Selected low-carbon agricultural technologies (nine articles)

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Low carbon agricultural technology

Part 1: Model of low-carbon agricultural technology

key word Low carbon Agriculture; greenhouse gases; Biotechnology; Carbon sequestration; nitrogen fixation

CLC No. F062.2 Document Identification Code A Article No. 1007-5739 (2011) 02-0315-02

ApplicationsofBiotechnologyintheContextofLow-carbonAgriculture

QIAN Li-na 1ZHOU Zhen 2

（1 School of Life Science， Xuzhou Normal University，Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116； 2 School of Mines，China University of Mining and Technology）

AbstractAgriculture is the important source of greenhouse gas. The urgent affairs are to develop low-carbon agriculture， reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and improve agricultural ecological environment.Biotechnology could be used to cultivate new varieties of crops. The crop resistance to pests and herbicides should be enhanced. And the carbon sequestration and nitrogen fixation ability should be improved.And thus it will improve the human living environ ment，reduce the greenhouse effect and promote the continuous extension of the agricultural industrial chain.This paper put forward low carbon agriculture on the base of the relationship between agricultural production and climate change and describe the applications of biotechnology in the low-carbon agricultural production.

Key wordslow-carbon agriculture；greenhouse gas；biotechnology；garbon sequestration；nitrogen fixation

At present, with the rapid development of economy, climate change is becoming more and more serious. At the same time, climate change will increase the instability of agricultural production and increase the fluctuation of output, which puts forward new requirements for the adjustment of agricultural structure. It is urgent to develop a low-carbon agricultural economy that adapts to climate change and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. According to FAO estimates, low-carbon agricultural systems can offset 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions caused by agriculture [1]. However, China's agriculture is a "three high" agricultural production mode with high energy consumption, high pollution and high emissions. To realize the sustainable development of agriculture, we must promote the transformation from high carbon economy to low carbon economy, and develop low carbon agriculture through agricultural science and technology to cope with the future development of China's agriculture.

1 Agricultural production and climate change

WMO's 2008 Greenhouse Gas Bulletin published the proportion of warming effects of various greenhouse gases, with the proportion of CH4 and N2O reaching 21%, which are mainly from agriculture and agricultural related production activities [2-3]; At the same time, agriculture is the second largest source of increased atmospheric carbon content. The latest data shows that the direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture have an impact on global warming of more than 50%. Global warming, together with a series of climate changes, will eventually affect the stability of agricultural production, thus affecting the output, which will have a certain impact on the national economy. It can be seen that agricultural production is extremely close to climate change. If we want to fundamentally solve the problem of global warming, we must reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop low-carbon agriculture.

2 Low carbon agriculture

2.1 Connotation of low-carbon agriculture

Low carbon agriculture should be the "three low" agricultural production and operation mode with low energy consumption, low emissions and low pollution; It is a kind of business model that emits the least greenhouse gas in agricultural production and management, and obtains the maximum benefit of the whole society at the same time; Its essence is conservation, benefit and safety agriculture. Low carbon agriculture, by means of reducing carbon emissions, increasing carbon sinks and adapting to change technologies, maintains global ecological security and improves global climate conditions by developing biomass energy and renewable energy [4].

2.2 Low carbon agriculture development strategy

At present, China's low-carbon agriculture development strategy mainly includes four aspects: first, increase publicity, cultivate low-carbon concepts, and guide the development of low-carbon agriculture with the scientific concept of development; Second, strengthen scientific research, accelerate technological innovation, and comprehensively develop and promote low-carbon agricultural technology ； The third is to explore appropriate models and vigorously develop low-carbon agricultural industrialization in combination with the actual situation of various regions; Fourth, remove institutional barriers, improve the security system, and promote the sustainable development of low-carbon agriculture [5]. Among them, technological innovation and institutional innovation are the key factors. With the rapid development of high-tech, using biotechnology to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture is an effective way.

3 Application of biotechnology in low-carbon agricultural production

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy and also the most extensive, active and challenging field of biotechnology application. Conventional agricultural production seriously affects the environment, while biotechnology can be used to reduce the impact of agriculture on the environment and achieve low-carbon agricultural production. Using biotechnology to cultivate new crop varieties, improve the ability of crops to resist diseases and pests, weed control, and fix carbon and nitrogen, thereby improving the human living environment, reducing the greenhouse effect, and promoting the continuous extension of the agricultural industry chain.

3.1 Biotechnology improves the ability of crops to resist diseases, pests and weeds

Reducing the spraying amount of pesticides and herbicides can reduce carbon dioxide emissions for a long time. Therefore, it is imperative to use biotechnology to cultivate new crop varieties and enhance the ability to prevent diseases and pests. Due to the discovery of various genes related to disease and pest control and a series of breakthroughs in plant transgenic and microbial recombination technology, genetic engineering products for plant protection were first developed, and 11 crops and more than 100 transgenic insect resistant, disease resistant and herbicide resistant plant varieties have been commercially produced. The application of transgenic cotton in China has significantly reduced the use of pesticides and labor intensity; The application of herbicide resistant transgenic soybeans abroad has realized close planting and no tillage. In 2006, the carbon dioxide emissions cut due to the reduction of pesticide and herbicide use were estimated to be 1.2 million tons, equivalent to the emissions of 500000 vehicles. The no tillage method improved the carbon sequestration of soil, and the carbon dioxide sequestration reached 13.6 million tons, equivalent to the reduction of emissions of 6 million vehicles [6]. According to the ISAAA report, from 1996 to 2006, the use of effective ingredients of pesticides was reduced by about 300000 tons, reducing the destructive impact of pesticides on the environment by 15.5% globally.

3.2 Biotechnology improves carbon fixation capacity of plants

Biological carbon fixation is to use the photosynthesis of microorganisms and plants to improve the carbon absorption and storage capacity of the ecosystem, convert carbon dioxide resources into carbohydrates and oxygen, and turn waste into treasure, thus reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and slowing down the trend of global warming. Biological carbon sequestration has been paid more and more attention by the international community because of its low cost, no side effects and sustainable development of human beings [7-8].

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China has advanced seed selection and breeding technology, which can improve crop productivity and carbon sequestration capacity and provide guarantee for biological carbon sequestration with the help of advanced transgenic biological breeding technology. Among perennial herbs, C4 plants have a higher carbon fixation rate than common C3 plants, and functional groups of C4 plants and legumes can improve the carbon fixation efficiency of the ecosystem by 5~6 times [9]. In recent years, genetic engineering has made a series of achievements in the field of carbon fixation. For example, C4 genes of C4 plants such as maize and sorghum have been cloned and introduced into C3 dicotyledon petunia, tobacco and potato. In 2007, Chinese scientists successfully completed the breeding research of transgenic rice with C4 photosynthetic carbon fixation related genes. Transgenic dredging increased the PEPC activity of rice by 20 times, photosynthetic rate and carboxylation efficiency increased by 55% and 50% respectively compared with the original seed, light saturation point increased by 200 μ mol/(m2 · s) compared with the original seed, and its yield increased by 14%~22% [10].

3.3 Biotechnology improves crop nitrogen fixation capacity

The large use of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural production has greatly increased the available nitrogen element in the soil. As the substrate of nitrification and denitrification, the increase of nitrogen content will inevitably lead to the increase of N2O emissions [11]. Research shows that N2O emissions from farmland soil increase with the increase of nitrogen application within a certain range [12], and the development of biological nitrogen fixation can replace chemical fertilizers to provide nitrogen for crops.

Biological nitrogen fixation refers to the reduction of nitrogen in the air to ammonia by some kinds of prokaryotes using nitrogenase in their bodies to provide nitrogen for plant growth. Different combined nitrogen fixing bacteria have been isolated from the rhizosphere of C containing crops such as corn, sorghum, sugarcane and millet. The research on their properties has been widely carried out, focusing on gene modification from the perspective of molecular genetics to improve nitrogen fixation efficiency [13]. Studies have shown that the inhibition of ammonium on the nitrogenase activity of nitrogen fixing spirillum Yu62 has been basically clear, and the engineering strain UB37, which is de ammonium and repressive, has been constructed, achieving the effect of reducing nitrogen fertilizer consumption by 20% in the corn field plot experiment [14-15]. Rhizobia are host specific. Based on the understanding of host specific genes, it is always a wish to expand the host range by gene recombination and other methods, especially to expand nodulation and nitrogen fixation on non leguminous plants [16]. At present, studies have shown that the Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences has introduced the plasmid PRD1 with nitrogen fixation gene from E. coli K12jc5564 into rice root bacteria 4502Y without nitrogen fixation ability, showing strong nitrogen fixation ability [17].

At the same time, it is an important measure for agricultural production to adapt to climate change to understand and master the diversity change and activity mechanism of soil and crop rhizosphere microbial community using biotechnology. In 2007, the Biotechnology Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences used PCR-RFLP to detect nifH gene of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in and outside rice rhizosphere soil and root tissue, which proved that nitrogen fixing microorganisms in rice rhizosphere soil and rice root tissue have significant diversity, and also preliminarily showed that some nitrogen fixing microorganisms in soil can settle in rice root or root surface [11]. It is also found that C4 crops have higher nitrogen utilization efficiency than C3 crops, and there are differences in nitrogen utilization efficiency among different genotypes in the same crop. The improvement of varieties can increase nitrogen utilization efficiency by 20%~30% [18]. Therefore, using biotechnology to improve the nutritional genetic properties of crops and strains, screen out products that meet people's requirements, and achieve efficient utilization of fertilizers will have a good development prospect in China.

4 Summary

Low carbon agriculture is a new economic form produced by modern agriculture in response to energy crisis and climate warming. Low carbon agriculture is not only a fashionable concept, but also an inevitable choice for human beings to build a low-carbon and high-quality life. The application of biotechnology in low-carbon agricultural production can not only improve the human living environment and reduce the greenhouse effect, but also promote the continuous extension of the agricultural industry chain, and also drive the continuous upgrading of agricultural science and technology. It can be predicted that biotechnology will play a leading role in the development of low-carbon agricultural production in the future.

5 References

[1] Zhao Qiguo, Qian Haiyan. Thoughts on low-carbon economy and agricultural development [J]. Journal of Ecological Environment, 2009, 18 (5): 1609-1614

[2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2007：Miti-gation of climate change.Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change Cambridge[R]. London：Cambridge University Press，2007：63-67.

[3] Zhang Hou. Technical Measures for Agricultural Emission Reduction of Greenhouse Gases [J]. Agricultural Environment and Development, 1998, 15 (1): 17-22

[4] Li Xiaoyan, Wang Binbin. Low carbon agriculture: the road to agricultural development under climate change [J]. Rural Economy, 2010 (3): 10-12

[5] Wang Feng. Analysis of China's ecological agriculture development model and countermeasures based on the perspective of low-carbon economy [J]. Agricultural Economy, 2010 (6): 22-23

[6] Shu Hongfu. Agricultural biotechnology is the most dynamic [N]. Science and Technology Daily, 2008-04-29 (11)

[7] LAL R.Carbon sequestration[J]. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B，2008，363：815-830.

[8] HOPKIN M.The carbon game[J]. Nature，2004，432（7015）：268-270.

[9] FORNARA D A，TILMAN D.Plant functional composition influences rates of soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation[J]. Journal of Ecology，2008，96（2）：314-322.

[10] Zhang Bianjiang, Chen Quanzhan, Jiao Demao. Research progress on transgenic rice with C4 photosynthetic carbon fixation related genes [J]. Botanical Bulletin, 2008, 25 (2): 161-166

[11] Chen Bin, Zheng Siping, Zhou Lijuan, et al. Genetic diversity analysis of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in and outside rice rhizosphere soil and root tissue [J]. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2007, 15 (5): 841-846

[12] Zhou Ping, Pan Genxing, Zhang Xuhui, et al. Technological exploration of iron oxide assisted agricultural carbon fixation and emission reduction [J]. Journal of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, 2009, 28 (12): 2590-2595

[13] Zhang Qiulie, Lin Min, Ping Shuzhen. Biological nitrogen fixation and its application in sustainable agriculture [J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2008 (2): 1-4

[14] Ci En, Gao Ming. Research progress of biological nitrogen fixation [J]. China Agricultural Bulletin, 2004, 20 (1): 25-28

[15] Tian Ying, Chen Ping. Research progress of joint nitrogen fixing bacteria [J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2005, 33 (11): 2131-2133

[16] Jing Yuxiang. Research Status and Trend of Biological Nitrogen Fixation [J]. Progress in Bioengineering, 1989, 9 (3): 29-32

[17] Jiang Ming. Application of plant genetic engineering in agriculture [J]. Bulletin of Biology, 2000, 35 (6): 14-16

Part 2: Low carbon agricultural technology model

Key words: development; Low-carbon agriculture; strategy

CLC No.: S15 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1003-4374 (2012) 02-0055-03

1. The connotation, generation and significance of low-carbon agriculture

Since the 1990s, China has actively explored the development of sustainable agriculture with high yield, high quality, high efficiency, safety and ecology. Low carbon agriculture has a richer connotation. In addition to advocating the modern agricultural development concept of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, safety and ecology, it focuses on low energy consumption, low emissions and low pollution. From this, the so-called low-carbon agriculture is a new agricultural production mode based on low energy consumption, low emissions and low pollution, also known as the agricultural development mode. Low carbon agriculture is the pursuit of high efficiency, low energy consumption, low emissions, low pollution, high carbon sink and sustainable efficient agriculture. Low carbon agriculture emphasizes low-carbon in all aspects of the agricultural industry, including the exploitation of agricultural raw materials, the processing of agricultural products, the use and consumption of agricultural products. To sum up, the basic characteristics of low-carbon agriculture are mainly reflected in the following six aspects: high efficiency, low energy consumption, low emissions, low pollution, high carbon sink and sustainability.

According to scientific research, the global warming in the past 50 years is mainly caused by the warming effect of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and N2O emitted by human activities. At present, global warming and its effects have attracted the attention of governments all over the world. The global warming has further aggravated the seriousness of environmental, ecological and energy problems, threatening not only the safety of agricultural production, but also the survival of human beings and the sustainable development of economy and society. Low carbon agriculture came into being.

Low carbon agriculture is an important part of low carbon economy. Developing low-carbon agriculture has become an important measure for many countries and regions in the world to change the agricultural development mode and cope with climate change. Actively exploring and developing low-carbon agriculture can protect the agricultural ecological environment, foster new growth points of agriculture, further promote the adjustment and optimization of agricultural industrial structure and the transformation of development mode, promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional agriculture, accelerate the construction of modern agricultural industrial system, enhance the market competitiveness of agricultural industry, and accelerate the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, Promoting the sustainable development of agriculture is of great practical and strategic significance. It can be said that the development of low-carbon agriculture is the strategic choice and the only way to build an agricultural modernization road with Chinese characteristics.

2. Strategic measures for developing low-carbon agriculture in Guangxi

2.1 We must accelerate the construction and formation of a strategic plan for low-carbon agriculture development

Outline of the Twelfth Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China It pointed out that "in the face of increasingly strengthened resource and environmental constraints, we must strengthen the awareness of crisis, establish the concept of green and low-carbon development, focus on saving and emission reduction, improve the incentive and constraint mechanism, accelerate the construction of resource saving and environment-friendly production methods and consumption patterns, enhance the ability of sustainable development, and improve the level of ecological civilization." It can be seen that the development of low-carbon agriculture, Building green industry has gradually become a trend of modern agricultural development. On the one hand, we should closely focus on the goal of developing high-yield, high-quality, efficient, ecological and safe agriculture. On the other hand, we should pay attention to the reality of Guangxi's agricultural development and actively explore and vigorously develop low-carbon agriculture. The development of low-carbon agriculture should be included in the overall plan of Guangxi's economic and social development, and a long-term mechanism and scientific institutional arrangement for the development of low-carbon agriculture should be gradually established, so that the development of low-carbon agriculture can truly become an important part of economic and social development.

2.2 We must seize the opportunity to scientifically guide the development of low-carbon agriculture

"Low carbon economy" was first proposed by the British Energy White Paper "Our Energy Future: Creating a Low carbon Economy" in 2003, which is the first time to establish a low carbon economic development model and take it as a strategic measure to promote economic recovery. Low carbon agriculture is an important part of the low carbon economic system. The Twelfth Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China clearly points out that establishing the concept of green and low-carbon development and developing low-carbon agriculture have been put on the important agenda of the Party and the country. It is not difficult to predict that the development of low-carbon agriculture will become the commanding height of international agricultural competitiveness in the future. Low carbon agriculture has become a strategic measure and strategic choice for the world to mitigate and respond to global climate change, and will also become an inevitable choice for the development of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics. On the whole, Guangxi's agriculture is in the transition period from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. We should seize the opportunity to vigorously develop low-carbon agriculture and accelerate the process of Guangxi's agricultural modernization based on the principle of "based on the present, looking forward to the future, and working together".

2.3 We must strongly encourage and support the research, development, demonstration, promotion and application of low-carbon agricultural technologies

The essence of low-carbon agriculture is the low-carbon utilization of energy and the development of clean energy. Generally speaking, low-carbon technologies can be divided into three categories: carbon reduction technology, carbon free technology and carbon removal technology. At present and in the future, we should vigorously encourage and support the research, development, demonstration, promotion and application of low-carbon agricultural technologies. We should closely combine the reality of Guangxi's agriculture and focus on building a "green" low-carbon agricultural technology system, a "blue" low-carbon agricultural technology system, a "white" low-carbon agricultural technology system and a "gray" low-carbon agricultural technology system. Selectively focus on the research, development, demonstration, promotion and application of the following technologies: cost saving and efficiency enhancing agricultural technologies, especially crop no tillage cultivation technologies, such as rice no tillage cultivation technology, corn no tillage cultivation technology and potato no tillage cultivation technology; Supporting technologies for improved varieties and methods, such as agricultural biology and engineering carbon sequestration technology, and cultivation of "carbon sequestration" crops technology; Reasonable intercropping technology, interplanting technology and rotation technology of crops; Biological organic fertilizer technology and biological control technology; Recycling agricultural technology, such as efficient recycling (three-dimensional) planting and breeding agricultural technology, comprehensive utilization technology of by-products from sugar cane production, comprehensive utilization technology of silkworm and mulberry resources, crop orange straw crushing and returning to farmland technology or over belly returning to farmland technology, and efficient utilization technology of rural biogas; Agricultural machinery and agronomy integration technology; Intelligent sunshade technology; Cleaner production technology; Standardized production technology of agricultural products, especially green agricultural product production technology and organic agricultural product production technology; Comprehensive technology of animal epidemic prevention; Seawater desalination technology; Comprehensive technologies for agricultural disaster prevention, resistance and mitigation; Modern agricultural high-tech, especially modern agricultural remote sensing technology and modern agricultural information technology, etc. Accelerate the establishment of low-carbon agriculture demonstration sites. We will explore the establishment of standards, labeling and certification systems for low-carbon agricultural products. Efforts should be made to build a low-carbon agricultural technology model and low-carbon agricultural technology system with Guangxi characteristics, and try every possible way to find a path of low cost, good benefits, less pollution and sustainable agricultural development. On this basis, actively carry out agricultural foreign exchange and cooperation, boldly introduce advanced equipment and technology in the field of low-carbon economy at home and abroad, strengthen the exchange of talents, technology and information in low-carbon agriculture at home and abroad, and do everything possible to accelerate the development of low-carbon agriculture in Guangxi.

2.4 The development of low-carbon agricultural industry must be accelerated

First, we should vigorously develop high-yield, high-quality, efficient, ecological and safe agriculture, and actively explore new ways to develop low-carbon agriculture. Secondly, we should focus on accelerating the development of low-carbon agricultural industry, accelerate the construction of modern low-carbon agricultural industrial system, vigorously develop featured ecological planting, breeding and agricultural product processing industries, and accelerate the promotion of large-scale, professional, standardized, intensive and industrialized agricultural production and operation in Guangxi. Thirdly, we should always adhere to scientific and technological progress and innovation as an important support for accelerating the transformation of the agricultural development mode, accelerate the establishment of an agricultural technological innovation system with enterprises and farmers as the main body, market-oriented, and combining production, learning and research, promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces, and truly combine agricultural scientific and technological progress with the optimization and upgrading of agricultural industrial structure, Make every effort to improve the core competitiveness of the agricultural industry. Thirdly, we should focus on exploring the establishment and improvement of farmers' scientific and technological knowledge training system, vigorously promote and impart low-carbon and efficient ecological agricultural technology knowledge and business philosophy, constantly improve the comprehensive quality of farmers' agricultural science and technology, and provide scientific and technological support for the development of low-carbon agricultural industry in Guangxi.

2.5 Preferential policies must be formulated to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture

First of all, we should speed up the formulation of preferential policies for low-carbon agricultural development based on national laws and regulations, always adhere to the guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development, strictly follow the deployment and requirements of the Twelfth Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, and closely combine the reality of Guangxi. Secondly, we should develop preferential policies to stimulate, encourage and guide relevant agricultural research institutions, agricultural enterprises and agricultural extension departments to accelerate the introduction, research and development and promotion of low-carbon agricultural technologies. Thirdly, preferential policies should be formulated to encourage enterprises, especially agricultural resource-based enterprises, to carry out cleaner production, comprehensive utilization of waste, technology introduction and research and development. Fourth, we should give full play to the enthusiasm of the government, enterprises and farmers to develop low-carbon agriculture, and accelerate the formation of an overall joint force to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture, so as to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture in Guangxi.

Part 3: Model of low-carbon agricultural technology

[Key words] agricultural economy; Low-carbon economy; Development approach

The global population growth and the expansion of economic scale have resulted in the gradual increase of human use of conventional energy, and the deteriorating relationship between environment and economy. In this context, concepts such as "low-carbon economy" and "carbon footprint" have emerged. The development of low-carbon economy can not only improve environmental pollution through energy conservation and consumption reduction, but also help to adjust the economic development structure, promote the development of new industries and realize the construction of ecological civilization. China is a large agricultural country, and the agricultural economy is an important part of the national economy. In the era of low-carbon economy, the agricultural economy must change its economic development model, take the path of low-carbon sustainable development, and promote the healthy development of the agricultural economy.

Low carbon economy is a major progress of mankind after agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. It is an economic development model that reduces energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and environmental pollution. Low carbon economy refers to taking the concept of sustainable development as the guide, vigorously carrying out technological innovation, new energy development and changing the production mode, reducing the use of non renewable resources such as coal, improving the utilization rate of resources, reducing environmental damage in economic development, and achieving the harmonious development of economy and ecology. The focus of low-carbon economy is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the process of economic development by developing low-carbon energy systems, developing low-carbon technologies and building low-carbon industrial systems.

1、 Problems in China's agricultural economic development

（1） Difficulties in large-scale development of low-carbon agriculture

At present, one of the important reasons restricting the development of low-carbon agricultural economy in China is the distribution of small farmers in agricultural production. Although China has achieved large-scale agricultural production in recent years, the basic ecological production unit is still farmers' small-scale production, which restricts the reasonable standard planning of carbon production in agricultural production. For example, only one or several households in rural areas carry out low-carbon agricultural production, while most farmers still use extensive production, and carbon production cannot achieve large-scale centralization. In this case, it will still pollute soil, air, water, etc., restrict the development of low-carbon agriculture, and increase the cost of promoting and carrying out low-carbon agriculture.

（2） Weak agricultural infrastructure

Many basic design and fitness in rural areas of China are not perfect, for example, water conservancy facilities have problems such as backward equipment and aging equipment. This is because water conservancy investment is biased towards large-scale water conservancy projects, and the investment in rural farmland water conservancy construction is small. The funds are scattered, and no resultant force is formed. The amount of capital investment directly affects the construction and improvement of agricultural energy conservation, water conservation and other infrastructure, Thus restricting the development of low-carbon agriculture.

（3） Inadequate ability of science and technology and independent innovation

The development of low-carbon agriculture is inseparable from the support of advanced technology, and technological innovation is an important way to develop new agricultural technology. However, China's agricultural technology is still in the primary stage of development, with insufficient investment in agricultural technology research and development, low application level of advanced agricultural technology, lack of agricultural scientific research personnel, and imperfect agricultural technology promotion services, These situations seriously restrict the application of technology in low-carbon agriculture. In addition, the development of eco agricultural economic model lacks advanced technology. For example, the development and use of biogas can protect the ecological environment, but it is only applicable to small-scale household production and life based on farmers at present, and the technology such as large and medium-sized biogas digesters suitable for large-scale production is not perfect, so that the development and utilization of biogas has not played its maximum value.

2、 Approaches to agricultural economic development in the era of low-carbon economy

（1） Establish circular agricultural economic system

The circular economy of low-carbon agriculture in western countries has developed rapidly. For example, Argentina has implemented a perfect low-carbon agricultural technology of no tillage plus straw returning, breaking the traditional status of "farming must be done first", and effectively protecting the soil area; In 2010, the Brazilian government implemented a low-carbon agricultural plan, using advanced technologies such as biological nitrogen fixation to improve production efficiency, reduce resource consumption and pollution, and achieve integrated production of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. China has a large population, but the per capita cultivated land area is small, the contradiction between people and land is prominent, and the agricultural production efficiency is low, and the cultivated land pollution is serious. Therefore, we should vigorously promote and use agricultural carbon sequestration technology to reduce the use of high carbon energy, fertilizer and other resources. The development mode of agricultural circular economy refers to the recycling mode of agricultural resources, agricultural products and agricultural wastes, which reduces the consumption rate of resources. During the development of agricultural circular economy, we should promote the comprehensive utilization of water resources, land resources, etc., strengthen the development and utilization of plot energy, and transform the mode of agricultural economic growth in accordance with the principles of reduction, reuse, and recycling.

（2） Develop ecological agricultural economic model

First of all, we need to change the concept of agricultural production and development, adhere to the concept of sustainable development, hold our breath the original concept of "focusing on agricultural output, ignoring the ecological environment", adhere to the concept of intensive management in agricultural production and management, strengthen the re education of rural farmers' knowledge and skills, and improve the comprehensive quality of modern farmers. Secondly, adhere to the multi-level utilization of resources to achieve a virtuous circle of information, such as the development of biogas utilization mode, pest control mode, industrial chain extension and proliferation mode; Fully develop and utilize clean energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, etc., improve the utilization rate of resources, increase agricultural production efficiency, vigorously develop agricultural production modes such as farmland plain and water three-dimensional, and achieve low consumption and high productivity.

（3） Promote the R&D and promotion of low-carbon agricultural technology

On the one hand, we should vigorously introduce advanced technologies from western developed countries, and on the other hand, we should promote the research, development and innovation of low-carbon agricultural technologies in China. The government supports and guides through financial policies, guides the continuous investment of social funds, actively develops new technologies, integrates existing advanced technologies, and reduces the cost of the promotion and application of existing low-carbon technologies. At the same time, it should pay attention to the construction of technology service system, actively guide and help farmers to learn to use advanced agricultural technologies, so that technologies can be truly applied to low-carbon agricultural production, Alleviate the contradiction between economic development and resource environment in rural areas of China. Strengthen the promotion of new agricultural machinery technology in rural areas, organize farmers to learn new technologies, carry out free agricultural education classroom training business, publicize the role of new low-carbon agricultural machinery, and make low-carbon agricultural machinery truly used in rural areas; Enhance safety awareness and better play the important role of low-carbon agricultural machinery in agricultural production; Actively carry out the promotion of multi-level utilization technology of organic matter, and form a state of benign circulation and multi-level utilization of substances in the ecosystem.

（4） Improve the concept of low-carbon agricultural economic development

reference:

[1] Feng Jiao. The development of leisure agriculture from the perspective of consumer behavior characteristics in the era of low-carbon economy - taking the development of leisure industry in Ningxia as an example [J]. Agricultural Economy, 2010 (10): 3839

[2] Hu Xinliang. Research on the construction of low-carbon oriented agricultural product quality and safety management mechanism [D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2012

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Chapter 4: Model Essays on Low Carbon Agricultural Technology

[Key words] Agricultural economy; Low-carbon economy; Development approach

[DOI]10.13939/ki.zgsc.2016.03.054

The global population growth and the expansion of economic scale have resulted in the gradual increase of human use of conventional energy, and the deteriorating relationship between environment and economy. In this context, concepts such as "low-carbon economy" and "carbon footprint" have emerged [1]. The development of low-carbon economy can not only improve environmental pollution through energy conservation and consumption reduction, but also help to adjust the economic development structure, promote the development of new industries and realize the construction of ecological civilization. China is a large agricultural country, and the agricultural economy is an important part of the national economy. In the era of low-carbon economy, the agricultural economy must change its economic development model, take the path of low-carbon sustainable development, and promote the healthy development of the agricultural economy.

1. Connotation of low carbon economy

2 Problems in the development of China's agricultural economy

2.1 Difficulties in large-scale development of low-carbon agriculture

2.2 Weak agricultural infrastructure

2.3 Insufficient science and technology and independent innovation capability

2.4 Agricultural production mode has not been completely transformed

Despite the development and progress of agricultural science and technology in China, the dependence on fertilizer, pesticide and other contaminated soil resources in agricultural production is still serious, leading to the intensification of rural pollution, resulting in a vicious cycle of soil caking, fertility decline and so on. Extensive agricultural economic growth mode further aggravates the pressure on resources and environment.

3 Approaches to agricultural economic development in the era of low-carbon economy

3.1 Establish circular agricultural economic system

3.2 Develop ecological agricultural economic model

3.3 Promote the R&D and promotion of low-carbon agricultural technology

3.4 Improve the concept of low-carbon agricultural economic development

The transformation of low-carbon agricultural economic development mode in China should take the scientific outlook on development as an important guide, and strengthen the concept of low-carbon agricultural economic development. First of all, we should establish a correct concept of modern agricultural development. Agricultural development is a comprehensive, scientific and sustainable development. Secondly, we should follow the correct path of modern agricultural development, and strive to explore a modern low-carbon agricultural economic development path of low investment, low energy consumption, low emissions, low pollution and high efficiency on the basis of scientific development. Thirdly, we should vigorously develop green ecological agriculture and resource saving agriculture, make full use of agricultural resources, reduce agricultural energy consumption, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. Finally, we should strengthen the publicity and education of low-carbon knowledge. Farmers are the main force in the transformation of the agricultural economic development mode. We should carry out various forms of low-carbon economic publicity activities in rural areas, so that farmers can gradually change their production concepts and adhere to the low-carbon and environmentally friendly way of life and production; Strengthen the publicity of laws and regulations related to resource and environmental protection such as the Air Pollution Prevention Law and the Resource Protection Law; Properly use preferential economic policies to guide the transformation of agricultural economic development mode, and vigorously encourage and support green low-carbon agricultural production.

3.5 Develop low-carbon leisure tourism agriculture

Agriculture has the function of cultural inheritance and is an important part of rural culture. In recent years, with the increase of urban life pressure and the development of agricultural culture, the leisure and sightseeing role of agricultural economy has gradually emerged. The development of low-carbon leisure tourism agriculture model can not only increase farmers' income and rural employment opportunities, but also form a brand economy in rural areas and drive brand effect. We should take the existing rural tourism resources as the basis for development and development, strengthen the innovative development of low-carbon tourism resources, and build a new form of rural tourism. To develop the agricultural sightseeing tourism model, first of all, we should protect the original natural scenery in rural areas, on this basis, develop agricultural high-tech, take agricultural products as a breakthrough in agricultural processing, vigorously develop agricultural sightseeing tourism services, integrate tourism into the low-carbon agricultural economy, and drive the development of low-carbon agricultural economy, such as the development of agricultural ecological plantation visits Agricultural theme parks, farmhouses and other tourism businesses [4].

4 Conclusion

The development of low-carbon economy cannot be separated from the development of low-carbon agriculture, which is a part of low-carbon economy. The development of low-carbon agriculture should combine the agricultural economy with the ecosystem, reduce the use of non renewable resources, strengthen the development and utilization of clean resources, achieve environmental protection, transform from the extensive economic development model to the intensive one, reduce resource consumption, reduce pollution and carbon dioxide emissions, strengthen agricultural low-carbon production, environmental protection, ecological conservation The integration of cultural tourism and other functions will realize the sustainable development of China's agricultural economy.

reference:

[2] Hu Xinliang. Research on the Construction of Quality and Safety Management Mechanism for Low carbon oriented Agricultural Products [D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 2012

[3] Liu Guobin, Dang Meili. Research on County Economic Ecotourism Development in Jilin Province in the Era of Low Carbon Economy [J]. Northeast Asia Forum, 2011 (1): 114-120

[4] Zhang Bei. Urban Agricultural Tourism from the Perspective of Low Carbon Economy: Government Behavior and Market Boundary [J]. Agricultural Reform, 2011 (2): 62-68

Part 5: Model Essays on Low Carbon Agricultural Technology

Key words: financial policy; Low-carbon agriculture; credit aid; Low carbon economy

Under the premise of global warming, low-carbon agriculture is proposed from the perspective of protecting natural resources and environment in view of the current traditional agriculture's defects such as large investment, high energy consumption and serious pollution. Low carbon economy is the inevitable direction of world economic development in the future, and the competition among countries begins to be manifested in the competition of low carbon industries and low carbon technologies. As a big agricultural country, China's development of low-carbon agriculture is urgent. Agricultural production is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon is also transformed from the soil sphere. Low carbon agriculture focuses on the reduction of overall agricultural energy consumption and emissions. Based on resource conservation and environmental protection, it maintains crop diversity and achieves sustainable development. However, as China's low-carbon agriculture is still in its infancy, it needs to give better play to the supporting role of agricultural policy based financial credit to provide relevant policy and financial support for low-carbon agriculture.

1 Importance of developing low-carbon agriculture

1.1 Developing low-carbon agriculture is an important prerequisite for tackling global warming and reducing greenhouse effect

With the rapid development of economy, global warming has become a topic of common concern. In 2007, ipcc released the global climate change assessment report. The report clearly pointed out that in the 100 years from 1906 to 2005, the world's temperature increased by 0.74 degrees on average. At the same time, with the continuous increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases is rising. Therefore, it is urgent to develop low-carbon agriculture. The development of low-carbon agriculture can better save energy resources and protect the ecological environment, and can also enhance the sustainable development capacity of society, which has made great contributions and played a significant role in protecting the earth.

1.2 Developing low-carbon agriculture is an important foundation for promoting agricultural development and realizing agricultural industrialization

The global climate change has brought a serious threat to the growth of crops, affecting the growth and productivity of crops. At the same time, climate change will directly affect the stability of China's grain production. Relevant experts in agriculture believe that if no measures are taken, China's grain production capacity will decline by about 10% by 2030, and the output of grain crops such as corn, rice and wheat will decline by 37% by the middle and late 21st century. Therefore, the better development of low-carbon agriculture in China is an important way to solve the problem of food stability and environmental pollution. On the other hand, if we want to realize agricultural modernization, we must vigorously develop low-carbon agriculture, promote advanced environmental protection agricultural technology, innovate energy technology, and better promote the development of agricultural modernization.

1.3 Developing low-carbon capacity is also an important guarantee for improving the living standard of rural people

2 Current situation of credit support of financial policies for low-carbon agriculture

2.1 Inadequate financial support from financial institutions for low-carbon agriculture

As a big agricultural country, China's development of low-carbon agriculture is urgent. However, as China's low-carbon agriculture is still in its infancy, it needs to give better play to the supporting role of agricultural policy based financial credit to provide relevant policy and financial support for low-carbon agriculture. However, for a long time, China's financial institutions have been short of investment funds and technology in agriculture, and the service ability of rural finance is to a large extent lacking. On the other hand, due to the risk of agricultural investment, commercial banks and other financial institutions are not strong in supporting low-carbon agriculture. Although policy banks have increased their investment support for low-carbon agriculture, they have to some extent coordinated the contradiction between investment subjects and social benefits, and improved the government's macro-control ability. However, when a policy bank undertakes a specific function, it will be subject to the impact of interest differences, resulting in industrial flow and transfer of funds for low-carbon agriculture. This has resulted in insufficient funds and support from policy based financial banks for low-carbon agriculture, affecting the stable development of low-carbon agriculture.

2.2 China's financial policies are too conservative in the financing system of low-carbon agriculture and lack confidence in the investment industry

In the process of financing low-carbon agriculture, China's financial institutions are too conservative in the financing system, and financial institutions and financial policies lack systematic and in-depth research and understanding of the development prospects of low-carbon agriculture

The lack of confidence in investment in low-carbon agriculture has led to financing difficulties in the development of low-carbon agriculture. In this way, in the development process of low-carbon agriculture, there will be a lack of support from advanced technology and sufficient funds, and various problems will arise in the development process, which is not conducive to the rapid development of low-carbon agriculture. On the other hand, as China is a large agricultural country, China's low-carbon economy is also in the embryonic stage. In addition, the risk of low-carbon agriculture is relatively large, which determines that commercial banks have little investment in low-carbon agriculture, hindering the development of low-carbon agriculture.

2.3 The benefit return of low-carbon agriculture is not stable, and the enthusiasm of social investment is not high

So far, China's low-carbon agriculture is still in the stage of government investment. Due to the widespread existence of this non market-oriented behavior in the development process of low-carbon agriculture, it can not effectively ensure that social investors get their due returns and benefits. In this case, the enthusiasm of social funds for investment in low-carbon agriculture is not high, and the channels for investment and financing become narrow, which seriously restricts the diversification of low-carbon agricultural investment and the rapid development of low-carbon agriculture.

3. Strengthen credit support of financial policies for low-carbon agriculture

3.1 Further strengthen government functions and improve government support for low-carbon agriculture

Improving the support of government functions for low-carbon agriculture plays an important role in the development of low-carbon agriculture. First of all, the government should increase the legislative work on energy and improve the legislative system. The government should actively establish and improve the energy legal system, ensure the orderly operation and implementation of the energy development strategy, and then establish the legal status of the medium and long-term development of national energy. First, we should actively formulate and revise relevant laws and regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, so as to lay an important foundation for better environmental protection and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions; Second, actively formulate laws and regulations related to renewable resources and energy, and further encourage and guide economic entities to develop and use renewable resources through laws and regulations and other means; Third, the government should further clarify the responsibilities and obligations between environmental protection enterprises and banks to promote the development of clean energy. Secondly, the government should improve the reward and punishment system and make rewards and punishments clear. Actively encourage economic entities and the public to increase their support for low-carbon agriculture, strictly punish the acts that damage the environment, and form legal constraints on the public; Thirdly, the government should accelerate the reform of China's energy system and speed up the pace of energy reform. Actively establish a price system that is conducive to the realization of energy structure and sustainable development, actively promote the institutional construction of current renewable resources development in China, so as to better cultivate stable growth of renewable resources, and realize the support of government functions for low-carbon agriculture.

3.2 Effectively strengthen and improve financial policy support for low-carbon agriculture

First, constantly strengthen and improve the technological innovation and transformation of low-carbon agriculture, and provide technical and financial support. All kinds of banks and financial institutions should start from the actual situation and prospects of low-carbon agriculture development, carry out the management system innovation of financial products and financial credit, make better use of the leverage of China's financial funds, and strive to establish a long-term financial mechanism supported by financial policies to promote the development of low-carbon agriculture. Secondly, we should actively improve the construction of financial infrastructure such as enterprise credit reporting system. In the process of credit support of financial policies for low-carbon agriculture, financial institutions should strengthen cooperation and communication with relevant departments of low-carbon agriculture, actively supervise and guide financial institutions to provide more comprehensive financial services for the development of low-carbon agriculture, and further improve financing services in the field of energy conservation and environmental protection. Thirdly, relevant financial institutions should actively learn and learn from foreign advanced financial concepts, give full play to the unique advantages of China's financial institutions, further strengthen the innovation of low-carbon agricultural investment, and reduce the financing cost in the process of low-carbon agricultural development.

3.3 Support the introduction and development of low-carbon technologies in agriculture and improve the technological level in low-carbon fields

In the process of developing low-carbon agriculture, the most important thing is to rely on advanced science and technology. Agricultural policy finance should actively combine financial credit with low-carbon science and technology research, vigorously support the promotion of scientific and technological achievements in the development of low-carbon agriculture, improve the technical level of China's low-carbon agricultural development, and vigorously promote the scientific and technological achievements of low-carbon agriculture. for instance; The research team of Nanjing Agricultural University has set up a low-carbon agriculture cooperation experiment and demonstration base in Henan, which has carried out research and development on low-carbon agriculture. Through years of efforts, this group has developed the transformation technology of biomass carbon engineering and the research and development of new high-quality fertilizers, which has finally formed large-scale productivity and promoted the development of low-carbon agriculture.

3.4 Vigorously support the development of agricultural means of production industry and promote the rapid development of agriculture

The No. 1 Document of the CPC Central Committee clearly pointed out that we should strengthen the control of agricultural non-point source pollution, develop circular agriculture and ecological agriculture, and improve the living standards of farmers. At present, there are still a series of problems in the process of rural economic development. Greenhouse gases emitted by agriculture in the process of development mainly come from the use of crop fertilizers and livestock manure. For example, the greenhouse effect produced by the production and use of nitrogen fertilizer is 310 times that of carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide produced by livestock manure is 80 times that of human beings. Therefore, the financial policy of low-carbon agriculture should first increase the investment in the agricultural means of production industry. Organic treatment of livestock manure can be adopted. For example, we can promote the construction of rural biogas projects and produce biogas from livestock manure and domestic garbage, which can not only improve the rural living environment, but also make full use of this clean energy to promote the rapid development of low-carbon agriculture. In addition, it is also necessary to increase the degree of fertilizer improvement by financial institutions. The country actively promotes soil testing formula fertilization and slow and controlled release fertilizer, so as to improve the utilization rate of agricultural fertilizers, thereby reducing environmental pollution and promoting the rapid development of low-carbon agriculture.

3.5 Financial institutions should be strictly managed, focusing on

Strengthen financial services for low-carbon agriculture

First, financial institutions should strengthen support for technological transformation and innovation. All banks and financial institutions should study the characteristics of the economic development of energy conservation and environmental protection industries, accelerate the institutional innovation of credit management and financial products, and then make full use of the leverage of government financial funds to establish a long-term organic mechanism of credit support for energy conservation innovation. National policy banks should increase support and investment for major projects in the science and technology industry; Secondly, establish a loan trading platform for low-carbon agriculture. As the latest banking business, loan transaction has played a positive role in the transformation of economic strategy. In the process of developing low-carbon agriculture, we can increase the loan strength for the development of low-carbon agriculture to achieve the diversification and transfer of bank credit risk; Thirdly, the external regulatory framework and levels of financial institutions should be macro oriented. By strengthening the systematic and macro regulatory framework, we can form a positive and orderly competitive situation in the same industry and realize the orderly operation of credit work.

3.6 Actively develop circular agriculture and promote the development of agricultural industrialization

Part 6: Low carbon agricultural technology model

1 Low carbon is the passive choice of agricultural producers

The short-sighted thinking of agricultural production is greatly constrained by the state's formulation and strict implementation of a series of policies and laws on agricultural ecological environment protection and the increasingly perfect rural ecological supervision system. Although driven by economic interests, agricultural producers are not willing to take the path of low-carbon production subjectively, but aware of the deterrent power of the legal system, they have no choice but to make a helpless choice. In fact, agricultural low-carbon production has become a passive behavior. Once the government supervision is not in place or lax, the behavior will be distorted.

2. The development of low-carbon agriculture lacks sufficient policy drive

Developing low-carbon agriculture is a responsibility of agricultural producers in the context of low-carbon economy. It releases positive energy in coordinating producers, consumers, social interests, and ecological civilization construction. The development of low-carbon agriculture must be driven by government policies and reasonably constrained. Although China's governments at all levels have introduced a series of policies and measures that are conducive to the development of low-carbon agriculture, and have achieved relatively obvious results, the deterioration of the agricultural ecological environment has been curbed to a certain extent, but the policy driving force for the development of low-carbon agriculture is not enough, and the driving space is still large, which needs further breakthroughs.

3 Countermeasures and suggestions for the development of low-carbon agriculture

3.1 Innovative low-carbon concept

The government and agricultural producers, as the two different levels of responsibility subjects of low-carbon transformation, should reconsider the transformation of development mode with low-carbon thinking. At the government level, from the perspective of low-carbon transformation and development, we should integrate the concept of low-carbon agriculture into management and decision-making, formulate and effectively implement relevant standards for agricultural production and products, implement the management assessment responsibility system for energy conservation and emission reduction in agricultural production, gradually develop and improve agricultural energy efficiency standards from the height of laws and regulations, and drive the development of low-carbon agriculture with policy innovation and mechanism innovation. At the agricultural sector level, we should innovate the concept of low-carbon production and assume the responsibility of energy conservation and greenhouse gas emission reduction. From extensive production and the pursuit of increasing production quantity to the pursuit of sustainable development. Abandon the low-level extensive production, reduce the quantity by improving the quality, and finally change the agricultural production mode and rural life style; From meeting demand to creating low-carbon demand. Rely on the breakthrough of agricultural low-carbon technology to create low-carbon demand and new industrial opportunities; From functional products to products with function and low carbon. The development, planting, packaging, channels, services and other links of agricultural products are all incorporated into the low-carbon thinking for transformation, and low-carbon technologies are developed and adopted to enhance ecological efficiency and reduce human and environmental risk awareness. By providing low-carbon agricultural products, food safety performance is improved to meet the growing low-carbon demand of the market; From "consuming resources" to "saving resources". Determine the reuse standard of residue disposal with the thinking of "provincial resources", and realize the recycling of agricultural production residues through the classified treatment, disposal, and comprehensive development and utilization of agricultural sideline residues.

3.2 Innovation policy and mechanism

Facts have proved that a major obstacle to the development of low-carbon agriculture is that the policy innovation is not enough, and agricultural producers have not benefited from it. Therefore, the most critical, fundamental, and most urgent problem to be solved is the policy and mechanism innovation, so as to form sufficient policy incentives and institutional guarantees to drive the development of low-carbon agriculture. By establishing a national level policy system for low-carbon agricultural development that is compatible with the market economy system as soon as possible, we will gradually remove the obstacles to low-carbon agricultural development through policy and mechanism innovation, and provide a strong incentive for the promotion of low-carbon agricultural development. For example, innovative guiding policies for low-carbon agricultural technology and support for basic low-carbon technology research and development; For mature low-carbon technologies, market-oriented and supported by relevant favorable policies, they are quickly transferred to large-scale promotion and application. From a broader perspective, we should accelerate the innovation of market incentive mechanism that is conducive to the development of low-carbon agriculture, provide basic market conditions for low-carbon production, straighten out the formation relationship of energy product prices, and reduce the cost pressure of low-carbon agricultural production. Establish and improve the long-term mechanism of agricultural ecological compensation, increase ecological compensation, stimulate agricultural producers to change from passivity to initiative driven by economic interests, voluntarily and spontaneously protect the agricultural ecological environment, and constantly increase the investment in low-carbon production "hardware" and technology promotion, personnel capacity training, carbon labeling and certification construction, and energy conservation measurement, Create necessary conditions for the development of low-carbon agriculture. It is necessary to provide a good policy environment for the agricultural industry in terms of market access, talent training, tax support, financial services, credit guarantee, intellectual property protection, collaborative development, etc., in particular, it is necessary to focus on the needs of low-carbon agricultural development, establish diversified investment and financing mechanisms, and adopt investment and financing policies conducive to promoting the development of low-carbon agriculture, Encourage financial institutions and social capital to invest in agricultural low-carbon production, and reassess the induction mechanism of carbon trading market for agricultural products; Guide agriculture to choose the right low-carbon production mode, focus on cultivating agricultural low-carbon production capacity, promote the marketization of low-carbon technologies and low-carbon agricultural products, and constantly improve the level of agricultural industry organization; Attach importance to the guidance of scientific and technological agriculture in participating in low-carbon international technology transfer. The government should provide a "green channel" for agricultural low-carbon technologies and low-carbon agricultural products promoted through the international platform, and provide necessary special financial subsidies, loan discount, tax relief and full financing support.

3.3 Innovative low-carbon culture

Chapter 7: Model Essays on Low Carbon Agricultural Technology

In a broad sense, low-carbon agriculture refers to a modern agricultural development model characterized by low pollution, low emissions and low energy consumption in the process of planting, transportation and processing of agricultural products through technological innovation, institutional innovation, industrial transformation, structural adjustment, industrial chain integration and other means, so as to ultimately achieve the goal of win-win between agricultural production development and ecological environment protection. Compared with conventional agriculture, low-carbon agriculture has richer extension and connotation. From the perspective of extension, low-carbon agriculture not only refers to farmland production, but also includes many links such as planting, breeding, transportation, processing, and waste disposal. The carbon emissions of low-carbon agriculture not only refer to CO2, but also all greenhouse gases, including CH4, N2O, etc. From the perspective of connotation, low-carbon agriculture focuses on reducing overall energy consumption and greenhouse gases, and also considers the carbon sink effect of the agricultural ecosystem, trying to achieve "carbon neutrality" and "negative emissions" [13]. The connotation of low-carbon agriculture mainly includes the following three aspects: the main body of low-carbon agriculture is agriculture, where agriculture refers to large-scale agriculture, including not only the industries of primary products such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, by-products and fishery, but also the industries of primary agricultural products after certain processing; The development content of low-carbon agriculture is to build a low-carbon modern agricultural development model, adjust the existing agricultural industrial structure through technological innovation, institutional innovation, etc. according to the concept of low-carbon, and reduce the emission of agricultural pollutants through the promotion and application of resource saving, eco-friendly agricultural technologies that save energy and reduce consumption, Improve energy utilization efficiency and the proportion of clean energy; The core of low-carbon agriculture is low pollution, low emissions and low energy consumption. In the field of pre production agricultural inputs, reduce the input of fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films, etc.; in the field of production, processing and circulation of agricultural products, reduce energy consumption; in the field of post production agricultural products waste disposal, make full use of agricultural wastes such as straw, waste liquid, etc., to reduce pollutant emissions.

2 Construction of evaluation index system for low-carbon agriculture

2.1 Construction principles

The evaluation of low-carbon agriculture is essentially a reflection of the values of identifying, confirming and evaluating the development process and results of low-carbon agriculture. To scientifically evaluate the development stage of low-carbon agriculture in the development process, an evaluation index system needs to be established on the basis of clarifying the connotation of low-carbon agriculture. It is a complex system engineering to evaluate the development level of low-carbon agriculture with an indicator system. Due to the difference in understanding, analysis angle and emphasis of low-carbon agriculture, the indicator system constructed is also different. Therefore, on the one hand, the construction of the evaluation index system should follow the general principles of the construction of the index system, on the other hand, it should be determined according to the main impact factors affecting the development of low-carbon agriculture. Specifically, the construction of low-carbon agriculture evaluation index system should follow the following principles. Systematic and hierarchical principles. Low carbon agriculture is a complex system including economy, society, ecological environment, etc. The evaluation index system should be constructed from the perspective of economy, society, ecological environment, etc., and relevant factors affecting the development of low carbon agriculture should be included in the evaluation index system as far as possible. When determining specific indicators in all aspects, we should not only pay attention to the hierarchy of the indicator system, but also pay attention to the mutual exclusion between indicators at the same level and the comprehensiveness when achieving the goals of the previous level, so as to achieve the optimal overall function of the evaluation indicator system. The principle of scientificity and operability. When designing the evaluation index system, first of all, scientific theories should be used as guidance to make the evaluation index system rigorous and reasonable in basic concepts and logical structure, and reflect the essence of low-carbon agriculture. The construction of low-carbon agriculture evaluation indicator system is to evaluate low-carbon agriculture, so the indicator system should be highly operational. The selected indicators should use existing statistical data or data available through surveys as far as possible to ensure that the indicators have clear meaning and clear statistical scope, so as to facilitate data collection and processing. Principle of comprehensiveness and typicality. The evaluation index system must strive to comprehensively reflect the development level of low-carbon agriculture, follow the principle of comprehensiveness while following the principle of typicality of the evaluation object, closely focus on the connotation of low-carbon agriculture, and highlight the "low energy consumption, low pollution, and low emissions" characteristics of low-carbon agriculture to build an index system. Principle of comparability and stability. The selected evaluation index system must be comparable and stable. Since the development of low-carbon agriculture is a dynamic process, the construction of the indicator system should be adjusted accordingly with the development of agricultural economy, to ensure the stability and comparability of the evaluation indicators within a certain time range, and to ensure the comparability of the evaluation area both vertically and horizontally.

2.2 Index system framework

Based on the summary and analysis of the above research results, combined with the connotation and characteristics of low-carbon agriculture, according to the development status of China's low-carbon agriculture, the evaluation index system of low-carbon agriculture is constructed in accordance with the principle of constructing the evaluation index system of low-carbon agriculture. This system includes the target layer, criteria layer and index layer. The first target level is the overall level of low-carbon agricultural economic development. The second criterion layer is composed of five aspects: economic development, social development, resource conservation, agricultural input use, and ecological environment. The third indicator layer sets up several evaluation objectives under the above five core elements, and ultimately constitutes the ultimate indicator. Through the theoretical analysis, research literature and expert consultation of low-carbon agriculture, the evaluation indicators of low-carbon agriculture were preliminarily selected and improved, and the finally constructed statistical indicator system of low-carbon agriculture was composed of 33 indicators (Table 1). Low carbon agricultural economic development indicators. Low carbon agricultural economic indicators mainly reflect the level of agricultural economic development during the development of low carbon agriculture, including the GDP growth rate of the primary industry, the proportion of the primary industry GDP in the total GDP, agricultural extroversion, land productivity, labor productivity, etc., of which the agricultural extroversion indicator reflects the degree of opening up of low carbon agriculture. Low carbon agricultural technology support. The development of low-carbon agriculture needs the application and promotion of technologies such as recycling technology and resource technology. Such indicators mainly reflect the relevant technological foundation of low-carbon agriculture development, including the number of agricultural science and technology and service units, the proportion of agricultural technicians in agricultural labor force, the number of agricultural science and technology personnel per 10000 people, the proportion of scientific expenditure, the proportion of agricultural expenditure The total power of agricultural machinery per unit cultivated land area, the proportion of scientific research and development funds in GDP, etc. Rural social development. Rural social development is also the content of low-carbon agricultural development, which mainly includes the growth rate of rural per capita disposable income, the number of industrialized organizations, the total income of farmers from industrialized management, the Engel coefficient of rural households, farmers' education level, the proportion of rural households' per capita consumption expenditure, the intensity of environmental investment, the level of rural market development Urbanization rate and other indicators. The intensity of environmental investment is expressed by the proportion of environmental protection investment in investment, and the level of rural market development is expressed by the proportion of wholesale and retail in the total retail sales of consumer goods. Rural ecological environment. Rural ecological environment is an important part of low-carbon agriculture, mainly including rural water improvement rate, rural sanitary toilet proportion, rural ecological environment investment proportion, garbage disposal rate, fertilizer application intensity, pesticide use intensity, per capita public green space area, industrial wastewater discharge rate, green manure planting proportion, agricultural water consumption, forest coverage and other indicators. The rural water improvement rate is expressed by the proportion of the rural water improvement beneficiary population in the total population; The proportion of rural sanitary toilets is expressed by the popularization rate of rural sanitary toilets; The proportion of rural ecological environment investment is expressed by the proportion of rural ecological environment investment in total investment; The fertilizer application intensity is expressed by the average fertilizer application amount per 667m2; The pesticide use intensity is expressed by the average pesticide application amount per 667m2. This article is from Zhejiang Agricultural Science. See Zhejiang Agricultural Science Journal for details

3 Summary and discussion

Chapter 8: Model Essays on Low Carbon Agricultural Technology

Key words: low carbon; Agriculture; Mechanization; agricultural machinery

Agricultural mechanization involves input and output and many other systems, including technology, capital, information, manpower and logistics. It is conducive to agricultural standardized production, improves the quality and productivity of agricultural development, reduces agricultural costs and agricultural labor input. At present, the unbalanced and backward development of agricultural mechanization is serious, which deviates from the current low-carbon social economy in China. Therefore, the national agricultural low-carbon still has a long way to go.

1、 Low carbon agricultural mechanization and low-carbon agricultural machinery

Low carbon agricultural mechanization and low-carbon agricultural machinery include two aspects: one is the mechanization of low-carbon agriculture, I.e "On the basis of fully realizing the economical and low-carbon design, manufacturing, use and renewal of agricultural machinery, we will explore a new agricultural mechanization development model and promotion system in line with the national conditions, reduce the energy consumption and environmental emissions of agricultural machinery in agricultural production through agricultural machinery operation entrustment, mutual aid and sharing of agricultural machinery, and strive to maximize the total investment and equipment level of agricultural machinery Of agricultural mechanization. " [1] Second, agricultural machinery should be low-carbon, and micro and small agricultural machinery with backward single function technology should be eliminated, so that agricultural machinery can gradually become low-carbon.

2、 Measures to realize low-carbon agricultural mechanization and low-carbon agricultural machinery

1. Ecological design and green manufacturing

At present, there are still major problems in the national agricultural machinery market due to the competitive order. Enterprises attach too much importance to the performance and price of agricultural machinery in terms of improving product competitiveness and profits, while ignoring the low-carbon requirements. Therefore, the manufacturing and use of agricultural machinery will generate a large number of pollutants. Considering the whole life cycle, ecological design considers environmental factors in all stages of product design and development, and then makes decisions on the design direction, which not only reduces resource consumption, protects the environment, but also reduces costs and potential liability risks for enterprises. Green manufacturing integrates environmental factors and resource benefits into the whole life cycle of machinery, strives to minimize negative environmental impacts and maximize resource utilization, and comprehensively coordinates the benefits of enterprises' economic inspection sites.

2. Clean production

Clean production of agricultural mechanization means that agricultural machinery should maintain low-carbon standards in the process of design, manufacturing and use, effectively combine agricultural machinery and agronomy, greatly improve farming methods, effectively develop and use new energy, promote safe, efficient, green, environmental protection and sustainable development of agricultural production, and improve rural living environment and agricultural product growth environment. This process mainly includes three aspects: first, reduce energy, resource consumption and toxic emissions, and maintain low-carbon at the source. Second, strengthen the cleaner production control of agricultural machinery production, strictly manage the production environment, innovate and optimize the process to reduce the discharge of toxic waste. Third, control the discharge and reuse of waste in the production process. For the waste generated in the production process, do a good job in recycling and recycling to ensure the cleanness and safety of the whole production process of agricultural machinery products.

3. Low carbonization in the use of agricultural machinery

Energy consumption and toxic gas emission during the use of agricultural machinery is a major obstacle to low-carbon agricultural machinery and low-carbon agricultural mechanization. There is a large amount of renewable energy available in rural areas. It is an important part of low-carbon to increase the research and utilization of biofuel motivation, improve fuel performance, and reduce carbon emissions. For example, the diversified use of straw will increase the research and application of straw fermentation biogas technology, so that biogas can play a greater role in improving the function of motive fuel. In the use of agricultural machinery, it is necessary to improve the operating efficiency and comprehensive utilization rate of agricultural machinery, and effectively reduce the energy consumption per unit working area of agricultural machinery [2].

4. Establish the whole process carbon emission standard system of agricultural mechanization

The irrationality of the use and maintenance of agricultural machinery has a great negative impact on energy consumption and carbon emissions. Therefore, the development of strict carbon emission standards and dynamic monitoring of technical indicators such as carbon emissions of agricultural machinery are important links to ensure low-carbon agricultural machinery in the life cycle. According to the dynamic monitoring data, the agricultural machinery with high energy consumption shall be eliminated or replaced in time to ensure that the agricultural machinery always maintains a good technical state. Compare the resources and energy consumption involved in the input and output of agricultural mechanization, establish a scientific model, measure the carbon emissions of agricultural machinery, comprehensively analyze the input-output ratio, and analyze the change rule of carbon emissions according to the overall measurement data. Or adopt the agricultural mechanization production simulation technology to evaluate the possible carbon emission data, compare the use of agricultural machinery and carbon emissions in each link, find out the links that can be improved, and technically effectively promote low-carbon agricultural mechanization and low-carbon agricultural machinery.

5. Rational use of agricultural machinery for agricultural cultivation

First of all, in the use of agricultural machinery, it is necessary to avoid one expert and multi skilled, and select different agricultural tools according to different crops [3]. Select agricultural machines and tools according to the farming environment to achieve the effects of thorough harvesting and uniform sowing. Secondly, according to the consistency of the power and performance of agricultural machinery, the light and heavy agricultural machinery should be collocated reasonably to make the equipment more efficient, thus reducing the mechanical energy consumption. Finally, attention should be paid to the maintenance, repair and scrapping of agricultural machinery. The maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery is not only an important link to improve work efficiency, but also an effective way to reduce power consumption and carbon emissions. It is necessary to avoid the use of agricultural machinery under excessive strain. The scrapping of agricultural machinery should be timely. For old agricultural machinery with backward technology, high energy consumption, overdue use time and high carbon emissions, it should be scrapped in time to improve farmers' awareness and habit of using advanced agricultural machinery, and gradually replace backward technology with advanced technology.

3、 Conclusion

Agriculture is a basic industry and one of the industries with relatively backward development at present, especially the problem of agricultural mechanization. Due to the substantial increase in the demand for agricultural and sideline products throughout the country, agricultural mechanization has become an important driving force and inevitable choice for agricultural development, as well as the biggest driving force for agricultural modernization. However, there are great problems in the current agricultural mechanization in the country, especially in the area of low-carbon development. There are great problems in the technicality, environmental protection, safety and sustainability of agricultural machinery. It requires the cooperation of government departments, technicians, agricultural workers, markets and other parties to truly achieve low-carbon agricultural mechanization and agricultural machinery low-carbon.

Author: Li Jun Unit: Agricultural Mechanization Technology Extension Service Station of Rizhao Agricultural Machinery Administration, Shandong

reference

[1] Yang Yinsheng, Shu Kunliang. Low carbon agricultural mechanization and low-carbon agricultural machinery [J]. Research on Agricultural Mechanization, 2015 (2): 6-9

Chapter 9: Model Essays on Low Carbon Agricultural Technology

Key words: low carbon economy; greenhouse gases; Low-carbon agriculture; conserve energy ,reduce emissions

CLC No.: S-0 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1674-0432 (2010) - 06-0001-4

At present, the world is experiencing a climate change characterized by warming, and human activities have exacerbated the greenhouse effect to some extent. Agricultural production plays an important role in the global greenhouse gas cycle. Agriculture is both a carbon sink and a source of greenhouse gas emissions. On the one hand, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are the second major source of global greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, climate change caused by the greenhouse effect has seriously affected agricultural production. Therefore, the development of low-carbon agriculture has important special significance.

1 Low carbon economy and low carbon agriculture

1.1 Low carbon economy

The term "low-carbon economy" was first seen in the British energy white paper Our Energy Future: Creating a Low Carbon Economy in 2003. Low carbon economy is an economic model based on low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions. It focuses on the development and application of energy efficiency technology, renewable energy technology and greenhouse gas emission reduction technology, and is marked by the reduction of fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It promotes the innovation of industrial structure and system and the fundamental change of human survival and development concept, Finally, the economic society and the ecological environment will be harmonious and sustainable.

In 2006, Nicholas Stern, the former chief economist of the World Bank, called on the world to transform to a low-carbon economic model. In July 2007, the US Senate put forward the Low Carbon Economy Act, indicating that the development path of low carbon economy is expected to become an important strategic choice and direction for the United States in the future. In December 2007, the "Bali Road Map" required developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% and 40% by 2020, which played a positive role in further moving the world towards a low-carbon economy and was a milestone. The United Nations Environment Programme has set the theme of World Environment Day 2008 as "Changing traditional concepts and promoting low-carbon economy". The "low-carbon economy" based on low energy consumption and low pollution has become a global hotspot.

1.2 Low carbon agriculture

Low carbon agriculture is a broader concept than the broad concept of ecological agriculture. It not only advocates efficient agricultural production with less chemical fertilizers and pesticides like ecological agriculture, but also increases the use of electricity, oil and gas in the process of planting, transportation, processing and other agricultural energy consumption, More attention should be paid to the reduction of overall agricultural energy consumption and emissions. In agricultural production and life, whether it is land saving, water saving, fertilizer saving, seed saving, or electricity saving, oil saving, firewood saving (coal saving), food saving, as long as it can reduce agricultural production costs, protect the agricultural ecological environment, enhance soil carbon sequestration capacity, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is the most effective and realistic form of low-carbon agriculture.

1.3 Significance of developing low-carbon agriculture in Beijing

The development of low-carbon agriculture in Beijing is an important measure to meet the huge challenges of future agriculture and achieve sustainable agricultural development. Its purpose is to achieve high value of agriculture and improve agricultural production capacity, industrialization scale, competitiveness and comparative advantage benefits on the premise of protecting the ecological environment. Developing low-carbon agriculture can not only increase carbon sink, but also save energy and promote new energy; Reducing greenhouse gas emissions; Improve the utilization rate of waste, fertilizer and pesticide, reduce the economic input of farmers, and obtain greater benefits. Low carbon agriculture is a resource-saving agriculture - try to save all kinds of resource consumption and reduce the input of human, material and financial resources; Low carbon agriculture is a comprehensive benefit agriculture - to obtain the maximum output benefit of the whole society with the least material input; Low carbon agriculture is an ecologically safe agriculture - take various measures to minimize the possible damage to society in the whole process of agriculture before, during and after production. In short, developing low-carbon agricultural economy is an urgent requirement to cope with global climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

2 Ways to develop low-carbon agriculture in Beijing

The shortage of water resources and the fluctuation of fuel prices caused by climate change will directly affect the food production and the stability of farming. A large amount of greenhouse gases will be released from agricultural land, more than 30% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the world, equivalent to 15 billion tons of CO2. What modes should be adopted to develop low-carbon agriculture? The following describes the development ideas of low-carbon agriculture from the perspective of circular economy.

2.1 Principle of reduction - developing conservation oriented agriculture

Nine savings are land saving, water saving, fertilizer saving, medicine saving, seed saving, electricity saving, oil saving, firewood saving (coal saving) and grain saving. One reduction is to reduce the number of farmers engaged in "one production". Focusing on "nine savings and one reduction" can not only reduce agricultural production costs and operating costs, but also reduce the burden of farmers at the source. More effectively, it can promote farmers' income, control non-point source pollution generated in agricultural production, and achieve the goal of protecting the agricultural ecological environment; It can also enhance the carbon fixation capacity of soil and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By changing the growth mode of agriculture, we can defuse the risks faced by agricultural production, develop low-carbon agriculture and circular agriculture, and cope with the impact of climate change on agricultural production.

2.2 Recycling principle - vigorously develop recycling agriculture

In the new form, the traditional agricultural planting mode relying on water and soil as the center will approach or reach the critical state of land bearing capacity, which requires us to constantly seek new planting modes. The utilization of microorganisms is called white agriculture. It extends the utilization of animal and plant resources in traditional agriculture to the utilization of microbial resources, and creates a new industrialized agriculture centered on microbial industry. At present, biogas is the most widely used microorganism in rural areas, and the effect is remarkable. Biogas residue -- biogas slurry can replace pesticides, and biogas residue can replace fertilizers, which is an important condition for the development of organic agricultural products. All kinds of wastes generated in agricultural production will be turned into benefits and turned into treasures for recycling and deep utilization. Make full use of solar energy and other emerging energy sources to replace traditional fossil fuels.

2.3 Reuse principle - developing the processing industry of agricultural products

Deeply process agricultural products, improve the economic added value of agricultural products, and create better benefits. Recycle the by-products and organic wastes generated from the processing of various agricultural products, carry out series development and in-depth processing, and some of the economic benefits will even exceed the benefits of the main products. It not only saves energy resources, but also reduces the damage and pollution to the ecological environment and effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

2.4 Controllability principle

The principle of controllability includes the following aspects: protecting the ecological environment; Develop safe and high-quality agricultural products; Optimize the allocation of rural industrial structure. The organic agricultural products do not use any chemical synthetic substances in the production process, and the green agricultural products are prohibited to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides with high toxicity and high residue, so as to reduce the use of chemical synthetic substances and apply organic fertilizers. Vigorously develop organic agriculture. If it can be fully covered, this field can almost reach a carbon neutral state. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening carbon sequestration in production can also bring about progress in biodiversity and improvement of ecological environment.

2.5 Principles of biomass energy utilization

Focus on demonstration and promotion of technologies such as tar pollution reduction in biomass gas, low-temperature biogas fermentation technology, efficient utilization of biomass fuel, and resource utilization of biogas residue and biogas slurry; focus on experimental demonstration of resource substitution technologies (products) such as solar energy solar thermal conversion system and biomass fuel heating; and promote quantitative fertilization technology of biogas residue and biogas slurry, Improve the comprehensive development and utilization of rural biomass resources. In rural areas where conditions permit, the development and application of biomass centralized gasification gas supply technology, multi fuel household stoves, biomass briquetting fuel and energy consumption cost control technology, biomass gas standardization technology, biomass solid briquetting complete equipment and supporting stoves will be carried out.

3 Potential analysis of developing low-carbon agriculture in Beijing

Modern agriculture provides a large number of products, but also becomes a non-point pollution source and emission source. High carbon emission petroleum agriculture is not sustainable. The agricultural energy consumption in Beijing suburbs is higher than that of the whole country, and the fertilizer consumption per unit area is 5.5 times of the world average (109.8 kg/hm2), which means that the emission intensity is multiple times higher than that of the whole country. Although the output value per hectare is 38% higher, agricultural energy efficiency is still lower than the national average. As the capital, we must set an example of low-carbon economic construction to show the world China's determination to reduce emissions and the implementation of actions.

Table 1 Comparison of energy consumption and output value per hectare of Beijing's agriculture with the national average

Regional cultivated land

(10000) Agricultural machinery power (kw) Agricultural electricity (kwh) Fertilizer

(kg) Pig, beef and mutton (kg) Output value in agricultural areas (yuan/hectare)

National 12173.5 6.285 4525.5 419.6 433.5 23079.0

Beijing 23.22 12.95 17715.0 602.9 1486.5 31936.5

3.1 Geographical conditions

Beijing is located at the northwest edge of the North China Plain, with various landforms and various types of landforms. The climate is warm temperate semi humid continental monsoon climate, hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter, short in spring and autumn, and the annual average temperature is 10-12 ℃. The rain is hot at the same time, the frost free period is long, and the light is sufficient, which is conducive to the comprehensive development of agriculture. Mountainous areas account for 62% of the total area of the city, and plains account for about 38%. The cultivated land area is 232000 hectares. The average annual precipitation in the whole city is 600 mm, and the average annual surface runoff generated by the domestic precipitation is 2.3 billion m3. The effective irrigation area is 172000 hectares, and the agricultural water consumption is 1.2 billion m3. The population of the city is more than 16.95 million, of which the agricultural population accounts for about 15%. Due to its special geographical location, the city's agriculture is mainly urban agriculture, producing vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc.

3.2 Water and ecological resources

Beijing has two major freshwater lakes, Miyun Reservoir and Guanting Reservoir, which are important wetlands. Their huge ecological functions play an important role in maintaining the ecological security of the capital. The total area of Beijing is 16400km2. The rivers flowing through the city include Yongding River, Chaobai River, North Canal, Juma River and Gou River. The average annual precipitation of the whole city is 626mm, and there are many heavy rains in the year. The rainfall from June to September in the flood season accounts for more than 70-80% of the annual precipitation. Beijing is the capital because of water. The surface water and groundwater in Beijing are mainly supplied by rainfall. The characteristics of water resources in Beijing are as follows: (1) Beijing has a dry and rainless climate, and water resources are seriously insufficient; (2) The interannual and seasonal changes are large. The annual precipitation is 1406-290mm. The annual precipitation is mostly concentrated in June August, forming surface runoff, which is difficult to supplement and conserve groundwater; (3) Beijing has five major water systems: Ji Canal, Chaobai River, North Canal, Yongding River and Daqing River. There are more than 100 rivers and streams, with a total length of more than 2700 kilometers. There are more than 120 lakes and reservoirs. In 2008, 19559t water was saved and 245 water saving measures were taken. The development of ecotourism resources will be an important way for Beijing to use ecological resources to obtain economic benefits.

3.3 Forest natural resources

The original vegetation type of Beijing mountainous area is warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Due to long-term human impact, the original vegetation type is rare. A large number of long-term human activities have made secondary vegetation dominant in this area. The unique role of forestry in developing low-carbon economy and coping with global climate change is obvious and internationally recognized. The role of forests in developing low-carbon economy and slowing down global warming is mainly to enhance the carbon sink function of forests and reduce and control forests as sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Beijing has 641368.3 hectares of forest land, 36.5% of forest coverage, and 52.1% of the city's forest greening rate. Good forest coverage provides a good ecological basis for agricultural greenhouse gas emission reduction.

Figure 1 Structure of forest area

3.4 Good agricultural production conditions

With the vigorous promotion of agricultural science and technology and the acceleration of agricultural industrialization, the modernization level of agriculture and the continuous improvement of rural infrastructure construction, traditional agriculture has rapidly transformed into modern agriculture. Environmental friendly and resource saving modern agriculture, such as ecological agriculture, green agriculture, pollution-free agriculture, agricultural industrialization, has become an important growth point in the current agricultural development. Several comprehensive demonstration areas for standardized production of agricultural products have been built. There are many demonstration villages and towns that use biogas as energy. Most villages widely use biogas as the main energy for production and life, creating good preconditions for the development of low-carbon agriculture.

3.5 Straw utilization efficiency has been further improved

Straw is a good clean and renewable energy, which can be used for the development of biomass energy. Every 2t straw has a calorific value equivalent to 1t standard coal, and its average sulfur content is only 3.8 ‰, while the average sulfur content of coal is about 1%. In the process of biomass regeneration and utilization, the CO2 emitted and CO2 absorbed during biomass regeneration reach carbon balance, which has the function of zero CO2 emissions, and has a very broad market prospect. In addition to straw used as fuel, straw returned to fields and straw feed, straw is also used for carbonization, straw power generation, etc. Straw power generation is one of the most important forms of straw optimal utilization. With the introduction of the Renewable Energy Law and the Tentative Measures for the Management of Renewable Energy Power Generation Price and Cost Sharing, straw power generation has attracted much attention. At present, straw power generation shows a rapid growth trend.

3.6 Agricultural ecological environment has been fundamentally improved, and water and soil loss has been effectively controlled

Beijing has carried out a demonstration study on the comprehensive treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution, initially established an agricultural environmental monitoring (inspection) system, which has greatly improved the agricultural ecological environment; The conversion of farmland to forests and the implementation of slope to terrace project have significantly alleviated the water and soil loss. By 2008, nearly 400000 hectares of water and soil loss area in the city had been preliminarily controlled. The deterioration trend of water and soil loss has been initially curbed.

3.7 Widespread application of new technologies for agricultural energy conservation and emission reduction and agricultural production

Due to the extensive attention paid to circular agriculture in recent years, agricultural energy-saving and emission reduction technologies have been widely used in the production and life of the city's vast rural areas. The Ministry of Agriculture held the "Rural Trip for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction", which was successfully carried out in Beijing. The successful implementation of this project has made a good demonstration role in coping with the world energy shortage, saving resources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving the rural environment, and realizing the sustainable development of China's agriculture and rural areas.

The promotion of no tillage technology can fundamentally reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase production, increase farmers' income, and protect soil and water resources. In addition, the implementation of a series of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies, such as breeding technology, soil testing formula fertilization technology, livestock and poultry health breeding technology, green manure feeding technology, pest control technology, has reduced greenhouse gas emissions to a certain extent, protected the ecological environment of agricultural production, and achieved a win-win situation in economy and environment.

4 Suggestions on promoting the development of low-carbon agriculture in Beijing

4.1 Vigorously publicize and prepare the overall plan of the city

Low carbon agriculture is a new agricultural planting mode and technology system. For the majority of farmers, it is necessary to change the traditional agricultural ideas in the past. Therefore, it is necessary to change the public and social concepts and improve farmers' awareness and understanding of low-carbon agriculture through various media and regular training, lectures and other forms. Prepare an overall agricultural plan to reduce carbon productivity in social production and life. The following points should be achieved: bring the low-carbon agriculture business model into the overall plan of Beijing's agricultural development, and make comprehensive arrangements; Incorporate the research and development technology of low-carbon agriculture into the annual scientific and technological breakthrough plan of Beijing; Formulate an outline for the development and utilization of new energy in rural areas, so as to change the carbon emissions of agricultural production from high to low; Formulate special plans, propose the development goals, priorities and relevant measures of low-carbon agriculture, and study the statistical methods and assessment indicators of low-carbon agriculture; A number of low-carbon urban agricultural demonstration areas will be established in different types of areas such as Beijing's suburbs, suburban plains and mountains.

4.2 Give play to carbon sink potential and strengthen carbon sink research

It is an active and effective way to store atmospheric greenhouse gases in the biological carbon pool through the adjustment of land use and expansion of forest coverage. Some studies have shown that every 1% increase in forest coverage can absorb and fix 60-71 million tons of carbon in the atmosphere. Improve the forest coverage in Beijing, ensure that the forest coverage in Beijing can be improved every year on the basis of the previous year, enhance the overall carbon sink function of Beijing's forest ecosystem, and play the potential of forest emission reduction. At the same time, strengthen the research on carbon sink in agriculture, systematically collect and sort out relevant information and data on the number of livestock, poultry and livestock, rice field cultivation area, fertilizer and pesticide use, straw utilization rate, changes in cultivated land area, and lay a solid foundation for in-depth research.

4.3 Promote low-carbon agricultural technology and establish agricultural demonstration areas

In the process of agricultural production, we will vigorously promote the application of ridge farming and no tillage technology, biogas engineering, green manure feeding technology, straw comprehensive utilization technology, water-saving irrigation technology, agricultural machinery energy conservation and emission reduction technology and other energy-saving and emission reduction technologies, so as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the ecological environment. On this basis, we will choose a low-carbon agricultural business model that is consistent with rural natural conditions and production conditions, establish low-carbon agricultural demonstration parks, demonstration enterprises and farmers, and give full play to the role of transmission, help and guidance, so as to provide a model and related technical support system for the promotion of energy conservation and emission reduction technologies.

4.4 Improve the energy utilization structure of agriculture and integrate the energy service system

At present, insufficient attention has been paid to the problems arising from the energy conservation and emission reduction in agriculture and rural areas and their potential, and the progress is slow. It is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the problem of energy waste in the planting industry is prominent, the space for pollution control in the breeding industry is wide, and the treatment of rural domestic garbage and waste is just starting. Therefore, we must actively change our thinking, build a reasonable rural energy service system, vigorously develop rural biomass energy, and develop new thinking. Make full use of rural solar, wind, geothermal and other renewable energy and biomass energy, and increase the proportion of renewable energy and biomass energy in rural energy utilization. The development of comprehensive utilization of straw and biogas in Beijing has reached a certain scale. We will break through the difficulties of heat preservation and gas storage of biogas in winter, strengthen the management of large biogas stations, and realize the conversion and utilization of most human and livestock manure and straw biogas.

4.5 Improve resource utilization efficiency and optimize resource allocation

According to relevant statistical data, the utilization rate of fertilizer and pesticide in rural areas of the city is less than 35%, which is lower than that in many developed countries (many of them reach more than 50%). Due to the blind pursuit of high output by most farmers, the phenomenon of partial application and excessive application of chemical fertilizer is common, leading to the decline of chemical fertilizer utilization year by year. Fertilizer is a high energy consumption product, and 1.4 t coal is consumed on average for every 1 t nitrogen fertilizer production. If the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer can be increased by 10 percentage points, it is equivalent to reducing the use of chemical fertilizer by 1/4. Therefore, in order to develop low-carbon agricultural technology, it is necessary to apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides rationally. Widely carry out soil testing and formulated fertilization technology, reasonably use pesticides, promote low volume spraying technology, establish professional organizations for pest control, and use a variety of technologies to reduce the use of pesticides. Promote and encourage the use of slow release fertilizers, improve fertilization technology, improve fertilizer utilization and reduce nitrous oxide emissions.

4.6 Carry out clean development mechanism project research and strengthen international exchanges

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the three flexible performance mechanisms introduced in the Kyoto Protocol. China will be able to provide half of the projects required by the clean development mechanism in the world, which will also bring huge economic benefits to China. Therefore, we should actively carry out research on CDM projects, expand the content and scope of development and application of CDM projects, and at the same time, strengthen technical cooperation and transfer to promote the transfer of funds and technologies from developed countries to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We should actively participate in the international exchange of low-carbon energy technologies, learn advanced low-carbon technologies through the new mechanism of international cooperation on climate change, and make China's low-carbon technologies and related equipment and products in the agricultural field reach the international advanced level.

4.7 Formulation and implementation of ecological compensation policies for agricultural emission reduction and foreign exchange increase

To develop low-carbon agriculture and improve the energy saving level of agriculture, we must rely on relevant policy guarantee measures. Many developed countries have formulated detailed laws and regulations. For example, Germany has a policy of subsidies for farmers applying organic fertilizer. At present, the development of low-carbon agriculture urgently needs to formulate corresponding preferential policies and incentive measures, and introduce a series of related policies. Improve the ecological compensation mechanism of agriculture, encourage the energy and resource utilization of agricultural waste, and encourage the development of circular agriculture and biomass economy. Relying on Beijing's scientific and technological resources, we will improve the quality of sightseeing agriculture, develop creative agriculture, improve the safety, nutrition and processing level of agricultural products, and increase the added value of agricultural products to significantly reduce the emission intensity per unit output value.

5 Conclusion

With the continuous advancement of China's agricultural modernization, the establishment of ecological high-value agriculture and bio industry system can not only promote the ecological and environmental protection, efficient and diversified development of agriculture, but also promote the continuous extension of the agricultural industry chain. At the same time, it can also promote the upgrading of science and technology and production capacity of agricultural industry, constantly meet the total demand and quality demand for agricultural products in China, and comprehensively realize the high-quality, nutritious and functional agricultural products, as well as the sustainable virtuous cycle of agricultural ecosystem. This new agricultural model has promoted the development of "low-carbon agricultural economy", which is a new green agricultural economy. If China's future agricultural modernization is based on the development model of low-carbon economy, it will be a major innovation in the agricultural development model and will lead the progress of the world's agricultural development level.

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Fund project: Beijing's recycling agriculture technology integration and demonstration based on new rural construction (Z090605006009018).