An automatic weather station refers to an observation device that can automatically collect and transmit meteorological information.[11]The meteorological station that can automatically detect multiple elements in a certain area according to needs, can automatically generate messages without manual intervention, and regularly transmit detection data to the central station is to make up for the space areaMeteorological observationAn important means of data blank.[1]By Meteorologysensor, microcomputer meteorological data acquisition instrument, power supply system, radiation proof ventilation hood, all-weather protection box, meteorological observation support, communication module and other parts.
Automatic weather station, which can be used forwind speed, wind direction, rainfallair temperature , air humidityLight intensity、soil temperature , soil moistureEvaporation capacity, atmospheric pressure and other meteorological elements for all-weather on-site monitoring.It can be connected to the computer through the professional supporting data acquisition communication line to transmit the data to the meteorological computerdata baseFor statistical analysis and processing.[2]
On July 31, 2020, 1185 automatic weather stations in poor villages and towns across the country will be completed and put into operation as scheduled.This batch of meteorological stations are mainly multi-element stations, focusing on collecting data such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind direction and wind speed[3]。On May 4, 2022, China successfully built the world's highest automatic weather station at 8830 meters above the Everest[8]。
Chinese name
automatic weather station
Purpose
Meteorological survey
Application
Precise monitoring, accurate early warning, scientific scheduling, flood control and disaster relief, etc
An automatic weather station refers to an observation device that can automatically collect and transmit meteorological information.[11]The meteorological station built in a certain area that can automatically detect multiple elements according to needs, can automatically generate messages without manual intervention, and regularly transmit detection data to the central station, is an important means to make up for the gaps in meteorological observation data in the space area.[1]The automatic weather station is composed of meteorological sensor, microcomputer meteorological data acquisition instrument, power supply system, radiation proof ventilation hood, all-weather protection box, meteorological observation support, communication module, etc.Temperature and humiditywind speedWind direction and other sensors are special sensors for outdoor weather, which are characterized by high accuracy and reliability.
automatic weather stationIt is used to measure the wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, air temperature, air humidity, light intensitysoil temperature , soil moisture, evaporation, atmospheric pressure and other meteorological elements for all-weather on-site monitoring.It can be connected to the computer through the professional supporting data acquisition communication line to transmit the data to the meteorological computerdata baseFor statistical analysis and processing.[2]
Automatic weather stations continue to play an important role in precision monitoring, accurate early warning, scientific scheduling, flood control and disaster relief[3]。
working principle
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The basic principle of the automatic weather station (as shown in Figure 1) issensorThe change of corresponding meteorological elements is converted into the corresponding change of electrical signals, which is controlled by the single-chip microcomputerdata collectorThe collected data shall be linearized and calibrated to realize the conversion from engineering quantity to element quantity, and the data shall be subject to quality control.After pretreatment, the real-time values of each meteorological element are obtained, and then transmitted to the microcomputer in the central station by the communication module.[1]
Figure 1 Automatic Weather Station
Composition hardware
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There are many types of automatic weather stations with basically the same structure, mainly composed of sensorscollector, system power supply, communication interface and peripheral equipment (computer, printer).[4]
sensor
Fig. 2 Wind speed sensor
The device or device that can sense the changes of the measured meteorological elements and convert them into usable output signals according to certain rules, usually composed of sensitive elements andconverterform.
The sensors commonly used by the automatic weather station are:
Air pressure - vibrating cylinder type air pressure sensor, capsule type capacitive air pressure sensor
Air temperature - platinum resistance temperature sensor
The data collector is the core of the automatic weather station. Its main functions are data sampling, data processing, data storage and data transmission. Its main technical performances are:
Data sampling rate and algorithm regulations
The power supply of the collector can ensure the normal operation of the collector for at least seven days, and the data memory can store the pressure, temperature, relative humidity, 1-minute average wind direction and wind speed, precipitation and hourly punctual observation data of each item listed in the following table for at least three days, and can form the specified data file in the computer.[4]
System characteristics
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Figure 4 Wind Speed and Direction
·Reliable operation in various harsh field environments, low power consumption, high stability, high precision, and unattended·Perfect lightning protection, anti-interference and other protective measures.
·Both hardware and software adopt modular open design, which can be flexibly combined.
·The weather sensor can be selected as required.
·The communication mode can be selected as required.
·The power supply system can be selected as required.
Monitoring software
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Fig. 5 Supporting software of meteorological station
The software interface of automatic weather station is friendly, as shown in Figure 5.Data can be analyzed through tables or curve views, and multiple communication modes (wired and wireless) can be dynamically networked, which can support concurrent communication of more than 100 monitoring stations;It can run in the system environment above Windows 2000.
communication system
(1) RS232 wired, communication distance 0-10m
(2) RS485 wired, communication distance 0-1000 m
(3) Radio microwave station, communication distance 0-500m
(4) Mobile wireless GPRS, unlimited communication distance (with additional GPRS traffic charges)
(5) WiFi communication, unlimited communication distance (WiFi must be installed)
(5) Weather SMS, unlimited communication distance.Users can freely choose the communication mode according to the site conditions.
Mounting accessories
(1) The main material is stainless steel.
Figure 6 Portable Automatic Weather Station
(2) Installation/structure, pole.The height can be designed according to the actual situation.
(3) Install the box outdoors.
(4) Lightning protection, MSP-1 lightning rod and MGP-1 ground wire device.
Measurement parameters
The parameters usually measured by the automatic weather station are as follows:[5]
Table 1
essential factor
measuring range
resolving power
Accuracy
Company
ground temperature
-50--80
zero point one
±0.3
℃
air temperature
-50--50
zero point one
±0.2
℃
relative humidity
0--100
one
±3
%RH
wind speed
0.4--70
zero point one
±3%
m/s
wind direction
0--360
two point five
±3
°
pressure
450--1060
zero point one
±0.3
hpa
precipitation
0--999.9
zero point one
±0.2
mm
Total radiation
0--2000
one
±2%
w/m2
visibility
10--2000
ten
±10%
m
rainfall
0~4
zero point two
±3%
mm/min
Scope of application
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automatic weather stationIt is used for all-weather on-site monitoring of more than ten meteorological elements, such as wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, air temperature, air humidity, light intensity, soil temperature, soil humidity, evaporation, atmospheric pressure, etc.It can be connected to the computer through the professional supporting data acquisition communication line to transmit the data to the meteorological computerdata baseFor statistical analysis and processing.[2]
Automatic weather station is automatically controlled by electronic equipment or computermeteorological observationMeteorological stations for data collection and transmission are generally composed of sensors, converters, data processing devices, data transmission devices, power supplies, etc.The converter converts the meteorological parameters induced by the sensor into electrical signals (such as voltage, current, frequency, etc.);The data processing device will process these electrical signals and convert them into corresponding meteorological element values.The processed meteorological element data is arranged according to the specified format, and transmitted to the user through the data transmission device in wired or wireless mode, or stored on the media, and recovered by the user regularly.The power supply is to provide power for the normal operation of the weather station, and usually uses solar cells in the field.The whole system is automatically managed by a microcomputer.
The observation items of automatic weather station usually include basic meteorological elements such as pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, etc. Other elements can be measured after expansion.
Automatic weather station is a kind of equipment that can automatically observe and store meteorological observation data, which is mainly composed of sensors, collectors, communication interfaces, system power supply, etc. With the change of meteorological element values, the electric quantity output by the sensing elements of each sensor changes, which is collected by the data collector controlled by CPU in real time, and processed through linearization and quantification,Realize the conversion from engineering quantity to element quantity, and then screen the data to obtain the value of each meteorological element.The observation items of the automatic weather station mainly include air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall and other elements. After expansion, other elements can also be measured. The data collection frequency is high, and a group of observation data is collected and stored every minute.The automatic weather station can also be divided into manned automatic station and unmanned automatic station according to the manual intervention on the automatic weather station.Automatic weather station networkIt is composed of a central station and several automatic weather stations through communication circuits.
According to the construction principle that the urban area is about 5km away and the suburb is 10-15km away,Beijing Meteorological Bureau177 multi element automatic weather stations (20 manned automatic weather stations and 157 unmanned automatic weather stations) have been built, and a central station network has been established in the municipal bureau to collect, monitor and distribute the observation data of automatic weather stations in real time. The automatic station network has covered the whole region of Beijing, which can obtain the meteorological element data of Beijing in real time and accurately, better meeting the daily business needs,And do a better job for the Olympic Games and the people of the capitalMeteorological servicesA solid foundation has been laid.
Automatic weather station is a weather station controlled by electronic equipment or computer to automatically conduct meteorological observation and data collection and transmission. It usually has the following two forms:
(1) Wired telemetering automatic weather station: the sensing part of the instrument is tens of meters to several kilometers away from the receiving and processing part, which is transmitted by wired communication circuit.The weather sensor, interface circuitmicro-computer system, communication interface, etc.The sensor converts meteorological information into electrical signals and outputs them by the interface circuit.The microcomputer system is its heart, which is responsible for processing the interface circuit and the signals input by the observer through the keyboard, and outputting, printing and saving the processing results, or sending them to the information network service system through the interface.This kind of automatic station was used for real-time query of meteorological data in the early days, and now it is gradually replacing the main daily observation work of meteorological stations.
(2) Wireless telemetry weather station: also called unmanned weather station.It consists of measurement system, program control and coding transmission system, and power supply.There are two common ways to convert meteorological elements into electrical signals: mechanical encoding and low-frequency modulation. The former mostly uses mechanical displacement sensing elements to make the pointer move on the code plate and send out different codes;The latter uses electrical parameter output sensing elements to generate a low-frequency signal, and then transmit the signal on the RF.The unmanned weather station can normally work continuously for about a year, and regularly observe 4-24 times a day.It can command or receive the telegrams sent by the control center 1000 kilometers away, or collect and transmit the data sent by the satellite.The station is usually located in desert, mountain, ocean (floating or fixed) and other sparsely populated areas for fillingSurface meteorological observationThe blank space of the net.
Main configuration
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Figure 7 Configuration of Automatic Weather Station
The configuration of each automatic weather station can be different, but usually includes the following:
All weather data recorder, rechargeable battery and telemetry device (optional)
The shell of the automatic weather station is usually all-weatherGlassFiber,ABS resinOr stainless steel.
ABS plasticThe shell is characterized by light weight and low price.ABS plastic shell is commonly used for automatic weather station, but compared withglass fibreOr stainless steel is not safe and solid.
The fiberglass enclosure is characterized by chemical orwaterCorrosion.
Stainless steel housing is the best choice and is usually 316s/s or 304s/s.Stainless steel shell has corrosion resistance and chemical resistance.These cases are also expensive, and the cost of the same size can be more than twice that of fiberglass enclosures.
Solar panel
The main power source of the automatic weather station is usually one or more solar panel parallel regulators and one or more charging pools.Generally speaking, the output of solar panels is its best only 5 hours a day.Therefore, the installation angle and position are crucial.The solar panels in the northern hemisphere will be installed facing south, while those in the southern hemisphere will face north.The installation angle is different, but the installation angle should never be 5 degrees, because it will cause dust accumulation and reduce power output.
In sunny conditions, 12VDCThe output value of the solar panel is:
5 watts=400mA/hr
10W=800mA/hr
20W=1.6A/hr
40 Watts=3.3A/hr
mast
The standard mast height used by the automatic weather station is 2m, 3m, 10m and 30m.There are other sizes, but usually these sizes are considered standard.
The 2 m (6.6 ft) mast is used to measure parameters that affect humans.The mast height is the height of the reference head.
The 3m (9.8ft) mast is used to measure parameters that affect crops (such asWheat, sugarcane, etc.).The mast height is the top of the reference crop.
The 10 m (32.8 ft) mast is used to measure data to avoid being affected by trees, such as trees, buildings or other obstacles.Usually this automatic weather station measures wind speed and direction.
The 30m (98.4ft) mast is a hierarchical data model for measuring parameters.Wind, humidity and temperature are measured in each layer of 2m, 3m, 10m and 30m.Other sensors are installed at a height of 2 meters or less.
Type classification
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Automatic weather stations are divided into:Handheld weather station, vehicle mounted meteorological station, wireless telemetry meteorological station, wired telemetry meteorological stationPortable weather station。 1. Handheld weather station: Handheld weather station is the smallest weather station, which is composed of hand-held instruments and sensors, easy to carry, and the measured data is directly displayed on the site.However, this kind of weather station generally does not have remote function, and there are few sensors connected, so the connection cannot be expanded.2. Vehicle mounted meteorological station: This is a mobile observation meteorological station specially designed for vehicles, ships and other emergency environment detection equipment, and the number of connected sensors is relatively small.3. Wireless telemetering weather station: The most advanced weather station at present is this kind of weather station. It uses the Internet of Things mode and GPRS data transmission mode to upload data to the network platform. Where there is a network, you can log in to the platform at any time to view the on-site data of the weather station.It also has the function of giving SMS warning prompt, which can be extended to connect many sensors.This kind of weather station is also called unmanned weather station.For example, the German STEPS model is the weather station of T-Warner, which uses this technology.4. Wired telemetric weather station: This is the monitoring mode of traditional weather stations. The sensing part and the receiving and processing part are separated by tens of meters to several kilometers, and are transmitted by wired communication circuit.The sensor transmits the data to the PC through the data cable.This method is suitable for manned areas.5. Portable weather station: it is used to monitor the field climate and directly transmit the data to the data collector, which stores the data and regularly goes to the site for data.The biggest advantage of this kind of weather station is that it is convenient to move and its cost is much lower.[6]
The automatic weather station is divided into soil moisture monitoring stationautomatic precipitation station Automatic water level monitoring station, rainwater monitoring station, multi factor automatic weather station.1. Soil moisture monitoring station: it is mainly used to monitor drought and flood, and its connected sensors are mainlySoil moisture sensor。For example, Germany STEPS SW3000 is a typical soil moisture monitoring station.2. Automatic rainfall station: as its name implies, it is mainly a monitoring station to monitor rainfall, and the main connected sensors arerain sensor 。 3. Automatic water level monitoring station: it is mainly a monitoring station for monitoring water level and is mainly connected with water level sensor.4. Rainwater regime monitoring station: it integrates automatic rainfall station and water level monitoring station, and one monitoring station is connected with two kinds of sensors.5. Multi element automatic weather station: a monitoring station that can monitor wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity, rainfall, total radiation, atmospheric pressure and other factors.Multiple sensors can be expanded and connected.Automatic weather stations are divided into: farmland climate observation stationsTraffic weather stationMarine environment meteorological station, hydrometeorological station, forest fire monitoring station, scientific research meteorological station.[6]
major function
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Figure 8
1. Real time monitoring of temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, air pressuresolar radiation, ambient gas, soil temperature, soil moisture, visibility and other meteorological parameters. The configuration of meteorological observation elements can be flexible and configured according to the actual situation of the project. According to the different configurations, they can be combined into mobile meteorological stations, fixed meteorological stations, gradient observation stations, moisture meteorological stations, forest fire preventionweather station, agricultural and forestry microclimate observation stations, expressway meteorological stations and other meteorological observation stations with different uses.
2. Microcomputer meteorologyData acquisition instrumentWith meteorological datacollection, real-time clock, timing storage, parameter setting, parameter and weather history data power down protection and other functions.The data collector adopts a new generation of 32 bit Motorola CPU integrated with high-precision GPS digital chip. 1 microsatellite synchronously supports the NMEA0183 communication protocol. The active ceramic antenna makes the positioning more accurate. The weather monitoring software can accurately locate and view the meteorological environment data in the monitoring area, which is convenient for mobile observation of meteorological data. Industrial control standardized design,Portable anti vibration structure, Chinese character LCD keyboard man-machine interface, using advanced dual screen display technology, the main screen displays real-time meteorological data information, and the auxiliary screen displays geographical status information, including orientation, height, weather forecast data, etc. The man-machine interface is friendly, which is convenient for on-site real-time viewing of meteorological analysis data, without external computer terminal equipment.
3. The data storage mode consists of memory and external memory. The standard configuration is memory. At the same time, external intelligent memory can also be selected for data backup operation. The storage capacity is up to 2G, which can store meteorological data for more than 50 years.
4. The standard RS232/485/USB communication function supports the standard MODBUS communication protocol, and can form a gas monitoring system with the meteorological station receiving server through wired connection, LAN connection, optical fiber connection, Modem connection, GPRS mobile communication, data transmission radio, 3G communication, satellite communication and other communication methods.
GPRS mobile communication technology is the latest generation packet transfer transmission mode created by our company. This mode allows users to send and receive data in the end-to-end packet transfer mode without using the network resources of circuit switching mode.GPRS is always online and charges by traffic, thus providing an efficient and low-cost wireless packet data service.It is especially suitable for intermittent, sudden and frequent data transmission with multiple scattered points and small and medium flow, and also suitable for occasional large data transmission.
5. The automatic weather station management software can run in the environment above WINDOWS 2000 and support the latest WIN7 operating system. It displays all data in real time and updates every 10 seconds. Each group of data is automatically stored (the storage time can be set). It is connected to the printer to automatically print the stored data, generate standard meteorological graphic reports and statistical analysis curves, and the storage capacity is more than several years,The data storage format is EXCEL standard format, which can be called by other software. It has powerful database management function, supports sql, access, oracle and other databases, and can upload data to the central management website for real-time data update and release for query.
6. The power supply system has a variety of ways to choose from, such as municipal power 220V, DC 5V, 12V and solar power supply system.The meteorological data collector is equipped with green energy savingPower managementThe module system, if powered by a solar system, can ensure stable operation without power failure for ten days in continuous rainy days.
7. The stainless steel light metal support and field protection box are used, which have beautiful appearance, corrosion resistance and anti-interference, and can be used in various harsh outdoor environments for a long time. The mounting bracket height includes 2.5m, 3m, 10m, 50m, 100m, and can be used to install meteorological sensors according to different specifications.
8. It is equipped with a new generation of external control management module, through which the weather information display screen can be connected externally for real-time display of weather data and other business information.It is suitable for displaying text, text, graphics, images, animations and other information, and can run outdoors all day long.The equipment is an effective tool and good window for meteorological data display, information release and corporate image publicity in public places.At the same time, the management module can control and manage the working status of external equipment, such as the startup and shutdown of external alarm system.
9. Perfect lightning protection, anti-interference and other protective measures.Lightning protectionNoiseInhibition, etcAnti interference measuresIn terms of hardware and software design, derating designElectromagnetic compatibility designVarious reliability design technologies, such as outlier elimination, can reliably operate in various harsh field environments, with low power consumption, high stability, high precision, and unattended.
Installation and use
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Tools/raw materials
One weather station
One cross screwdriver, one side cutters, one wrench and several ties
Method/Step
Check whether the accessories of the weather station are complete, and check the support, sensor, weather station host, power supply system, etc
Fix the sensor and fix it on the corresponding support. Note that (general wind speed and directionsensorIn the direction of the aviation plug against the support, the louver box faces south and the wind direction faces north)
Fix the solar panel, weather station host and sensor onto the main support and fix them properly;
The weather station shall be wired according to the aviation plug mark before the cable leaves the factory.[2]
Routine maintenance
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First, real-time monitoring of operation status.In daily work, the regional meteorological observation station operates a real-time monitoring system to monitor the operation status of the regional automatic meteorological station in real time according to the status information uploaded every hour.The second is power supply condition monitoring. According to the monitoring platform of the real-time monitoring system, it is found that the data cannot be uploaded continuously at night, and the data transmission is normal when the solar energy supplements the voltage in time in the daytime, which can preliminarily determine the battery undervoltage.The third is to monitor the rationality and correctness of the data collected by the regional automatic weather station through the data query system of the regional automatic weather station, and timely contact the relevant units of the regional bureau in case of obvious errors and doubts for settlement through consultation.The fourth is to monitor the parameter configuration of the regional automatic weather station through the SMS function.[1]
Troubleshooting
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In the daily maintenance work, in order to ensure the efficient and high-quality completion of support tasks, the failures of general regional automatic weather stations are mainly solved by the following methods.[1]
1. Judge by monitoring software and SMS function
Problems can be found in time and preliminary judgment can be made through relevant operation monitoring software.Check the parameter configuration and phone charge status of the faulty weather station through the SMS function. At the same time, according to the SMS function, you can determine whether the regional weather station is operating normally and improve the ability to remotely solve the fault. If the SMS does not reply, you need to rush to the site to deal with the fault.
2. When arriving at the site, first check the status of the indicator on the collector
During the normal operation of the collector, the green (power) indicator flashes twice in 3s, indicating that the device has been connected to the center normally. Otherwise, it can be judged according to four other ways: the module is normally off, the device is looking for the network after flashing once in 1s, the device is looking for the network after flashing once in 3s, and the device is activating GPRS and connecting to TCP after flashing twice in 1s.The measurement red light (network) indicator flashes once in 3s, indicating that the device can find the network normally. If it flashes once in 1s, the device is searchingnetwork。
3. Measure the battery voltage and solar power supply voltage with a multimeter
First, measure the battery voltage.Measure the working voltage of the battery with a multimeter in DC gear (20 V).Under the condition of sufficient solar energy in the daytime, the measured working voltage should be higher than 6.7 V;At night, the working voltage of the battery should be about 6.3 V.If the voltage is lower than 5.5 V, the power supply will not guarantee the normal operation of the automatic station.If the battery voltage is measured separately, disconnect the battery output terminal.The second is to measure the charging current of the solar panel.useA multimeterThe charging current of the solar panel shall be measured at the current level (above 2 A). The charging current shall be different under different sunshine conditions. The current shall be about 1 A when the sun is sufficient.If there is no current, the solar panel is faulty or the power supply wire is open [2].
According to the maintenance work in recent two years, it is found that the main reason for the power failure is the insufficient battery voltage. So far, it can be simply judged whether the data upload is abnormal due to the battery. The failure can be eliminated after the battery is replaced and the status and data monitoring are performed;At the same time, during the preliminary measurement and judgment, the battery power supply and solar power supply were measured separately and analyzed logically. The DY07 was also preliminarily judged. The cause of the fault was determined by replacing the DY07 for continuous monitoring. If the data could not be uploaded normally, the following inspection steps could be continued (the same below).
4 Restart the collector
Before restarting, check whether the terminal is loose, and retighten and plug it (remember that the terminal must be checked when the collector is turned off). Press the power button of the collector. After the system is powered on, the green power indicator lights up, and two consecutive beeps indicate that the device is powered on and started successfully.After about 10 seconds of normal power on, the red network indicator changes from 1 s flashing once to 3 s flashing once, indicating that the device has been registered towireless networkAfter the collector restarts normally, it can continuously monitor the data transmission status and quality. After the monitoring operation is normal, it can eliminate the cause of line looseness.[1]
China's development
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Chinese scientific research team successfully set up the world's highest automatic weather station on Mount Everest[10]
Everest Automatic Weather Station[7]
On May 1, 2022, it was reported that the world's highest automatic weather station would be set up on Mount Everest to record the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation and other data on the northern slope of Mount Everest.Seven weather stations have been set up on Mount Everest from 5200 meters above sea level to 8300 meters above sea level.[7]
