range in the southern hilly and mountainous areas, which has a certain impact on the formation of the southern precipitation center. The main mountain peaks are: Egongnao 608m, Herringbone 830m, Yinggotou 901m, Tiantangshan 790m.

Langsannao Mountain runs from east to west, about 25 kilometers long. The mountain range is one of the main mountain ranges in the southern hilly and mountainous areas, and the central part is where the Beijiang River "cuts" to form the Damiao Gorge.

[Rivers] In addition to the three major transit rivers of Beijiang, Wujiang and Lianjiang, there are 16 tributaries with a catchment area of more than 100 square kilometers.

Beijiang River, known as Qinshui in ancient times, is the second largest river in the Pearl River system, with east and west sources. The Dongyuan Zhenshui River originates from Damao Mountain, Shijie, Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province, and the Xiyuan Wushui River originates from Mashikun, Linwu County, Hunan Province. The two rivers converged in Shaoguan urban area and became known as Beijiang River. Take Zhenshui as the mainstream. It is 258 kilometers long from Shaoguan downtown to the estuary of Sanshui District, Foshan City. It joins the Xijiang River through the Sixianjiao in Sanshui District. The main stream flows into the South China Sea through Dongping Waterway, Shiziyang and Humen. It starts from Gaoqiao Village, Shakou Town in the north and ends at Old Hengshi, Qingxin County in the south. It runs through the territory for 98 kilometers. The rainwater collection area in the south of the territory is 34000 square kilometers, including 1817.1 square kilometers of Beijiang River water system directly under both sides of the river, accounting for 32% of the total area of the city. The river is wide and unobstructed. Except for some canyon sections, other rivers are more than 400m wide. The gradient of the river is gentle, and the average gradient of the riverbed is 0.7 ‰. In addition to the confluence of Wujiang River and Lianjiang River, there are four tributaries along the main stream, namely Guantian River, Xianqiao River, Bolokeng River and Lidong River. The Beijiang River system has abundant runoff, with an average runoff of 11.58 billion m3 in flood season, accounting for 74.3% of the annual runoff. Zhenyang Gorge, Damiao Gorge and other places have tight channels. It is navigable all the year round to Shaoguan and Guangzhou.

The river originates from the east of Chuandu, Wengyuan County, with an average width of 80~90 meters and an average gradient of 1.24 ‰. The main stream flows into the country from the vicinity of Xiarongjiao, Guandu, Wengyuan County. Along the way, it flows through Qingtang Town, Qiaotou Town, Donghua Town Yuwan, Dazhen Town and Yingde Overseas Chinese Tea Farm. After flowing with Baisha at Shizikou, it flows into the main stream of Beijiang River at Donganzui via Changhu, with a total length of 173 kilometers, including 69 kilometers of domestic flow and 1289.5 square kilometers of rainwater collection area. There are also six tributaries along the main stream, namely Qingtang River, Hengshi River, Xiaobeijiang River, Dazhen River, Baisha River and Wenluo River. The Dazhen River and Xiaobeijiang River originate from the territory, and the other tributaries originate from Fogang County, Xinfeng County and Wengyuan County respectively. The runoff is abundant, and the average runoff in flood season is 3.95 billion m3, accounting for 79.3% of the annual runoff.

Lianjiang, also known as Xiaobeijiang River in ancient times, is the largest tributary of the main stream of Beijiang River. It originates from the Momian Stone of Xingziwei in Lianzhou, the upper section is called Dongposhui, and it is called Lianjiang after it reaches the urban area of Lianzhou. It flows into Beijiang River at the mouth of Lianjiang River through Lianzhou, Yangshan and Yingde, with a total length of 262 kilometers and a total drainage area of 10000 square kilometers. The main stream enters from Yangshan County in the northwest of the city, with a flow of 80 kilometers, an average riverbed gradient of 0.77 ‰, and a rainwater collection area of 2572.4 square kilometers, accounting for 45.7% of the total area of the city. The main stream flows through Qingkeng, Dawan Town, Zhangpi, Xiniu Town, Shizipu Town, Shuibian Town and Lianjiangkou Town in the territory, and then flows into the Beijiang River at Jiangkouzui. Along the bank, there are six tributaries, namely, Boluo River, Tianxin River, Huangdong River, Zhutian River, Qingsong River and Shuibian River. The rainfall is also abundant. The average runoff in flood season is 8404 million cubic meters, accounting for 81.3% of the annual runoff. The riverbed is relatively flat, which is prone to flooding. The main stream is the main waterway connecting Lianzhou, Yangshan, Shaoguan, Guangzhou, etc.

[Climate] England and Germany are located in the transition area from the south subtropical zone to the middle subtropical zone, and belong to the subtropical monsoon climate. In summer, warm and wet air flows to the south prevail, and in winter, dry and cold northerly winds prevail. According to the division method of natural seasons by Guangdong Meteorological Bureau, that is, the average temperature of five days is taken as the index to divide the four seasons: the average temperature is stable below 10 ℃, which is called winter; Stable above 22 ℃, called summer; Stable between 10~22 ℃, that is, spring or autumn. The natural seasons in England and Germany are characterized by: spring (March April) is warm and cold, and rainy; Summer (May September) is hot, rainy and occasionally dry; Autumn (October November) is cool, dry and often dry; Winter (December to February of the next year) is less cold and occasionally cold, cloudy and rainy.

Britain and Germany are rich in climate resources, but there are also many types of weather and climate disasters, and they occur frequently, mainly including low temperature and overcast rain, cold in late spring, high temperature, cold dew wind, frost, thunderstorm, gale, squall line, hail and other natural disasters.

The annual average temperature is 21.1 ℃, and the annual average temperature varies from 20.1 ℃ to 22 ℃. The coldest month in a year is January, with an average temperature of 11.1 ℃ and an extreme minimum temperature of - 3.6 ℃ (January 19, 1961); The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 28.9 ℃ and an extreme maximum temperature of 40.1 ℃ (July 23, 2003).

The annual average frost day is 6 days, the average first frost day is December 25 of the year, and the last frost day is January 22 of the next year. Daily range of average temperature (the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day) 8.3 ℃; The maximum daily range of average temperature in December of the year is 9.8 ℃, and the second largest value is 9.4 ℃ in November; The minimum daily range of average temperature is April.

The average annual precipitation is 1906.2 mm, with the maximum of 2657.2 mm in wet year (1975) and the minimum of 1399.9 mm in dry year (1963). The difference between the maximum year and the minimum year is nearly one time. The rainfall in a year is mostly concentrated in April September, with the rainfall of 1524.2 mm, accounting for 83% of the whole year; The precipitation from April to June is 921.7mm, accounting for 50.2% of the whole year. Two zones with more precipitation are formed in the south and north of Yingde: from the south of Lixi Town to Lianjiangkou Town, the annual average precipitation is 2100~2500 mm; The average annual precipitation in the northern mountainous area of Hengshitang Town is 2100 mm. The average annual precipitation in most other areas of the city is 1900 mm.

The average annual precipitation (daily precipitation ≥ 0.1mm) is 163.5 days, accounting for 44.8% of the annual days, and the maximum annual precipitation is 208 days (1975), accounting for 57% of the annual days; The minimum number of days is 129 days (1977), accounting for 35.3% of the whole year. The annual distribution of precipitation days is more in spring and summer, less in autumn and winter. May is the most common month in a year, with an average of 20.5 days; At least 6.5 days in November.

From 23:00 on June 18, 1994 to 0:00 on June 19, 1994, the highest water level of Yingcheng North River was 34.51 meters, 8.51 meters higher than the warning water level (26 meters), which was the highest water level since the founding of the People's Republic of China. On July 18, 2006, the highest water level of Yingcheng Beijiang River was 34.19 meters, exceeding the warning level by 8.19 meters, which was the second extreme value after the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to historical records, the largest flood in England and Germany in the 20th century occurred in 1915, with the highest water level of the North River of Yingcheng being 37.03 meters; In 1931, the highest water level of Yingcheng North River was 35.52 meters.

The annual average evaporation is 1717.9mm, and the annual average relative humidity is 77%; The minimum relative humidity occurs in autumn and winter. At this time, it is controlled by the winter wind. It is cool in autumn and has little precipitation, so the humidity is low. The minimum relative humidity is 11%. According to relevant standards, it is wet from January to February; It is very wet from March to June; It is wet from July to September; Semi humid from October to November; December is semi-arid, and the minimum relative humidity is 11%.

Annual average sunshine duration is 1631.7 hours. The annual hours range from 1357.6 to 2210 hours. The maximum sunshine in a year is in July, with an average of 218 hours, accounting for 52.5% of the total sunshine hours in the same period; The minimum sunshine duration is in March, with an average of 64.3 hours, accounting for 17.3% of the sunshine duration in the same period. On average, 62.2% of the day time in a year is covered by clouds, rain and fog.

The wind force in England and Germany is in the monsoon region, and the change of the monsoon in a year dominates the change of most wind directions; In addition, mountains, hills, canyons and other landforms affect the wind direction. The wind direction varies from place to place, but the dominant trend is still the prevailing northerly wind in winter and southerly wind in summer.

The annual average wind speed is 1.7 meters per second, and the annual average wind speed is mostly between 1.8 and 2.2 meters per second. The average wind speed in January of the year is the highest, with an average wind speed of 2.3 meters per second; The average wind speed in June and August is the smallest, and the average wind speed is 1.2 meters per second. Affected by weather systems such as peak areas, local thermal convection and typhoons, the number of days with strong winds of 8 or above (equivalent to more than 17 meters per second) in England and Germany averages two days a year, and the maximum number of days with strong winds is five days a year; In a year, the probability of occurrence is the highest in July, with an average of 0.5 days.

According to the automatic record of wind speed, the average maximum wind speed in any 10 minutes is 18 meters per second, and the instantaneous maximum wind speed is 29 meters per second, which is equivalent to a force 11 gale, which occurred on July 30, 1984.