Arithmetic unit

[yùn suàn qì]

Arithmetic and Logical Unit

Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Arithmetic unit, computer Performs various arithmetic sums in Logical operation Operating parts. The basic operations of the arithmetic unit include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division Four arithmetic operations , AND, OR, NOT XOR etc. Logical operation , and operations such as shifting, comparing, and transferring, also known as Arithmetic logic unit （ ALU ）。

Chinese name: Arithmetic unit
Foreign name: arithmetic unit

Properties: computer
Purpose: calculation

catalog

five development
six Chronicle

brief introduction

Announce

edit

The solver is composed of Arithmetic logic unit （ ALU ）、 accumulator 、 Status register 、 General register Group, etc. Arithmetic logic Arithmetic unit The basic function of (ALU) is addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and, or, or, not XOR etc. Logical operation , and operations such as shifting and complementing. computer Runtime Operation and operation of arithmetic unit type Determined by the controller. The data processed by the solver comes from storage ； The processed result data is usually sent back to the memory or temporarily stored in the arithmetic unit. And Control Unit Together CPU The core part of.

Arithmetic is a computer Processing data Of Features 。 Data processing mainly includes Arithmetic operation and Logical data The logical operation of. Therefore, the arithmetic and Logical operation It is the core function of the arithmetic unit.^[1]

fundamental theory

Announce

edit

data

Arithmetic unit

The processing object of the solver is data, so the data length and computer Data representation Method, for arithmetic unit performance Great impact. 1970s microprocessor Usually 1, 4, 8, 16 Binary Bit as Processing data Of Basic unit 。 majority General purpose computer 16, 32, 64 bits are used as the length of data processed by the arithmetic unit. The arithmetic unit that can process all bits of a data at the same time is called Parallel solver 。 If only one bit is processed at a time, it is called a serial solver. Some arithmetic units can process several bits at a time (usually 6 or 8 bits), and a complete data is divided into several segments for calculation, which is called serial/parallel arithmetic unit. Arithmetic units often only process data of one length. Some can also process data of several different lengths, such as half Word length Operation Double word length Operation, quadruple word length operation, etc. Some data length can be specified during operation, which is called variable Word length Operation.

According to different data representation methods, there can be Binary Arithmetic decimal system Arithmetic hexadecimal Arithmetic Fixed point integer Arithmetic Fixed-point decimal Arithmetic Floating point number Arithmetic, etc. According to the nature of the data, there are address Arithmetic unit, character arithmetic unit, etc.

Its main function is to Arithmetic operation and Logical operation 。

operation

The number of operations and operating speed that can be performed by the arithmetic unit indicates the strength of the arithmetic unit's ability, and even indicates that computer Own ability. The basic operation of the arithmetic unit is addition 。 Adding a number to zero simply transfers the number. Complementing the code of one number and adding it to another number is equivalent to subtracting the previous number from the latter. Set two numbers subtract You can compare their sizes.

Arithmetic unit

Left and right shift is the basic operation of the arithmetic unit. With Symbol In the number of Data bits , called Arithmetic shift 。 If the data is combined with Symbol All bits of move together, called Logical shift 。 If the highest and lowest data links are logically shifted, it is called Cyclic shift 。

Algorithmic Logical operation Two data can be bitwise compared with, or XOR , and the negation of each data. Some calculators can also perform 16 logic operations of binary code.

Multiplication and division are complicated. quite a lot computer These operations can be directly completed by the arithmetic unit of. The multiplication operation is based on addition Operation based, consisting of one or more bits of the multiplier decoding Control successive generation Partial product , and the partial products are added to get the product. The division rule is often based on multiplication, that is, select several factors to multiply Divisor , make it approximate to 1, multiply these factors by Dividend Then get the quotient. Not implementing multiplication and division hardware computer Multiplication and division can be realized by programs, but the speed is much slower. Some calculators can also find the maximum number in a batch of data, and continuously perform the same operation on a batch of data square root And other complex operations.

Operation method

To realize the operation of the arithmetic unit, especially the four arithmetic operations, a reasonable operation method must be selected. It directly affects the performance , also related to the structure and cost of the solver. In addition numerical calculation The significant digit of the result may be longer, and a certain significant digit must be intercepted, thus resulting in the rounding problem of the lowest significant digit. The selected rounding rules also affect the accurate Degrees. In Select computer The following factors should be taken into full consideration when representing the number of: the type of number to be represented (decimal, integer, real number and complex number): determine the representation, and the values that may be encountered Range : Determine storage and processing capacity. numerical value accurate Degree: processing capacity related; data storage And the hardware cost required for processing: the cost is high or low.

Arithmetic unit

Two commonly used formats: fixed-point format: numerical value allowed by fixed-point format Range Limited, but the required processing hardware is relatively simple; floating-point Format: The allowable value range is large, but the required processing hardware is complex.

1、 Fixed-point number representation : Fixed point designation decimal point Location of fixed , for processing convenient , generally divided into fixed point pure integers and pure decimal 。

2、 floating-point number : Due to the value value to be represented Range The difference is very wide, which brings a lot of inconvenience to storage and calculation Floating point operation Law.

Floating point representation , that is, the position of the decimal point is float Of. his thought originate Scientific enumeration 。 IEEE 754 floating-point number (relatively special) floating-point number normalization: mainly solve the problem of the difference of the same floating-point number representation Uniqueness Question. If not, the mantissa shall be shifted to the left or right.

Machine zero Concept of: mantissa is 0 or Order code The value is less than the smallest number that can be represented.

3、 Decimal number String representation: because people compare decimal numbers be familiar with , so in computer To add support for decimal operations. Two methods: change the decimal number to Binary number Operation, and then change from binary to decimal when outputting. Direct decimal operation. Direct operation Representation of: character string Form: compressed decimal number string for non numerical calculation field: divided into Fixed length And variable length. The corresponding decimal arithmetic unit and instruction support are required.

4. Custom Data representation : Flag data representation descriptor Data representation. difference : The identifier is connected with each data, and the two are stored together in one Storage unit , and the descriptor should be stored separately from the data; In the descriptor representation, the descriptor is accessed first, then the data, and at least one memory access is added; Descriptors are part of a program, not part of data. Original code : Compare natural Of Representation , the highest bit indicates Symbol , 0 is positive, 1 is negative. Advantages: easy to understand. Disadvantages: addition and subtraction operations are complex. Complement : addition and subtraction convenient , subtraction can be converted to addition 。 Fixed-point decimal Complement of. Fixed point integer Complement of, Reverse code : To calculate complement convenient And introduce. Complement from reverse code: Symbol Position 1, everyone is inverted, and the last digit is added with 1. Code shifting : Used for the representation of order codes. It is easy to compare the size of two shift codes Antithesis 。

Arithmetic unit

ASCII code input code : for chinese characters Input; chinese characters Storage; Typeface Code: used to display Chinese characters. remainder Two processing methods: recovery remainder method: the operation steps are uncertain, the control is complex, and it is not suitable for computer Operation. Alternating addition and subtraction : Do not restore the remainder, the operation steps are determined, suitable for computer Operation. logic Number concept : Without Symbol Of Binary number 。 Four Logical operation ： Logical negation , logical addition, logical multiplication, logical difference. Multifunctional arithmetic/ Logical operation Unit（ ALU ）Parallel carry ， traveling wave Carry addition/ Subtractor There are two problems: the operation time is long, and the traveling wave carry add/subtract can only complete addition And subtraction, instead of completing logic operation, control terminal M is used to control production Arithmetic operation Or logical operation, two kinds of operation difference It depends on whether carry is processed. When M=0, there is no effect on carry, which is arithmetic operation; When M=1, carry is blocked, which is Logical operation 。 Positive logic Medium, for "1" High level Indicates that "0" is used Low level Represents, and Negative logic Just the opposite. Logical and Negative logical relationship Is, the "and" of positive logic becomes "or" in negative logic, that is,+· interchange.

Internal bus , bus classification : internal bus External bus （ system bus ）, communication bus. Bus It can also be divided into One way bus and Bidirectional bus 。 belt Latch Of Bus The bus can be reused. The arithmetic unit includes ALU, array multiplication and division device register 、 Multiway switch 、 Tristate buffer , data bus, etc Logic unit 。 The design of arithmetic unit mainly focuses on how to transfer ALU and register to data bus Operands And calculation results. Three structures of arithmetic unit: single Bus structure The main disadvantage of this structure is that the operation progress is slow, but the control circuit is simple. double Bus structure The arithmetic unit of. Arithmetic with three bus structure: The characteristic of arithmetic with three bus structure is fast operation time.

structure

Arithmetic unit

The arithmetic unit includes registers Executive part And control circuit. There are three registers in a typical arithmetic unit: receive and save one Operands Receive register of; Object that stores another operand and the result of the operation Accumulation register ； Multiplying Division operation Save multiplier or Quotient Of Quotient register 。 The execution component consists of a adder And each type Type I/O Gate circuit 。 The control circuit shall comply with certain Chronological order Send out different controls signal To make the data enter the register or adder , complete the specified operation 。 In order to reduce the number of storage 's visit, many computer The arithmetic unit of is equipped with more registers to store intermediate calculations result , so that it can be directly used as Operands 。 To improve Operation speed , some Mainframe There are multiple arithmetic units. They can be different types of operators, such as fixed-point adder 、 Floating point adder 、 Multiplier It can also be an arithmetic unit of the same type. The composition of the calculator depends on the design of the whole machine thought and Design It is required that different arithmetic methods will lead to different composition of arithmetic units. However, since the basic functions of the arithmetic unit are the same, and its algorithms are roughly the same, the arithmetic units of different machines are much the same. The arithmetic unit is mainly composed of Arithmetic logic unit 、 General register Group and Status register form. 1. Arithmetic logic unit ALU. ALU mainly completes Binary Fixed point of information arithmetic Operation logic Operations and various shift operations. Arithmetic operations mainly include fixed-point addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation Mainly Logical and 、 Logical OR 、 Logical XOR and Logical negation Operation. Shift operation mainly completes logic Shift Left And right shifts, arithmetic left shifts and right shifts, and other shift operations. In some machines, ALU also needs to complete value comparison and change values Symbol , Calculation Operands stay storage In address Etc. It can be seen that ALU has a strong function Combinational logic circuit , sometimes referred to as multi-function Generator , which is the core component of the arithmetic unit. The number of data bits that ALU can process (i.e Word length ）It is related to the machine. as Z80 Single board computer In, ALU is 8 bits; IBM PC/XT And AT machines, ALU is 16 bits; 386 and 486 microcomputer In, ALU is 32-bit. ALU has two data input terminals and one data output terminal width (that is, the number of bits) is the same as the data width processed by ALU.

2、 General register The arithmetic unit of the machine designed by group has a set of general registers. It is mainly used to save the Operands The result of the sum operation. Early machines only designed one register , for storage Operands , operation result and performing shift operation

Arithmetic unit

, which is often called accumulator 。 General register Can be used as accumulator use. General register Data for Access speed It's very fast, usually ten millionths Microsecond （ μ s）。 If both ALUs Operands If all are from registers, the operation speed can be greatly improved. General register It can also be used as a special register, including for calculation Operands Of address (used to provide operands Formal address , formed accordingly Valid address Visit again Main storage Unit). For example, it can be used as Index register 、 Program counter （PC）、 stack Indicator（ SP ）Etc. It must be noted that different machines use different registers and set different numbers.

3、 Status register The status register is used to record arithmetic Logical operation Or the result status of the test operation. Programming These states are typically used as Conditional branch instruction Is also called Condition code Register. The following status bits are generally set:

(1) Zero flag bit (Z): when the operation result is 0, the Z position is "1"; If not 0, set "0";

(2) Negative flag bit (N): when the operation result is negative, the N position is "1"; Is timing, set to "0";

(3) Overflow flag bit (V): when the operation result overflows, the V position is "1"; If there is no overflow, set "0";

(4) Carry or Debit Sign (C): doing addition If the operation result Most significant bit (With Symbol Number, that is, sign bit; yes Unsigned number When carry is generated forward, C position is "1"; When there is no carry, set "0". When subtracting, if it is not enough to subtract, when the most significant digit is borrowed forward (at this time, no carry forward is generated), position C is "1"; When there is no borrowing (i.e. there is carry generation), position C is "0". In addition to the above states, Status register It is also often equipped to save relevant interrupts and machines working condition （ User status or Nuclear mentality ）Some flag bits of information such as Symbol Not exactly the same), so as to reflect the working state of the machine running program in a timely manner, so some machines call it“ Program status word ”Or“ Processor status word ”（Processor Status Word， PSW ）。

performance index

Announce

edit

one Machine word length The machine word length refers to the basic digits of the data involved in the operation. It's decided register 、 Arithmetic unit and data bus This directly affects the price of hardware. Word length It indicates the calculation accuracy. In order to coordinate the accuracy and cost, and meet various requirements, many computer Allowable variation Word length Calculations, such as half word length, full word length, and Double word length Etc. Because number and Command code All on Main storage Medium, so Word length And Instruction code The length often has a corresponding relationship, and the word length also affects the instruction system function The strength of. computer Word length From 4-bit, 8-bit, 16 bit, 32-bit to 64 bit. machine Word length Can contain one or more byte 。 be used for Scientific computing To ensure accuracy, a longer Word length ； be used for data processing 、 Industrial control 16 bit or 32 bit word length can meet the requirements.

Arithmetic unit

two Operation speed , it is computer One of the main indicators of. computer The time required to perform different operations and operations may be different, so there are different calculation methods for operation speed. Commonly used average velocity , that is, the average number of instructions that can be executed in a unit time, such as computer The operation speed is 1 million times/second, which means that the machine can execute 1 million times/second on average instructions (i.e. 1 MIPS ）。 Sometimes used Weighted average method (That is, according to the execution time of each instruction and the proportion of this instruction in all operations percentage Calculation).

Function classification

Announce

edit

The basic function of the arithmetic unit is to process various data, such as arithmetic Four arithmetic operations , and, or, reverse, etc Logical operation , Arithmetic sum Logical shift Operation, value comparison, change Symbol , Calculate Main storage address Etc. In the solver register It is used to temporarily save the data involved in the operation and the intermediate results of the operation. Corresponding parts shall also be set in the calculator to record the characteristics of an operation result, such as whether or not overflow , resulting Symbol Bit, whether the result is zero, etc. computer There are many types of calculators used. From different perspectives, there are different classification method 。 from decimal point The representation of can be divided into fixed-point solver and Floating point arithmetic unit 。 The fixed-point solver can only do Number of fixed points Operation, characterized by Number of machines Represented Range Smaller, but simpler in structure. Floating point arithmetic unit Strong function, which can not only Floating point number It can also operate on fixed point numbers, and its number representation Range It is large, but its structure is quite complex. From the perspective of carry system Binary Arithmetic and Ten Base Arithmetic unit. commonly computer All adopt Binary As computers are widely used in business and data processing, more and more machines are expanded decimal system The function of operation enables the calculator to complete Binary Operation, can also complete decimal operation. computer The arithmetic unit in the must have the function of completing a variety of operations, so it is necessary to integrate various algorithms and design a complete arithmetic unit.

Floating point arithmetic unit

1、 Floating point arithmetic unit General structure of

Floating point operation Two available loose Connected Fixed-point operation Components: Order code Components and Mantissa Components, Floating point arithmetic unit In essence, the mantissa unit of the general structure of is a general-purpose fixed-point arithmetic unit, which is required to realize four basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Three of them Word length deposit The device is used for storage Operands : AC is accumulator ， MQ by Quotient register DR is Data register 。 AC and MQ can also form left and right shifted double Word length Register AC － MQ. Parallel adder Used to finish

Arithmetic unit

For processing of data, its input comes from AC and DR, and the result is sent back to AC. MQ register is stored during multiplication multiplier , and stored during division Quotient , so it is called the quotient register. DR is used for storage Multiplicand or Divisor , and the result (product or quotient and remainder ）It is stored in AC － MQ. In the four operations, the typical methods of using these registers are as follows:

Operation class register relation addition AC+DR→AC subtraction AC－DR→AC multiplication DR×MQ→AC－MQ division AC÷DR→AC－MQ

For order code components, only order code addition, subtraction and comparison operations can be performed. In Figure 2-21, Operands The order code part of is placed in registers E1 and E2, which are connected to the parallel adder for calculation. floating-point addition The comparison with the order code required for subtraction is achieved through E1-E2, and the result of subtraction is put into Counter E, and then follow E's Symbol To determine which order code is larger. Before adding or subtracting mantissa, a mantissa needs to be shifted, which is controlled by the counter E, in order to reduce the value of E to 0 in sequence. E Each time you subtract 1, the corresponding mantissa moves 1 bit to the right. Once the mantissa is completed at high speed, they can be processed according to the usual fixed-point method. The order code value of the operation result is still placed in the counter E.

2. Point coprocessor, 80x87 is American Intel Corporation To process the arithmetic operations and multiple function Special arithmetic operation processor designed and produced for calculation. Because their arithmetic operation is compatible with 80x86 CPU It is also called Coprocessor 。 We take 80x87 as an example to discuss the composition of floating point arithmetic unit. The main functions of the floating point coprocessor are as follows:

(1) It can work asynchronously and in parallel with the supporting CPU chip. 80x87 is equivalent to an I/O unit of 386. It has its own instructions, but cannot be used alone. It can only operate as a coprocessor of 386 main CPU. Because the real work of reading and writing main memory is not completed by 80x87, but by 386. If 386's instructions read from main memory are 80x87 floating point instructions, they will Output mode Send the instruction to 80x87, and 80x87 will decode and execute floating point operation after receiving it. During 80x87 operation, 386 can execute another instruction, thus realizing parallel work. If 386 fetches another 80x87 instruction during 80x87 floating-point operation instruction, 80x87 will give a "busy" Sign signal Reject it, causing 386 to suspend sending commands to 80x87. 386 can only send once after 80x87 finishes floating point operation and cancels the "busy" flag signal.

(2) High performance 80 bits of Word length The internal structure of the stack Mode managed Register group 。 80x87 slave storage When fetching data and writing data to memory, 80 bit temporary real number and other 6 types are used data type Perform automatic conversion. All data are represented in 80x87 as 80 bit temporary real numbers. Therefore, 80x87 has an internal structure of 80 bits and eight 80 bits Word length The register group managed by "first in first out" mode is also called register stack 。 These registers can work in stack mode. At this time, Top of stack be used as accumulator ； Or by register number Direct access Any register.

(3) The format of floating point number completely conforms to IEEE Prepared international standard 。

(4) Capable of handling Binary There are 7 kinds of data in three categories: floating point number, binary integer and decimal number string. These seven data types are represented in the register as follows: short integer (32-bit integer) S 31 bit（ Binary Complement ）Long integer (64 bit integer) S 63 bit (binary complement) short real number (32-bit floating point number) S exponential mantissa (23 bits) long real number (64 bit floating point number) S exponential mantissa (52 bits) temporary real number (80 bit floating point number) S exponential mantissa (64 bits) decimal number string (decimal 18 bits) S -- d17d16... d1d0. Here S is one digit Symbol Bit, 0 represents positive, 1 represents negative. The base value of three floating point order codes is 2. For order code value Code shifting Represent with mantissa Original code express. The mantissa includes 32 bit, 64 bit and 80 bit. It is not only a floating point arithmetic unit, but also includes execution Data operation All you need Control line In terms of the operation part, there are components and processes for handling the floating point index part Mantissa Some parts, as well as accelerated shift operation Shifter Lines, which are connected with eight 80 bits through the exponential bus and decimal bus Word length Register stack. (5) Internal error management function In order to ensure the correct execution of the operation, 80x87 has also set three internal 16 bit Word length The register of, that is, feature register, control word register and status register. The characteristic register uses every two bits to represent the status of each register in the register stack, that is characteristic value Four combinations of 00-11 indicate that the corresponding register has correct data, data is 0, data is illegal, and no data. The control word register is used to control the internal operation of 80x87. PC is precision control Bit field (2 bits): 00 is 24 bits, 01 is standby, 10 is 53 bits, and 11 is 64 bits. RC is the rounding control bit field (2 bits): 00 is the nearest rounding, 01 is rounded in the - direction, 10 is rounded in the+direction, and 11 is rounded in the 0 direction. IC is Infinity Control Bit: when this bit is 0,+and - are treated as the same value; when this bit is 1,+and - are not treated as the same value. Control register The lower 6 bits of are used as abnormal interrupt mask bits: IM is illegal processing, DM is illegal operand, ZM is 0 as divisor, and OM is Overflow , UM is underflow, PM is precision decline. Status word The register is used to indicate the result processing of 80x87. For example, when the "busy" flag is 1, it means that a floating point operation instruction is being executed, and when it is 0, it means that 80x87 is idle. The lower 6 bits of the status register indicate 6 of the abnormal error type Type, 6 bits lower than the control register. When the control register bit of is 0 (unshielded) and the status register bit is 1, an abnormal error occurs Interrupt request 。

3. In CPU Floating point arithmetic unit , Pentium CPU includes floating point arithmetic unit in the chip. Floating point operation Assembly line design is adopted for components. The instruction execution process is divided into 8 segments of pipeline. The first four paragraphs are Instruction prefetch （DF）、 Instruction decoding (D1）、 address Generate (D2), fetch Operands (EX), completed in the U, V pipeline; The last four paragraphs are execution 1 (X1), execution 2 (X2), and results Writeback Register heap （WF）、 Error Reporting (ER), on Floating point arithmetic unit Completed in. Generally, a floating point operation instruction is completed by the V pipeline. Floating point parts have floating point specific adder 、 Multiplier and Divider , 8 80 bits Register group Built register stack, internal data bus It is 80 bits wide. Therefore, floating point assembly can support IEEE754 standard Of Single precision and Double precision Floating point number in format. In addition, an 80 bit floating point number called temporary real number is also used. For floating point fetching addition , multiplication and other operations, using new algorithms and hardware to achieve, its execution speed is more than 10 times 80486.

development

Announce

edit

In the 5th century BC, the Chinese invented Abacus , widely used in Commercial trade The abacus is considered the earliest computer , and has been used until now. Abacus Computing power To exceed computer The abacus reflects the wisdom of the Chinese people.

Arithmetic unit

It was not until the 17th century that computing equipment made a second important progress. In 1642, French Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) invented automatic carry adder , called Pascalene. In 1694, Germany Mathematician Gottfried Wilhemvon Leibniz (1646-1716) improved Pascaline to calculate multiplication. Later, Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, a Frenchman, invented Four arithmetic operations Calculator for. modern computer The real origin of "is from Charles Babbage, a British mathematics professor.". Charles Babbage found that there are many errors in common computing devices Cambridge When learning, he thinks he can use steam engine Perform the operation. At first he designed Differential machine It is used to calculate the navigation table. Later, he found that the differential unit is only specialized purpose We gave up our original research and began to design modern machines computer Basic component Analyzer 。（Analytical Engine）

Steam power of Babbage computer Although it was not completed in the end, it is also very primitive by today's standards. However, it outlines the modern General purpose computer Of basic function Part is a breakthrough in concept.

In the following years, many engineers made important progress in other aspects. American Herman Hollerith (1860-1929), according to jacquard weave loom The principle of computer And bring it into the business field to establish a company.

modern computer development history

first generation Tube computer (1946-1957)

February 15, 1946, the symbol of modern times computer Born ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) Philadelphia make public to the world. ENIAC stands for Computer History The milestone on, which is programmed by rewiring between different parts, also has Parallel computing Ability. ENIAC by U.S. government and University of Pennsylvania Cooperative development, using 18000 Electronic tube 70000 resistor , 5 million welding points, 160 kW power consumption Operation speed Is 5000 times per second. First generation computer Is characterized by Operation instruction It is prepared for specific tasks, and each machine has its own machine language , the function is limited and the speed is slow. Another obvious feature is the use of vacuum tubes and drum Store data

Second generation transistor computer (1957-1964)

Arithmetic unit

In 1948, transistor The invention replaced the huge electronic tube, Electronic equipment The volume of is decreasing. In 1956, the transistor computer Used in, transistor and Core memory Caused Second generation computer Generation of. Second generation computer Small size, fast speed, low power consumption performance More stable. In 1960, there were some second generation successfully used in the business field, universities and government departments computer 。 Second generation computer Transistors are used instead of electronic tubes, and there are some components of modern computers: printers magnetic tape 、 disk 、 Memory , operating system, etc. computer The program stored in makes the computer have good adaptability and can be more effectively used for commercial purposes. During this period, more advanced COBOL and FORTRAN Etc computer Programming is easier. New occupation（ programmer 、 analyst and computer system Experts) and the entire software industry This was born.

Third generation Integrated circuit computer (1964-1972)

1958 Texas Instruments Jack Kilby, an engineer of Integrated circuit (IC), three types of electronic component To a small piece of silicon. More components integrated into a single semiconductor chip On, computer Become smaller, power waste Lower, faster. The development of this period also included the use of operating systems, which made computer Many different programs can be run simultaneously under the control and coordination of the central program.

The fourth generation large-scale integrated circuit Computer (1972 - present)

large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) can hold hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, vlsi (VLSI) holds hundreds of thousands of components on the chip, and later (ULSI) expands the number to millions. Such a number of components can be accommodated on a coin sized chip to computer The volume and price of are declining, while the function and reliability are increasing. In the mid-1970s, computer When manufacturers began to bring computers to ordinary consumers Minicomputer With friendly interface software package , procedures for non professionals and the most popular Word processing and Spreadsheet Procedure. In 1981, IBM introduction personal computer (PC) for home, office and school. Individual in 1980s computer The competition of, microcomputer As the ownership of the computer continues to increase, the size of the computer continues to shrink. And IBM PC Competitive Apple Mac The intosh series was launched in 1984, and Macintosh provides a friendly Graphical interface , users can use the mouse convenient Local operation.

Chronicle

Announce

edit

In 1666 britain Samuel Morland invented a computer that can calculate Addend and Subtraction Machinery of Counter 。

In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz built a counting machine with stepped cylindrical wheels, called "Stepped Reckoner", which can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder.

Arithmetic unit

In 1694, Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, improved Pascalene of Paska and produced a computer multiplier It still uses gears and Dial Operation.

In 1773, Philipp Matthaus made and sold a small amount accurate To 12 bit computer Device.

In 1775, The third Earl of Stanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz.

In 1786, J H. Mueller designed a Differential machine Unfortunately, no funds were allocated for manufacturing.

In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom Is ordered by connection Punch card Controls the style of weaving.

In 1854, George Boole published "An Investigation of the Laws of Thought", which is about Symbol And logical reasons, which later became computer Basic concept of design.

In 1858, a telegraph line crossed for the first time Atlantic , and provided several days of service.

In 1861, a transcontinental telegram Handlebar Atlantic and the pacific ocean Coastal connection.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and obtained patent right 。

Between 1876 and 1878, Baron Kelvin produced a Overtone Analyzer And tide prediction machine.

In 1882, William S. Burroughs resigned from the bank Clerk And focused on the invention of adder.

In 1889, Herman Hollerith's electric tabulator had an outstanding performance in the competition and was used in the 1890 Demographic survey 。 Herman Hollerith used the concept of Jacquard loom to calculate. He used cards to store data, and then injected them into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the demographic survey results that would have taken ten years to get in just six weeks.

In 1893, the first four function calculator was invented.

Guglielmo, 1895 Marconi Transmit broadcast signals.

In 1896, Hollerith established Tabulating Machine Company.

In 1901, the punch key appeared, and there were few changes in the following half century.

In 1904, John A. Fleming achieved a vacuum diode The patent right of Radio communication Build the foundation.

In 1906, Lee de Foredt added a third valve to the diode in Felming and created a three electrode Vacuum tube 。

In 1907, record music New York Form the first official radio station.

In 1908, British scientist Campbell Swinton stated that Electronic scanning Method and prediction crt Make TV.

In 1911, Hollerith's watch machine company and the other two Corporate merger , forming the Computer Tabulating Recording Company (C-T-R), tabulating and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machine Corporation（ IBM ）。

In 1911, Netherlands Physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity in Leiden University.

In 1931, Vannever Bush invented a Difference The counting machine of the program, which can solve some problems for mathematicians and scientists headache The complex differential program of.

In 1935, IBM (International Business Machine Corporation) introduced "IBM 601", which is a punch card machine with arithmetic parts and can calculate multipliers in one second. It plays a great role in scientific and commercial computing. A total of 1500 units have been produced.

In 1937, Alan Turing came up with a concept of "Universal Machine", which can execute any algorithm, forming a basic concept of "computability". Turing's concept is better than other similar inventions, because he uses Symbol The concept of symbol processing.

In November 1939, John Vincent Atanniff and John Berry manufactured a 16 bit adder. It was the first machine to calculate with a vacuum tube.

In 1939, Zuse and Schreyer created "V2" [later called Z2], and this machine continued to use the machinery of Z1 Reservoir , add one with Breaker The new arithmetic unit of the logic (Relay Logic). But when Zuse finished the draft, the plan was suspended for one year.

Arithmetic unit

In 1939-40, Schreyer completed the 10 bit adder with vacuum tube and neon Neon memory 。

In January 1940, at Bell Labs, Samuel Williams And Stibitz have completed a machine that can calculate complex numbers, called“ Complex digital counter (Complex Number Calculator) ", later renamed" Model I Relay Calculator ". It uses the telephone switch part to make Logic unit : 145 breakers, 10 crossbar switches. Numbers are represented by "Plus 3BCD". In September of the same year, telex Typing etype is installed in a math conference and connected to New York by New Hampshire.

In 1940, Zuse finally completed Z2, which was better than the operation, but not too reliable.

In the summer of 1941, Atanasoff and Berry completed a calculator specially designed to solve the system of simultaneous linear equations, later called "ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)". It has 60 50 bit memories, which are installed on two rotating drums in the form of capacitors, Clock speed It is 60Hz.

In February 1941, Zuse completed "V3" (later called Z3), the first programmable counter in operation. It also used Floating point operations , 7-bit index, 14 bit index Mantissa , and a Sign 。 The memory can store 64 words, so 1400 breakers are required. It has more than 1200 arithmetic and control parts, and the programming, input and output are the same as Z1. In January 1943, Howard H. Aiken completed the "ASCC Mark I" (Automatic Sequence -- Controlled Calculator Mark I), also known as "Howard Mark I". This machine is 51 feet long and weighs 5 tons. It is a combination of 750000 parts. It has 72 accumulator Each has its own arithmetic unit and a 23 digit register.

In December 1943, Tommy Flowers and his team completed the first "Colossus", which has 2400 vacuum tubes as logic components and 5 paper tape loop readers, each of which can work 5000 per second character 。

In 1943, led by John Brained, ENIAC Start research. John Mauchly and J Presser Eckert is responsible for the implementation of this plan.

1946v first electronic digital Integral calculator (ENIAC) U.S.A Construction completed.

American Calculator Association, 1947（ ACM ）Establishment.

In 1947, Britain completed the first storage vacuum tube O 1948 Bell The telephone company developed semiconductors.

In 1949, the construction was completed in Britain“ Delayed memory electronic automatic calculator "( EDSAC )

In 1950, the term "automation" was first used automotive industry 。

In 1951, U.S.A Massachusetts Institute of Technology make magnetic core

In 1952, the first "stored program calculator" was born.

In 1952, the first large-scale computer system IBM 701 announced completion of construction.

In 1952, the first one Symbol language interpreter Successful invention.

In 1954, the first semiconductor computer Developed by Bell Telephone Company.

In 1954, the first universal data processor IBM 650 was born.

In 1955, the first Mainframe IBM705 construction completed.

Arithmetic unit

In 1956, IBM launched Science 704 computer 。 In 1957, Programming language FORTRAN Come out.

In 1959, the first small Scientific calculator IBM620 was successfully developed.

In 1960, data processing system IBM1401 was successfully developed.

In 1961, programming language COBOL Come out.

In 1961, the first one subsystem computer from Massachusetts Institute of Technology Design completed.

In 1963, BASIC language Come out.

In 1964, Third generation computer IBM 360 series.

In 1965, American Digital Equipment Company launched the first Minicomputer PDP -8。

In 1969, IBM successfully developed 90 trains The card machine And system -- 3 computer System.

In 1970, IBM System 1370 Computer series make.

In 1971, University of Illinois Design completed Iliac IV Supercomputer 。

In 1971, the first microprocessor 4004 was built by Intel The company has successfully developed.

In 1972, microprocessor substrates began to be mass produced and sold.

Arithmetic unit

In 1973, the first film floppy disk Developed by IBM. In 1975, ATARI --8800 microcomputer Come out.

In 1977, Comodol announced the full portfolio microcomputer PET - 2001 was successfully developed.

In 1977, TRS-80 microcomputer was born.

In 1977, Apple --Type II microcomputer was born.

In 1978, vlsi Start application.

1978, bubble storage Second time for commercial use computer 。

In 1979, Sharp announced the first portable microcomputer.

In 1982, microcomputer It began to be popularized and entered schools and families in large numbers.

In 1984, Japan Computer industry Start developing“ Fifth generation computer "--- Computers with artificial intelligence

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself

I have questions

Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback

Complaints and suggestions

Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001