IPv6 is the abbreviation of "Internet Protocol Version 6" (Internet Protocol Version 6), and is the Internet Engineering Task Force（IETF）Designed to replaceIPv4The number of addresses of the next-generation IP protocol is said to be able to assign an address to every grain of sand in the world[1]。
The biggest problem of IPv4 is the lack of network address resources, which seriously restricts the application and development of the Internet.The use of IPv6 can not only solve the problem of the number of network address resources, but also solve the obstacle of multiple access devices connecting to the Internet[1]。
Internet Digital Distribution Agency（IANA）In 2016, it has proposed to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that the newly developed Internet standards only support IPv6 and are no longer compatible with IPv4.[2]
By December 2023, the number of IPv6 addresses is 68042/32[32]。By the end of 2024, the number of active IPv6 users will reach 800 million.[33]
By the beginning of 1992, some suggestions on Internet address system were published in IETF（Internet Engineering Task Force）And formed a white paper at the end of 1992.In September 1993, IETF established a temporaryad-hocNext generation IP（IPng）Domain to solve the problems of the next generation IP.This new field is led by Allison Mankin and Scott Bradner, with 15 engineers from different backgrounds.IETF adopted the IPng model on July 25, 1994, and formed several IPng working groups.
Since 1996, a series ofRFCThe original version is RFC1883.Because IPv4 and IPv6 address formats are different, there will be a long-term coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 in the Internet for a long time in the future.In the network where IPv4 and IPv6 coexist, if the end system with only IPv4 address or only IPv6 address cannot communicate directly, the communication can be realized by relying on the intermediate gateway or using other transition mechanisms.
On January 22, 2003, IETF released the IPv6 test network, namely6boneNetwork.It is an IPng project conducted by IETF to test IPv6 networks. The purpose of this project is to test how to migrate IPv4 networks to IPv6 networks.As a platform for IPv6 problem testing, 6bone network includes the realization of protocol, IPv4 to IPv6 migration and other functions.The 6bone operation is based on the IPv6 test address allocation and uses the 3FFE::/16 IPv6 prefix to provide a test environment for the testing and commercial deployment of IPv6 products and networks.
As of June 2009, 6bone network technology has supported 260 organizations in 39 countries.The 6bone network is designed to be a global hierarchical IPv6 network, similar to the actual Internet, including pseudo top-level transit providers, pseudo secondary transit providers and pseudo site level organizations.Pseudo top tier providers are responsible for connecting global organizations. Pseudo top tier providers try their best to communicate with each other through the lBGP-4 extension of IPv6, and pseudo sub tier providers also useBGP-4 Connect to the pseudo regional top provider, and the pseudo site level organization connects to the pseudo sub provider.The pseudo site level organization can connect to its pseudo provider through the default route or BGP-4.6bone originally started from virtual network, which uses the IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel transition technology.Therefore, it is a network based on IPv4 Internet and supporting IPv6 transmission. Later, it gradually established a pure IPv6 link.
Since 2011, operating systems mainly used on personal computers and server systems have basically supported high-quality IPv6 configuration products.For example, Microsoft WindowsWindows 2000IPv6 has been supported sinceWindows XPIt has entered the stage of product completion.andWindows VistaAnd later versions, such asWindows 7、Windows 8IPv6 has been fully supported by other operating systems, and it has been improved to improve its support.Mac OS XPanther(10.3)、Linux2.6、FreeBSDandSolarisIt also supports mature IPv6 products.Some applications are implemented based on IPv6, such asBitTorrentThe point-to-point file transfer protocol avoids the common problem that the IPv4 private network using NAT cannot work normally.
On June 6, 2012, the Internet Society held the World IPv6 Launch Day, on which the global IPv6 network was officially launched.Several well-known websites, such asGoogle、FacebookandYahooAt 0:00 global standard time (8:00 Beijing time) on the same day, IPv6 access will be permanently supported.
According to Hurricane Electronic Statistics, as of September 2013, 283 of the 318 top-level domain names on the Internet supported IPv6 access to their DNS.About 89.0% of them, 276 domain names contain IPv6 adhesion records, and 5138365 domain names have IPv6 address records in their respective domains[3]。
In July 2018,Baidu CloudDeveloped China's IPv6 transformation plan[5]。In November, the National Next Generation Internet Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance released China's first IPv6 service user experience monitoring report in Beijing, which showed that the penetration rate of mobile broadband IPv6 was 6.16%, the number of IPv6 covered users was 70.17 million, and the number of active IPv6 users was only 7.18 million, which was far from the goal of national planning and deployment.[6]
In July 2021, the Central Network Information Office and other departments issued the Notice on Accelerating the Scale Deployment and Application of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), which proposed that by the end of 2025, the leading IPv6 technology, industry, facilities, applications and security system should be fully built, with 800 million active users of IPv6 and 400 million IPv6 connections of the Internet of Things.Mobile network IPv6 traffic accounted for 70%, and MAN IPv6 traffic accounted for 20%.[21]
By 2022By the end of June, the number of active users of IPv6 in the world accounted for more than 31% of the number of Internet users[22]。
As of June 2022, the number of IPv6 addresses is 63079/32, an increase of 0.04% over December 2021.[23]
As of August 8, 2022, the number of active IPv6 Internet users in China has reached 693 million, and the proportion of mobile network IPv6 traffic has exceeded 40%.[21]
On April 3, 2023, according to the statistical data of the national IPv6 development monitoring platform, in February 2023, China's mobile network IPv6 accounted for 50.08%, the first time to achieve a historic breakthrough in mobile network IPv6 traffic exceeding IPv4 traffic, marking a new milestone in China's efforts to promote the scale deployment and application of IPv6.[27]
On April 20, 2023, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Central Cyberspace Office, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Transport, the People's Bank of China, the State owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, the National Energy Administration and other eight departments jointly issued the Implementation Opinions on Advancing IPv6 Technology Evolution and Application Innovation Development, proposed specific development goals by the end of 2025, and deployed 15 key tasks[29]。
On April 27, 2023, the Central Cyberspace Office, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology jointly issued the Work Arrangement for Deepening the Deployment and Application of IPv6 Scale in 2023 (hereinafter referred to as the Work Arrangement).The notice requires us to adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, comprehensively implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, implement the Overall Layout Plan for the Construction of Digital China, completely, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept, adhere to the systematic concept, problem orientation, and innovative empowerment, accelerate the breakthrough of bottlenecks and weaknesses, and continuously improve the industrial ecology,Constantly strengthen security protection, solidly promote the in-depth development of IPv6 scale deployment and application, and provide strong support for building a network power and a digital China.The Work Arrangement has clearly defined the work objectives in 2023: by the end of 2023, the number of active IPv6 users will reach 750 million, the number of IPv6 connections of the Internet of Things will reach 300 million, the proportion of IPv6 traffic in fixed networks will reach 15%, and the proportion of IPv6 traffic in mobile networks will reach 55%.The carrying capacity and service quality of network and application infrastructure are better than IPv4, and the coverage of cloud platform and content distribution network IPv6 services continues to expand.The new factory home wireless router, home intelligent networking products, set-top boxes, etc. support IPv6, and the IPv6 address assignment function is enabled by default.Government portals above the county level fully support IPv6. The IPv6 support rate of major domestic commercial websites and mobile Internet applications has reached 90%. The number of applications on the application distribution platform supporting IPv6 has significantly increased.The "IPv6+" innovation ecosystem and standard system have been improved, and the IPv6 network security protection capability has been continuously consolidated.[30]
By December 2023, the number of IPv6 addresses is 68042/32[32]。
In April 2024, the Central Cyberspace Office, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology jointly issued the Work Arrangement for Deepening the Deployment and Application of IPv6 in 2024.The Work Arrangement defines the work objectives for 2024: by the end of 2024, the number of active IPv6 users will reach 800 million, the number of IPv6 connections to the Internet of Things will reach 650 million, the proportion of IPv6 traffic in fixed networks will reach 23%, and the proportion of IPv6 traffic in mobile networks will reach 65%.[33]
Composition
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Representation method
Long distributed structure diagram of IPv6
The address length of IPv6 is 128 bits, which is four times the length of IPv4 address.Therefore, IPv4 dotted decimal format is no longer applicable and is represented in hexadecimal.IPv6 has three representations.
1、 Maxed hexadecimal notation
The format is X: X: X: X: X: X: X: X: X: X, where each X represents 16b in the address, expressed in hexadecimal, for example:
ABCD:EF01:2345:6789:ABCD:EF01:2345:6789
In this representation, the leading 0 of each X can be omitted, for example:
In some cases, an IPv6 address may contain a long segment of 0 in the middle. You can compress a continuous segment of 0 into "::".However, to ensure the uniqueness of address resolution, "::" can only appear once in the address, such as:
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1101 → FF01::1101
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 → ::1
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 → ::
3、 Embedded IPv4 address representation
In order to realize IPv4 IPv6 interworking, the IPv4 address will be embedded in the IPv6 address. At this time, the address is usually expressed as: X: X: X: X: X: X: d.d.d. The first 96b is expressed in hexadecimal notation, and the last 32b address is expressed in IPv4 dotted decimal notation. For example,: 192.168.0.1 and:: FFFF: 192.168.0.1 are two typical examples. Note that in the first 96b, the method of compressing 0 bits is still applicable[9]。
Message content
IPv6messageThe overall structure of is divided into IPv6 headers(Another translation: Basic title)[25], extended header and upper protocol data.IPv6 header is a mandatory header with a fixed length of 40B, containing the basic information of the message;Extended headers are optional headers, and there may be 0, 1 or more. IPv6 protocol implements various rich functions through extended headers;The upper layer protocol data is the upper layer data carried by the IPv6 message, which may beICMPv6MessageTCPMessageUDPMessage or other possible message.
IPv6Message headerThe structure is as shown in the figure:
IPv6 message header structure[10]
Version No
Indicates the protocol version. The value is 6
Flow rating
Mainly used for QoS
Stream label
Used to identify messages in the same stream
Load length
The length includes the extended header and data part, which can represent 65535 bytes at most, and set to 0 if it exceeds[24]
Next Header
This field is used to indicate the type of message header followed by the header. If there is an extension header, it indicates the type of the first extension header. Otherwise, it indicates the type of its upper layer protocol. It is the core implementation method of various functions of IPv6
Hop limit
This field is similar to theTTL, the number of forwarding hops decreases by one each time, and the packet will be discarded when this field reaches 0
source address
Identify the source address of the message
Destination address
Identify the destination address of the message
Extension Header : There is no "option" field in IPv6 message, but the "next header" field cooperates with IPv6 extended header to realize the function of option.When using the extension header, the type of the first extension header will be indicated in the next header field of the IPv6 message, and then the extension header will be read and processed according to the type.Each extended header also contains the next header field. If there are other extended headers next, that is, continue to indicate the type of the next extended header in this field, so as to achieve the purpose of adding multiple extended headers consecutively.In the next header field of the last extended header, the type of the upper layer protocol of the message is marked to read the upper layer protocol data[10]。
Extension Header [10]
Address Type
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IPv6 protocol mainly defines three address types: unicast addressMulticast address(Multicast Address) and Anycast Address.Compared with the original IPv4 address, the "anycast address" type is added and the broadcast address in the original IPv4 address is cancelled, because the broadcast function in IPv6 is completed through multicast.
Unicast address: used to uniquely identify an interface, similar to the unicast address in IPv4.Data sent to unicast addressmessageWill be delivered to an interface identified by this address.
Multicast address: used to identify a group of interfaces (usually these interfaces belong to different nodes), similar to the multicast address in IPv4.The data message sent to the multicast address is sent to all the interfaces identified by this address.
Anycast address: used to identify a group of interfaces (usually these interfaces belong to different nodes).The data message sent to anycast address is sent to the nearest source node in the group of interfaces identified by this address (according to theRouting ProtocolMeasurement).
The IPv6 address type is determined by the address prefix. The correspondence between the main address types and the address prefix is as follows:
Address Type
Address prefix (binary)
IPv6 prefix ID
Unicast address
No address specified
00…0(128 bits)
::/128
Loopback address
00…1(128 bits)
::1/128
Link local address
one billion one hundred and eleven million one hundred and eleven thousand and ten
FE80::/10
Unique local address
1111 110
FC00::/7
(including FD00::/8 and
Unusual FC00::/8)
Site local address (deprecated, replaced by unique local address)
one billion one hundred and eleven million one hundred and eleven thousand and eleven
FEC0::/10
Global unicast address
Other forms
-
Multicast address
eleven million one hundred and eleven thousand one hundred and eleven
FF00::/8
Anycast address
Allocate from the unicast address space, using the unicast address format
[11]
Unicast address
Like IPv4 unicast addresses, IPv6 unicast addresses only identify one interface.In order to adapt to the load balancing system,RFC3513 allows multiple interfaces to use the same address as long as these interfaces appear as a single interface of IPv6 implemented on the host.Unicast addresses include four types: global unicast address, local unicast address, compatibility address, and special address.
1、 Global unicast address: equivalent to the public network address in IPv4, it can be globally routed and accessed on the IPv6 Internet.This address type allows aggregation of routing prefixes, thus limiting the number of global routing table entries.
2、 Local unicast address:
Both the link local address and the unique local address belong to the local unicast address. In IPv6, the local unicast address refers to the unicast address used by the local network, that is, in the IPV4 addressLANPrivate address.Each interface must have at least one link local unicast address. In addition, IPv6 addresses of any type (unicast, anycast and multicast) or range can be allocated.
(1) Link local address (FE80::/10): It is only used for a single link (the link layer cannot cross VLANs) and cannot be routed in different subnets.The node uses the link local address to communicate with adjacent nodes on the same link.For example, on a single link IPv6 network without a router, the host uses the link local address to communicate with other hosts on the link.
(2) Unique local address (FC00::/7): The unique local address is local and global. It is used for local communication, but it is not routed through the Internet, limiting its scope to the boundaries of the organization.
(3) Site local address (FEC0::/10, replaced by unique local address in the new standard)
3、 Compatibility address: The IPv6 conversion mechanism also includes a technology to dynamically transmit IPv6 packets in a tunnel manner through the IPv4 routing interface.Such IPv6 nodes will be assigned an IPv6 global unicast address with a global IPv4 unicast address in the lower 32 bits.Another kind of IPv6 address embedded in IPv4 is used inside the LAN. This kind of address is used to treat IPv4 nodes as IPv6 nodes.In addition, there is also an IPv6 address called "6to4", which is used to communicate between two nodes running IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously through the Internet.
4、 Special address: including unspecified address andLoopback address。No address specified (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or::) is only used to indicate that an address does not exist.It is equivalent to IPv4 unspecified address 0.0.0.0.Unspecified addresses are usually used as the source address of packets trying to verify the uniqueness of tentative addresses, and will never be assigned to an interface or used as the destination address.The loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or:: 1) is used to identify the loopback interface and allow nodes to send packets to themselves.It is equivalent to the IPv4 loopback address 127.0.0.1.The packets sent to the loopback address will never be sent to a link or forwarded through an IPv6 router[12]。
Multicast address
IPv6 multicast address can identify multiple interfaces, corresponding to the address of a group of interfaces (usually belonging to different nodes).The packets sent to the multicast address are sent to each interface identified by the address.Use appropriate multicast routingtopology, send the packets sent to the multicast address to all the interfaces identified by the address.IPv6 nodes at any location can listen to multicast communication at any IPv6 multicast address.IPv6 nodes can listen to multiple multicast addresses at the same time, and can also join or leave a multicast group at any time.
The most obvious feature of IPv6 multicast address is that the highest 8 bits are fixed as 1111 1111.IPv6 addresses are easy to distinguish multicast addresses because they always start with FF[12]。
Multicast address[12]
Anycast address
An IPv6 anycast address, like a multicast address, can also identify multiple interfaces, corresponding to the address of a group of interfaces.In most cases, these interfaces belong to different nodes.However, unlike multicast addresses, packets sent to an anycast address are sent to one of the interfaces identified by the address.
Through an appropriate routing topology, packets whose destination address is an anycast address will be sent to a single interface (the nearest interface identified by the address is defined based on the shortest routing distance), while multicast addresses are used for one to many communication and sent to multiple interfaces.An anycast address must not be used as the source address of IPv6 packets;It cannot be assigned to an IPv6 host, but only to an IPv6 router[13]。
Usage Agreement
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Address Configuration Protocol
IPv6 uses two address auto configuration protocols, namely stateless address auto configuration protocol（SLAAC）And IPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol（DHCPv6）。SLAAC does not need the server to manage the address. The host directly communicates with the local machine according to the router notification information in the networkMAC addressCombined with the calculation of native IPv6 address, automatic address configuration is realized;DHCPv6 is managed by DHCPv6 serverAddress poolThe user host requests and obtains IPv6 address and other information from the server to achieve the purpose of automatic address configuration.
IStateless address auto configuration
The core of stateless address automatic configuration is that no additional server is required to manage the address status. The host can calculate the address itself for address automatic configuration, including four basic steps:
1. Link local address configuration.The host calculates the local address.
2. Repeat address detection to determine that the current address is unique.
3. Get the global prefix, and the host calculates the global address.
4. The prefix is re addressed, and the host changes the global address[14]。
IIIPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
The IPv6 dynamic host configuration protocol DHCPv6 is developed byDHCPDeveloped from.The client obtains the local IP address and automatically configures it by sending an application to the DHCP server. The DHCP server is responsible for managing and maintaining the address pool and the mapping information between the address and the client.
DHCPv6 has made some improvements and expansion on the basis of DHCP.It includes three roles: DHCPv6 client, which is used to dynamically obtain IPv6 address, IPv6 prefix or other network configuration parameters;DHCPv6 server is responsible for assigning IPv6 addresses, IPv6 prefixes and other configuration parameters to DHCPv6 clients;DHCPv6 relay is a forwarding device.Usually.DHCPv6 clients can communicate with DHCPv6 servers through multicast addresses within the local link range.If the server and client are not in the same link range, DHCPv6 relay is required for forwarding.The existence of DHCPv6 relays makes it unnecessary to deploy DHCPv6 servers within each link range, which saves costs and facilitates centralized management[15]。
Routing Protocol
Implementation of IPSec Mechanism Protocol Security
The unreasonable IP address planning in the initial stage of IPv4 makes the network very complex and has many routing table entries.Although this problem is alleviated to some extent by dividing subnets and routing aggregation, it still exists.Therefore, at the beginning of IPv6 design, the address was changed from user ownership to operator ownership. On this basis, some changes have taken place in the routing strategy. In addition, the IPv6 address length has changed, so the routing protocol has changed accordingly.
Same as IPv4, IPv6 routing protocol is also divided intoInternal gateway protocol(IGP) andExternal gateway protocol(EGP), where IGP includes RIPng from RIP, OSPFv3 from OSPF, and IS-ISv6 from IS-IS protocol.EGP is mainly BGP4 from BGP+[16]。
IRIPng
Next generation RIP protocol（RIPng）It's trueRIPv2Extension of.Most RIP concepts can be used for RIPng.In order to apply in IPv6 networks, RIPng has modified the original RIP protocol:
UDP port number: use UDP port 521 to send and receive routing information.
Multicast address: FF02:: 9 is used as the multicast address of RIPng router in the local range of the link.
Route prefix: 128 bit IPv6 address is used as the route prefix.
Next hop address: use 128 bit IPv6 address.
IIOSPFv3
RFC 2740 defines OSPFv3 to support IPv6.The main differences between OSPFv3 and OSPFv2 are as follows:
1. Modify the type and format of LSA to support the release of IPv6 routing information.
2. Some protocol processes have been modified.The main modifications include using Router-lD to identify neighbors, using link local addresses to discover neighbors, etc., making the network topology itself independent of the network protocol for future expansion.
3. Further rationalized the relationship between topology and routing.OSPFv3 inLSAThe topology is separated from the routing information, and the routing information is no longer carried in the first and second class LSAs, but only the topology description information. In addition, eight and nine class LSAs are added, and the routing prefix information is published in combination with the original three, five, and seven class LSAs.
4. Improved protocol adaptability.By introducing the concept of LSA diffusion range, the processing flow of unknown LSA is further clarified, so that the protocol can make appropriate processing when it does not recognize LSA, which improves the scalability of the protocol.
IIIBGP 4+
The traditional BGP 4 can only manage the routing information of IPv4. For applications that use other network layer protocols (such as IPv6), there will be some restrictions when they propagate across autonomous systems.In order to provide support for multiple network layer protocols, the RFC2858 document released by IETF extends BGP 4 with multiple protocols, formingBGP4+。
In order to support IPv6 protocol, BGP 4+must reflect the information of IPv6 network layer protocol to NLRl (Network Layer Reachable Information) andNext Jump(Next Hop) attribute.To this end, the following two NLRI attributes are introduced in BGP4+.
MP_REACH_NLRI: Multi protocol reachable NLRI, used to publish reachable routes and next hop information.
MP_UNREACH_NLRI: Multi protocol unreachable NLRI, used to revoke unreachable routes.
The Next Hop attribute in BGP 4+is represented by an IPv6 address, which can be an IPv6 global unicast address or a link local address of the next hop.The original message mechanism and routing mechanism of BGP 4 remain unchanged.
IVICMPv6 protocol
ICMPv6 protocol is used to report the error messages of IPv6 nodes in the process of packet processing, and realize simple network diagnosis function.ICMPv6's new neighbor discovery function replacesARP protocolTherefore, there is no ARP protocol in the IPv6 architecture.In addition to supporting IPv6 address format, ICMPv6 also adds some new message types to support route optimization, IP multicast, mobile IP, etc. in IPv6[17]。
Transition technology
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IPv6 cannot replace IPv4 immediately, so IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist in the same environment for a long time.To provide a smooth conversion process and minimize the impact on existing users, a good conversion mechanism is required.This topic is the main goal of the IETF ngtrans Working Group. Many conversion mechanisms have been proposed and some have been used on 6Bone.IETF recommendedDual Stack 、Tunnel technologyas well asNetwork address translationEqual conversion mechanism:
IIPv6/IPv4 dual protocol stack technology
The dual stack mechanism is to enable IPv6 network nodes to have an IPv4 stack and an IPv6 stack, and support both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols.IPv6 and IPv4 are network layer protocols with similar functions. They are both applied to the same physical platform and carry the same transport layer protocol TCP or UDP. If a host supports both IPv6 and IPv4 protocols, it can communicate with hosts that only support IPv4 or IPv6 protocols.
IITunnel technology
Tunnel technology[18]
Tunnel mechanism is a mechanism that encapsulates IPv6 packets as data in IPv4 packets when necessary, so that IPv6 packets can be transmitted on the existing IPv4 infrastructure (mainly refers to IPv4 routers).With the development of IPv6, there are some local IPv6 networks separated by backbone networks running IPv4 protocol. In order to realize the communication between these IPv6 networks, tunnel technology must be used.The tunnel is transparent to the source site and the destination site. At the entrance of the tunnel, the router groups IPv6 dataencapsulationIn IPv4, the source address and destination address of the IPv4 packet are the IPv4 addresses of the tunnel entrance and exit respectively. At the tunnel exit, the IPv6 packet is taken out and forwarded to the destination site.The advantage of tunnel technology lies in the transparency of the tunnel. The communication between IPv6 hosts can ignore the existence of the tunnel. The tunnel only acts as a physical channel.Tunnel technology is widely used in the initial stage of the evolution from IPv4 to IPv6.However, tunnel technology cannot realize the communication between IPv4 host and IPv6 host.
IIINetwork address translation technology
Network Address Translator (NAT) technology regards IPv4 address and IPv6 address as internal address and global address respectively, or vice versa.For example, when the internal IPv4 host wants to communicate with the external IPv6 host, the IPv4 address (equivalent to the internal address) is transformed into the IPv6 address (equivalent to the global address) in the NAT server, and the server maintains a mapping table of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.Conversely, when an internal IPv6 host communicates with an external IPv4 host, the IPv6 host is mapped to an internal address and the IPv4 host is mapped to a global address.NAT technology can solve the interoperability problem between IPv4 hosts and IPv6 hosts[18]。
Advantages
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IPv4 and IPv6 address comparison
Compared with IPV4, IPV6 has the following advantages:
1、 IPv6 has a larger address space.Specified in IPv4IP addressThe length is 32, and the maximum number of addresses is 2 ^ 32;The length of IP addresses in IPv6 is 128, that is, the maximum number of addresses is 2 ^ 128.Compared with 32-bit address space, its address space increases by 2 ^ 128-2 ^ 32.
2、 IPv6 uses smallerRouting table。IPv6 address allocation follows the principle of aggregation at the beginning, which enables the router to use an entry to represent a piece of subnet in the routing table, greatly reducing the length of the routing table in the router, and improving the speed of forwarding packets.
3、 IPv6 adds enhancedMulticast (Multicast) support and flow control give multimedia applications on the network a great opportunity to develop and provide a good network platform for quality of service (QoS) control.
4、 IPv6 joins theAutomatic configuration(Auto Configuration).This is the improvement and expansion of DHCP protocol, which makes the management of network (especially LAN) more convenient and fast.
H3C IPv6 Network Solution
5、 IPv6 has higher security.In the IPv6 network, users can encrypt the data of the network layer and verify the IP message. The encryption and authentication options in IPV6 provide the confidentiality and integrity of the packet.It greatly enhances the security of the network.
6、 Allow expansion.IPV6 allows protocol expansion if required by new technologies or applications.
7、 Better header format.IPV6 uses a new header format. Its options are separate from the basic header. If necessary, you can insert the options between the basic header and the upper data.This simplifies and speeds up the routing process, because most options do not need to be selected by routing.
8、 New options.IPV6 has some new options to implement additional functions[19]。
Safety performance
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The original Internet security mechanism was only established at the application level, such as E-mail encryptionSNMPV2 network management security, access security（HTTP、SSL）The security of the Internet cannot be guaranteed from the IP layer.IP level security guaranteeauthentication And privacy features, which are mainly implemented by the AH (Authentication Header) andESP(Encapsulating Security Payload) tag.IPv6 realizes IP level security.
1、 Security protocol suite: It is a two-way agreement between sender and receiver, and is only determined by the target address and security parameter index (SPI).
2、 Header authentication: provides data integrity and packet authentication.
3、 Security header encapsulation: ESP supports the privacy and data integrity of IP packets according to the different needs of users.It can be used both at the transport layer (e.gTCP、UDP、ICMP）The encryption of is called transport layer mode ESP, and it can also be used for the encryption of the whole packet, called tunnel mode ESP.
4、 ESPDES-CBC mode: ESP processing must generally implement the DES-CBC encryption algorithm. Data is divided into 64 bit blocks for processing. The input of decryption logic is the AND or of current data and previously encrypted data blocks.
5、 Authentication plus privacy: according to different business models, the two IP security mechanisms can be combined in a certain order to achieve the purpose of packet transmission encryption.According to the order, it can be divided into encryption before authentication and authentication before encryption[20]。
data statistics
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On April 3, 2023, according to www.china.com.cn, the construction of digital China in 2022 has made new important progress.The scale of the digital economy ranks second in the world and has become one of the main engines to promote economic growth.;By the end of 2022, a total of 2.31 million 5G base stations have been built and put into operation, and the gigabit optical network has the ability to cover more than 500 million households.The number of mobile Internet of Things connections exceeded the number of mobile phone users for the first time, realizing the "Superman of Things". China is the first in the world.IPV6Active UsersMore than 700 million.[26]
In February 2023, data shows that the proportion of mobile network IPv6 in China will reach 50.08%, which is the first historical breakthrough that mobile network IPv6 traffic exceeds IPv4 traffic.It means that China's IPv6 network "highway" has been fully built, and the information infrastructure IPv6 service capability has been basically available.[28]
On August 28, 2023, the China Internet Network Information Center today released its 52nd Statistical Report on the Development of Internet in China.The Report shows that as of June this year, the number of active IPv6 users has reached 767 million.[31]
