Hello, Sina netizens!
Compere: Famous doctors gather to talk about people's health. Good afternoon, audience friends! Welcome to the famous doctor hall broadcast live by Sina Health and Medicine Forum. I'm Yuanyuan, the host. At the same time as our live broadcast, you can also log in to our interactive platform and ask your questions. In this program, we invite Professor Xu Keyi, Director of the World Health Organization AIDS Center and Chief Physician of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Beijing Ditan Hospital, to talk with us about how to correctly understand AIDS. Welcome to Professor Xu!
Xu Keyi: Hello, everyone. Today is World AIDS Day. Let's do an AIDS program together.
Host: In fact, when we mention the word AIDS, we will associate it with an incurable disease, which is not very honorable. How can we correctly understand the meaning of AIDS?
Xu Keyi: It should be said that AIDS. People always have some incomprehension and some fear about some emerging diseases, because it started in 81. In fact, it is an infectious disease, and it represents a new kind of infectious disease, which is transmitted through blood and body fluids Respiratory infectious disease is not a concept.
Compere: What exactly caused it?
Xu Keyi:: Caused by virus.
Host: How about the current incidence in China?
Xu Keyi: Actually, the number reported by our country is 400000, and the actual number is estimated to be about 1 million. Because AIDS is not typical enough, and because of widespread discrimination in society, some people are unwilling to reveal their AIDS identity, which has resulted in a large number of hidden cases. When I was in the United States in the early 1990s, the US CD4 released the actual figure of 1:30, which is quite high. In our country, it is basically 1:1 now, which means that the reported figure is about 400000, and in fact it will be nearly 1 million, but it should be said that this figure is not very accurate.
Moderator: There is another word called HIV infection. What's the difference between HIV and AIDS?
Xu Keyi: As a new infectious disease, AIDS is also different from others. It is a chronic virus infection, a disease with a long incubation period. Therefore, AIDS can be divided into three stages: the acute stage, the incubation period and the onset period. When people are infected with AIDS, about 1-3 months belong to the acute stage. At this time, as a result of the struggle between infection of the virus and the human immune system, there will be some symptoms, which are very atypical. We call it influenza like syndrome. There are fever, sore throat, even rashes and swollen lymph nodes. A few months later, it will enter a long incubation period, which is about 7 years, some up to 10 years. During this period of time, the body and the virus are in a state of balance. After the incubation period, if you do not go through treatment, you will enter the final onset period. The onset period is relatively short, about one year and two months on average, and the final result is 100% death. Therefore, this disease is still terrible, and it is a fatal disease.
Moderator: What stage does the window period refer to?
Xu Keyi: The window period is the acute period. The window period refers to the period from the time when the human body is infected with AIDS to the time when antibodies can be detected. We call it the window period. AIDS and hepatitis are the same, about a month. However, AIDS is different from others. There are also some phobic patients who need to figure out how many people can have in a month. Statistics show that more than 90 people can produce AIDS. When will there be less than 10%? According to a lot of statistical data, three months is enough.
Moderator: 1-3 months means that AIDS may be detected after 1-3 months. What are the specific symptoms of HIV infection?
Xu Keyi: The symptoms of AIDS should be described according to three different periods. When we usually refer to AIDS, which is terrible and will die soon, we actually refer to the later onset period. AIDS, which is translated from English, is called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The so-called acquisition is not congenital, because there was congenital immune deficiency syndrome before, children born with full immune function, probably died within two years. This disease is not congenital. The so-called acquisition is caused by virus infection, and its pathology is immune deficiency. Syndrome means that it is not a disease with a single manifestation, but rather a complex disease. All its symptoms are basically not caused by HIV, and HIV is not a localized virus. For example, dysentery bacilli only invade the abnormal colon, which causes red blood stool and dysentery. Cerebrum mosquito bites mainly invade the brain nerves, mainly headache and vomiting. AIDS does not invade the nervous system, digestive system or respiratory system. It invades the human immune system. After the human immune system is destroyed, almost all AIDS diseases are those of normal people, which are much heavier than ordinary people. So it's hard to say what AIDS is like and what its manifestations are. This is a complicated matter.
Host: How often will this symptom appear after infection?
Xu Keyi: At least seven years later, the virus and the body were in balance for a long time, but there was a weak balance. In fact, the virus always prevailed. HIV mainly invades CD4 cells. Basically, in this process of balance, 50 CD4 cells will be lost every year, which is a kind of T lymphocyte. With the progress of the disease, the normal person is about 500. After 10 years, the CD4 cells will basically be eliminated from HIV. They have no resistance and will inevitably die.
Host: After we basically understood the common sense just now, we'd like to talk about the topic we are most concerned about. What are its transmission channels? In fact, we have already known about it in the popularization of knowledge, but we still want you to talk about it.
Xu Keyi: I want to repeat that the reason why people are afraid of AIDS is that they do not know much about its spread. AIDS is, first of all, a terrible disease, which will die 100% without treatment. In addition, it is not a severe infectious disease. It can be said that its infectivity is weak. It has unique infectious conditions. It is neither a digestive tract infectious disease nor a respiratory tract infectious disease. So if you work in the same office and eat in the same canteen with people with AIDS, you will not be infected by panting, eating or contact. It has three relatively fixed modes of transmission. The first is sexual transmission. At present, more than 90% of patients in the world are sexually transmitted. The second is blood transmission, which is rarely transmitted through blood transfusion. Now a large number of cases are intravenous drug abuse, which is a way of blood transmission, sharing syringes. Another is mother to child transmission. The mother is HIV positive and infected, and some of the children born are infected with HIV. Based on these three transmission routes, we have different prevention methods. Although there is no vaccine for AIDS, there are really very effective prevention methods for AIDS.
First, let's talk about sexual transmission. Because sexual transmission is relatively widespread, the World Health Organization has an ABC principle for sexually transmitted diseases, including other gonorrhea and syphilis. A is abstinence. Of course, in order to prohibit sexual transmission, we do not have sexual activities, which is not in line with natural principles. But we must pay attention to some special circumstances, such as teenagers. We are now more and more entering a civilized and open society, and there is even sex education in middle schools. But don't forget to educate teenagers about abstinence at the same time as sex education. Because in the United States, their sexual activities all happened earlier. Many people had their first sexual activity around the age of 15. A large number of girls were infected with chlamydia, which caused the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. In our country, you say that it is wrong for adults to abstain, but we still need to carry out such education for teenagers. Then there are some people with sexually transmitted diseases. Their infectivity and ability to accept infection are ten times higher than normal people. At this time, it is best not to have sexual activity. Or the infection rate of female comrades in the menstrual period is greatly increased, because there is blood in the menstrual period, and these viruses are in the blood. This is the first abstinence.
The second is loyalty, which is one-on-one. In general, it means not having more sexual partners. Because you have sexual relations with a person you know and know, at least you know that he does not have sexually transmitted diseases or AIDS. You have sexual relations with people you do not know, especially those who provide commercial sex services. Their infection rate of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS is much higher than that of ordinary people. This is the second method. The third and last line of defense is the use of condoms. Condoms can prevent sexually transmitted diseases without any problems after use. They are 100% effective. This effect is very good. Thailand once implemented a 100% condom program, because Thailand is different from us. When he opened up his tourism industry, he had a sex tourism, which is a sex industry. So in this way, his prostitutes and prostitution are legal, and he uses various methods to attract foreign tourists, which has caused a large number of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS, which is very serious. At that time, experts from Australia of the World Health Organization proposed a 100% condom plan to them. All those who provide commercial sexual services must use condoms. If they do not use condoms, they will be severely punished. After three years of implementation, the incidence of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases has decreased 10 times, which is a very good example.
Blood transmission is mainly drug abuse. With the reform and opening up of our country, some new lifestyles inevitably come in. The number of drug users in our country increases by 10% every year, which is far more than the number of AIDS patients. As an AIDS expert, we have no ability to ban drug use, but we have enough ability to prevent these people from AIDS. It is nothing more than sharing syringes. Everyone can use them together. If I have AIDS, you can also use it. After I use it up, you will be infected. One person can use one syringe. This is very simple. Don't share it. Of course, this is actually difficult to do, but at least this method is 100% effective, so this can be eliminated.
Mother to child transmission does not mean that the mother has problems and the children have problems, which is about 25%. Three quarters of the children are good. This quarter of transmission is mainly transmitted through the birth canal during childbirth. Therefore, based on this problem, there are three ways to prevent it. The first is to do a caesarean section, so that he is not allowed to walk through the birth canal. The second one is breast feeding, which accounts for about 25%. We don't need breast feeding to give him milk or what. The third can be blocked by the mother taking antiviral drugs. If comprehensive prevention and control measures are taken, less than 2% of children can be healthy, which means that more than 98% of children can be healthy.
So although there is no vaccine for AIDS, there are still very reliable prevention methods, which can be used properly.
Host: Very good. Although we all know these three ways of transmission in our usual promotional materials, Professor Xu gave us very clear guidance and confidence on how to prevent them today.
Xu Keyi: I would also like to emphasize that we have not found any other way of transmission of AIDS except for the three ways. Although the report says not to share toothbrushes, razors, etc., this is theoretically possible, but this kind of contact transmission is very small. Because AIDS must be a live virus from the outside into your body, and then survive to be able to infect. So in fact, people in the society are afraid of AIDS, or fear of life contact infection, which is basically impossible.
Moderator: So the high-risk behaviors we mentioned may be excluded from life. High risk behaviors are those you mentioned just now.
Xu Keyi: Yes, this kind of infectious disease is the same, so is hepatitis. It is all related to the common infectious diseases of digestive tract and contact.
Moderator: Is there any connection between AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases?
Xu Keyi: AIDS is a kind of sexually transmitted disease.
Compere: What are the differences?
Xu Keyi: For example, syphilis, gonorrhea, and AIDS are transmitted by viruses. These are acute infectious diseases, not 100% of them die. AIDS is relatively weak, at least much weaker than syphilis. We have done a survey of homosexual people, that is, how many people have observed for several years and found that the incidence of syphilis is more than double that of AIDS.
Compere: Just now I mentioned the homosexual sexual behavior. Why is the infection rate of homosexual sexual behavior much higher?
Xu Keyi: I want to tell you how sexual communication spreads. The most common one we say is the transmission between the sexes. For example, if a man has AIDS, how does he spread it to his wife. Only in the process of sexual intercourse, his semen contains a large number of viruses. After ejaculation, it exists in the vagina of women. HIV can enter the female body and spread through the vagina, even if it is a normal, unbroken mucous membrane. Why is it said that men are very likely to transmit women? Because the virus exists in women. If a woman is infected with HIV, her vaginal secretions also contain a certain amount of HIV. If men do not transmit HIV after sexual intercourse, they will not exist for a long time. Therefore, the transmission rate of women is twice as high as that of men, which is more dangerous. Homosexual communication means homosexual men. Why do we say that homosexual communication never mentions lesbians? Because lesbians do not actually have sexual intercourse, and they will not infect sexually transmitted diseases, while men have anal sex. The anal mucosa is much weaker than that of the reproductive tract. Almost every time there is bleeding, and the blood contains a large amount of virus, so the transmission rate of sexual intercourse is 1 to 2 thousandths, while that of homosexuality is basically 3%, more than ten times higher. This is basically the case with sexual transmission. In addition, other sexual contact, such as kissing and touching, should not be infected. There are more than 7000 reported cases of patients in the world, none of whom are infected by other means of sexual contact.
Moderator: If we are unlucky to be infected with HIV, will we become AIDS patients?
Xu Keyi: Basically. We usually say that there is a typical incubation period of 7 years after the infection, and it is not immediately into the AIDS period. After treatment, it will always remain in the viral period, and the incubation period will not progress. One kind of patient is acute, that is, the symptoms in the acute phase will not stop after he is infected with HIV, and the symptoms continue to worsen. Generally, his duration is within two years, which is a bit like congenital immune deficiency. There is also a long-term survivor. There is such a person among AIDS patients found in the United States in 81 years, who has not been treated for 30 years, and his CD4 cells are normal.
Host: Is it related to your own constitution?
Xu Keyi: This is not particularly clear, or it is related to the type of virus infected, or the patient's own genetic status and immune status.
Host: Can AIDS carriers get married and pregnant normally?
Xu Keyi: It should be possible. AIDS is the same as other diseases. If you have hepatitis, you can't say that you won't let him get married or pregnant. It should be the same.
Host: In addition to live broadcast, our famous doctor hall has also opened an online interactive platform for Sina netizens. Now many netizens have raised questions. Let's have a look. I am an infected person. I started taking medicine after more than two years of infection. Now I have more than CD4500 and lymph nodes have been swollen. What can I do?
Xu Keyi: Is he an infected person?
Host: It has been infected for more than two years.
Xu Keyi: When his CD4 cells dropped below 350, he began treatment. If his CD4 cells dropped above 350, he did not need treatment.
Host: A Sina netizen said that I went to the hospital because of pharyngitis before the AIDS test, and the doctor gave me a one in one amoxicillin capsule. Will taking this medicine have an impact on the AIDS test?
Xu Keyi: It will not have an impact.
Moderator: Another netizen said hello to the expert. What is the probability of infection of the other party if one party is infected during unprotected sex? What are the probabilities of men passing women, women passing men, and men passing men? This has just been mentioned.
Xu Keyi: About one in one thousand women pass on to men, about two in one thousand men pass on to women, and 3% men who are gay.
Host: Can men with AIDS and normal women conceive normal children?
Xu Keyi: Yes, we have two patients who are brothers. They want to have children after marriage. We gave them guidance to conceive children. Now they have children. They are both healthy and OK.
Host: But it should be under the professional guidance of doctors.
Xu Keyi: Yes, you don't normally go through the guidance of a doctor, which is also possible. Three quarters of them are OK. If you want to reduce this further, you should go through the guidance of a doctor. Generally, we often say that the mother and child are blocked. If the father is positive, some blocking measures should also be taken.
Compere: Let him not infect his wife.
Xu Keyi: Yes.
Moderator: This netizen said, Hello Professor Xu, I had high-risk sexual behavior with infected people in the first half of the year. I had tests 6 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks later, and they were all negative. Will there be any problems?
Xu Keyi: No problem. There is a window period for AIDS antibody. It is usually three months now. If it is negative in three months, there may be some problems in the diagnosis. So the World Health Organization requires negative results twice. He has done this for three times, and it has been three months ago. So it should be no problem, and you can rest assured.
Host: The netizen said, "Hello, I am a man. I have found that I am infected with HIV. My wife is normal. We want to have a child of our own. Is it possible?"? This possibility has just been mentioned. If so, what should we do? Can we do artificial insemination or IVF?
Xu Keyi: All right. Let him go to Ditan Hospital.
Host: Which hospital in China is better? Just mentioned is Ditan Hospital.
Xu Keyi: He can go to Ditan Hospital.
Host: This Sina netizen said that if the chopsticks used by AIDS patients were broken in the mouth and blood was left on the chopsticks, but the chopsticks were not disinfected and were eaten by others, but the person's mouth was broken, would it be infectious?
Xu Keyi: I just said that in theory, his blood can be infected, but in fact, it has never been. There have been more than 60 million reports. So in this case, the answer should be no, no.
Compere: And I think this probability should be very small. He just broke, and your mouth also broke. It should be a very small probability.
Xu Keyi: His chances of infection are rare. For example, when we talk about occupational exposure, it means that medical staff and nurses prick their hands when giving injections to patients, but it is reported that no surgeon has been infected in the world. There was a doctor in South Africa who operated on a wounded patient. The knife accidentally punctured the glove. The patient's bone was stuck in the doctor's hand, but it was not infected. Therefore, the general occupational exposure to this kind of infection is caused by the injection of a hollow syringe. Even if the blood happens to break, there is a virus. No matter how many viruses you have, there is no more virus than the surgeon, and he has no infection even if his hand breaks. So this kind of infection is theoretically possible. In fact, I think it is almost impossible. In fact, it has never happened. Compere: I think that because of our fear, we have increased the infection force subjectively. In fact, it has never happened.

Xu Keyi: It is a very weak infectious disease, not a very strong infectious disease.
Host: This netizen asked, will you be infected if you have not cut a new wound when you are exposed to blood? How long will HIV lose its infectivity in the outside world?
Xu Keyi: No matter how severe you are, you are not as infectious as the South African doctor. He is not infected in his blood. Is he like you.
Host: How long will the virus lose its infectivity?
Xu Keyi: It will be lost soon.
Host: It is anaerobic.
Xu Keyi: It's not anaerobic. It's not like bacteria. Viruses are parasitic inside cells and cannot survive independently. That is to say, cells can live only if they are alive. If they are more energetic, they can be infectious. Once they leave the body, they leave the environment. So why is it that blood transmission, sexual transmission and mother to child transmission are all spread in the internal environment, and they cannot spread once they leave.
Moderator: Sina netizens also said that if you are unlucky to be infected with HIV, how long can you live after early treatment?
Xu Keyi: The latest issue of the World Health Organization's guidance program has said that people with AIDS can achieve normal life expectancy after conventional antiviral treatment, which is not special. To be popular is to say that they live as normal people.
Moderator: Now let's continue to talk about diagnosis. How can we determine whether a person is infected with a virus?
Xu Keyi: At present, the only, the most reliable and the only way is to check antibodies. Because the symptoms of AIDS itself are not typical, you can't determine it by symptoms. What kind of AIDS do you say? AIDS is very complicated, and I can't say a word clearly. So it is not very easy to confirm through the medical history and contact history. It is very objective to take blood to check the antibody. The AIDS antibody detection is very accurate, and the body can not affect the production of the antibody. No matter what medicine you take, or good health, bad health, or even taking antibiotics, there is no antibiotic in the blood, The antibody is still very high. Compere: So we don't need to do other precautions before we do the test. We can check it at any time?
Xu Keyi: Yes, it doesn't matter whether you eat or not.
Host: If we check, what institutions and hospitals should we go to?
Xu Keyi: One is hospitals. I know our country is an infectious disease hospital, which is available everywhere. In addition, the epidemic prevention system can be used in the original epidemic prevention stations.
Moderator: Is the detection of HIV antigen and HIV antibody in blood helpful for monitoring the course of AIDS?
Xu Keyi: The diagnosis of AIDS screening is to check the antibody. Once diagnosed, it is to check the virus for antigen. In this way, we decide whether to treat it or not and how effective it is.
Moderator: What is rapid HIV testing? Is it accurate?
Xu Keyi: The accuracy of quick inspection is lower, and the conditions are also lower. You can do it anywhere, so now the regular units do not use quick inspection.
Moderator: There is also an HIV test paper.
Xu Keyi: It's a quick test.
Host: What do you mean by positive and negative results?
Xu Keyi: We generally don't advocate that ordinary people do self tests, because it is difficult to judge.
Compere: Not exactly.
Xu Keyi: This antibody detection method is not whether it is available, but the color depth. Without professional knowledge, it is difficult to make a decision.
Moderator: Therefore, we should not easily self test or adopt rapid detection method. If you don't need to take blood, can you detect whether you have virus?
Xu Keyi: It should be said that this method is available, but its accuracy is a little poor, so we do not recommend this method at present.
Compere: Which diseases are easily confused with AIDS?
Xu Keyi: If it is a laboratory test, it is not easy to confuse it, that is, blood sampling and antibody testing are rare.
Host: Will AIDS testing institutions keep the identity of testers confidential?
Xu Keyi: According to the regulations, it should be confidential, but if he does not do well, sometimes he will leak out. This fear is not entirely unreasonable.
Moderator: Maybe he can focus on the requirements when testing.
Xu Keyi: Yes, or go to a more professional place to test. These units have received training and education in this field. He knows that it is not easy to leak the test results of patients. Moderator: There are several possible high-risk behaviors that normal people want to do. I don't know what Professor Xu thinks. One is free blood donation, the other is artificial insemination, and organ transplantation, will it be high-risk to transmit AIDS?
Xu Keyi: It should be said that it is different. Organ transplantation is a very high-risk mode of transmission. Recently, HIV infection has occurred in an organ transplant in Taiwan, so this is as dangerous as blood. Artificial insemination should be said that if the semen taken is HIV positive, it is also very dangerous, because it is a disease transmitted by blood and body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids, you should be careful.
Compere: I heard Professor Xu mention that there seems to be this kind of sperm washing in foreign countries?
Xu Keyi: Yes, as a way to block father to child transmission, this is how a father can have a child without AIDS. When he is fertilizing his mother, if he cleans his semen to remove HIV, he can use active sperm for fertilization, which is very effective to block the transmission of AIDS.
Host: Just mentioned that no matter artificial insemination or organ transplantation, they are far away from normal people. The nearest thing is probably unpaid blood. Is it possible that unpaid blood can infect AIDS?
Xu Keyi: In our country, a large part of the AIDS epidemic population is professional blood donors. They are blood donors. Their spread is not the same as the people's blood donation in our normal sense. People's blood donation will never spread. Because when you donate blood, no one has ever used the collector for collecting your blood, which is absolutely guaranteed. After the collection, it is impossible to prevent HIV infection from plastic bags or needles in the process of blood collection. Why are so many blood donors infected in Central Plains and Henan? They only collect plasma for commercial purposes. They collect plasma from blood donors and transfuse blood cells to them. Blood cell transfusions are less harmful to the human body and can be taken twice more. However, blood cells should be transfused after inserting his blood cells into normal saline. For a period of time, driven by commercial interests, there were some black underground blood stations that mixed blood cells together and then transfused them separately to blood donors. If there are people with AIDS or hepatitis C here, they will soon be infected. They are spreading like this, which is not the same as normal blood donation. Compere: So if we do good deeds, we can rest assured of donating blood for free.
Xu Keyi: Yes.
Host: Audience friends, you are watching the famous doctor hall live broadcast by Sina Health and Medicine Forum. I am the host Yuanyuan. In this program, we invited Professor Xu Keyi, director of the World Health Organization AIDS Center and director of the Department of Sick and Venereal Diseases of Ditan Hospital, to talk with us about how to correctly understand AIDS.
Next, we talked about the interaction between netizens. One Sina netizen said that the hand was bleeding, and the wound was stained with the body fluid of AIDS patients. Is it dangerous?
Xu Keyi: Theoretically, this situation is likely to be infected. In fact, the risk is almost zero, which is impossible. With so many reports of AIDS cases, as well as occupational reports, I said just now that South Africa is very high-risk for surgery, none of them has been infected, and the chance of such infection is very small.
Moderator: Another Sina netizen said that he was bitten by a person and had broken skin, but there was no bleeding. Is there any possibility of HIV infection?
Xu Keyi: A simple answer. So far, AIDS is still transmitted by blood, sex and mother to child. You are not included in it, so it will not be transmitted.
Moderator: While we were collecting questions, we also found that many people were blindly suspicious because they did not know enough about the disease or were too afraid of it.
Xu Keyi: These can be classified as contact communication, that is, contact communication is impossible.
Host: This netizen said that he had donated blood before, and the blood report said that I was healthy. Could you tell me whether there is AIDS by donating blood?
Xu Keyi: Sure, there is one thing that must be done in the blood test of blood donation, that is, AIDS. If you donate blood with AIDS, if you give it to others, they will definitely get AIDS. Moderator: Sina netizens also put forward a long series of test reports, including blood glucose 7.0, total cholesterol 6.1, WBC 7.6, platelet count 144, HIV negative, hepatitis B antibody positive, yawning incessantly a few days ago, pain and deep sleepiness when walking around the joints. After that, blood tests showed that blood sugar was 5.6, WBC white blood cells were 4.1, lymphocyte percentage was 35.9%, platelet count was 207, HIV was still negative, rheumatoid factor was negative, and now the whole body still suffered from joint pain, bleeding points on the tip of the tongue, dull pain in the armpit, and tingling in the whole body. Are these symptoms AIDS? I am afraid?
Xu Keyi: He is a phobic person. He puts a lot of things unrelated to AIDS together. It sounds complicated, but the answer is simple. Because AIDS diagnosis is only related to antibody testing, and has nothing to do with cholesterol, transaminase, and red blood cells. As long as you are HIV negative, you have many symptoms, and many test problems have nothing to do with AIDS, not that you are not sick, but that you have nothing to do with AIDS.
Compere: So you don't have to be afraid.
Xu Keyi: You don't have to fear AIDS, you have to check other diseases if you have problems.
Host: This Sina netizen said that when he went to the hair salon to cut his hair yesterday, the back of his ear was scratched by electric scissors, and there was a little blood flowing out when he pinched it with his hands. The barber used this electric scissors to cut so many people's hair every day. I don't know whether I have cut my hair before, and whether I will be infected. I'm afraid. It should be a little like a razor.
Xu Keyi:: It's the same, including that some of our data say that sharing razors may be infected. Theoretically, no matter how small the possibility of infection is, it never happens in fact. If you are really afraid, you can check an antibody.
Host: There is also a very eager Sina netizen here. In fact, I think this should be very small. Let's take a look at it for him. There is a serious oral ulcer on the lips, and then go to the studio to take photos to make up, because the cosmetics are shared. He said that if the person had HIV before, he would continue to use it, and the ulcer was on the lips, which has already bled. What is the probability of infection?
Xu Keyi: This is also a good answer. They are all classified as contact communication and will not spread.
Host: Excuse me, Professor Xu, will I be infected if I get stuck by a sewing needle? Now I'm itchy. I said that the other person has oral ulcers on his stomach and arms. I didn't use the toothbrush until 24 hours after he used it. The toothbrush was put in a cup and in a place without sunshine. Now he has found that there is AIDS, so I can't be infected?
Xu Keyi: As I said just now, the three ways of transmission are very strict. In addition, thousands of ways of contact will not be infected.
Host: Sina netizens here also said that there was a high risk more than two years ago, and then the urethra was uncomfortable and the perineum would ache when sitting. The doctor said it was prostatitis, and the mycoplasma test was negative. After two tests, the HIV test was negative. But recently, my child always sweats a lot, and also goes to bed late. There are many blisters and itching on his back. Is this AIDS?
Xu Keyi: No matter how complicated you say, the last sentence is that as long as the antibody is negative, it is not AIDS, it is very simple.
Host: Next, let's talk about treatment. AIDS is still incurable. What are the treatment methods?
Xu Keyi: It has been 30 years since AIDS began in 1981. The world has invested a lot of money in AIDS research. In the United States, they say that AIDS research funding is second only to aerospace, and they have done a lot of research. Among all the research, the real effective is antiviral treatment, which is now commonly known as cocktail therapy, and the discovery of antiviral drugs. This is not only a breakthrough for AIDS, but also a breakthrough in the history of infectious diseases in the world, because we know a lot of antibiotics, but there is no antitoxin, and there is no for a large number of viral infections. Only in AIDS research can there be a breakthrough. AIDS drugs should be said to be very effective. One month after taking AIDS drugs, the amount of virus in the blood drops 10 times. After three months of taking AIDS drugs, more than 90% of the patients can not find the virus, and all of them are killed. Therefore, this method should be said to be very effective. After taking the drugs, the patients can no longer develop into AIDS, or have developed into AIDS, Can drag him back to a healthy state with poison. Why can't these patients be cured? It is impossible to kill the virus hidden in the lymph nodes. Once the drug is stopped, the virus will come out again. So it should be said that AIDS antiviral drugs are a very big breakthrough and a very good method, but it is also not perfect. It needs to be eaten for a lifetime. After the drug is stopped, the virus will come out again. If you take these drugs for a long time, they all have side effects.
Host: Professor Xu mentioned a cocktail therapy just now. Many friends have heard of it, but they don't know why it is called.
Xu Keyi: Cocktails are mixed with various kinds of wine, and finally come out with red and green colors. AIDS is to eat three kinds of drugs together, so they are called cocktails. Now the name is no longer used. It is called combination therapy, because many diseases, including leukemia and tuberculosis, are treated jointly. The same is true for AIDS. It is used as a combination of drugs in different links and different viruses. Generally, there are three kinds of drugs.
Moderator: Is cocktail therapy combined with medication applicable to every patient, is there any taboo, or what kind of person is not applicable?
Xu Keyi: Each medicine has side effects, which vary in severity. Most people can tolerate the medicine, but a few people can't tolerate it, even some of it is fatal. Therefore, these drugs should be adjusted according to different human bodies. But for most people, these drugs are acceptable, and the effect is very good.
Compere: Just now you mentioned that there are some side effects, which are quite big. Is this medicine expensive, and can every patient afford it?
Xu Keyi: It's getting cheaper and cheaper. At first it was more expensive. I remember that it costs more than 1000 dollars a month, nearly 10000 yuan. At present, the drugs for treatment are about 480 yuan a month, and some are 1000 yuan a month, which is different. In addition, AIDS treatment in our country is free of charge.
Compere: If you can enjoy free treatment after detection?
Xu Keyi: Yes, you can go to the designated unit, and they will test CD4 cells for you regularly. At a certain time, they will distribute drugs.
Host: What are the side effects and complications of these drugs?
Xu Keyi: This person is different from others. If you want to find a doctor in a special hospital, you can't buy your own medicine and take it secretly.
Host: What are the main complications of AIDS in the later stage?
Xu Keyi: AIDS is not a localized disease, so it causes many kinds of complications. According to the early statistics of the United States, there are 24 kinds of complications, including one kind of infection, the most common infection, such as tuberculosis, and a pneumonia, as well as other systemic infections, blisters, and other kinds of viruses and bacteria, bacterial diarrhea, and flora confusion, There are also cancers, tumors, including malignant lymphoma, and women's cervical cancer, which are directly related to AIDS. There are many others that are not directly related, so it is difficult to say clearly what the clinical characteristics of AIDS are. It is a complication and a syndrome.
Compere: Although we have popularized so much knowledge, we have told everyone again and again that the disease is not as terrible as we thought, but some friends have it or they don't know it, and it's chaotic. What should we do at this time?
Xu Keyi: Because every year the World Health Organization puts forward an AIDS slogan. On AIDS Day, my favorite slogan is probably put forward in the sixth year, that is, living in a world with AIDS. I think it is very scientific. That is to say, our current society is a society where people and microorganisms coexist. If you want to live viruses and bacteria, you also need to live. I think this year's slogan is a bit over the top. It's called zero AIDS. One day there will be no infectious diseases in the world, which is hard to achieve. Therefore, it should be recognized that there is AIDS in our world, and everyone is likely to be infected with AIDS, which is possible, but you must know which can be infected and which can not be infected, so as to correctly avoid it.
Moderator: I think we are doing propaganda year after year, every year there is AIDS Day, but the fear has not decreased.
Xu Keyi: The fear of AIDS should be related to a country. I think it is related to cultural background, so it is not completely medical knowledge. I am a member of the AIDS expert group of the Ministry of Health of our country. At the same time, I am a member of the American STD/AIDS Association, the British AIDS Association, and the Australian AIDS Association. I have many opportunities to interact with them. Almost half of the patients I see in the expert clinic every day are AIDS phobic. I asked them if you have AIDS phobia? They say it seems that there is. It may have something to do with the morality of your country, because all people with AIDS phobia are sexually transmitted, and no blood borne people make trouble everywhere, so that the state gives education and subsidies, and no drug addicts spread, nor fear. Therefore, it is also related to the moral concept of our country, mainly through sexual transmission, multiple sexual partners or poor sexual life. Such a person's social status is easy to be laughed at by colleagues, or blamed by his parents, or abandoned by his wife, lover or husband, which is one of the reasons for his fear. He did not know that AIDS was a very weak infectious disease, which could not be spread under other circumstances. Once it spread, he was afraid of being blamed at the social level. So the fear of AIDS in our country will not be easy to solve for a while.
Host: Professor Xu is engaged in AIDS research and treatment. He told me that he has been engaged since the first case of this patient in our country, so his speech in this regard is really representative and can be listened to very well. In foreign countries, such as Europe and the United States, do they have little fear and discrimination?
Xu Keyi: Yes. What's the fear? In the early 1990s, we had a patient, a boy who graduated from college at the age of 23. After graduation, he took his client to take a bath. He may have had some sexual contact, but it was definitely not an intrusive sexual intercourse. I was very afraid. I went to our hospital to see a doctor and said that Director Xu was infected with AIDS. I said that you should not be afraid. The chance of infection in your case is very small. You can understand it by checking a blood antibody. At that time, it would take three days for the results to come out. He went home. Three days later, his brother called me and said that my brother jumped off a building and died. Then he left a note saying that I had done something unseen and had a disease unseen. Later, I asked the laboratory to check again and again. All the results were negative, so what was more terrible for him than AIDS was the social pressure. The sexual morality of our country is a double-edged sword for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, especially sexually transmitted diseases, because the traditional sexual morality is a very favorable barrier to hinder sexual transmission. Although our country is becoming more and more open, it will never be as open as Thailand and the West, with so many sexual partners. So why the spread of AIDS in our country has not been fast has something to do with this. But on the other hand, it is easy to discriminate against sexual transmission, so it is difficult for us. So we never evaluate this when we do television transmission, and we never evaluate the behavior of patients with sexually transmitted diseases. Everyone is still afraid of AIDS, which is probably related to our national cultural background.
Host: Just now Professor Xu mentioned that there were many patients who committed suicide.
Xu Keyi: We wrote an article about 22 cases. These 22 cases are all AIDS cases. What I said just now is that there is nothing wrong with them. They die of phobia. At that time, there were two main types. One was that there was no cure for AIDS, and the pain was hard to bear, so he died. Another is also under the pressure of the society. A typical example is a patient in Henan who got a herpes on his face. For example, his mouth was blistered with fever, which is the virus. However, people with AIDS have low resistance. When they get herpes, their face will fester, and sometimes they will fester in summer. So many people say that AIDS will fester because of this, and the bad thing about AIDS infection is that it is very painful. He can't sleep during the day and night. Because he had no future and no cure, he died of poisoning. But his wife also had AIDS, and he couldn't get over it. He thought that he would die sooner or later, and I would die if my husband left, so he hanged himself and left two children, a man and a woman. This kind of situation also exists, which is that he is very painful and can't see the future. This is one kind of situation. There is also social pressure. One boy is very good. He works in a foreign company. After infection, he no longer works. We advised him that you should always live and earn money, so he opened a flower shop to sell flowers himself. It's very good. Later, he went on a hunger strike. Then we went to persuade him. He said it was not my reason, but my sister's reason. He said that his parents had long since disappeared. My sister had raised him all the time, which meant that two people depended on each other. My sister found a boyfriend, and the boyfriend said that if you don't know anything about your brother with AIDS, we'll forget it, so he died. When AIDS cannot be treated, it is very sad for the patient and for the doctor. Seeing the patient at a loss, there is no way. With antiviral drugs, no patient has committed suicide. However, there is still a probability of infection suicide for the first time for those with acute infection. Many patients know that about 60% of them commit suicide, which is related to social pressure.
Compere: In this case, as a doctor, I will give him comprehensive psychological counseling?
Xu Keyi: Yes, we have comprehensive psychological consultants. It is difficult to solve this situation by popularizing AIDS knowledge alone, so some psychological counseling should be carried out.
Host: And during my interview, I clearly felt that Professor Xu really spared no effort in popularizing knowledge, but you seem to prefer to talk about ethics, how to tolerate and accept our society.
Xu Keyi: There have been more than 20 slogans up to now. This year's slogan is one of the slogans I don't like very much, and my two favorite slogans. One is living in a world with AIDS. I think this expression is very objective, peaceful and scientific, which is in line with our society. The second is mutual love and life sharing. This slogan has taken three years. Premier Wen also mentioned this word when he came to our hospital. But its original text is not translated like this in Hong Kong and Taiwan. He said that you can let others live even if you live. This sentence comes from a British proverb, that is, in our multicultural society, you can be a noble and noble person. This requirement is OK, but you can't say that if you don't live like this, you will die. For example, homosexuals are still burned in some parts of India until now. Catholicism, as the most civilized religion among the three major religions, is an absolute rejection of homosexuality, and some were burned in the early years. Morally, I'm not good at commenting, but it's right to say that you live and let others live. As long as it doesn't harm the society, let two men love if they are willing to. I think this attitude is better.
Host: Thank you very much, Professor Xu. In fact, there are still many netizens asking questions in our outline, but I think it doesn't matter if these questions are not answered completely, as long as we listen to what Professor Xu said just now.
Xu Keyi: There are some problems that need to follow the general principles. You asked 10000 questions, and I told you that you would not be infected except for these three ways.
Host: And it is most important to put your own mind right. To eliminate that fear and discrimination, this disease will gradually take its way in China.
Xu Keyi: Look at it as a treatable chronic disease, and it is not a severe infectious disease.
Host: Thank you very much, Professor Xu, for visiting our famous doctor hall, and thank you for your constant attention. This is the end of our program today. Famous doctors gather to talk about people's health. See you in the next program!