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Part 1: Model Report on Mechanical Post Practice
[Key words] "2+1" schooling model Mechanics Combination of teaching and learning Post replacement Practice connection
Since 2000, the school system of secondary vocational schools has gradually changed to three-year system, and then to the "2+1" model proposed in recent years. The so-called "2+1" refers to theoretical teaching and some professional practice in schools in the first two years, and internship in enterprises in the third year. At present, the problem facing the mechanical major in secondary vocational schools is how to link up the teaching of mechanical major in the third year with the post practice? This paper puts forward some preliminary ideas for this problem.
1、 Current situation of "2+1" school system model
Secondary vocational machinery is an applied discipline with strong practicality. Students majoring in machinery should not only have a solid professional theoretical foundation, but also have strong practical operation ability. As for the "2+1" model advocated by the Ministry of Education, it is undoubtedly an initiative of great practical significance to go to enterprises for internship in the third year of study to improve the practical operation ability of vocational high school students and truly realize the "zero distance between graduation and employment".
At present, the "2+1" school system model is still in the process of exploration. In some schools, it is even too late to reform the curriculum system. After finishing several professional courses in two years, they rush to send students to enterprises for post practice. In the third year, the teaching content is completely stopped, and students are entrusted to enterprises or left to their own devices. For the mechanical major, due to the relatively weak quality of students in secondary vocational schools and the tight teaching time in the school for two years, many schools attach importance to the practical teaching link of the mechanical major, but suffer from the lack of practice equipment and teachers, which is more than enough. Therefore, under the "2+1" mode, the third year of post production practice provides a valuable learning and practice platform for the students of machinery specialty. The teachers of machinery specialty should seize the opportunity to combine work with learning and school with enterprise, rather than simply pushing students to enterprises, so that students can practice aimlessly and waste valuable practical teaching time. In order to improve the comprehensive quality of students and cultivate qualified middle and senior applied mechanical talents with creative thinking ability who can independently engage in mechanical operation and preliminary design work, it is necessary to link the third year of mechanical teaching with production practice and put it into practice.
2、 Discussion on the Connection of Machinery Teaching and Production Practice in the Third Year
For the practice of students majoring in machinery, let students take the project to the enterprise for practice. In the process of post practice, make full use of enterprise practice resources in combination with the on-site work conditions, and specifically study the practical problems that cannot be contacted and understood in the school one by one.
During the internship, students have one year to be fully familiar with the business, and the teacher should give students a learning assignment, so that students can take problems to solve in the actual work. First of all, we should fully understand the performance of the equipment, including power technology, transmission system, operation process, processing methods, etc. At the end of the internship, the results of the internship should be summarized and handed over to the instructor as an indicator for evaluating the internship results. In addition to the general tasks, teachers should also break down the tasks according to the actual situation from the following aspects:
1. Be familiar with various business processes of the enterprise. The production business processing of an enterprise involves many management functional departments and links such as raw materials, production, packaging, storage, sales, etc. When interns enter this business system, they first need to understand the links between the production links in the factory and their own job requirements. Familiarity with various production and processing processes is the primary issue in the post production practice. The practice instructor should guide students purposefully and be familiar with various production processes according to the actual situation of the enterprise.
2. Combine theory with practice. Due to the limitation of teaching conditions, the actual production is often omitted in the teaching of mechanical theory and practice. During the internship, students can actively participate in the normal production of the enterprise. Understand the work requirements, operation methods, technical requirements, etc. through the help of the master. Be brave in research, good at analysis, increase knowledge in practice, truly integrate theory with practice, and adapt to job requirements as soon as possible.
3. Preparation of production process card. The teacher requires students to prepare production process cards according to the production situation of the enterprise and the actual situation of their own positions. Students are required to understand the process and requirements of process preparation. Before card preparation, they must complete three basic tasks: part size, technical requirements, processing steps and task book. Under the guidance of enterprise masters and interns, students can also practice preparing production flow chart cards of various parts, drawing various parts drawings and assembly drawings, etc., to fully make up for the lack of learning in school.
4. Writing Internship report instructions. The instruction is a written report of the internship design and report. Students can use the opportunity of post practice to give a simple explanation of product design, production and processing in concise and concise language in combination with the production situation of the enterprise, various product technical requirements, processing methods and other important indicators. Writing practice instructions can train students' ability to analyze and understand problems, improve their ability to express in words, and lay a solid foundation for cultivating them into high-quality technical talents. The preparation of the internship report specification can be completed by various methods, such as group discussion, consulting the master, teacher guidance, etc., to promote the improvement of the internship quality.
3、 The connection between the insufficient teaching equipment in the school and the actual production of the enterprise
In school teaching, even with fully simulated simulation practice, many problems encountered in practical work can not be completely solved in the mechanical classroom, resulting in the lack and inadequacy of mechanical teaching. Such as the improvement of the judgment ability of the mechanical profession, the coordination of interpersonal relations in the factory, and the cooperation of various posts. Only in practical work can students experience and feel these problems and try to solve them. Instructors can start from the improvement and cultivation of the following abilities:
1. Improve the judgment ability of mechanical profession. Mechanical professional judgment refers to the judgment and selection of the principles, methods, procedures, data and other aspects that mechanical personnel should adopt in the preparation of mechanical matters and processing technology according to the business characteristics of the enterprise and their professional knowledge and professional experience within the scope of mechanical regulations, enterprise mechanical standards, national unified mechanical system and relevant laws and regulations. In enterprise practice, teachers should consciously strengthen the cultivation of students' professional judgment ability in machinery, such as drawing identification, size requirements, matching methods, various processing methods, technical indicators, assembly, and the selection and determination of each process flow. Let students understand the importance of machinery professional judgment through practice.
2. Coordination ability with each department and production line of the factory, colleagues in the same workshop, and each post process. In the process of post practice, students can feel the unity and cooperation of each post, and the order and connection of each production process. The instructor of mechanical practice should guide the students to cultivate the following abilities:
(1) Adaptability. The factory has a fixed position and a fixed person, which requires that the personnel in each position have a strong ability to adapt to their own position. Otherwise, they cannot meet the requirements of the post tasks, and the work goals and tasks will be difficult to complete.
(2) Expression ability. It is required that mechanical workers who deal with other positions must have strong oral expression ability, which is the most direct and effective tool for transmitting information, communicating with others and completing tasks.
(3) Coordination ability. The non cooperation of any point of the machining post may bring significant influence to the enterprise. Strengthening the training of coordination ability is an important guarantee for orderly production.
(4) Self control ability. Mechanical operation interns are required to keep a calm mind when dealing with others, whether it is smooth or not. They should be able to control their emotions, face them calmly and take care of themselves.
In a word, instructors and students should make full use of the valuable one-year internship time, make full use of the enterprise's resources, take the internship as a platform for "practical practice" before employment, and make the third year of mechanical teaching and internship really connect, so as to truly cultivate the talents needed by enterprises.
reference:
Part 2: Model Report on Mechanical Post Practice
Key words: excellent mechanical engineer; Post practice; Double mentors; practice
Post practice is different from ordinary training links. Compared with production practice and graduation practice, there are differences in tasks, objectives and implementation methods in each stage. Through post practice, students can directly participate in the production process, complete certain production tasks, and cultivate the ability to apply knowledge to solve practical problems. It is an efficient practical way to achieve the knowledge, ability, and quality specified in the national General Standards for Education and Training Plan of Outstanding Engineers (hereinafter referred to as the General Standards). The major of mechanical design, manufacturing and automation has been included in the pilot major of the Provincial Education Excellence Plan (hereinafter referred to as "Mechanical Excellence Engineer") since 2012. On the basis of extensive research and study of the General Standards, the post practice mode has been included in the practical training program. At present, the first batch of graduates have taken up their jobs, and the second batch of students have completed their internship. From the perspective of graduates' employment, work conditions and the current students' practice effect, the post placement practice model has achieved remarkable results, which is particularly suitable for small class teaching and characteristic training of applied talents training mechanism.
1. Implementation contents and measures of post practice mode
1.1 Strict selection procedures for tutors and students
Through extensive enterprise research and soliciting opinions, professional course lecturers and enterprise tutors reached a consensus, listed post practice as an important practice link, and developed strict procedures for selecting students and tutors. First of all, an implementation group headed by the school leader was set up, and the selection, training and assessment group was composed of the dean of the teaching department and "double qualified" teachers. At the initial stage of freshmen's enrollment, the team leader mobilized in person to fully explain the training objectives, methods and implementation plans of "outstanding mechanical engineers". According to the principle of voluntary enrollment and selection of the best, and taking into account the region and gender, 25 to 30 students are selected to form separate classes each year. Teachers with noble morality, dedication, high teaching level and strong practical ability are selected as the teaching tasks of major professional courses, "double qualified" teachers with rich practical experience are selected as the school instructors, and engineering technicians and senior technicians of cooperative enterprises are selected as the off campus instructors. Through symposiums, field visits to internship enterprises, joint participation in industry conferences and other forms, create opportunities for exchange and communication between internal and external tutors, and jointly discuss training matters. In the second year of college, a meeting was held between teachers and students to learn training programs and discuss teaching methods. On the basis of understanding the students' ideological trends, learning conditions, hobbies and specialties, the tutor will discuss with the enterprise executives to arrange internship posts according to the posts and production conditions of the internship unit.
1.2 Details of post practice
The General Standard requires that undergraduate engineers have the ability to "analyze and solve engineering problems, participate in the design of production and operation systems, and have the ability to operate and maintain" on site. According to the characteristics and advantages of the school in the building materials industry, building materials equipment manufacturing enterprises and building materials equipment operation enterprises are selected for "post practice", so that students can fully master the knowledge of mechanical design and manufacturing, equipment operation and maintenance, and enterprise management. Each post has been carefully selected, and the content of "post practice" has been planned in advance, taking into account both the knowledge level of students and the R&D and production situation of enterprises. (1) Select building materials and equipment manufacturing enterprises, arrange students to design, process, production, assembly, scheduling and other posts, and learn about typical parts design calculation, process procedure preparation, processing and assembly operation, production management and other knowledge. In the principle of part tracking, typical parts such as transmission shaft, big gear ring, bearing bush, rocker arm, grinding roller and so on are selected as the carrier of internship job rotation. After tracking the whole process of design, processing and assembly of a part, you can basically master the machine tool type, processing method and management mode of equipment manufacturing enterprises. (2) Select building materials equipment operation enterprises. Arrange students to rotate from raw materials entering the factory to cement packaging and transportation leaving the factory, follow the team to participate in equipment fault detection and maintenance, and learn about the operation, maintenance, overhaul of complete cement production equipment and cement process flow. Internship posts are divided by material flow system, including raw material collection, crushing, pre homogenization, raw meal grinding, clinker burning, cement grinding, packaging and transportation. Each link has multiple posts, and the machine repair workshop, laboratory and central control room are comprehensive internship posts. Generally, two people work in a group to follow the production workers to carry out equipment patrol inspection, troubleshooting, sampling analysis, equipment maintenance, etc., and organize students to participate in the technical transformation project team, encourage students to put forward reasonable suggestions, prepare implementation plans, draw construction drawings, etc.
1.3 Innovative practice effect evaluation mechanism
Extend the management mode of "school enterprise double tutor" to specific posts, and improve the evaluation mechanism of practice effect. Innovatively put forward the practice report mode of "one record per day", requiring students to record the practice harvest realistically according to the job content of the day, write self-evaluation, and submit it to the school tutor for summary feedback and guidance after the post tutor and the team leader sign. This way avoids the phenomenon that students do not record, fabricate or copy practice reports in other practice stages, and urges students to self recognize, self reflect and improve themselves. Discussion meetings are held irregularly, and students evaluate the practice records with each other, so as to find out the shortcomings in time and promote each other. The "one day one record" mode has promoted students' attention to post practice. Enterprises can also assess students from their performance and ability to accept post knowledge, and select excellent employees for the unit. The school can test the teaching quality, evaluate the quality of students, adjust the teaching content in time, and cultivate graduates who meet the needs of enterprises according to the information fed back by enterprise tutors. The implementation effect proved that the students were very willing to accept the on-site guidance of the post supervisor and team leader.
2 Existing problems and countermeasures
2.1 Post practice increases enterprise costs
Students' learning time of theoretical knowledge and practical operation links in school have been compressed, resulting in their insufficient ability to adapt to internship positions. The receiving enterprise has to invest a lot of manpower and material resources to train and manage students, raising the production cost of the enterprise. Enterprises are not afraid of students learning technology, but of safety accidents. Just under the cooperation agreement between school and enterprise, we accepted interns who were forced in. Therefore, school education should actively adapt to the needs of regional, industrial, economic and social development, adjust and set professional courses in a targeted manner, and cultivate the ability of students to quickly become competent for their jobs. Internship units can also find useful talents to cultivate them, solve the employment problems of students in advance, and form a good school enterprise cooperation relationship.
2.2 Contradiction between production tasks and guiding students
In the cooperation with enterprises, it is inevitable to encounter the contradiction between production tasks and guiding students. For highly technical posts, enterprises need to transfer backbone forces to train students and "pass on, help and guide", which increases the workload of enterprise employees. When the contradiction is difficult to solve, students can only be arranged to simple jobs that do not require too many skills, which objectively lowers the standard of talent training. Especially for posts requiring certificates, students can only follow the team to watch the operation. Although the post instructors have rich practical experience, they often lack theoretical knowledge and are not good at explaining and communicating, which leads to the interns being "spectators" all the time and becoming tired of not being able to integrate into production. This requires school instructors to increase their guidance to students and improve their practical guidance skills.
2.3 High internship costs increase family economic burden
The excellent class has a long internship period and large expenses for accommodation, catering and transportation, which has increased the financial burden on students' families. It is difficult for engineering students, especially mechanical students, to create benefits for enterprises during their internship, so it is obviously inappropriate to require enterprises to pay salaries or subsidies. Some students from poor families will propose not to participate in "post placement practice", but to engage in "wage earning" jobs unrelated to their majors. Internship costs restrict the development of students' professional skills, and even some excellent students will give up their majors, resulting in waste of national education investment. At present, the government in some economically developed areas provides financial support for graduates who set up internship bases and participate in post internships, which is a good way to solve the problem. However, enterprises and other social organizations are also stakeholders in talent cultivation in colleges and universities. Only by rationalizing their social responsibilities in college students' internship can the problem be completely solved.
2.4 The internship undertaking unit has concerns about safety responsibilities
Enterprise support is an important guarantee for the implementation of the excellent engineer plan. Our school has trained a large number of outstanding talents for the cement industry, and the cement enterprises in Henan and surrounding areas have always strongly supported the school practice. During the "replacement internship" period, students and workers work at the same position, which virtually increases the cost of enterprise safety production management. The person in charge of the enterprise often says that he is not afraid of students learning technology, but of safety accidents. Although the school is willing to sign a security agreement and is conceited about all security issues, it is still difficult to dispel the concerns of enterprises. In fact, undertaking internship enterprises is to contribute to national development and train and reserve talents for the whole industry. If the state can give preferential measures and incentive mechanisms in the financial and tax system, or give policy support to project investment, it will give confidence and encouragement to enterprises willing to accept long-term student internships, and create a win-win talent training pattern of school enterprise cooperation.
3 Conclusion
Post practice is an effective model for cultivating highly skilled and application-oriented talents. It requires that the school's theoretical teaching should be adjusted in time to actively adapt to the changes in the economic and social development of the industry, so that students can quickly become competent for their jobs. Students acquire knowledge and problem-solving skills from the "post placement practice", which requires the joint guidance of post instructors and school instructors. The design of post practice content with professional characteristics requires that the instructors should be familiar with professional products, post settings, and enterprise operation modes, and it is urgent to cultivate a team of experienced double qualified instructors.
reference:
[1] Lin Jian. Interpretation of the General Standard of "Excellent Engineer Education and Training Plan" [J]. Higher Engineering Education Research, 2014 (01): 12-23
[2] Su Jun. Exploration and Practice of "Double Tutor System" in Talent Cultivation in Local Universities [J]. Education and Teaching Forum, 2015 (39): 138-139
[3] Su Shijie, Tang Wenwen, Qi Jiyang. Construction of a win-win off campus engineering practice teaching base facing the "excellence plan" [J]. Experimental Technology and Management, 2016 (01): 222-225
[4] Zhao Hongbing. Problems and countermeasures of education and training of outstanding engineers under the "order form" school enterprise cooperation mode [J]. Journal of Jiamusi Vocational College, 2016 (04): 174-175
Part 3: Model Report on Mechanical Replacement Practice
Key words: "3210" talent training mode; Mechanical manufacturing technology; Integrated courses
CLC No.: G642.0 Document Code: A Article No.: 1674-9324 (2016) 32-0194-02
The Action Plan for Innovative Development of Higher Vocational Education (2015-2018) points out that we should adhere to the combination of teaching reform and improving the governance ability of colleges and universities, take improving quality as the core, deepen the construction of professional connotation, and promote the reform of curriculum system and teaching model; Innovate the education mechanism of school enterprise cooperation and work study combination [1]. The "3210" talent training model is based on the innovative achievements of the curriculum system and school enterprise cooperation, which further optimizes the curriculum system and teaching model. It is one of the important achievements of our national demonstration backbone college construction project. The implementation of "3210" talent training mode can effectively enhance the professional connotation, promote the reform of teaching mode, and build an integrated curriculum system. This paper mainly takes the course design of Mechanical Manufacturing Technology as an example, applies the innovative "3210" talent training mode to design the integrated curriculum, and expounds the design process of the integrated curriculum from six aspects: curriculum orientation, curriculum content, curriculum objectives, teaching projects, curriculum assessment and teaching implementation.
1、 Basic Ideas for Innovating "3210" Talent Training Mode
The basic idea of innovating the "3210" talent training mode is to take service as the purpose, employment as the guidance, enterprises as the support, professional ability needs as the goal, manufacturing work process products as the carrier, pay attention to process learning, combine the general talent training mode of "school enterprise interaction, work study coupling" of our school, and follow the law of knowledge growth, Gradually deepen the cooperation between schools and enterprises and the alternation of work and study in stages, build a corresponding curriculum system, a dual quality team, and guarantee conditions for practice and training operation, and build a new "3210" talent training model for mechanical manufacturing and automation specialty in an all-round and multi factor way. The basic idea for the construction of "3210" talent training mode is shown in Figure 1.
2、 Connotation and stage division of "3210" talent training mode
1. Connotation of "3210" talent training model [2]. "3210" talent training mode, namely "three stages, two scenarios, one link, zero distance", is mainly described as follows: ① three stages. The first stage refers to the two semesters of the first academic year, where students learn and integrate in the two scenarios of "theory and practice integrated classroom" on campus and "experimental training room" and "mechanical manufacturing engineering center" off campus, learn basic professional knowledge, master basic operating skills, and lay a solid foundation for the second stage of learning. The second stage refers to the four (small) semesters of the second academic year, in which students learn core professional knowledge by working and learning alternately in the two scenes of "integrated classroom of theory and practice", "factory in school" and off campus productive training base (workstation), master core professional skills, improve students' professional ability, and prepare for graduation design and post practice. The third stage refers to the three semesters of the third academic year, in which students learn professional development knowledge in the two scenarios of "integrated classroom of theory and practice" on campus, internship bases inside and outside campus, and school enterprise cooperation workstation, complete comprehensive process design and post practice, improve students' comprehensive ability and core competitiveness, and successfully achieve "zero distance employment". ② Two scenarios. It includes the integrated teaching scene in the school, the internship and training scene in the school and the two scenes of work and learning in the school enterprise cooperation workstation "1=1" (half work, half study), so that students can understand how to apply in production practice while learning theoretical knowledge, and cultivate students' thinking ability and practical ability. ③ One link. One link refers to the completion of post placement practice in an off campus cooperative enterprise (also includes two scenarios, namely graduation design and post placement practice). Students who have completed post placement internship in an off campus cooperative enterprise can participate in the daily production of the enterprise, understand the operation and management of the enterprise, and lay a good foundation for future employment and personal development. ④ Zero distance. Through school enterprise cooperation and post practice, the knowledge of the work process can be sublimated with the help of the real enterprise scene outside the school. At the same time, with the help of the cultural atmosphere of the national defense enterprise, students' national defense awareness can be strengthened, and students' national defense spirit can be cultivated, so that graduates can truly achieve "zero distance employment" in terms of psychology and skills.
2. Innovate the stage division of "3210" talent training mode. Innovating the "3210" talent training mode is the learning process and content carried by the main line of the target product, including integrated classrooms, training centers, internal and external practice bases, school enterprise cooperation workstations and other teaching conditions. Innovating the "3210" talent training mode describes the three stages of the "3210" talent training mode and the learning fields in different stages Description of two scenarios and the substance of one link.
3、 Integrated curriculum design and implementation
1. Course orientation. Mechanical Manufacturing Technology is a comprehensive course with strong practicality. It is closely linked with the content of production practice, and is mainly oriented to technical posts such as the formulation of mechanical manufacturing process procedures. This course, set up in the fourth semester, is based on the study of Mechanical Drawing, Tolerance Fit and Measurement Technology, Metal Materials and Heat Treatment, Mechanical Design, Metal Cutting Principle, etc., with the preparation of process procedures and processing implementation as the main line, typical parts as the carrier, according to the work posts and tasks of enterprises, The design is guided by the work process, and has the characteristics of "work study integration". It realizes the integration of practical skills and theoretical knowledge, organically integrates the work environment and learning environment, professional ability training and professional quality training, work process and students' cognitive psychological process, and forms an integrated curriculum system based on the "3210" talent training model.
2. Course objectives. This course mainly trains students to have the ability to prepare machining process, correctly analyze the structure and process of parts according to the part drawing, determine the blank, draw up the process route and design processes, master the basic knowledge of preparing process procedures, enable students to independently complete the process preparation of moderately complex parts, and lay a solid theoretical foundation for future work.
3. Course content design. The content of this course is designed based on the task driven, project oriented, and work situation, so as to combine theoretical knowledge with work practice, and realize the integration of teaching, learning, and doing in a real sense. The content design of this course is shown in Table 1.
4. Teaching project design. The selection of teaching items is closely related to the teaching effect. The teaching items of this course are based on the reducer familiar to the students of machine science, and take the output shaft, sliding bearing sleeve, box, gear, bearing cover, shift fork and other parts that make up the reducer as the carrier to build six types of common parts projects in production practice [3], They are: Item 1: Preparation and implementation of processing technology for shaft parts; Project 2: Preparation and implementation of processing technology for nested parts; Project 3: Preparation and implementation of processing technology for box parts; Project 4: Preparation and implementation of gear parts processing technology; Project 5: Preparation and implementation of processing technology for disc parts; Project 6: Preparation and implementation of fork parts processing technology. The design of course content is based on the project as the carrier and the task as the drive. Every time students complete a project, they can learn the relevant knowledge of process design of such parts, master the process preparation method of similar parts, and improve the students' ability to use knowledge and solve problems.
5. Course assessment scheme. Students will be assessed after each project is completed. The assessment points and percentage of points are: knowledge target 15%, skill target 20%, operation implementation 25%, project summary report 20% and public assessment 20%. The assessment method is "teacher evaluation+intra group mutual evaluation+self-evaluation", and the evaluation results are divided into four levels: excellent, good, pass and fail.
4、 Implementation of integrated curriculum
The teaching of this course adopts the "six step teaching method", that is, information, planning, decision-making, implementation, inspection and evaluation. Before the implementation of classroom teaching, students in the class should be grouped into groups, usually about 6 people in each group, and excellent and highly motivated students should be selected as the team leader. The team leader is very critical in the subsequent classroom discussions, leading the discussion process of the whole group, Decide whether the class discussion and report can be successfully completed [4]. The implementation process of the integrated curriculum is as follows: the teacher issues a task book to assign classroom tasks, and requires the team leader to organize discussion and information to determine the optimal design scheme.
5、 Conclusion
After two rounds of integrated teaching implementation in our school, this course has been recognized by the school and praised by the students, which has greatly mobilized the students' initiative and enthusiasm in classroom learning, so that students can learn and do something, improve their comprehensive ability, and at the same time, provide a platform and help for students to successfully complete their graduation design. In the follow-up teaching process, it is necessary to further refine the classroom assessment items, which is the content and reform direction of this course.
reference:
[1] Action Plan for Innovative Development of Higher Vocational Education (2015-2018) [Z]
[2] Ren Qingjian. School enterprise cooperation workstation is the guarantee for the implementation of "3210" talent training mode [J]. Talent, 2015, (01)
Part 4: Model Report on Mechanical Replacement Practice
[Key words] Post practice; Application type; Management mechanism; Evaluation system
The Outline of the National Medium and Long term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010-2020) requires that "vocational education should be geared to everyone and the society, and focus on cultivating students' professional ethics, professional skills, and employment and entrepreneurship ability. We should implement the talent training model of combining work with learning, school enterprise cooperation, and post placement practice. We should establish and improve the quality assurance system of vocational education, and attract enterprises to participate in education quality assessment. ”Post practice has become an indispensable part of the practical teaching system of vocational education because of the authenticity of its work position, the complexity of its work environment, and the comprehensiveness of its work experience and experience. Due to the long time of post practice, large geographical distribution of students, large number of enterprises and other factors, management is difficult. Rongcheng College of Harbin University of Technology has introduced post practice into the training program of application-oriented talents since its establishment, constantly strengthened practice management, improved practice quality, and established a post practice process management system and process, as shown in Figure 1. The post practice management is divided into three stages: pre practice management, during practice management, and post practice management, At the same time, a scientific and reasonable evaluation system and feedback mechanism have been developed.
1. Pre internship management
The pre internship management mainly includes the establishment of post placement internship system and related documents, internship mobilization and implementation of internship posts. In order to strengthen the connotation and management of post practice, the college has formulated the Tripartite Agreement on Post Practice for Students, the Requirements and Implementation Measures for Post Practice, the Letter of Approval of Parents for Post Practice and the Practice Report Specification. On this basis, the department where the author works has formulated the Detailed Implementation Rules of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Letter of Recommendation for Post Practice and a Letter to Parents And the Feedback Questionnaire on Post Practice Opinions of Mechanical Engineering Department Students, which manages the students during the internship, evaluates the internship results, and introduces and explains the purpose and implementation methods of post practice in detail to the internship units and parents, so as to further promote the management and supervision of all parties during the students' internship, and constantly improve through the feedback mechanism.
Each student is assigned a full-time teacher by the department as the school instructor, who is directly responsible for the specific work of students during the internship. Internship mobilization enables students to clarify the purpose, significance, tasks and relevant requirements of post placement practice, and employs several engineers from local enterprises to carry out internship education for students. For the arrangement of internship enterprises, the combination of school recommendation and independent recommendation is adopted. The school will determine the list and quota of recommended enterprises according to the production situation of each enterprise in that year. Students can make a preliminary selection according to their own wishes. After the final determination, the school and the enterprise will jointly implement matters related to enterprise guidance teachers, internships, arrangements for leaving and entering the school. Considering the actual needs of students, in order to better combine internship with employment, the department allows students to contact internship enterprises independently. The department reviews the enterprise internship positions, enterprise instructors and other information that students independently contact. After the review, they can arrange their own departure and entry matters. Those who fail to pass the review can continue to choose the self recommendation method within the allowed time, or obey the distribution of the school. Students who fail to recommend themselves will be arranged by the school. The school requires that all enterprises that accept students for post practice must carry out safety education and assessment for students before they can take up their posts. Before entering the internship stage, students need to send back the tripartite internship agreement signed with the enterprise, the certificate of passing the assessment, and the self recommended students also need a letter of approval from their parents to the school, which will be kept by the instructors in the school, while the department will summarize and record.
Figure 1 Management System and Flow Chart of Post Practice Process
2. Management during internship
Students entering the post placement practice stage are jointly guided by teachers from both schools and enterprises, and jointly undertake the work and life management and mental health education of students. Internship enterprises and instructors mainly investigate students' practice attendance, practice attitude, quality of work completion and other factors, and guide the completion of sorting out practice materials and writing summary. The school and its internal instructors adopt different supervision methods according to the distribution of students' internship enterprises. For areas of intensive post placement practice, including enterprises recommended by the school and self recommended by students, department teachers master students' internship situation through patrol and irregular inspection. By holding a symposium between student representatives and enterprise managers, we can solve conflicts, overcome difficulties, let enterprises understand students' ideas, and stimulate students' enthusiasm for work, so as to achieve a win-win situation between enterprises and students. For small-scale decentralized post placement practice, enterprises mainly recommended by students will focus on enterprise teachers' point-to-point guidance and students' self-management. On campus instructors will regularly communicate with students' parents, students and enterprise instructors through the network and telephone to learn about students' practice. All students who take up the post for internship need to submit the summary of the internship stage to the public platform on a regular basis (one month). Instructors on campus are required to give comments according to the content of the students' summary within the specified time, answer the questions raised therein, and provide timely guidance and dredging for possible negative emotions or physical and mental health. If encountering uncoordinated factors during the internship, the student can apply for changing the internship unit with the approval of parents and the school. The student must accept the incoming education and assessment again, and sign the tripartite internship agreement and the parents' agreement again.
3. Post internship management
Instructors from both enterprises and schools jointly participate in the assessment of students' performance in post practice. In the survey, the department summarized the evaluation criteria of the enterprise for employees, and combined with the requirements of the school for students, formulated the identification form of post practice enterprises (as shown in Table 1). After the student internship, the internship enterprise and the enterprise instructor shall fill in the form, and the evaluation score accounts for 30% of the total evaluation score. The instructor in the school will give the evaluation results according to the situation he/she has mastered at ordinary times and the completion of the internship report at each stage, accounting for 30%. The department is responsible for organizing practice defense, and the defense score accounts for 30%. The internship materials provided by students, including the passed professional ability certificate, and the materials for technical work, account for 10%. In order to make the junior students understand the post practice as soon as possible and promote the power of model, the department held the post practice report contest for the junior students of the whole hospital after the practice defense, and set up the first, second and third prizes to commend and reward the outstanding students. At the end of the internship, the department department submits the students' internship results to the Academic Affairs Department, and the students submit the feedback questionnaire to the department department, which includes the evaluation of the culture, system, and product of the internship enterprise, the opinions on the methods, communication methods, and satisfaction of the instructors in the school, and suggestions on the internship arrangements, work processes, and rules and regulations of the department, As well as the problems encountered in the practice, the thoughts triggered and the suggestions for school teaching reform. The department summarizes the information of the questionnaire, analyzes the relevant data, feeds back the information to the relevant departments and personnel, and holds a forum for instructors to summarize, so as to prepare for the organization of the next post practice.
4. Conclusion
Post practice is one of the important practice links in the training program of application-oriented talents, and improving the quality of practice plays an important role in the whole talent training. The department where the author works defines the process of post practice and the responsible subjects of each link through system construction to ensure that there is no gap in student management. At the same time, the department supervises the instructors in the school through the public platform to ensure that the whole process of post practice is effectively carried out. Through analyzing the feedback form of students, we can understand their ideas and their summary of their previous years' learning through practice, which provides a reference for the department's arrangement of post placement practice and the implementation of other teaching links. In addition, with the change of the college's student source structure, the mode of post placement practice will need to be adjusted and improved according to the characteristics of students.
Post practice is a comprehensive problem, which involves a wide range of problems and needs to be solved by schools, enterprises, government and society in an all-round way. Starting from the current situation, we have adhered to the student-centered concept, built a humanized management system and a scientific and reasonable evaluation system, aiming to further enrich and improve the management mode of post practice, and provide reference for its sustainable development.
reference
[1] Qiu Lifang, Li Deyao, Zhang Yuchi. Research on long-term management mechanism of post practice in higher vocational education [J]. China Electric Power Education, 2011 (34): 126-127
[2] Li Cun, Lin Shuling. Exploration and Practice of Post Practice Management in Higher Vocational Education [J]. Vocational Education Forum, 2012 (8): 20-22
[3] Ling Ling, Xu Jinshou. A domestic review of research on management of internship for vocational students [J]. China Electric Power Education, 2012 (29): 124-143
[4] Ma Lin. Analysis on Puzzlement and Management Path of Post Practice [J]. Vocational Education Forum, 2013 (8): 7-10
[5] Ling Chengshu, Li Quan. Exploring the management system and evaluation methods of work study integration internship [J]. Electronic World, 2013 (3): 147-148
Part 5: Model Report on Mechanical Replacement Practice
A lot of things in the internship work that we can't learn from textbooks are obtained from continuous practice and experience. The following is the latest selection of excellent social practice reports compiled by the small editor for your reference.
Excellent Social Practice Practice Report 1. Basic Scenarios
I worked as an intern as an operator in the Manufacturing Department of the branch factory of __ Technology Co., Ltd. for nearly __ months from __, 20__ to __, 20__.
2、 Purpose of internship
Post practice is an important practical course for college students facing graduation in vocational and technical colleges. Through post practice, we can effectively combine the theoretical knowledge we learned in school with work practice. Post practice is different from classroom teaching. In classroom teaching, teachers explain and we understand, while post practice is to practice and learn by ourselves in the enterprise environment and under the guidance of leaders.
Through practical operation, on the one hand, we can consolidate the theoretical knowledge learned in books, and on the other hand, we can obtain the practical knowledge that is difficult to understand and learn in books, so that we can improve and exercise in practice.
Practice is a kind of practice. It is an important link to integrate theory with practice, apply and consolidate professional knowledge learned, and an important means to cultivate our ability and skills.
Graduation practice is a professional practice course, which is an indispensable practice link when we carry out graduation design after learning professional courses. It is of great significance to cultivate our hands-on skills, and it can also enable us to understand the difference between traditional mechanical manufacturing technology and modern mechanical manufacturing technology. Graduation practice is a necessary prerequisite for us to work.
Through practice, we can have more extensive direct contact with the society, understand the social needs, deepen our understanding of the society, enhance our adaptability to the society, integrate ourselves into the society, cultivate our practical skills, shorten our ideological and business distance from a college student to a staff member, and lay the foundation for the transformation of the social protagonist after graduation.
Post practice is an important supplement to our college's learning. It has the most direct connection with our future professional life. Post practice can enable us to gradually complete the transition from students to social workers. Therefore, post practice is the main way for the school to cultivate skilled talents for the society and realize the value of our life. It is not only a continuation of school teaching, but also a summary of school teaching.
Through post practice, students can go to the society, get in touch with their professional work, and cultivate and train students to comprehensively use the professional knowledge and basic skills they have learned; It can improve its ability to combine theory with practice, apply the knowledge learned by itself to practice, improve practical skills, improve professional skills and skills, and initially realize the transformation of social psychological protagonist, so that students can really participate in social competition; It can improve their ability to communicate with others and increase their awareness of society; Be able to exercise and improve students' organization and management skills, and cultivate their ability to analyze and solve practical problems. In addition, internship can realize the organic combination of internship and employment, collect data for the implementation of the graduation thesis link, and increase experience.
Post placement practice is closely related to employment. Post placement practice is one of the ways to contact employment as soon as possible. After post placement practice, you will get the correct understanding of the composition of your own posts, which plays a vital role in future employment and even life.
The process of this internship is roughly as follows:
(1) From MM/DD to MM/DD, practice at the operator position and record the practice log;
(2) From MM/DD to MM/DD, write the practice report and communicate with the instructor;
(3) Submit the internship report and log from MM/DD to MM/DD/YY.
3、 Introduction to internship unit
__Display Technology Co., Ltd. is affiliated to __ Co., Ltd. The English abbreviation is ___. The company was established on MM/DD/20__.
4、 Internship position and work materials
Technology Co., Ltd. came to our school for recruitment in January, 20__. After two rounds of interviews, I successfully entered this enterprise focusing on the production of LCD panels. He reported to the company on MM/DD/20__ and officially started his internship life.
Internship can be summarized in three stages. The first stage is training, mainly including safety, corporate culture, rules and disciplines, production line theory learning and training, etc. The second stage is learning and practicing with the master, solving various problems encountered in the field work, learning experience and professional skills, and obtaining the job operation certificate after department assessment. The third stage is, Learn to work independently on the scene and deal with various emergencies on the scene.
My position is: operator of the post engineering section shift of the manufacturing department, who is mainly responsible for screen scanning, screen appearance inspection, response to and reporting of various scenarios of the production line, and maintenance and management of the three rectifications of the personal position.
5、 Practice summary and experience
The ten months of post placement practice is not only a stage of learning and adaptation, but also a stage of readjusting and examining oneself. Just leaving school and entering a job, I have changed from a student to a professional. I have encountered many setbacks, learned a lot, and experienced a process of slow growth. There are also some shortcomings in work, study and life, The key is to respond correctly, find out the reasons and correct them in time. Only in this way can we constantly improve ourselves.
I benefited a lot from the short ten month work process. It not only broadened my horizon, but also taught me how to do things better.
6、 Conclusion
Post practice is the beginning of our initial step into the society, and also the stepping stone of our real step into the work position. Only when this step is stable, will it be more smooth in the future. In the past, I always believed in my ability, but during the short internship process, I deeply felt that my knowledge was superficial and lack of professional knowledge in practical application. For a period of time at the beginning, I feel at a loss for some work, which makes me feel very sad. Finally, through continuous self learning, and with the help of everyone, slowly began to adapt, and began to complete the work independently.
During my internship, I learned a lot of knowledge that I didn't have in the university classroom, as well as many principles and methods of dealing with people. I learned to study independently, and also learned a rigorous working attitude, a work style of excellence, and responsibilities. Post practice is an opportunity for us to feel the society with our own eyes and ears. After post practice, I benefited a lot and had a more detailed and profound understanding of the society.
After this internship, I realized my own advantages and disadvantages. Only by combining theory with practice and daring to practice, can I become a qualified graduate! I am grateful to the school leaders and teachers for their hard training and teaching, to the valuable internship opportunity given to me by ___ Co., Ltd., to Class A, to the care and help given by my colleagues in the post project, to those who have given me setbacks in work and life, and to you for letting me learn to grow. Finally, I wish the future of our college will be more brilliant, our engineering vocational college will be more perfect tomorrow, train more talents for the society, and our college leaders and teachers will work smoothly and have a happy family.
Excellent Social Practice Report 2 In January this year, I officially entered Romon Company and started my first internship in my life. As I am a fresh graduate, I am very unfamiliar with the business mode of the enterprise. The company asked our manager in the north, General Manager Liu, to lead me to learn and guide my daily practice in the way of a master leading an apprentice. Under the enthusiastic guidance of President Liu, I learned about the company's basic products, industrial structure, and informatization implementation in turn, and actively participated in related work. I paid attention to comparing the management theoretical knowledge learned from books and information management related knowledge with the actual work, deepening the understanding of practical work with theoretical knowledge, and verifying the usefulness of college learning with practice. He completed the dual tasks of study and work in a dual identity.
Go to and from work like the colleagues of the company, and assist them to complete the work of the department; They also learn modestly as students and try to learn practical knowledge. I know in my heart that I should adapt to the company's work and complete the company's tasks with good work attitude, strong work skills and hard work. The short internship life is tense, novel and fruitful. Through practice, I have a deep perceptual and rational understanding of the production, management and development prospects of Ningbo garment enterprises.
My main task in the company is to contact the companies in North China, make statistics of the weekly sales situation, and participate in the release and order meeting of the company's products in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The Spring Summer, Autumn Winter Product Ordering Meeting in Luomeng is an important activity of the company, which determines the regional distribution situation of the company's spring summer, autumn winter products and the items that can be put on the shelves in each branch. In order to expand the company's control over the branches, the company changed the annual order production and delivery mechanism to the market research production distribution mechanism, strengthening the company's control over the terminal market stores. Due to my lack of experience, I took many detours in doing data statistics during the period, which brought a lot of trouble to my colleagues' work. However, our manager did not criticize me, but asked me to continue to do a good job seriously. I was very encouraged and worked hard to do a good job.
The experience of internship life is deep, and there are many aspects to improve, but the most important thing for me is to improve my work skills. The main purpose of graduation internship is to improve our ability of social work for new graduates, how to learn and use it, and give us a chance to practice and practice all kinds of written and practical knowledge we learned in college.
Since I entered Luomeng, I have been enterprising and willing to work, modest and eager to learn, conscientious and responsible. I have actively participated in enterprise market research, product tracking, product sales, and understanding of various products of the enterprise, and become familiar with enterprise branches, so that I can integrate into the company at the fastest speed and play my own strengths. At the same time, I carefully completed the internship diary and wrote the internship report with good results. The feedback from the internship unit proved that during the internship, I had strong adaptability, organizational skills and communication skills, and could well complete the work tasks assigned to me by the enterprise during the internship.
The internship gains mainly include four aspects:
1. Through direct participation in the operation process of the enterprise, I learned practical knowledge, further deepened my understanding of theoretical knowledge, improved both theoretical and practical knowledge, and successfully completed the practical task of undergraduate teaching.
2. It has improved practical skills and gained some valuable practical experience for employment and future work.
3. Students are recognized in the internship unit and contribute to employment.
And they have made good preparations for the formal work after graduation.
After the internship, I have a general understanding of the development of the clothing industry brand in China, and I am also ready to take the opportunity to return to school after the internship, seize the time, learn more relevant theoretical knowledge, improve my professional level, and prepare for the change in thinking for the formal work, What I gained from this internship is that I have greatly improved my life values through my own observation and conversation with colleagues. I always think that people live and work for money in real life. Few people work hard for anything other than money. What's the use of money for? Buy a house, buy a car, and enjoy life...
I remember in the conversation with the company leaders in turn, he said such a sentence: "An excellent man, what he pursues is the simple house, what he pursues is to be able to call the wind and rain!" Indeed, what an excellent man pursues is the superficial things? "The amount of money doesn't matter, the key is a person's grade!" What grade is, it is your quality, What you know, what you achieve... Many, these are the real strength. These are what an excellent man wants to pursue. As an excellent man, he should pursue more profound things. A person should have his own connotation! From the beginning, I came here naked, and now I will go back heavily. Only in a short period of two months, I have benefited a lot, and I am so impressed!
Excellent Social Practice Practice Report 31. Practice Purpose
Graduation internship is the last course in our college life. Before we know it, our college days are coming to an end. At this time, we are very eager to test the correctness of our knowledge through practice. At this time, I came to __ Technology Co., Ltd. for my graduation internship.
2、 Internship materials and process
In order to achieve the expected purpose of graduation internship. In the practice link between school and society, we have a more specific understanding and objective evaluation of ourselves and work. In the whole internship project, I have done the following work in total, and my skills have also been improved accordingly.
1. Ability to work.
During the internship, I was enterprising, eager to learn, conscientious and responsible, competent for the work assigned to me by the unit, put forward some reasonable proposals, do more practical work, and make contributions to the efficiency and development of the enterprise.
2. Practice method.
In the internship unit, the master guides my daily practice and completes the dual tasks of study and work in a dual identity. Go to and from work like the employees of the company to complete the work of the company; They also learn modestly as students and try to learn practical knowledge.
3. Internship gains.
There are mainly four aspects. First, through direct participation in the operation process of the enterprise, I learned practical knowledge and further deepened my understanding of theoretical knowledge, which improved both theoretical and practical knowledge and successfully completed the practical task of teaching. Second, it has improved its practical skills and gained some valuable practical experience for employment and future work. The third is to be recognized in the internship unit and promote employment. The fourth is to accumulate materials and materials for graduation thesis.
3、 Practice summary and experience
In the process of exploration, the three-month internship ended. It brings me too many memories and reflections. I humbly listen to the opinions of teachers and students, and try my best to do everything well. I'm glad that I have a good relationship with my colleagues. At the same time, I also found many shortcomings in my internship. This internship also helped me a lot in my social experience and interpersonal relationships.
In just three months, I learned a lot. This is more wonderful and rich than what I learned in such a long time at school. But at the same time, it also made me feel that I didn't study hard enough in the past and other problems. This internship helped me deepen my understanding and understanding of accounting work, further consolidate and develop professional theoretical knowledge, cultivate my ability to independently engage in accounting work, and strengthen my idea of engaging in accounting work.
I hope that in the future, our college can contact more relevant industries and establish long-term relations with them, which is conducive to a series of cooperation. In short, to give us the opportunity to practice, I will carefully summarize in the next time, and make unremitting efforts to mold myself into an accounting staff who meets the requirements of the times!
I understand the truth that "all things are beneficial, there are always disadvantages", and that "many evils will kill themselves". However, the theoretical knowledge of more than ten years seems to be a pile of fat that the contemporary people hate to the bone, and they would like to restore the original ignorance immediately to avoid the reproach of the master again and again. Such words as "Don't talk nonsense to me" and "You can only use them when you rely on your credentials" have been heard too much even though you have only worked for three months. I still don't like to admit that all these years of learning is just to give myself an explanation. When we first step into the society, we may be full of the fine spirit of fearing the tiger. However, what such spirit brings to us may be just the stubbornness of not giving up easily. And this stubbornness will only make us look ridiculous.
Nearly three years' study of accounting has added a lot of knowledge to us, but the reality tells us that this is far from enough. A paper of accounting qualification certificate plus a paper of accounting computerization certificate does not represent many academic achievements, but just a grain in the vast sea of accounting.
We have too much to learn when we are about to enter the society. We don't have enough knowledge to pave the way, let alone enough practical experience. Such pessimistic words are just a complaint of the novice "rookie".
As I like to say, "I allow myself to start like a snail step by step, but I don't allow myself to live without making progress." Everyone has his own attitude towards life, frustration and success. Maybe I haven't really met setbacks or really succeeded, but I'm always right to be enterprising. Just like the eternal "modesty makes people improve, pride makes people lag behind", I will eventually learn to do the right thing in a suitable way.
This is an experience full of hardships and gains, this is a journey full of happiness and joy, this is a life full of setbacks and reflection, this is a gift that we treasure with all our heart in life, this is an ageless story, a legend written by teachers and students with emotion, all of which will be immortal memories in my life, It will certainly lay a solid foundation for our future life and will be a rich and valuable spiritual wealth in my life.
Excellent Social Practice Practice Report 4.1. Practice Purpose
During the period of school, after learning the theoretical knowledge of accounting, I have a whole understanding of accounting. I want to apply the theoretical knowledge to practical operation through practice, test my hands-on skills, improve my working skills, and increase my social experience.
2、 Internship materials
Through the introduction of others, I came to the unit where I am now interning. Although the work of accounting in different industries is different, the overall core will not change. The process and theoretical knowledge are the same, which has found a core point for my future internship work.
In the following days, my job is to learn the company's business processing while trying to self process business. During the internship, I mainly learned some accounting daily business processing, banking and tax related work processing. The financial department of the company mainly includes material accounting, cost accounting, sales accounting, general ledger accounting, tax accounting and cashier. In the daily accounting business processing, the company mainly uses UFIDA financial software for accounting processing, and also uses the company's online bank for collection and payment business query and processing. In terms of tax processing, as long as the relevant software of the tax bureau is used for tax management, such as logging into the online tax hall, ___ and other tax software for tax declaration, tax deduction and other businesses.
（1） Fill in original vouchers and bookkeeping vouchers according to economic business:
1. Original voucher: refers to the documentary evidence that directly records the economic business, clarifies the legal effect of economic responsibilities, and serves as the original basis for bookkeeping. Its main role is to prove the occurrence and completion of economic business.
The data to fill in the original voucher are: the name of the original voucher, the date and number of filling in the voucher, the basic data of economic business (the basic data of economic business should be explained from both qualitative and quantitative aspects, such as the name, quantity, unit price and amount of goods purchased), and the signature and seal of the filling unit and relevant personnel.
2. Accounting voucher: The accounting voucher is the direct basis for registering the account book. After the implementation of computer processing, the accuracy and integrity of the electronic account book completely depend on the accounting voucher. During the operation, the accounting voucher is filled in according to the correct original voucher.
Fill in the data of bookkeeping voucher: voucher type, voucher number, voucher preparation date, account data, etc.
（2） Register journal according to accounting documents.
The journal is generally divided into cash journal and bank deposit journal; They are generated from credential files.
（3） According to the accounting voucher and the attached original voucher, register the detailed account.
The subsidiary ledger is also called the subsidiary ledger. It is a kind of ledger that opens account pages according to the subsidiary ledger account for detailed classification registration. After entering the accounting voucher, the computer will automatically register the subsidiary ledger.
（4） Calculate product cost according to bookkeeping voucher and subsidiary ledger. The cost of the product is calculated by the comprehensive carry forward method in the step-by-step settlement method according to the accounting vouchers and sub ledgers.
（5） Prepare account summary according to bookkeeping vouchers.
The account summary is also generated from voucher files. The preparation method is to enter the start and end dates to be summarized, and the computer will automatically generate the account summary for the corresponding time period.
（6） Register the general ledger according to the account summary.
Operate the computer according to the obtained account summary table, and the computer will generate the corresponding general ledger.
（7） Reconciliation (prepare trial balance).
Reconciliation is to check the account book data to check whether the accounting is correct and whether the account book is balanced. It is mainly used to check the general ledger and subsidiary ledger, and the general ledger and auxiliary ledger data to complete the ledger check. Each transaction should be based on its original voucher:
1. Register accounts that may be connected with bookkeeping vouchers, sub ledgers, journals, triple column ledgers, multi column ledgers, and general ledgers.
2. Each accounting transaction has evidence and is recorded in chronological order one by one, which is very logical.
3. In the practice of accounting, the correction of missing and wrong accounts is not allowed to be added or changed at will, and fraud is not allowed.
Each procedure and step is based on the accounting system. It reflects the standardization of accounting. Accounting is an economic information system that mainly supplies financial information. It is constantly developing with the development of productivity and production relations. It is the work of recording, calculating, controlling, analyzing and reporting the economic activities of enterprises, institutions, organs, groups and other economic organizations with money as the main unit of measurement to supply financial and management information. The function of accounting is mainly to reflect and control the process of economic activities, ensure the legality, authenticity, accuracy and integrity of accounting information, provide necessary financial information for the management of the economy, and participate in decision-making to seek economic benefits.
It is generally believed that under the condition of knowledge economy, electronic technology is widely used in accounting work. The use of electronic computers in all aspects has greatly improved the work efficiency and replaced the manual labor of accountants. There is no need for so many accountants at the moment. These surplus accountants should shift from accounting work to accounting management work to improve the level of accounting work, Better serve economic development. Under such conditions, accounting is more important.
The general ledger accountant, namely the accountant in charge, is mainly responsible for the issuance of the company's main financial statements. During the internship, I mainly learned the balance sheet, cash flow statement, profit and loss statement, profit statement, statement of changes in owner's equity and various schedules, and analyzed the financial statements to calculate the taxable income of the current period and make tax returns. The financial statements can also be used to analyze the company's financial indicators such as asset liability ratio and sales interest rate. The financial statements shall be made in triplicate, one copy for the national tax and one copy for the local tax, and one copy shall be kept by the Company.
3、 Practice summary
Through this internship, I further understand and understand the knowledge in the classroom. It enables me to understand the society in practice and consolidate knowledge in practice. Internship is also an experience of every college graduate's professional knowledge.
After my internship as a cashier, I also learned about the issuance of real cash cheques, transfer cheques and the handling of bank acceptance bills. In the issuance of VAT special invoices, each tax information of the unit must be checked, including tax number, name, telephone number, address, etc. During the issuance process, it must be true and accurate. In case of wrong VAT invoices, it is necessary to apply to the tax bureau and issue red ink invoices.
If you write a wrong summary column, you can use a blue stroke to draw a horizontal line and write a correct summary beside it. Usually, we think it is good to write the right summary, but the summary is not good. You must write on the left without spaces. This is to prevent the summary column from being tampered with arbitrarily. There are also strict requirements for the writing of numbers. The handwriting must be clear and beautiful, and it should be filled in according to the grid. In addition, each detailed entry and the name of the general ledger should be clear when bookkeeping, and it is not allowed to scribble, otherwise the borrowing and lending of the general manager cannot be balanced. Such a tedious procedure makes me dare not be a bit careless. It is not just to deduct points when doing homework or making mistakes in the exam. It is related to an enterprise's accounts and the basis for an enterprise to formulate development plans in the future.
After all the accounts have been recorded, the next step is to settle the accounts. Each account page should be closed once, and also once a month. The so-called monthly settlement means this. The most troublesome part of closing the accounts is the cost and taxes during the settlement period. According to the computer, it is hard to press the hand, and if you are not careful, you will make mistakes. You need to review it two or three times. At the beginning, when I mastered the calculation formula, I thought it would be no problem to press the computer. But because of carelessness, I miscalculated a lot of data. Fortunately, accountant Zhu taught me to write data with pencil first, otherwise I really didn't understand what to change the account book into.
During the internship, I mainly used real accounting vouchers and financial statements to conduct accounting for the economic business during the necessary period, and had a further understanding of the important relationship between tax, banks and enterprises. At the same time, I became more familiar with the various operations of UFIDA financial software in the actual accounting work, and realized the convenience of accounting computerization for accounting work.
Through the practice, I not only developed my practical skills, but also increased my practical experience, and had a new understanding of the actual financial work. Internship made me learn a lot of knowledge that I could not learn in class, and also made me see my own shortcomings more clearly. After this accounting practice, I have a further understanding of the future learning and development direction: learning is not only theoretical knowledge, but more importantly, how to apply theoretical knowledge to practice.
5、 Internship experience
Although I have graduated from the junior class, I am still confused about the actual social work. After all, what is on the book is just a concept, and the specific operation has not taught you. A rare internship opportunity, I want to do it well. During this time, I learned some things about being a man and selling, but I really felt the bitterness of work. I felt that my knowledge in school was seriously insufficient and could not adapt to the fierce work requirements. For example, for those who have strong practical operability, we just came out without much work experience and did not study the professional courses of the school well, I can't compete with those old hands at all. Sometimes I feel that I really have no way to start. Although this is just a company selling adhesives, during this internship, I devoted myself to my work from training to sorting out goods to on-site marketing of products.
Internship is a familiar and unfamiliar word to me, because I have experienced many internships in my ten years of student life, but this time it is so different from others. It will comprehensively test my abilities in all aspects: study, life, psychology, body, thought, etc. It is like a touchstone to test whether I can apply my theoretical knowledge to practice. It is related to whether I can successfully stand in this challenging society in the future, and it is also the key for me to build confidence, so my investment in it is also! After more than three months of intense internship, I still have a lot of gains in these three months. It is necessary to sum up after the internship.
This is the first time to officially integrate with the society and step on the job, starting a completely different life. Go to and from work at the specified time every day. During the work period, you should carefully and punctually complete your own work tasks, and you should not be careless or perfunctory. We begin to shoulder civil responsibilities. We must be careful in everything, otherwise we may pay a huge price for a small mistake at any time. It is no longer possible to solve this problem with a word of apology and a letter of apology.
The internship gave me a further understanding of accounting, increased my interest in work, and had a perfect vision of the future!
Excellent Social Practice Report 5 This year, the school has arranged a one month civil engineering construction practice for us. During that internship, we mainly studied the construction machinery and equipment, personnel organization, construction methods, technology, quality and safety control at the construction site. The main purpose of this construction practice is to cooperate with the construction design in the graduation design, so the focus of our practice is on the construction organization design.
1、 Construction organization design
The construction organization design is a comprehensive document of technology, economy and organization used to guide various activities in the whole process of the construction project. It is the product of the organic combination of construction technology and construction project management. It is the guarantee that the construction activities can be carried out orderly, efficiently, scientifically and reasonably after the commencement of the project.
Basic principles of construction organization design:
① The supporting production shall be subject to the planning and arrangement of the general construction organization design according to the production process and production sequence of the construction project. Arrange the commencement and completion period of each unit project to meet the requirements of supporting production;
② Determine key points and ensure progress;
③ The overall construction progress must leave appropriate room;
④ Pay attention to the construction preparation, and make all preparations ahead of the commencement of the project;
⑤ Select effective construction methods, give priority to new technologies and processes, and ensure project quality and production safety;
⑥ Make full use of the formal project and save the cost of temporary project;
⑦ The general layout of the general construction layout and the general design plan of the construction organization shall be coordinated and complementary to each other.
The construction organization design is generally divided into three stages:
1. Design of construction conditions (or basic overview of construction organization);
2. General design of construction organization;
3. Construction design of each building and other unit works.
2、 Construction schedule
The construction schedule is the specific planning and overall arrangement of the construction sequence, starting and ending time, construction process connection, and the supply of required labor and various technical materials based on the determination of the project construction target duration and the corresponding completed quantities. The preparation of a scientific and reasonable construction schedule and the coordination of construction time and configuration are the primary conditions for the implementation of the construction schedule.
Basic requirements for preparation of construction project schedule:
1. Ensure that the proposed construction project is completed within the period specified in the contract, and strive to shorten the construction period.
2. Ensure the balance and continuity of the construction, try to organize the flow lapping, connection and balanced construction, and reduce the stoppage and slowdown of the on-site working face.
3. Try to save construction costs as much as possible, and try to reduce the scale of various temporary facilities on the construction site within a reasonable range.
4. Reasonably arrange mechanized construction and give full play to the production efficiency of construction machinery.
5. Reasonably organize the construction and try to reduce the time loss and resource waste caused by improper organization and arrangement.
6. Ensure construction quality and safety.
3、 Construction layout
1. Significance of construction plane layout
The plane layout of the construction site is one of the important parts of the construction organization design, which is of great significance for guiding the polite construction on the site. Otherwise, the unreasonable layout of the construction site will cause chaos in the construction order. The construction site of a project should accommodate hundreds of people and tens of thousands of teams to carry out construction. Their different tasks will inevitably interfere with each other. In addition, the construction site layout is not clear or the study is not thorough, so the construction site of other teams may be occupied during the construction process, affecting the construction of other teams, which will lead to disputes. Many materials and machinery need to be stored. If the plane layout of the construction site is not fully studied, the storage location may occupy the design location of the building, which will affect the construction progress and increase the construction cost. The rough layout of the construction site directly affects the construction safety, and is prone to electric shock, fire, flooding and other hazards, resulting in economic losses and personal safety accidents. Therefore, full attention must be paid to the layout of the construction site.
2. Role of construction plane layout
(1) Determine the spatial location of production factors.
(2) During the construction of the project, ensure that the construction does not interfere with each other and that the construction is carried out in an orderly manner.
(3) All kinds of resources and service facilities required for construction can be effectively combined and operated safely.
(4) Reduce the secondary handling cost of materials on the site and reduce the construction cost.
(5) The layout plan of the construction site is the basis for site plane management and the standard for site dispatching and command.
3. Construction layout
The construction layout plan is a concise graphical form of the construction area layout in the construction phase of the construction project, which is used to represent the buildings, structures under construction and existing buildings, structures, as well as temporary production, administrative and living rooms, machinery equipment, tower crane tracks, indoor and outdoor warehouses, roads (railways), water supply and drainage pipelines The relative plane position of power and heating networks and other pipelines.
Practice is the process of integrating theory with practice. This practice has deepened my understanding of the concept of structure, looked at construction from a higher perspective, contacted architectural design for the first time, and learned some common problems and solutions in the design process. In the process of consulting materials, I learned many useful concepts and theories. At the same time, it also found some problems in self knowledge and understanding.
Part 6: Model Report on Mechanical Replacement Practice
[Key words] Graduation design management mode of post practice in higher vocational colleges
[About the author] Guo Hongqiang (1969 -), male, born in Zibo, Shandong Province, associate professor and master of Zibo Vocational College, majoring in chemical machinery and higher vocational education. (Shandong Zibo 255314)
[Project] This paper is one of the research results of the "Research and Practice on the Evaluation Index System of the Quality of Chemical Vocational Students' Post Practice" of the 11th Five Year Plan of Shandong Province for Vocational Education and Adult Education Research in 2009. (Project No.: 2009zcj043, Project host: Guo Hongqiang)
[CLC No.] G717 [Document Identification Code] A [Article No.] 1004-3985 (2012) 21-0142-02
1、 Integration and reconstruction of post practice and graduation design courses
Post practice is an indispensable part of teaching in higher vocational colleges. It is an important link to cultivate students' professional quality and professional ability in the real professional environment, and it is also a comprehensive improvement of students' knowledge, ability and quality before they enter the post ①. Graduation design is an important practical process to cultivate and test students' ability to comprehensively apply their knowledge, think independently and solve practical problems. The Ministry of Education's Several Opinions on Improving the Teaching Quality of Higher Vocational Education in an All round Way put forward guiding suggestions on post practice, graduation, employment, etc.: "Guide enterprises to establish a system of accepting students' internship in higher vocational colleges, strengthen students' production practice and social practice, and higher vocational colleges should ensure that students on campus have at least half a year of post practice in enterprises and other employers. ”Most schools set the time of post practice in the last semester, which raises new problems for graduation design guidance. After years of practice, we have broken down and reconstructed the two courses of post placement practice and graduation design, forming the management characteristics that students enter the internship position as "prospective employees", the job task is to accept on-site inspection of graduation design projects, design schemes and results, and front-line technicians and school teachers jointly guide post placement practice and graduation design. This integrated post practice and graduation design teaching management mode has obvious advantages in the effectiveness of student management, the purpose and scientificity of topic selection, the richness and authenticity of design materials, the knowledge structure and experience of teachers, and the cultivation of students' engineering and social practice abilities. In addition, this model can also enable school teachers to get practical training, improve their own knowledge structure, and constantly improve their teaching level and ability to guide students ②.
2、 Strengthen the process management of post practice and graduation design
The process of post placement practice and graduation design can be divided into four stages: plan preparation, organization and implementation, assessment and evaluation, and data archiving. Each stage is subdivided into several processes.
1. Plan preparation stage. The plan preparation stage plays an important role in the whole process of post placement practice and graduation design, which is directly related to the smooth implementation of post placement practice and graduation design. This stage takes a long time to prepare, which involves teaching, student management, logistics support and other aspects. It needs the leadership of the department to organize in person, and even needs the relevant departments of the college to make top-level design, prepare teaching, student management and other related documents. The first is the documents related to teaching, including post practice plan, post practice course standard, post practice course overall design, graduation design plan, graduation design course standard, graduation design course overall design, etc. Post placement internship plan and graduation design plan are the overall planning of students' activities in the enterprise. They are formulated by professional leaders and backbone teachers in consultation with professional teachers in combination with the basic situation of the internship enterprise. The contents of the internship plan include the internship purpose, tasks, requirements, time arrangement, job requirements, etc. The graduation design plan includes design purpose, tutor arrangement, time arrangement (topic selection, opening, mid-term review, review, defense), material summary, etc. The curriculum standards for post placement practice and graduation design are programmatic documents for guiding teachers to guide post placement practice and graduation design, the basis for teachers to guide students, and the basis for teaching management departments to manage teachers' guidance. The content of curriculum standards includes curriculum objectives, curriculum nature, curriculum type, curriculum content, and curriculum implementation suggestions. The second is the documents on student management, including the regulations on the management of post placement practice, the agreement on the management of graduates' early employment, the treatment of students' accidental injuries, the agreement on student post placement practice and other documents.
2. Organization and implementation stage. The first is to determine the internship unit. The college will contact suitable units for students through job fairs. On the one hand, the source of internship units is a group of long-term school enterprise cooperation units, which can meet students' internship requirements due to their long-term cooperation and thorough concept of school enterprise cooperation; On the other hand, take the initiative to contact some large enterprises and invite them to attend job fairs in the department; In addition, many enterprises are in urgent need of technical talents due to new projects. They take the initiative to contact the college and invite students to practice. Students in such units rise faster. The college should have a certain selection of enterprises, and should abandon those enterprises that are small in scale, lack of labor, backward in technology, imperfect in security measures, and unable to sign labor contracts. More than 90% of the students can contact the internship and employment units through job fairs. Students enter their professional posts in advance as "students" and "prospective employees". Under the real working environment, they personally operate, participate in the analysis and elimination of accidents on the post, and carry out the start, stop and maintenance of machinery, which significantly enhance their professional ability ③.
The second is the determination of the instructor. The instructors are composed of school instructors and enterprise instructors, and the school instructors should choose professional core course teachers ④. Generally, teachers with higher educational background and certain enterprise practice experience are preferred as instructors, especially teachers transferred from enterprises to schools. They are not only familiar with students, but also familiar with the enterprise situation, which is convenient for effective communication with enterprise technicians and more competent for guiding students. The enterprise instructor shall be the technician of the workshop or section where the students are employed by the school. It is jointly managed by the enterprise and the college, and the enterprise and the college jointly pay the guidance fee. Students can also choose instructors or instructors designated by enterprises according to their understanding of technical personnel, and report to the department and college for qualification review and filing. Each enterprise instructor guides 1~2 students, which really plays the role of master leading apprentice. School instructors and enterprise instructors are also responsible for guiding students' graduation thesis (design).
The last is the process implementation. The process implementation link is the key link of post practice and graduation design work. The improvement of students' professional ability, the cultivation of professional quality, the quality of practice, and the quality of graduation design all depend on this link, and even whether students can be successfully employed in the internship enterprise, and whether "prospective workers" can be transformed into regular employees of the enterprise also depend on this link. In the links of post practice and graduation design, students should change from school life to enterprise life, from classroom learning to on-site labor and learning. The people and things they face have changed a lot, and the work and rest system has also changed a lot. They have to face the life of three shifts. Although they have the first meager labor remuneration, However, they have to face many economic punishment management in the management system, and the environment and interpersonal relationship become more complex, which requires students to have a period of adaptation and adjustment both physically and mentally. Therefore, college instructors should strengthen communication with students, and enterprise instructors should give more care to students. Counselors should contact students regularly, use modern network technology to build a communication platform between students, and achieve an interactive management system among colleges, enterprises, parents, and students.
The school and enterprise guidance teachers work together to guide students' professional ability and cultivate their professional quality. After students arrive at their posts as "prospective employees", they will be managed by the enterprise, and safety education, factory entry education, job requirements, etc. will be organized and implemented by the enterprise. During the internship, the enterprise instructors are responsible for giving necessary guidance and assessment to the students' professional quality, work attitude, professionalism, professional skills, team spirit, attendance, innovation awareness, etc. The instructor of the college will issue relevant materials and documents to students, such as the standards of post practice courses, graduation design course standards, student post practice weekly notes, post practice reports, student post practice assessment forms, post practice college instructor assessment forms, etc. The school instructors have quantitative guidance tasks, such as the number of on-site guidance to enterprises, the number of graduation design (thesis) guidance, and keep the phone open to receive students' consultation.
3. Assessment stage. As two independent courses, post practice and graduation design are reflected in the talent training program, so the assessment and evaluation of students include post practice evaluation and graduation design (thesis) evaluation, with 100 points for each course. The evaluation pays attention to the principle of combining enterprise evaluation with school evaluation, and combining process evaluation with final evaluation. The results of post placement practice are composed of three parts: enterprise instructor evaluation, school instructor evaluation, and process material evaluation, with the scores accounting for 40%, 30%, and 30%. The evaluation of enterprise instructors is based on their quantitative scores of students' professional quality, work attitude, professionalism, professional skills, team spirit, attendance rate, innovation awareness, outstanding contributions, and integration with the enterprise; According to the professional training objectives and the requirements of post practice curriculum standards, the school instructors give quantitative results in combination with their own factory entry and student attendance exchanges, telephone exchanges with students, etc; The post practice materials that students need to return are Post Practice Weekly Record and Post Practice Report. The post practice leading group organizes the school instructors to evaluate the weekly record and practice report based on the class, and gives quantitative scores. The final scores are converted into four grades according to the quantitative scores: excellent, good, qualified and unqualified. Those who fail to pass the examination shall be re educated, and their graduation certificates shall be postponed for one year; The college will issue the Certificate of Work Experience jointly recognized by the enterprise and the college to those who pass the assessment.
When assessing graduation defense scores, students are generally required to return to school to participate in graduation defense. For units where students are concentrated, teachers can be assigned to the enterprise to defend together. The defense team is composed of 3-5 instructors from the school and the enterprise. The materials to be handed in by students are papers related to their own work (generally limited to analysis and writing papers) or process design instructions and drawings. The defense score is composed of three parts: the instructor's score, the review teacher's score, and the defense team's score, accounting for 30%, 30%, and 40% respectively. The final score will be converted into four grades: excellent, good, qualified and unqualified. The second defense will be organized for those who fail to pass the defense.
4. Data archiving stage. At the end of the graduation project defense, the graduation project management personnel shall sort out all the materials, compile the documents into volumes, and burn the data into CDs for backup. At the same time, all materials are put into the graduation design data database, and the graduation design with certain practical value is recommended to relevant units for use. Finally, the management personnel shall write the "Summary Report of Post Practice and Graduation Design" according to the summary report of each specialty, and submit it to the Academic Affairs Office for filing.
3、 Several Problems Needing to be Discussed on Post Practice and Graduation Design in Higher Vocational Colleges
1. Assessment of enterprise instructors. In view of the diversity of their identities and sources, some enterprise instructors are still obliged to guide students, so it is difficult to make a specific quantitative assessment of them. Even if a quantitative assessment is made, it is of little practical significance. Most enterprise instructors can guide students seriously and responsibly, and we can only change some irresponsible teachers tactfully. To achieve the same assessment of enterprise guidance teachers as school teachers, we must wait for the national higher vocational education system to do more in-depth reform in order to achieve.
2. Students change jobs frequently. Students' internship period is generally the busiest production season for enterprises. The "quasi staff" management and lifestyle make it difficult for students to adapt. Although chemical enterprises have relatively high wages, they are generally far away from urban areas, smelly, and their spare time life is relatively monotonous. The surrounding environment of the enterprise has a large gap compared with the school, which makes students fall behind psychologically, especially in new factories, Enterprise leaders tend to focus on the construction and improvement of production facilities, and are more likely to ignore the logistics conditions of employees. The rapid development of the chemical industry makes it easy for students to find jobs and provides conditions for students to change jobs frequently, but it adds some difficulties to the management of the school.
3. Fixed posts lead to single learning of knowledge and skills. One of the purposes of post practice for chemical engineering students is to make full use of enterprise resources to carry out comprehensive training on the knowledge and skills learned. However, after entering the enterprise as a prospective employee, some enterprises set students at a certain operation or analysis post. The profit seeking instinct of the enterprise makes it difficult for students to have the opportunity to rotate jobs, and many skills cannot be trained, Some students tend to become senior migrant workers.
4. Management and performance evaluation of students with different majors. Like other majors, there are always a small number of students who contact non chemical units for employment through personal channels every year. The job position is not related to chemical industry. It is difficult to find a perfect solution for these students' post practice and graduation design, and it is also difficult to find a suitable scale for performance evaluation.
5. High cost and difficulty in fund guarantee. In general, post placement internship units are scattered and remote, so the transportation fees and work subsidies of instructors are not small expenses, and investment in this area needs to be further increased. Under the condition of taking more than ten classes, each instructor in the school can guide 10~15 students who are on post for practice, which also shows a slight lack of energy input.
[Note]
① Zhu Dengyi, Zhang Jisheng, Chen Bei. Exploration and practice of student internship management model [J]. Journal of Chengdu Aviation Vocational and Technical College, 2009 (8): 55
② Zhou Xuejun, Zhou Rong On the Teaching Mode of Graduation Design under the "Combination of Work and Learning" Mode ［ J ］. Vocational Education Forum, 2010 (8): 33
Part 7: Model Report on Mechanical Replacement Practice
According to the identity and occupation of the staff involved in the survey, the staff involved in the survey were divided into three research groups, namely, the teacher research group, the post internship student research group and the summer social practice research group, which took about two years to conduct in-depth research. First, teachers' research group. It is composed of backbone teachers of welding specialty and leaders and staff responsible for employment in our department. It mainly makes use of the convenience and opportunities such as going out to guide and manage interns, employment negotiations, etc., to contact the employing enterprises, and carry out research work in the form of enterprise visits, previous graduate seminars, conferences and exchanges. The second is the research group of post practice students. In the two years from 2009 to 2010, about 500 welding graduates of our department participated in the post placement practice. According to the geographical distribution, enterprise distribution and other characteristics of post internship students, a post internship student research team was established in a timely manner, with the student union cadre as the leader to carry out the research work of the region and the enterprise. The group mainly fed back research information in the form of questionnaires and research reports. Third, the summer social practice research group. In the summer of 2009 and 2010, social practice activities integrating research, practice and service were organized respectively to understand the production status and employment needs of enterprises in Qingshan Equipment Industrial Park and Rare Earth High tech Zone in Baotou City, and participate in production practice to understand the welding production status, equipment use, etc. The group mainly fed back research information in the form of questionnaires and research reports. The survey visited 30 enterprises, 300 copies of the Questionnaire on the Demand of Welding Technology and Automation Professionals and 300 copies of the Questionnaire on the Professional Competence Requirements of Welding Technology and Automation Professionals were distributed respectively, and 283 copies of valid questionnaires were recovered.
2、 Research results and analysis
1. Overview of equipment manufacturing industry in Baotou City Baotou City is an important equipment manufacturing production base in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and equipment manufacturing has become a pillar industry in Baotou City. In recent years, the annual total assets of Baotou's equipment manufacturing industry have exceeded 30 billion yuan, and the product sales revenue has reached 18 billion yuan. During the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" period, Baotou City will closely rely on the strong technical strength and production capacity of the large enterprises in the area such as Baogang Group, First Machinery Group, North Heavy Industry Group and North Benz in terms of machining, automobile manufacturing, etc., integrate the existing equipment manufacturing resources, focus on the development of automobile and parts manufacturing, wind power equipment and parts manufacturing, An equipment manufacturing system dominated by heavy equipment and special equipment has formed an annual production scale of 45000 heavy trucks, 100000 various modified vehicles, 3000 mining equipment (sets) such as various engineering machinery and hydraulic supports, roadheader, 5000 railway vehicles, 600000 tons of petrochemical pipeline equipment such as ultra-high pressure steel pipes, thick wall boiler tubes, sucker rods, and spiral welded pipes, The sales revenue reached more than 65 billion yuan, making Baotou a modern machinery and equipment manufacturing base with important influence in the central and western regions of China.
2. Status and demand of welding technology With the rapid development of equipment manufacturing industry, welding technology is undergoing structural transformation. Modern welding technology characterized by high efficiency, energy saving, high quality and digital, automatic and intelligent control of process gradually replaces the traditional manual welding process with high energy consumption, low efficiency and poor working environment. However, the serious shortage of high-quality technical personnel in the first line of welding production and the unreasonable structure of welding practitioners hinder the universal application of advanced welding production technology. The survey results show that the proportion of technicians responsible for transforming design into products in the first line of welding structure production is low among welding engineering technicians; In addition, the number of welding technicians and senior technicians in the welding technician team is small, which indicates that there is a serious shortage of high-quality technical personnel in the first line of welding production. Welding technology is the key manufacturing technology in the production process of the main products of Baotou equipment manufacturing industry, such as rolling stock, wind power equipment, heavy equipment, etc. The application and development of welding technology will play an important role in local economic construction. Through the investigation and analysis of the demand for professional skilled talents of many state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises in Baotou and its surrounding areas, it can be seen that enterprises are in urgent need of high-quality skilled talents who are proficient in modern welding technology operation skills, capable of process design and on-site implementation, production management and quality monitoring, familiar with welding high-tech, and able to transform it into practical production, In recent three years, the demand for high skilled welding talents has reached about 2000 people.
3. Enterprise requirements for welding talents At present, there are two main ways for enterprises to recruit personnel, namely through the labor market and from fresh graduates. The main purpose of recruitment in the labor market is to recruit skilled welders with relatively high skill levels to solve or ease the urgent need of heavy production tasks. The purpose of recruitment from fresh graduates is to have young skilled workers with systematic theoretical basis, certain practical operation skills and strong plasticity, so as to enrich the welder team as a reserve of technical talents. In the past three years, the proportion of talents with various academic qualifications in newly recruited personnel: 20% undergraduates, 50% vocational students, 30% secondary vocational school, technical school and vocational high school students. State owned enterprises attach importance to the training of employees, pay attention to the updating of knowledge and skills of employees, and develop systematic training plans and arrangements. Private enterprises pay more attention to production efficiency, recruit suitable talents for the required positions at one step, and pay less attention to employee training or cultivation. From the perspective of the allocation of posts for higher vocational students, although different types of production enterprises have certain differences, they are basically the same on the whole, that is, the posts of higher vocational students are mainly concentrated in technical workers, followed by front-line production management posts, and a few in middle or senior management posts. Enterprises generally believe that higher vocational students are suitable for the production of products with complex processing procedures and high requirements for processing quality. They have good basic quality, relatively solid basic skills, strong self-learning ability, rapid improvement of operating skills, a certain team spirit, quick start, strong adaptability, and can meet the needs of multiple positions. However, some vocational college students are uneasy about their work and have high expectations for their posts and salaries. The enterprise values whether employees can serve the enterprise actively, actively, steadfastly and responsibly, and whether they can be loyal to their duties, obey the transfer and abide by the system. The questionnaire survey also shows that ideological morality, comprehensive quality and practical ability rank in the top three respectively. The survey results show that enterprises have higher requirements for vocational college students' professional ability, as shown in Figure 2. The production enterprises require that the graduates of welding vocational colleges should have strong welding operation skills, the ability to implement welding processes, the ability to use and maintain welding equipment, etc., while the requirements for the ability to use foreign languages and computers are relatively low, which are only basic quality requirements. Therefore, in the process of specialty construction, curriculum construction and reform, it is necessary to highlight or strengthen students' welding operation skills training and other practical teaching links.
4. Analysis of employment position of welding graduates In the questionnaire survey, we designed an analysis of employment position of welding graduates in recent years. The survey results show that 70% of welding operation jobs and 15% of welding process design and implementation jobs are the main jobs for welding graduates; Secondary posts are 6% for welding quality inspection, 6% for welding production management and 3% for others. Therefore, in the course of curriculum construction, we should describe the job tasks, determine the typical work tasks, take the work tasks as the main line, and then integrate and reorganize the work tasks according to the relevance of the work, determine the professional ability of the post (action field), and construct the learning field, that is, the curriculum system.
3、 Conclusion
Part 8: Model Report on Mechanical Post Practice
Key words: safety regulations Internship content Internship mobilization
CLC No.: G712 Document ID: C DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8181.2013.14.065
"Integrating theory with practice" is the teaching goal of all vocational education schools. To achieve "integrating theory with practice", theoretical teaching involves how to arrange experimental classes. Teaching practice is particularly important today when vocational education advocates "service oriented, ability oriented, and employment oriented". Teaching practice lays a practical foundation for students to better and faster adapt to enterprise production management in post practice.
Aquaculture major is highly practical, and 4-week teaching practice is particularly important for students majoring in aquaculture. In the traditional teaching practice, most secondary vocational schools without on campus practice bases often directly arrange students to enterprises. Students are passively arranged to practice in enterprises without fully mastering practical skills. Students have no time to change their roles, can't integrate into the enterprise well, can't meet the employment standards of the enterprise, and the final result is being "fired" by the enterprise. This not only affects the normal production of the enterprise, but also brings negative effects to the school, and also brings difficulties to the post practice distribution in the future. In view of the problems existing in the traditional teaching practice, our school has formulated the relevant teaching practice plan, and arranged students majoring in aquaculture to carry out teaching practice in the campus practice base for 4 weeks. Here are some ideas on how to organize and arrange teaching practice:
1. Formulate safety regulations for student teaching practice and standardize student behavior
1.1 Firmly establish the "safety" awareness, clarify the safety operation procedures and safety management system, and strictly implement them
Students in teaching practice often come into contact with some dangerous chemicals. Without the consent of the internship teacher, students should be strictly prohibited from contacting these substances. In addition, most breeding machines are electrical equipment, which requires students to have certain knowledge of electrical safety.
Students are required not to use electric furnaces, electric heaters, etc. without permission, not to connect sockets and wires without permission, not to operate maintenance equipment or switch equipment at will without permission of teachers when necessary. The hidden danger of insecurity shall be reported to relevant personnel or teachers immediately. In case of any danger or unknown accident during the internship, leave the site immediately and report immediately. Do not operate without permission. Obey the traffic rules and operating specifications to prevent personal injury or property loss and prevent accidents. Strictly carry out safety education in accordance with the safety education system.
1.2 Strictly observe labor discipline and relevant rules and regulations of the internship base during the internship
① Respect the staff of the internship site and the internship instructor.
② Obey the command of the internship unit.
③ Do not be late, leave early, absent from practice and leave without permission.
④ During working hours, do not leave the post or shift from post to post, and do not do anything irrelevant to the internship.
⑤ Do not quarrel with the site staff, and do not damage the plants of the internship unit.
⑥ In life, we should cultivate students' good habits of diligence and thrift, and cultivate the spirit of hard work and perseverance. In work, we should ask students not to cheat or avoid difficult work.
2. Formulate teaching practice plan and clarify teaching practice content and assessment methods
2.1 Formulate appropriate teaching practice plans and contents according to the characteristics of secondary vocational school students and the industry characteristics of the aquaculture industry
2.1.1 Adult fish feeding technology
① Students are required to master the operation steps of pond cleaning with bleaching powder and quicklime.
② Master the breeding techniques of allogynogenetic crucian carp, carp and grass carp.
It includes the understanding of their living habits and eating habits, as well as the conditions of pond breeding; Grasp feeding requirements and methods, and conduct water quality control; Learn to observe the fish situation and carry out daily management; Master the use and maintenance methods of commonly used aquaculture machinery; Master the diagnosis and prevention techniques of common fish diseases, and can treat common fish diseases; Master fishing techniques, including the use of common fishing gear, pulling and casting nets and other techniques.
2.1.2 Artificial propagation technology
The teaching practice time arranged by the school is just in the peak season of fish breeding, so we add artificial breeding to the teaching practice content, which requires students to master the ecological method (carp, crucian carp, non crucian carp, rainbow trout, etc.) and physiological method (grass carp, black carp, silver carp, bighead carp, etc.) of artificial breeding technology; Master the use of incubator and incubation technology.
2.1.3 Seedling breeding technology
It includes aquatic food cultivation methods, seed feeding techniques, and related water quality control techniques. Students also need to master the relevant knowledge of aquatic animal nutrition and feed science.
2.2 Assessment methods for teaching practice
The assessment of teaching practice should be carried out by item according to the practice content. The purpose of the assessment is to enable students to better grasp the practice content. The assessment content should include:
① Assessment of mastery of practice content.
② Discipline, attitude and other aspects of the assessment.
③ Performance and performance assessment.
The assessment contents are as follows (see Table 1):
Table 1
In addition to the assessment of internship content and performance in Table 1, it also includes discipline assessment, which stipulates that 10 points will be deducted for absenteeism, 5 points will be deducted for lateness, and 5 points will be deducted for leave. The performance and performance of the students shall be properly added and subtracted according to the practice content, and the final actual score shall be the comprehensive score.
3. Do a good job of publicity and mobilization before practice, and clarify the significance of teaching practice
The purpose of teaching practice is to enable students to better adapt to the coming post practice, adapt to the society and understand the society. Therefore, students are required to clarify their responsibilities, especially what professional qualities they should have, cultivate their sense of post responsibility, and let students do what they do, love what they do, and specialize in what they do.
First of all, the safety regulations for teaching practice should be read out to students, so that students can understand what they should and should not do, and establish their sense of discipline and safety awareness. Let them understand the relevant requirements and objectives of the internship task, so that they can know well and practice consciously.
Secondly, let students understand the teaching practice content and assessment methods, which is easier to manage. Prepare for teaching practice ideologically.
Finally, let students understand the significance of teaching practice, so that students can devote themselves to teaching practice.
Teaching practice is carried out under the organization of the school. The practice base has a special practice management team responsible for the management of daily life, and also has corresponding instructors to guide students in practice. During the practice period, theoretical teaching can also be arranged to echo the practical teaching to achieve better results. This is the most perfect interpretation of "integrating theory with practice".
reference:
[1] Liu Youdong. Construction and Practice of Practical Training Base of Secondary Vocational School under New Situation [J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2010, (9)
[2] Yi Xuejuan, Liu Baochang. A survey report on students' post practice in higher vocational colleges implementing the "2+1" teaching model [J]. Vocational Education Forum, 2007, (4)
[3] Yin Xiangwen, Ma Bin, Ma Chengrong. Research on Post Practice System of Secondary Vocational School Students (II) - Post Practice in the Perspective of System Design [J]. China Vocational and Technical Education, 2008, (33)
Part 9: Model Report on Mechanical Post Practice
Key words: Practice and discussion on the combination of work and learning teaching mode of mechanical engineering in higher vocational colleges
CLC No.: G4 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1672-3791 (2012) 11 (b) - 0182-02
The teaching mode of "combination of work and study" for mechanical engineering majors in higher vocational colleges is an educational mode with the main purpose of cultivating professional talents. After analyzing and exploring the teaching mode of "combination of work and learning" for mechanical engineering majors, our college applied this research result to teaching.
1. The Importance of Implementing the "Combination of Work and Learning" Teaching Mode in Mechanical Engineering in Higher Vocational Colleges
With the implementation of the national strategic plan to revitalize the old industrial base in the northeast, the equipment manufacturing industry in Dalian has developed rapidly. Without this construction and development, the mechanical engineering specialty of Dalian Vocational and Technical College would not have achieved today. Therefore, our positioning is to promote the economic development of Dalian area, make it a training base for high-quality and highly skilled talents in equipment manufacturing industry in Dalian area, and undertake the training task of highly skilled talents in various industrial enterprises. Only in this way can the college realize its own value, promote the prosperity and development of enterprises, and achieve the goal of sustainable development of the college. Practice has proved that the combination of work and learning mode is the most effective and basic way for the college to run a degree at present, and its premise is that the college and the enterprise must establish a close "blood relationship".
At present, our institute has established a cooperative relationship with more than 1000 enterprises with the goal of "jointly cultivating practical talents required by enterprises". Among them, mechanical engineering majors have established close "blood relationship" with more than 100 enterprises to build a platform for the implementation of the talent training mode of combining work with learning. Through visits, consultations and negotiations, our numerical control technology, machinery manufacturing and design, mold design and manufacturing and other disciplines have established close and interdependent "blood relationships" with nearly 100 enterprises, including Jembert, Tongshitai, General Motors, Goodyear Otto Technology Co., Ltd., and integrated school education into industry enterprises, The concept and culture of the enterprise are introduced into the college to achieve the goal of jointly cultivating talents between higher vocational colleges and enterprises.
2. Implementation of the teaching mode of "combination of work and learning" for mechanical engineering majors in higher vocational colleges
2.1 Cooperation between schools and enterprises to build a "work study integration" teaching system
2.1.1 Through "post practice", the school and the enterprise jointly cultivate qualified talents
The college generally arranges students majoring in mechanical engineering to work in appropriate positions in enterprises ten months before graduation, while learning theory and carrying out production practice. It is different from the traditional practice. Students who participate in the internship have formal jobs during their work, which is an important feature of the internship. For example, nine students who were recruited by Dalian Oto Technology Co., Ltd. in 2011 were not only guided by school teachers during the internship in the mechanical assembly workshop, In addition, they should accept the edification of the enterprise culture and the guidance of two senior workers with practical skills and experience assigned by the enterprise. At the same time, the teachers of the school keep close contact with the enterprise every two weeks, understand the situation of students' post practice, and jointly solve various problems in production. The school improves education and teaching according to the actual requirements of the enterprise.
2.1.2 Through "order" training, schools and enterprises work together to educate people
The College of Mechanical Engineering held an order class with Dalian Liancheng Numerical Control Machinery Co., Ltd. in March 2011. According to the requirements of the enterprise for talent specifications, the college and the enterprise jointly formulate talent training plans, sign employment contracts, and cooperate in teachers, technology, school conditions, etc. to jointly complete a series of education and teaching activities such as talent training and employment. Practice has proved that "order" training is an extremely effective form to strengthen school enterprise cooperation. The college has signed training agreements with Goodyear, Intel, Tongshitai, Otto Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongsheng Group and other large and medium-sized enterprises at home and abroad, and has successively established Yida Class, Jianbert Class, Intel Class, Goodyear Class, Otto Class, Tongshitai Class, General Class, Zhongsheng Class, etc. Students become employees of enterprises soon after enrollment, and some enterprises provide scholarships for students. All colleges and enterprises jointly formulate and implement talent training programs, and timely adjust the detailed rules of talent training programs according to the requirements of enterprise post capacity development and the requirements of new technologies and new processes, so as to achieve zero distance training and realize the common development of colleges and enterprises.
2.1.3 Through "co building bases with enterprises", the school and enterprises jointly run schools
The school establishes a reference training base in the college according to the production scale, production workshop, management mode, etc. of the enterprise. The college and the enterprise jointly select teachers to carry out teaching and management. Our school and Dalian Goodyear Company jointly negotiate, and Goodyear Company will fund the equipment to establish a Goodyear training base in our college's Nanguanling campus. At the same time, according to the enterprise's specific production process, production scale, management mode, etc., we will prepare the teaching syllabus, teaching plan, teaching calendar and other documents of the "Goodyear Class", Our school sends excellent teachers and the enterprise sends excellent engineers to give lectures. After graduating from this base, students work directly at the front line of the enterprise. Facts have proved that this form of school running has achieved the result of joint education and common development between the school and the enterprise.
2.2 Taking the practical training base of the college as the platform, gradually implement the "combination of work and learning" teaching mode
2.2.1 The school invests funds, purchases equipment and realizes the enterprise production environment
In order to cultivate high-quality and highly skilled talents, our college has invested a large amount of funds to constantly improve teaching facilities and the internship and training base in the hospital, providing good conditions for cultivating highly skilled talents. Students' professional ability practice has been constantly strengthened. In recent years, the school has invested nearly 30 million yuan to establish a "modern equipment manufacturing technology training center", It is a large comprehensive training base that integrates CNC machining technology, electric machining technology, ordinary machining technology, mold processing technology and other fields. The training center covers an area of about 5200 m2, and consists of 22 training areas, including CNC lathe processing area, CNC milling machine processing area, processing center training area, fitter training area, etc. The equipment of the center is mainly production type and enterprise in use equipment, which can meet the technical requirements of typical parts processing. The number, scale, function and technical level of the equipment are in the leading position among the major colleges and universities in Dalian, and are among the best in the province. There are 14 full-time practical instructors and 10 part-time practical instructors, including senior technicians and other highly skilled practical teachers, The center can accommodate more than 700 students for practical integrated teaching and productive training at the same time. The center was named by the Ministry of Education as "CNC Vocational Education Training Center" and "Dalian Public Training Center for Employees".
2.2.2 Carry out work study combination teaching for a product of the enterprise
According to the determined talent training objectives, the overall design optimizes the teaching, practical training, practice, employment and other talent training links, and formulates a talent training program that combines work with learning. All majors are required to carry out simulation training for students as far as possible in combination with theoretical teaching when conditions are met, so as to achieve the teaching of simulation factory, simulation workshop, simulation process, and simulation operation, On this basis, when the new talent training plan is formulated, enough time is designed to ensure that students can carry out productive training. For example, the instructor of an ordinary milling machine simulates the "bump" of an enterprise and prepares the "regular pentagon bump". In addition, we also invited experts from Dalian Machine Tool Group, Dalian Diesel Engine Factory and other enterprises to participate in the discussion of the new talent training program, and jointly formulated the content of posts, abilities, skills and other modules in the talent training program.
2.2.3 Realize the teaching of "combination of work and learning" based on a product processed with supplied materials by the enterprise
The college's "Modern Equipment Manufacturing Training Center" has production. Some enterprises put their products in school production and processing, so that we can "integrate classroom and training, practical training and production, and teaching and technical services". For example, when the training center undertakes the machining task of the manhole cover of an enterprise in Dalian Development Zone, it arranges the NC training according to the whole workpiece processing process. The teacher guides students to prepare the NC machining process flow of the manhole cover, and combines the professional knowledge involved in such courses as metal materials, parts machining process, tolerance and coordination used in the machining process of the parts, The teacher will take the workpiece as an example to explain the knowledge on site, and then the students will complete the processing of the workpiece under the guidance of the teacher.
Through the practice of "Modern Equipment Manufacturing Training Center", students not only consolidated the basic knowledge of professional theory, but also improved their practical operation ability. In recent years, our mechanical engineering graduates have obtained 100% of the intermediate work permits before graduation, and some students have also obtained senior work permits before graduation.
3. Strengthen the construction of "double division" and "double guidance" teams
3.1 Hire in and send out to strengthen the construction of double division team
In line with the principles of "mutual assistance between schools and enterprises, combination of full-time and part-time" and "equal emphasis on theoretical level and practical ability", we have realized the transition from focusing on academic qualifications to focusing on practical experience. We should achieve higher vocational education supported by "double qualified" teachers, with the goal of cultivating highly skilled talents, and build a team of "double qualified" professional teachers, Improving the overall quality of the teaching staff is the requirement of implementing the "work study combination" teaching mode. It is also the basic guarantee for comprehensively improving teaching quality. The construction of the "double qualified" professional teacher team should carry out vocational training for existing teachers, expand professional knowledge in the front line of enterprises, and improve the knowledge structure. Since 2007, our institute has sent two teachers of numerical control technology specialty to Dalian Machine Tool Group and Dalian Diesel Engine Factory for training for half a year, and one teacher of machinery manufacturing and design specialty and abrasive tool manufacturing and design specialty to Dalian Otto Technology Company for on-site training; At the same time, five high-quality professors, senior engineers and other senior professional and technical personnel were introduced from the production line; In addition, policies and measures have also been formulated to guide teachers to develop into a "double qualified" type. Each teacher who comes to the enterprise for training should regularly write training reports and weekly training records, and the college will also provide necessary subsidies every day.
High tech personnel hired from enterprises should not be ignored, and management and quality control should be strengthened. The College of Mechanical Engineering has established a relatively stable team of 11 external teachers.
3.2 The school and the enterprise jointly send people to form a "double guide" management team of "work study integration" and jointly grasp and manage
The teaching mode of "combination of work and study" is different from that of the previous "third stage" teaching. It is necessary to focus on the psychological counseling work of students in the "combination of work and study", especially the students who go to the enterprises for internship. They need to constantly switch between the roles of "student" and "worker". Since they entered the society earlier than the "third stage", they are prone to psychological fluctuations and difficult to do ideological work. In order to adapt to the change of the two roles of students, we will increase the enterprise management force in the student management team. The school will appoint a class tutor to manage students. At the same time, we will negotiate with the enterprise to let the enterprise send a technician (or operator) who knows both technology and management and has good conduct as the class tutor of the enterprise. Such a dual nature management team plays a certain role in the whole teaching. They jointly educate and guide students to consciously abide by the rules and regulations of the enterprise and safety operation rules, and jointly prevent violations of laws and disciplines and safety accidents. For example, 12 students who went to Dalian Diesel Engine Plant for fixed post practice in 2010, the double tutors did a good job in ideological work and ensured the safety and stability of students in the process of work study integration teaching.
4 Conclusion
The education and training mode of "combination of work and learning" is the main direction of the reform of higher vocational education in China. Contact more enterprises to participate in the teaching mode of "combination of work and learning". At the same time, use the advantages of the production practice environment of the campus training base to implement the "combination of work and learning" mode. Through this way of running a school, we take increasing students' practical ability as a breakthrough, improving students' professional quality, shortening the gap between schools and employers, and improving students' employment competitiveness as the basic principle, fully embodying the vocational education concept of "employment oriented, ability training as the core", which is the product of adapting to social development and change, It is also the core field of the change and development of vocational education in China.
reference
[1] Wang Qianxin. The Construction of Talent Training Mode of Higher Vocational Education [J]. Vocational and Technical Education, 2003 (10): 20-22
[2] Chen Weibin. Theoretical and practical exploration of the talent training mode of combining work and learning in higher vocational education [J]. Education and Vocational Theory Edition, 2007 (14)
