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Part 1: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
Several Opinions on Promoting the Further Development of National High tech Industrial Development Zones and Enhancing the Ability of Independent Innovation The Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Construction, established the National High tech Industrial Development Zone (hereinafter referred to as the "National High tech Zone"), which is the purpose of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to develop China's high-tech industries, adjust the industrial structure, and promote the transformation of traditional industries Major strategic deployment to enhance international competitiveness. For more than ten years, the National High tech Zone, driven by innovation and driven by reform, has become a fruitful and high-tech industrialization in China enterprise Areas where private science and technology enterprises are concentrated, private science and technology enterprises are active, innovation and entrepreneurship atmosphere is strong, and financial resources are concerned about and enter, have played a good demonstration, leading and leading role in China's socialist modernization. In order to implement the National Medium and Long term Scientific and technology development planning The Outline (2009-2020) (GF [2009] No. 44, hereinafter referred to as the Outline of the Plan) is formulated to create an environment for stimulating independent innovation, promote the further development of the National High tech Zone, and enhance the ability of independent innovation. 1、 Guiding ideology and objectives
Principle (I) Guiding ideology. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", we should comprehensively establish and implement the scientific outlook on development, deeply implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of strengthening the country through talents, implement the Outline of the Plan, promote the implementation of the "second entrepreneurship" development strategy of the National High tech Zone, which focuses on enhancing the ability of independent innovation, and give full play to the advantages of the important independent innovation base of the National High tech Zone, Promote the development of national high-tech zones and drive the development of surrounding areas, and make new contributions to building an innovative country. （2） Objectives. The National High tech Zone should be built into an important carrier to promote technological progress and enhance the ability of independent innovation, a powerful engine to drive the adjustment of regional economic structure and the transformation of economic growth mode, a service platform for high-tech enterprises to "go global" and participate in international competition, and a front position to seize the commanding heights of the world's high-tech industries. （3） Principles. First, always adhere to the development of high-tech as the fundamental task, create a partially optimized environment, vigorously cultivate high-tech industries with competitive advantages and development prospects, and focus on combining the development of high-tech industries with the transformation of traditional industries; Second, deepen the system reform and soft environment construction with the goal of cultivating internationally competitive high-tech enterprises; Third, adhere to the rational and economical use of various resources and take the road of intensive development; Fourth, on the basis of improving existing policies, we will effectively solve the difficulties and problems that restrict development. 2、 Key Work (IV) Highlight the dominant position of enterprise technological innovation. The National High tech Zone should take strong measures to create a better environment, enhance the power and vitality of enterprise technological innovation, give play to the main role of enterprises in technological innovation activities and the application of innovative achievements, and promote enterprises to improve their independent innovation ability; Give play to the guiding role of economic and scientific and technological policies, promote high-tech enterprises in the zone to substantially increase R&D investment, and make enterprises truly become the main body of R&D investment; Support high-tech enterprises to develop high-tech products with independent intellectual property rights, and encourage high-tech enterprises to improve their competitiveness and industrial scale through listing, mergers and acquisitions; Encourage scientific research institutes and colleges and universities to provide support for high-tech enterprises to enhance their independent innovation capability. （5） Strengthen the construction of innovation and entrepreneurship service system. Promote science and technology business incubators to improve operation quality and expand scale, and focus on running professional incubators; Promote the productivity promotion center, technology property rights transaction and other institutions to enhance their service capabilities; Select the existing basic and advantageous fields of the National High tech Zone, and support the establishment of a number of specialized common technical service platforms; Encourage enterprises, scientific research institutes and universities to jointly establish research and development institutions, industrial technology alliances and other technological innovation organizations, and support small and medium-sized enterprises, especially technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, to carry out technological innovation. （6） Promote the agglomeration of innovation resources in national high-tech zones. Promote the implementation of the national science and technology plan to closely integrate with the development of the national high-tech zone, and support the medical research institutions and enterprises in the zone to undertake science and technology projects with strategic significance and obvious driving effect for national economic and social development; Encourage colleges and universities to cooperate with institutions in the zone, and attract colleges and universities and their teachers and students to enter the national high-tech zone for entrepreneurship; Give full play to the university science park as a national high
The important role of the source of secondary entrepreneurship and innovation in the new zone, and the establishment of a convenient channel for university science and technology parks to incubate and graduate achievements and enterprises to enter the high-tech zone; Formulate and implement plans to attract returned overseas students to work and serve the country, focus on attracting high-level talents and talents in short supply, increase funding for returned overseas students, improve the talent introduction mechanism, and promote the construction of entrepreneurship bases for returned overseas students; Give priority to the introduction of foreign advanced technology in line with the Catalogue of Technology Encouraged by China, actively undertake international industrial transfer, and promote the upgrading of industrial structure; Accelerate the establishment of overseas science and technology parks, and encourage high-tech enterprises to set up branches overseas to participate in international competition. （7） We will further improve the fiscal, tax and financial policies that support national high-tech zones to enhance their independent innovation capabilities. Gradually expand the pilot scope for the equity of unlisted high-tech enterprises in the National High tech Zone to be circulated in the stock transfer system on behalf of securities companies; Give priority to supporting the listing and financing of enterprises with strong independent innovation ability and good growth in the zone; The National High tech Zone should support enterprises to enhance their independent innovation ability by establishing technology innovation fund (fund) and venture capital guidance fund, developing venture capital enterprises and technology guarantee institutions, etc; Implement government procurement policies to promote independent innovation, and promote the development of high-tech products and industries with independent intellectual property rights; The national policy banks shall, within the prescribed business scope, give credit support to the infrastructure construction projects, public utilities projects and independent innovation activities of the national high-tech zones that meet the relevant provisions of the state. （8） The development and construction shall be carried out in strict accordance with the overall land use planning and the overall urban planning. The development of national high-tech zones should be incorporated into the unified planning and management of cities. Adhere to the basic national policy of cherishing and rationally using land and earnestly protecting cultivated land. Intensive and efficient development and utilization of land should change the decentralized layout of high-tech zones, and gradually achieve centralized layout through integration and adjustment. The land used in the National High tech Zone is mainly used for the development of high-tech industries, and shall not be changed without authorization or used for real estate development. Strictly implement the annual land use plan, and examine, approve and supply land according to law. It is necessary to strengthen the assessment of land use and other aspects of the National High tech Zone, and establish an assessment and evaluation system for the intensive and rational use of land and the planning and implementation of the National High tech Zone. Within the scope of the overall land use plan and the overall urban plan, the relevant departments shall provide land according to law and go through relevant formalities in time for the construction project land that meets the requirements of urban planning, does not change the use of land and conforms to the national industrial policy. 3、 Strengthen the standardized management and macro guidance of national high-tech zones (9) Relevant departments of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should strengthen the standardized management and guidance of national high-tech zones. The development plan of the national high-tech zone shall be formulated and fully connected with the national and local national economic and social development plan, the overall land use plan, the overall urban plan and the urban environmental plan. Further support the National High tech Zone to innovate the system and mechanism under the new situation, strengthen the soft environment construction, extend the industrial chain, enhance the agglomeration effect, and then foster competition
High and new technology industries striving for advantages and development prospects, highlighting the characteristics of leading industries and high-tech industries. We will formulate necessary measures to improve the number of high-tech talents gathered in the national high-tech zones, the incubation capacity of high-tech enterprises, the proportion of leading industries and high-tech enterprises in the parks, and the output value of high-tech industries per unit area, so as to create a good institutional and policy environment for their healthy development. （10） The Ministry of Science and Technology will work with relevant departments to strengthen the macro guidance of the National High tech Zone. In accordance with the principles of enhancing independent innovation capability, optimizing the innovation and entrepreneurship environment, gathering high-tech industries, intensive use of various resources, and improving supporting functions, we revised the evaluation index system of national high-tech zones, regularly organized the evaluation of national high-tech zones, adjusted the layout and strengthened the classification guidance according to the evaluation results and the actual development of different regions. Warnings should be given to a few national high-tech zones that are poorly managed and have little success in developing high-tech industries; Those who cannot rectify within the specified time limit shall be disqualified. （11） The National High tech Zone shall, in accordance with the Opinions, formulate a specific implementation plan and organize its implementation, adhere to promoting technological progress and enhancing independent innovation ability as the central link of structural adjustment and improving competitiveness, and strive to forge ahead in the new era, keep pace with the times, and achieve leapfrog development.
Part 2: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
These Opinions are formulated to implement the Outline of the National Medium and Long term Plan for Scientific and Technological Development, create an environment for stimulating independent innovation, promote the further development of the National High tech Zone, and enhance the ability of independent innovation.
1、 Guiding ideology, objectives and principles
（1） Guiding ideology. Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", we should comprehensively establish and implement the scientific outlook on development, deeply implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the strategy of strengthening the country through talents, implement the Outline of the Plan, promote the implementation of the "second entrepreneurship" development strategy of the National High tech Zone, which focuses on enhancing the ability of independent innovation, and give full play to the advantages of the important independent innovation base of the National High tech Zone, Promote the development of national high-tech zones and drive the development of surrounding areas, and make new contributions to building an innovative country.
（2） Objectives. The National High tech Zone should be built into an important carrier to promote technological progress and enhance the ability of independent innovation, a powerful engine to drive the adjustment of regional economic structure and the transformation of economic growth mode, a service platform for high-tech enterprises to "go global" and participate in international competition, and a front position to seize the commanding heights of the world's high-tech industries.
（3） Principles. First, always adhere to the development of high-tech as the fundamental task, create a partially optimized environment, vigorously cultivate high-tech industries with competitive advantages and development prospects, and focus on combining the development of high-tech industries with the transformation of traditional industries; The second is to deepen system reform and soft environment construction with the goal of cultivating internationally competitive high-tech enterprises; Third, adhere to the rational and economical use of various resources and take the road of intensive development; Fourth, on the basis of improving existing policies, we will effectively solve the difficulties and problems that restrict development.
2、 Key work
（4） Highlight the dominant position of enterprise technological innovation. The National High tech Zone should take strong measures to create a better environment, enhance the power and vitality of enterprise technological innovation, give play to the main role of enterprises in technological innovation activities and the application of innovative achievements, and promote enterprises to improve their independent innovation ability; Give play to the guiding role of economic and scientific and technological policies, promote high-tech enterprises in the zone to substantially increase R&D investment, and make enterprises truly become the main body of R&D investment; Support high-tech enterprises to develop high-tech products with independent intellectual property rights, and encourage high-tech enterprises to improve their competitiveness and industrial scale through listing, mergers and acquisitions; Encourage scientific research institutes and colleges and universities to provide support for high-tech enterprises to enhance their independent innovation capability.
（5） Strengthen the construction of innovation and entrepreneurship service system. Promote science and technology business incubators to improve operation quality and expand scale, and focus on running professional incubators; Promote the productivity promotion center, technology property rights transaction and other institutions to enhance their service capabilities; Select the existing basic and advantageous fields of the National High tech Zone, and support the establishment of a number of specialized common technical service platforms; Encourage enterprises, scientific research institutes and universities to jointly establish research and development institutions, industrial technology alliances and other technological innovation organizations, and support small and medium-sized enterprises, especially technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, to carry out technological innovation.
（6） Promote the agglomeration of innovation resources in national high-tech zones. Promote the implementation of the national science and technology plan to closely integrate with the development of the national high-tech zone, and support the medical research institutions and enterprises in the zone to undertake science and technology projects with strategic significance and obvious driving effect for national economic and social development; Encourage colleges and universities to cooperate with institutions in the zone, and attract colleges and universities and their teachers and students to enter the national high-tech zone for entrepreneurship; Give full play to the important role of university science and technology parks as the source of secondary entrepreneurship and innovation in the national high-tech zone, and establish a convenient channel for university science and technology parks to incubate graduation achievements and enterprises to enter the high-tech zone; Formulate and implement plans to attract returned overseas students to work and serve the country, focus on attracting high-level talents and talents in short supply, increase funding for returned overseas students, improve the talent introduction mechanism, and promote the construction of entrepreneurship bases for returned overseas students; Give priority to the introduction of foreign advanced technology in line with the Catalogue of Technology Encouraged by China, actively undertake international industrial transfer, and promote the upgrading of industrial structure; Accelerate the establishment of overseas science and technology parks, and encourage high-tech enterprises to set up branches overseas to participate in international competition.
（7） We will further improve the fiscal, tax and financial policies that support national high-tech zones to enhance their independent innovation capabilities. Gradually expand the pilot scope for the equity of unlisted high-tech enterprises in the National High tech Zone to be circulated in the stock transfer system on behalf of securities companies; Give priority to supporting the listing and financing of enterprises with strong independent innovation ability and good growth in the zone; The National High tech Zone should support enterprises to enhance their independent innovation ability by establishing technology innovation funds (funds) and venture capital guidance funds, developing venture capital enterprises and technology guarantee institutions, etc; Implement government procurement policies to promote independent innovation, and promote the development of high-tech products and industries with independent intellectual property rights; The national policy banks shall, within the prescribed business scope, give credit support to the infrastructure construction projects, public utilities projects and independent innovation activities of the national high-tech zones that meet the relevant provisions of the state.
（8） The development and construction shall be carried out in strict accordance with the overall land use planning and the overall urban planning. The development of national high-tech zones should be incorporated into the unified planning and management of cities. Adhere to the basic national policy of cherishing and rationally using land and earnestly protecting cultivated land. Intensive and efficient development and utilization of land should change the decentralized layout of high-tech zones, and gradually achieve centralized layout through integration and adjustment. The land used in the National High tech Zone is mainly used for the development of high-tech industries, and shall not be changed without authorization or used for real estate development. Strictly implement the annual land use plan, and examine, approve and supply land according to law. It is necessary to strengthen the assessment of land use and other aspects of the National High tech Zone, and establish an assessment and evaluation system for the intensive and rational use of land and the planning and implementation of the National High tech Zone. Within the scope of the overall land use plan and the overall urban plan, the relevant departments shall provide land according to law and go through relevant formalities in time for the construction project land that meets the requirements of urban planning, does not change the use of land and conforms to the national industrial policy.
3、 Strengthen the standardized management and macro guidance of national high-tech zones
（9） The relevant departments of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government should strengthen the standardized management and guidance of the national high-tech zones. The development plan of the national high-tech zone shall be formulated and fully connected with the national and local national economic and social development plan, the overall land use plan, the overall urban plan and the urban environmental plan. Further support the National High tech Zone to innovate the system and mechanism under the new situation, strengthen the construction of soft environment, extend the industrial chain, enhance the agglomeration effect, and then cultivate high-tech industries with competitive advantages and development prospects, highlighting the characteristics of leading industries and high-tech industries. We will formulate necessary measures to improve the number of high-tech talents gathered in the national high-tech zones, the incubation capacity of high-tech enterprises, the proportion of leading industries and high-tech enterprises in the parks, and the output value of high-tech industries per unit area, so as to create a good institutional and policy environment for their healthy development.
Part 3: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
Key words: high-tech enterprises; Intellectual property management; frame
1、 Intellectual Property Plan
The intellectual property plan refers to the enterprise's development characteristics in the industry according to the characteristics of its own market field, its own market demand and the enterprise's own development characteristics. Under the premise of considering the sustainable development and comprehensive market competitiveness of the enterprise, the future development direction of intellectual property rights of the enterprise is planned. It is planned to distinguish the specific management input of enterprises to intellectual property by stages, so as to use the limited resources of enterprises more pertinently to manage the intellectual property development of enterprises, and at the same time, it can improve the comprehensive competitiveness of enterprises. The development plan of high-tech intellectual property rights must be determined according to the specific situation of the enterprise.
（1） The overall development goal of high-tech enterprises The overall development goal of enterprises is formulated after enterprises have done a lot of market research and various aspects of enterprise development planning. Therefore, the overall development goal of the enterprise should also be fully considered when considering the enterprise's intellectual property plan. Many high-tech enterprises have clearly defined their overall development goals and corporate culture that they have always implemented. For example, Canon's "We will create the best products with leading technology, and we have such obligations and responsibilities", Kodak's "everyone can use" and other beautiful corporate vision and corporate culture. It can be seen that if small high-tech enterprises want to develop, they must first have clear development goals and corporate culture with their own characteristics. Secondly, according to the overall development goals and corporate culture characteristics of such enterprises, formulate corresponding short-term development plans and long-term development plans for high-tech enterprises. On the premise of using the limited resources of the enterprise at the appropriate time, ensuring the normal operation and development of the enterprise and adhering to the enterprise culture, try to seize every opportunity for the development of intellectual property rights, and formulate and implement the intellectual property plan as an important part of the overall plan of the enterprise.
（2） Looking for intellectual property development opportunities for high-tech enterprises For most high-tech enterprises, they have more intellectual property development opportunities. Because the foothold of high-tech enterprises is the high-tech content of products. Therefore, high-tech enterprises should increase the investment in scientific research and make relevant plans for the development environment of intellectual property. At the same time, actively carry out innovative research and development of high-tech scientific research, and solve problems encountered in the process of scientific research and innovation in a timely manner. According to this, the development mode of high-tech intellectual property of enterprises will be gradually adjusted, so that the intellectual property management of enterprises will enter a virtuous circle and further improve the competitiveness of enterprises.
（3） The analysis of the internal conditions and external environment of high-tech enterprises has its own objectives and alternative plans for intellectual property development. As for the choice of specific development direction of intellectual property, we should choose a high-tech intellectual property development plan that is more suitable for the overall development of the enterprise through the direction of technological innovation of the enterprise itself and the overall development trend of the external enterprise. Therefore, an objective and detailed analysis of the internal intellectual property development conditions and external intellectual property development needs of enterprises is also of great significance for enterprises to correctly carry out intellectual property development planning.
（4） Comprehensive evaluation of intellectual property plan alternatives gives several options of intellectual property plan, and high-tech enterprises can evaluate several intellectual property development alternatives. First, set up an expert group to conduct a comprehensive evaluation in a theoretical sense using marginal analysis or cost-benefit analysis in economic theory. In terms of the selection of experts to form the expert group, we can give full play to the human resources advantages of high-tech enterprises, carry out outstanding talents from several departments, such as some enterprise management departments and enterprise scientific research departments, and carry out some simple training on other enterprise operation modes and some training on knowledge property rights related theories. Then an expert group is formed to conduct a detailed assessment of the filing from different professional perspectives in various fields of the enterprise. The main form of evaluation is to first make a preliminary selection of intellectual property development alternatives by secret ballot, and then collectively summarize these voting results. Further analysis will be made on the evaluation results of the various options summarized by voting, and then the process will be repeated until the most appropriate intellectual property development plan is left. At the same time, the foresight of enterprise leaders can also play a significant role in the selection of intellectual property development plans. Many high and new technology enterprises in China have been successful through bold attempts and innovations by entrepreneurs with original ideas. However, the benefits of the high-tech development planning itself, which is similar to the attitude of taking risks, are in direct proportion to the commercial risks.
2、 Establish a special intellectual property management organization
Most high-tech industries have special intellectual property departments for intellectual property management. Such departments can be classified according to their specific organizational structure: first, the intellectual property division under centralized management of the headquarters; Secondly, the Intellectual Property Department and the Technology Department are combined for management; Finally, a special intellectual property management department of the legal department. In fact, due to the importance of intellectual property rights for high-tech enterprises, most enterprises adopt the management method of centralized management by headquarters. For example, the intellectual property management department of foreign high-tech enterprises is generally under the unified jurisdiction of the head office's dedicated intellectual property department manager. This kind of intellectual property management department plays a very important role in the management organization of the whole enterprise. It, together with the Technology Department and the Business Department, forms the core of the development and operation of the enterprise. At the same time, together with the Ministry of Production and the Ministry of Finance, it forms the core of enterprise organization and management.
（1） The first case is the management of IBM's intellectual property rights. The enterprise has a special head office for intellectual property management. Under the management headquarters, there are also special legal department and patent department. The Legal Department is mainly responsible for legal affairs related to intellectual property, while the Patent Department is mainly responsible for patent management affairs related to enterprise intellectual property. The enterprise adopts a centralized management system for its internal intellectual property rights. There is an enterprise intellectual property management headquarters to uniformly manage all intellectual property within the enterprise. For example, the intellectual property rights of inventions, works and other achievements made by the employees of the head office or branch office in the enterprise should belong to the enterprise headquarters. The intellectual property management organization of the enterprise headquarters is responsible for the management of intellectual property rights in such cases. The legitimacy of this intellectual property management system is guaranteed by the "Consent Letter for Relevant Information, Inventions and Works" signed by employees and enterprises on the handling of similar situations. At the same time, all subsidiaries of IBM should also sign a "comprehensive technical assistance contract" with the enterprise headquarters. Through the joint restriction of these two agreements, the obligations and rights of both parties to the agreement are specified in detail and normatively. With such a standardized intellectual property management system, all intellectual property intangible assets within the enterprise are managed and allocated uniformly. This kind of management mode can improve the utilization efficiency of all intellectual property resources within the enterprise. At the same time, it can also improve the management efficiency of enterprises' core intellectual property rights and reduce the leakage of enterprises' intellectual property intangible trade secrets.
（2） Huawei's intellectual property management Huawei's intellectual property management is mainly the second case. Within Huawei, there is a specialized organization called "Intellectual Property Headquarters", which is responsible for managing the internal intellectual property of Huawei. Moreover, Huawei's resource preference for this department is very obvious compared with other departments. In the intellectual property headquarters, there are special full-time personnel selected from the top management of the company who are suitable for commanding intellectual property management. Under the leadership of this department, it is also divided into several departments with different functions.
3、 Management of intellectual property related personnel
（1） For the management of intellectual property talents, the R&D process of high-tech intellectual property in enterprises is all based on the efforts of intellectual property talents inside the enterprise day and night. Although the management of intellectual property is important, researchers of such intellectual property should also pay enough attention to it. For example, in Huawei, the intellectual property headquarters in the management department is responsible for the management of intellectual property personnel within the enterprise. For example, it is responsible for the selection criteria for such intellectual property talents, as well as the research direction of intellectual property talents, and the simple training of enterprise intellectual property personnel for high-tech top professionals within the enterprise. Through strict and standardized management of the quality of high-tech intellectual property R&D personnel, it can improve the efficiency of enterprise intellectual property development.
（2） It is unrealistic for high-tech enterprises to manage and develop high-tech intellectual property rights within the enterprise only by full-time high-tech R&D personnel. Because an enterprise's management of intellectual property rights is always inseparable from the joint participation of its internal staff. Therefore, the intellectual property management organization of the enterprise should also take some management measures related to intellectual property for ordinary staff in the enterprise. For example, for the high-tech contribution of ordinary staff in the enterprise, appropriate incentive measures should be taken according to relevant regulations to mobilize the enthusiasm of ordinary staff in the enterprise for technological innovation. 4、 Conclusion To sum up, the intellectual property management of high-tech enterprises should first make scientific short-term and long-term plans for the development of high-tech intellectual property in enterprises; Secondly, we should optimize the internal intellectual property management organization of the enterprise in terms of more standardized enterprise contracts and management measures; Finally, we should pay attention to the management of relevant intellectual property talents within the enterprise, and at the same time improve all employees' awareness of the management and development of enterprise intellectual property. Based on this, we can improve the efficiency of intellectual property development of high-tech enterprises, and make them gain greater intellectual property competitive advantage in the fierce market competition.
reference:
[1] Guo Wei. Research on Contract Design of High tech Enterprises Based on Heterogeneous Human Capital [D]. Guangdong University of Business, 2010
[2] Zhao Na. Research on Technological Innovation Environment of High tech Enterprises in Heilongjiang Province [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 2010
Part 4: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
Abstract: The county economy is an important basis for the national economic development and social stability, and is the difficulty and key to promote the national economy overall competitiveness. The growth of county economy relies on the exertion of conglomeration effect of the county leading industrial and commercial enterprises, in other words, economic development of parks. The sound economic development can effectively gather the leading industrial and commercial enterprises, reflect the characteristic and the county industry brand effect, and effectively activates and boosts the county economy.
Key words: county economy; Industrial Park; Countermeasures; proposal
Key words: the county economy;industrial park;countermeasure;suggest
CLC No.: F27 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1006-4311 (2010) 23-0031-02
0 Introduction
County economy is an important foundation for national economic development and social stability, and is the difficulty and key to enhance the overall competitiveness of the national economy. For this reason, the CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the development of county economy. Since the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2009 clearly proposed to "strengthen the county economy", the No. 1 Document of the Central Committee this year emphasized the need to "improve the quality and level of rural financial services" to better serve the county economy. The survey found that the growth of the county economy depends on the agglomeration effect of the leading industries and supporting enterprises in the county, that is, the development of the park economy; The healthy development of the park economy can not only effectively gather leading industries and supporting enterprises, reflect the characteristics and brand effects of the county industry, but also effectively activate and expand the development of the county economy.
1. Problems and shortcomings of county park economy in Hebei Province
In order to develop and expand the county economy, effectively promote the concentration of industries to parks, parks to cities and towns, and accelerate the development of urbanization, the Hebei Provincial Government's Several Opinions on Promoting Industrial Clustering and Accelerating the Process of Urbanization in May 2009, after a year of implementation, the county park economy of Hebei Province has made a series of achievements, but also showed some problems and shortcomings:
1.1 The park economy relies excessively on foreign-funded enterprises and core large enterprises, the agglomeration effect is not obvious, the technology spillover effect is poor, and the independent innovation ability is poor. With the introduction of foreign-funded enterprises, the technology spillover effect can be realized, and the independent innovation ability can be enhanced. This is an important theoretical starting point of foreign capital utilization policy. The survey found that the technology spillover effect of most parks in Hebei Province is poor due to insufficient technology convergence of local enterprises, poor technology absorption capacity, and conscious restrictions on technology introduction and diffusion by foreign enterprises. According to the survey, there are more than 80 enterprises in a county park, including 6 Fortune Global 500 joint-stock enterprises, 6 listed companies, 14 joint ventures, and 4 enterprises with an investment of more than 1 billion yuan. It seems that the park is quite large. However, due to the large difference in technical strength between core enterprises and enterprises, or due to the weak technical strength or relatively insufficient development of SMEs supporting core enterprises, As a result, the technology spillover effect of core enterprises is low and it is difficult to absorb the spillover technology. Local governments tend to tilt more towards the core enterprises in the park in terms of resources and policies. As a result, the development of county SMEs is more difficult. This excessive foreign investment and large-scale park economic development mode, to a certain extent, restricts the development of county SMEs and the sustainable development of county economy.
1.2 The park is too scattered, the local (county) enterprises are small, the supporting capacity is poor, and the competitiveness is weak. One of the outstanding problems of county parks is that the spatial layout is too scattered, and the park positioning of adjacent counties (cities) is not different; Due to the excessive dispersion of the parks, the aggregation effect of the parks is poor, the cooperation between enterprises is poor, the overall strength is weak, and the scale benefit is not obvious; Some areas, such as Qinhuangdao, Langfang, Shijiazhuang and Baoding, have a better economic development, while others have a worse economic development. Some counties (cities) even have parks for parks. There is no clear park boundary, no clear administrative division, and even the development plan of the park has been changed repeatedly. Some parks have even become high-end "residential areas".
1.3 The park location is unclear, the characteristics are unclear, and there is a certain blindness. Objectively speaking, although the scope of a county is not large, it is not small. It can always find production factors with comparative advantages, and gather advantages to develop the park economy. The survey found that the orientation and development of county parks in Hebei Province are not interactive, random and have little development potential. From the perspective of economic foundation, resource endowments and other conditions, the foundation and advantages of developing high-tech industries in Tangshan, Langfang, Baoding, Shijiazhuang and other regions in Hebei Province are obvious and well positioned, and the industrial development plans put forward by some parks are not very consistent with their own conditions or even far from each other, not only unclear positioning, characteristics, comparative advantages and development potential are not prominent.
1.4 Enterprises in the park are relatively backward in technology and lack of high-tech talents. The development of the park economy focuses on gathering leading industries, improving the industrial structure, strengthening independent innovation, and forming a competitive advantage in the county economy. The survey found that Hebei's parks are lack of technology and independent innovation ability, talents and competitiveness. According to the introduction of Guoyan Network, through the questionnaire survey and analysis of 1000 representative enterprises in Hebei Science Park in 2009, it is found that: ① the technology level of the park is low, and 2.6% of the enterprises are internationally leading; Only 7.1% of enterprises have the leading technology level in China; 25.8% of enterprise technologies do not have independent intellectual property rights; 56.2% of the enterprises were only at the domestic average level when they were founded; 27.8% of enterprises have no independent R&D institutions. ② There is little or no technical cooperation among enterprises. 54.6% of enterprises have not conducted technical cooperation with other enterprises; 26.5% of enterprises communicate with external science and technology departments once a month; 30.9% of enterprises communicate once every three months; 24.7% of the enterprises should pay half a year; Another 17.9% of enterprises seldom carry out technical exchanges with the outside world. ③ The park enterprises are short of high-tech talents. The employees with bachelor's degree or above in the Science Park account for more than 55% of the total number of employees, but there is a shortage of high-tech talents. In science and technology parks, technology and talents in non science and technology parks are even more worrying.
1.5 The lack of effective financial support inhibits the development of county park economy. Effective financial support is the core of economic development. The development of the park needs effective financial support, which includes both the needs of enterprises in the park and the capital needs of the park's own infrastructure construction. The development of the park can not be separated from the supporting infrastructure. The construction of the supporting infrastructure needs a lot of capital investment. Due to the limited financial resources of the county level, it is difficult to allocate a lot of funds for the construction of the park. The infrastructure of the park is backward or lacks supporting infrastructure. The survey found that the deposit loan ratio of county financial institutions is generally low, averaging about 30%, and even the deposit loan ratio of individual commercial banks in the county is less than 10%. The lack of effective financial support at the county level has led to a shortage of funds or even a serious shortage of infrastructure in the process of park construction and park enterprise development. Taking the counties and cities around the provincial capital as an example, over the years, the investment attraction of the park has been mainly industrial projects, mainly to undertake the provincial capital's "returning from the second to the third" projects. There are fewer three industry projects. Due to the shortage of funds, the shortage of supporting social projects such as schools, hospitals, banks, markets, public transportation, leisure and entertainment has led to the shortage of consulting, evaluation, exhibition, logistics, intermediary and other production industries, The coordinated development of the three industries and the ability of enterprise employees to work and live in the park restrict the park's expansion and strength and the inflow of talents to a certain extent.
1.6 The park is the gathering place of industries, the source of pollution and the difficulty of supervision and treatment. On the one hand, the technology of county enterprises is relatively backward. Due to the lack of funds and technology, although we try our best to improve technology, the pollution is still serious and needs to be treated urgently; On the other hand, the enterprises (county level and provincial level parks) undertaken by the park are generally not very advanced or relatively backward in technology. Some enterprises move out due to pollution and other reasons; Some enterprises did not carry out necessary technological upgrading and transformation in the process of relocation, and after entering the park, the pollution is often heavy; Although these enterprises are locally produced, they are owned by the superior government and have a special identity. The local environmental protection department has the responsibility of supervision but has no right to supervise, resulting in difficult environmental protection supervision and pollution control. For example, the counties (cities) around the provincial capital mostly undertake enterprises under the jurisdiction of the province or Shijiazhuang City. Since they are under the jurisdiction of the superior departments, the environmental protection departments of the county (city) where they are located are difficult to effectively supervise them.
2. Countermeasures and suggestions for gathering advantageous industries and strengthening county economy
Gathering advantageous industries and developing park economy is one of the important ways to strengthen county economy. The development of county park economy depends on certain regional conditions and resource endowments. The higher the concentration of advantageous industries, the stronger the supporting and connecting ability, the stronger the core competitiveness, and the easier it is to form its own characteristics and brands, and activate and expand the county economy.
2.1 Adjust measures to local conditions and make overall planning
2.1.1 Overall planning, unified supervision, highlighting the suitability, scientificity and sustainability of park development, building industrial clusters, and pursuing economies of scale are the results of the development of market economy. Due to the irrationality and blindness of market economy, it is necessary to rely on the effective guidance of the government. From the perspective of coordinated development of regional economy, it is suggested that government departments at all levels should jump out of the development concept of a single "county economy", coordinate resources within their jurisdiction, and combine county industrial parks and industrial cluster development, urban planning, infrastructure construction, and regional environmental improvement to plan as a whole, so as to promote the planning linkage, industrial linkage, and market linkage between county industries and parks; The planning should be based on the location advantage, resource endowment and development advantage, reflect the forward-looking, scientific, suitability, operability and sustainability of the planning, and highlight the integrity of the planning and the optimal allocation of resources. At the same time, the development of the park should abandon the idea of building according to the administrative unit and developing a single industry as far as possible, establish the idea of "big economy", take regional planning, urban planning, industrial development, park planning and ecological protection, human settlements, cultural life and other factors into consideration according to the principle of regional coordinated development, and combine the new rural construction planning, Integrate the construction of the park into the overall space planning of the park and the city.
2.1.2 Overall planning of land resources, the implementation of land intensive management park construction can not be separated from land, land is limited, and the life of landless farmers must also be guaranteed. Therefore, it is suggested that: on the one hand, in combination with the construction of a new socialist countryside, we should promote the circulation system of land use rights, encourage farmers who leave their homes to cities and parks to transfer the land use rights they contracted for with compensation, hand over part or all of the land transfer funds to social security institutions, and exchange "land" for "security" to ensure the stability of life of landless farmers. On the other hand, implement land intensive management to give priority to the land needs of the construction of characteristic parks.
2.2 Clarify the purpose, clarify the responsibility, do a good job in positioning, highlight the characteristics and enhance competitiveness
2.2.1 Establish scientific development ideas and investment promotion ideas for the park. ① While focusing on attracting large enterprises and projects, pay attention to the development of local small and medium-sized enterprises supporting large enterprises and projects and the spillover, digestion and absorption of technology, and strive for a win-win situation of economic benefits and technology spillover effects of the park; Pay attention to technology deferral, technology connection and supporting cooperation of the park industry, cultivate the sustainable development of local enterprises, and give full play to the function and role of the production industry. ② Change the past practice of attracting foreign investors with land and tax incentives, establish a business invitation process system from strategy to plan, to implementation, service, and evaluation, effectively avoid a series of phenomena of emphasizing business invitation over service in the process of business invitation, and ensure the sustainable development of business invitation achievements.
2.2.2 Strive to achieve prominent advantages and distinctive features in the development orientation of the park; In terms of the supervision system of the park, the combination of delegation of power and profit, responsibility and right, and the right to supervise, manage and enforce the law of the local government departments, form a new mechanism of joint management of the park environment and environmental protection quality, and promote the sustainable development of the park construction and the park economy.
3 Coordinate social resources and strengthen financial support, technical support and talent support
Finance is the core of economy, innovation is the soul of development, talent is the support of technology, and finance, technology and talent are the foundation and key to ensure the healthy development of county economy. Based on the current financial system, the county economy is difficult to obtain financial support and technical support. Suggestion:
3.1 Effectively guide and encourage enterprises in the park to align and cooperate, enhance the overall financing capacity of enterprises in the park by strengthening their strength, strengthen cooperation between enterprises in the park and between enterprises in the park and external enterprises, improve the scientific and technological strength and talent support of the park, strive to achieve the optimal allocation of limited resources in the park, and strengthen the overall competitiveness of the county economy.
Part 5: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
Key words: financial management; High-tech enterprises; Tax planning
1、 Tax planning and financial management
Tax and finance are very close, and their relationship is manifested in two aspects. First, tax planning is a very clear manifestation of financial management, and its work quality can focus on reflecting the level of financial management, and directly affect the market strategy and financial management quality of enterprises. The main undertaker of tax is the manager of the enterprise. Tax is a part of the expenditure of the whole enterprise's income in trade and production. In the process of tax planning, we mainly use accurate and real-time financial information. Therefore, in this process, it is necessary to select an optimal treatment scheme at the right time. 2. It is necessary to make a reasonable and effective analysis of the financial registration and tax registration, and conduct accounting on many links. Then, we can use our financial management to effectively avoid taxes and avoid some financial risks.
2、 The Influence of Financial Management on Tax Planning of High tech Enterprises
1. The Impact of Management Objectives on Tax Planning
Through tax planning, the tax that needs to be paid will become a restricted financial objective, and the profit and benefit of the enterprise will be maximized. The way to reduce tax burden is to provide financial support and make tax pay zero risk. Therefore, when an enterprise carries out tax planning, it should pay attention to making appropriate strategic adjustments when necessary, not only to reduce taxes, but also to ensure legality and compliance with regulations. While maintaining low cost investment, it should not do anything risky to increase shareholder wealth, which may sometimes cause other costs to be wasted, In addition, the cost of tax planning and the increase of labor cost caused by planning and design work should be considered, and the plan that will bring more profits to the enterprise should be selected as far as possible.
2. Influence of management objects on tax planning
The so-called value management actually refers to financial management, specifically fund management. The object is enterprises, especially the object of enterprise tax, which is the main bearer of taxes and various administrative charges. Taxes also make them lack selectivity. How to pay the business tax has become a problem that enterprises must consider. If they fail to pay the tax in time due to their own business reasons, enterprises will damage their reputation and corporate image, and will be in a disadvantageous position in the future development, or even be punished according to law.
3. The Influence of Management Functions on Tax Planning
In the financial management of enterprises, planning is very important. Tax planning can standardize financial planning and improve the company's strategic plan. In fact, the normal operation and stable development of a successful enterprise cannot be separated from financial planning; Financial planning is a process, which is of great significance to the planning and implementation of enterprise tax burden. Tax planning in a narrow sense belongs to functional decision-making. Planning by reading the decision-making ideas can maximize the interests of enterprises.
3、 Main Strategies for Tax Planning of High tech Enterprises Based on Financial Management
1. Flexible and efficient application of tax law environment
Our tax characteristics are that the tax law is very complex for taxpayers, and there are many differences between different types of enterprises, so that scientific and reasonable planning can be carried out. In particular, some state-owned enterprises have differences and correlations in their tax burdens, which in itself can create conditions for an enterprise to carry out effective tax planning. Another point is the tax preference. Under the condition of expanding tax preference, taxpayers have gained a lot of operating space, especially in the high-tech field, with the support of the government, they have continuously obtained preferences. This is a good opportunity to pave the way for all tax planning work. In the process of practice, some specific policies must be used, such as the resolution of individual income tax problems of sole proprietorship and partnership enterprises announced in the 25th announcement of the National Taxation Bureau of China in 2014.
2. Flexible handling of accounting work
If high-tech enterprises want to continue to grow, they must strengthen financial management. The development of high-tech enterprises must be related to financial work, but at present, the attitude of high-tech enterprises in China to accounting and tax management is quite different. If the accounting and tax adjustment and management are carried out in accordance with the prescribed accounting rules, high-tech enterprises will be able to deal with financial work plans more flexibly and deal with taxes better. More specifically, when high-tech enterprises flexibly plan their liabilities and taxes, they mainly judge the costs required for preparation and effectively recognize and depreciate intangible assets for enterprises. When calculating costs and benefits, high-tech enterprises should pay attention to the costs of technology, research and technological development, classify different expenditures, and conduct itemized accounting.
3. Financial management lays the foundation for tax planning of high-tech enterprises
In the modern market economy, a very important problem is how to carry out scientific and effective management in front of enterprises. To solve it, the role of modern financial management has changed significantly: from the original accounting for accounting to the market managers who play an important role in enterprise marketing decisions. At present, the profit source of large enterprises is not only the sales of goods, but also the control of costs and the increase of available resources. Financial management often plays a role in decision analysis in enterprises. How to control taxes and reduce costs has gradually become a key point for enterprises to strengthen management, which can make planning tax management more and more demanding. Therefore, when enterprises carry out tax planning and management, they must ensure the reliability of finance and accounting and the scientificity of financial management, and improve the management level. An enterprise must establish an effective tax planning system. Financial accounting personnel should divide regional financial management so that the financial management level can reach a higher quality and high standards to complete tasks. At the same time, it should ensure that the information of relevant conditions is reliable. This process is also a process of improving the level of enterprise management. With the rapid development of more and more high-tech enterprises, they gradually realized the important role of financial management in enterprise management, laying a good foundation for tax planning in the management of high-tech enterprises.
Conclusion
In conclusion, from the perspective of application, it is of great significance to strengthen tax control and avoid risks on this minimum basis based on tax planning in enterprise financial management. This can not only reduce the tax burden of enterprises, but also improve scientific management and profitability. It can play a very important role in encouraging enterprise development. At the same time, in the process of operation and management, the tax administrator of the enterprise should also understand the changing financial policies based on the actual situation, meet the development of the market economy, science and technology, promote the development of the enterprise, and provide some support according to the tax situation. (Author's unit: The Ninth Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Institute of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)
reference:
[1] Xu Chunrong, Yang Hongyu. The Application of Tax Planning in Corporate Finance [J]. Finance and Accounting Communication (Financial Management Edition), 2012 (06)
[2] Wang Shuling. The Application of Tax Planning in Enterprise Financial Management [J]. Accounting Research, 2009
Part 6: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
Abstr: The article points out that science and technology development planning is not only a development strategy, but also a science and technology policy. It is the basis and direction of science and technology planning. A good science and technology plan should be an extension of science and technology development planning, and should provide guarantee for the implementation of science and technology development planning.
1 Science and technology development plan and plan
1.1 Science and technology development planning
The science and technology development plan is a scheme system formulated by a country (or region) to achieve the goal of science and technology development. It focuses on the goal of science and technology development, integrates advantages and makes overall arrangements in the development field, development stage, resource allocation and support conditions, and is based on the study of the relationship between the science and technology system, economic system and social system, Design the strategy of scientific and technological development and promoting economic growth and social all-round progress with scientific and technological development, and promote the realization of this strategy by implementing the design content. The regional science and technology development plan is a regional science and technology development plan under the guidance of the national science and technology development plan. It pays more attention to the regional development characteristics and regional reality, and is an important programmatic document about the direction of regional science and technology investment, the allocation of science and technology resources, the regional science and technology development model, and the related subject behavior in science and technology activities.
1.2 Science and technology plan
Science and technology plans are generally scientific and technological activities carried out by the government within the scope of administrative jurisdiction with goals, steps, organizations and measures according to national or regional science and technology development plans and strategic arrangements. The science and technology planning system of Hunan Province includes the following three parts:
① Basic research plan: mainly combine the advantageous disciplines in Hunan Province to carry out key research, achieve breakthrough results in the source innovation and original innovation of high-tech industries in Hunan Province, and seize the commanding heights in high-tech fields, including the Natural Science Foundation, the Outstanding Youth Fund, the Academician Fund and the Applied Basic Research Plan.
② Key science and technology research plan: including major science and technology projects, local science and technology research projects, key science and technology research projects and general projects.
③ Science and technology innovation environment construction plan: including soft science plan, international cooperation and exchange plan, technology trading and market plan, key laboratory plan, engineering technology research center plan and its basic condition platform construction plan.
Planning and planning must form an organic link. Planning management plan, planning is the basis and direction of science and technology plan for a period of time. The science and technology plan is the implementation and specific execution of the plan, which should be subject to and supported by the plan. Therefore, a good plan should have a good plan connection and support, and a good plan should be an extension of the plan to provide guarantee for the implementation of the plan.
2. Formulation and main contents of science and technology planning
2.1 Formulation
In 2005, we carried out strategic research on 1} topics, In 2005, the Ministry of Government Management []. The drafting team of the planning outline, composed of universities, research institutes, enterprises and nearly 100 experts and scholars, has gone through five stages: preliminary preparation, framework design, task refining and policy combing, draft formation and soliciting opinions. It has screened and synthesized the priority themes, major special projects, key tasks and major policy measures, and has organized experts to visit Beijing for many times And other places consulted with experts and scientific and technological authorities outside the province, which was officially issued to the province in the form of provincial government documents in April 2006.
2.2 Main contents
The plan identifies key areas and priority themes for development. The key fields identified in the science and technology planning include: modern agriculture, new material industry, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, electronic information and modern service industry, biology and medicine industry, modern transportation industry, energy, resources and environmental protection industry, and basic research and cutting-edge technology. The priority theme refers to the technology group that is in urgent need of development in key areas, has clear tasks, has a good technical foundation, and can make breakthroughs in the near future. According to the key areas of the Outline of the Plan, s0 priority themes have been established, and major special projects supporting seven major science and technology projects have been deployed. Major science and technology projects are government led large-scale innovation activities to solve key technical, systematic, strategic, forward-looking and common problems encountered in national and regional development, It is a form of science and technology plan to enhance regional competitiveness. The plan determines to select key technologies, public welfare technologies and common technologies that are of great significance to economic and social development, integrate scientific and technological resources, increase investment, focus on breakthroughs, and form a landmark project for the development of high-tech industries in Hunan Province through 3} s years of key support. Major scientific and technological projects have been set up in advance in the research and demonstration of super hybrid rice technology, electric vehicles and key parts, new converter transformers and major equipment for UHVDC power transmission and transformation, and research on key technologies for schistosomiasis control in lake areas.
3 Implementation and effectiveness of the plan
The role of planning depends on the implementation of planning, which is supported by the annual science and technology plan of the science and technology management department. The management decision-making level of the Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province has required strict implementation of the plan since its formulation. Its management strategy is to select and implement major special projects in eight key areas and so priority subjects in accordance with the mature one and implement one program to support the construction of seven major projects. Take the seven major projects as the guarantee system to ensure the completion of independent innovation and achievement transformation. Therefore, the Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province regards the organization and implementation of major science and technology projects as the main means of implementing the science and technology plan. To a certain extent, the research on major projects in Hunan Province can roughly see the implementation of the plan.
3.1 Arrangement of major special projects in Hunan Province in 2006 and 2007
In 2006, a total of 8 major special projects were arranged, with a total funding of 74 million yuan and an annual funding of 32 million yuan. A total of 73.19 million yuan of investment was directed to the undertaking units. The investment guidance ratio was close to 1: 100. On the basis of rolling support for major special projects in 2006, 11 major special projects were launched and implemented in 2007, with a total of 213 million yuan of scientific and technological allocations. Its distribution is as follows: 5 in the field of modern agriculture, 4 in the field of energy, resources and environmental protection, 3 in the field of advanced equipment manufacturing, 2 in the field of new materials, 2 in the field of biological and pharmaceutical industries, and 2 in the field of basic research and cutting-edge technology, meeting the development requirements of key areas of planning and design.
3.2 Effectiveness
① It has further accelerated the process of new industrialization. Major projects focus on steel, nonferrous metals, engineering machinery, automobiles, electronic information, electrical appliances, rail transit, biomedicine, new materials and other industries that need urgent support to promote the process of new industrialization. For example, in 2006, a major project for large wind turbine generators and key components with a capacity of more than 2 mw was set up. Through more than two years of joint research, this project has broken through the three major technical bottlenecks of overall system integration technology, unit control system technology, and the preparation of large direct drive low-speed permanent magnet wind turbines. On November 3, 2007, the 2 mw permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine was offline and the 2 mw direct drive wind turbine was connected to the grid for power generation, marking that China's large-scale wind power equipment manufacturing technology has entered the world's advanced level.
② It has promoted the further improvement of independent innovation capability. The main goal of setting up major special projects is to obtain independent intellectual property rights, strengthen industrial technological innovation, and improve the ability to solve bottleneck constraints. This goal orientation strengthens that major projects must play an important role in improving the ability of independent innovation. The Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province regards the acquisition of invention patents as an important assessment indicator, which promotes the enthusiasm of patent application. In 2006, 70 key technologies and bottleneck technologies were broken through in major projects, 56 patents were applied, 7 technical standards were formulated, and 16 appraisal results were obtained. For example, the major project of research and demonstration of key technologies in modern citrus industry has made a major breakthrough in the research of enzymatic capsulation of citrus cans. Compared with the original acid-base de coating process, the discharge of acid-base wastewater will be reduced by about 40 t per ton of product, which can reduce the discharge of 4 million t of wastewater throughout the year, equivalent to the discharge of residential sewage in cities with a population of 500000 in a year.
③ It promotes the further integration of scientific and technological resources. Major special projects operate according to the mechanism of chief expert responsibility system, realizing the transformation of science and technology planning projects from a single technological breakthrough to integrated technological innovation, and from a single undertaking unit to a combination of production, teaching and research. For example, the major special projects of electric vehicles and key parts have concentrated the motor, battery, electronic control, vehicle and other aspects of the province that have obvious competitive advantages
④ Promote the sustainable and high-speed development of high-tech industries in the province. In 2007, the province's high-tech industry achieved the fastest growth in history, with the output value of high-tech products reaching 27006 billion yuan, added value of 84.08 billion yuan, profits and taxes of 30.92 billion yuan, and foreign exchange earned from exports of 4.43 billion dollars, up 42.6%, 40.7%, 60.6% and 57.1% year on year respectively; The added value of high-tech products accounted for 25% of the industrial added value, an increase of 10.9% over 2001, effectively promoting the process of new industrialization in Hunan Province.
⑤ Guide enterprises to become the main body of innovation. At present, 71.46% of r&d personnel in hunan province are distributed in enterprises; 77.45% of R&D funds were invested in enterprises; The products independently researched and developed by enterprises account for more than 55%. In 2007, 80% of provincial science and technology projects were hosted and participated by enterprises, and 82% of service invention patents were created by enterprises. In 2006 and 2007, there were 81 units undertaking major projects, and enterprises accounted for nearly 62% of the total number of units undertaking major projects. 0 In 2007, among the first 27 innovative pilot enterprises in the province, each enterprise had an average of 4.37 R&D institutions, and the average proportion of R&D investment in sales revenue reached 8% 0
⑥ Science and technology planning has promoted scientific and technological progress. The statistical monitoring of Hunan Province's scientific and technological progress in 2006 by the Hunan Provincial Bureau of Statistics and the Hunan Provincial Department of Science and Technology shows that the province's comprehensive index of scientific and technological progress is 109.1%. The overall situation of Hunan's scientific and technological progress in 2006 is that the overall quality of the scientific and technological team has improved and the number of personnel has increased. In 2006, there were 1.2353 million scientific and technological personnel in the province, an increase of 0.9% over the previous year. State owned and collective owned enterprises and institutions have 80400 senior professionals, an increase of 0.2% over the previous year; The investment in science and technology increased, and the r&d investment increased slightly. In 2006, the amount of funds raised for scientific and technological activities in the province was 13.37 billion yuan, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year; Scientific and technological achievements continue to emerge, with invention patents ranking first in the middle. In 2006, 986 achievements were made, of which 15 won national awards. The number of patent applications was 10249, up 17%, and the number of authorized patents was 5608, up 53.3%; The rapid development of high-tech industries has played a greater role in stimulating the economy; In 2006, the output value of high-tech industry reached 189.318 billion yuan, an increase of 24.4%. The added value of high-tech industry contributed 11.78% to GDP, driving the provincial economy to increase by 1.44%; Large industrial enterprises' investment in science and technology increased significantly. In 2006, the R&D investment of large industrial enterprises in the province was 2.512 billion yuan, an increase of 29.6%; Science and technology support the sound and rapid development of the economy, and the people's living standards have steadily improved; In 2006, the provincial GDP was 756.889 billion yuan, an increase of 12.2%. The contribution rate of science and technology to economic growth was 50%, an increase of 1.5%
4. Evaluation of the connection between science and technology planning and science and technology planning
4.1 Strong administrative measures ensure the implementation of the plan
The Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province attaches great importance to the implementation and implementation of the plan, especially the role of major projects. Since 2006, it has strengthened management from the aspects of overall design, project approval and review standards, supervision and inspection, funding support and soft environment construction. In the overall design of the project, the general idea of "highlighting key points and limited objectives; focusing on investment and stable support; improving mechanism and rolling development" is proposed. In addition, it also proposed "provincial key, local supporting; local key, provincial support" to promote the effective integration of various resources. In terms of fund allocation, on the one hand, the province level} o% of the three science and technology fees will be concentrated, and the single intensity will increase from hundreds of thousands of yuan to millions of millions of yuan. On the other hand, enterprises undertaking special projects will be required to ensure that the supporting funds reach at least 1: n.s; In terms of special management mechanism, contract management shall be adopted according to law, and the responsibility system of chief experts and undertaking units shall be implemented; In order to strengthen supervision and inspection, the responsibilities of the special competent departments, major project offices and major project leading groups of the Department of Science and Technology have been formulated to achieve the relative separation of project initiation, implementation, supervision and assessment, ensure the fairness and impartiality of project initiation, and achieve significant expected results.
4.2 Deficiencies in planning formulation and implementation
① Inadequate use of data. The planning mainly focuses on macro qualitative description, and does not combine qualitative and quantitative analysis. There is no systematic data support system for the planning, and the stylistic features of the planning are not obvious, which looks like a work report.
② Advanced technologies and methods are not used enough. The plan gives full play to the wisdom of experts and managers, but from a systematic perspective, the key areas and priority themes listed in the plan do not use advanced technical methods, such as technology foresight. Technology foresight is a new method of regional science and technology management, which has been highly valued and implemented by western developed countries and some newly industrialized countries. Technology foresight can play a forward-looking and optimization role in regional science and technology management, and select the optimal support point in the case of limited resources; Give play to the role of cohesion and collaboration, and promote the connection of single element performance; Give play to the role of integration and integration, and promote the combination of innovation vitality and innovation economies of scale; Give play to the role of early warning and assessment, and comprehensively assess its impact. Modern science and technology has brought benefits and negative effects to human society.
Part 7: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
The intellectual property plan refers to the enterprise's development characteristics in the industry according to the characteristics of its own market field, its own market demand and its own market demand. Under the premise of considering the sustainable development and comprehensive market competitiveness of the enterprise, the future development direction of intellectual property rights of the enterprise is planned. It is planned to distinguish the specific management input of enterprises to intellectual property by stages, so as to use the limited resources of enterprises more pertinently to manage the intellectual property development of enterprises, and at the same time, it can improve the comprehensive competitiveness of enterprises. The development plan of high-tech intellectual property rights must be determined according to the specific situation of the enterprise.
（1） The overall development goal of high-tech enterprises
The overall development goal of the enterprise is formulated after the enterprise has done a lot of market research and various aspects of enterprise development planning. Therefore, the overall development goal of the enterprise should also be fully considered when considering the enterprise's intellectual property plan. Many high-tech enterprises have clearly defined their overall development goals and corporate culture that they have always implemented. For example, Canon's "We will create the best products with advanced technology, and we have such obligations and responsibilities", Kodak's "everyone can use" and other beautiful corporate visions and enterprises? I Culture. It can be seen that if small high-tech enterprises want to develop, they must first have clear development goals and corporate culture with their own characteristics. Secondly, according to the overall development goals and corporate culture characteristics of such enterprises, formulate corresponding short-term development plans and long-term development plans for high-tech enterprises. On the premise of using the limited resources of the enterprise at the appropriate time, ensuring the normal operation and development of the enterprise and adhering to the enterprise culture, try to seize every opportunity for the development of intellectual property rights, and formulate and implement the intellectual property plan as an important part of the overall plan of the enterprise.
（2） Look for intellectual property development opportunities for high-tech enterprises
For most high-tech enterprises, they have more opportunities for intellectual property development. Because the foothold of high-tech enterprises is the high-tech content of products. Therefore, high-tech enterprises should increase the investment in scientific research and make relevant plans for the development environment of intellectual property. At the same time, actively carry out innovative research and development of high-tech scientific research, and solve problems encountered in the process of scientific research and innovation in a timely manner. According to this, the development mode of high-tech intellectual property of enterprises will be gradually adjusted, so that the intellectual property management of enterprises will enter a virtuous circle and further improve the competitiveness of enterprises.
（3） Analyze the internal conditions and external environment of the enterprise
The intellectual property development of high-tech enterprises has its own goals and alternatives. As for the choice of specific development direction of intellectual property, we should choose a high-tech intellectual property development plan that is more suitable for the overall development of the enterprise through the direction of technological innovation of the enterprise itself and the overall development trend of the external enterprise. Therefore, an objective and detailed analysis of the internal intellectual property development conditions and external intellectual property development needs of enterprises is also of great significance for enterprises to correctly carry out intellectual property development planning.
（4） Comprehensive evaluation of alternatives to intellectual property plan
The alternative plan gives several options of intellectual property plan, and high-tech enterprises can evaluate several options of intellectual property development. First, set up an expert group to conduct a comprehensive evaluation in a theoretical sense using marginal analysis or cost-benefit analysis in economic theory. In terms of the selection of experts to form the expert group, we can give full play to the human resources advantages of high-tech enterprises, carry out outstanding talents from several departments, such as some enterprise management departments and enterprise scientific research departments, and carry out some simple training on other enterprise operation modes and some training on knowledge property rights related theories. Then an expert group is formed to conduct a detailed assessment of the filing from different professional perspectives in various fields of the enterprise. The main form of evaluation is to first make a preliminary selection of intellectual property development alternatives by secret ballot, and then collectively summarize these voting results. Further analysis will be made on the evaluation results of the various options summarized by voting, and then the process will be repeated until the most appropriate intellectual property development plan is left. At the same time, the foresight of enterprise leaders can also play a significant role in the selection of intellectual property development plans. Many high and new technology enterprises in China have been successful through bold attempts and innovations by entrepreneurs with original ideas. However, the benefits of the high-tech development plan itself, which is similar to the attitude of taking risks, are in direct proportion to the commercial risks.
2、 Establish a special intellectual property management organization
Most high-tech industries have special intellectual property departments for intellectual property management. Such departments can be classified according to their specific organizational structure: first, the intellectual property division under centralized management of the headquarters; Secondly, the Intellectual Property Department and the Technology Department are combined for management; Finally, a special intellectual property management department of the legal department. In fact, due to the importance of intellectual property rights for high-tech enterprises, most enterprises adopt the management method of centralized management by headquarters. For example, the intellectual property management department of foreign high-tech enterprises is generally under the unified jurisdiction of the head office's dedicated intellectual property department manager. This kind of intellectual property management department plays a very important role in the management organization of the whole enterprise. It, together with the Technology Department and the Business Department, forms the core of the development and operation of the enterprise. At the same time, together with the Ministry of Production and the Ministry of Finance, it forms the core of enterprise organization and management.
（1） IBM Intellectual Property Management
IBM's intellectual property management organization is the first case. The enterprise has a special head office for intellectual property management. Under the management headquarters, there are also special legal department and patent department. The Legal Department is mainly responsible for legal affairs related to intellectual property, while the Patent Department is mainly responsible for patent management affairs related to enterprise intellectual property. The enterprise adopts a centralized management system for its internal intellectual property rights. There is an enterprise intellectual property management headquarters to uniformly manage all intellectual property within the enterprise. For example, the intellectual property rights of inventions, works and other achievements made by the employees of the head office or branch office in the enterprise should belong to the enterprise headquarters. The intellectual property management organization of the enterprise headquarters is responsible for the management of intellectual property rights in such cases. The legitimacy of this intellectual property management system is guaranteed by the "Consent Letter for Relevant Information, Inventions and Works" signed by employees and enterprises on the handling of similar situations. At the same time, all subsidiaries of IBM should also sign a "comprehensive technical assistance contract" with the enterprise headquarters. Through the joint restriction of these two agreements, the obligations and rights of both parties to the agreement are specified in detail and normatively. With such a standardized intellectual property management system, all intellectual property intangible assets within the enterprise are managed and allocated uniformly. This kind of management mode can improve the utilization efficiency of all intellectual property resources within the enterprise. At the same time, it can also improve the management efficiency of enterprises' core intellectual property rights and reduce the leakage of enterprises' intellectual property intangible trade secrets.
（2） Huawei Intellectual Property Management
Huawei's intellectual property management is mainly the second case. Within Huawei, there is a specialized organization called "Intellectual Property Headquarters", which is responsible for managing the internal intellectual property of Huawei. Moreover, Huawei's resource preference for this department is very obvious compared with other departments. In the intellectual property headquarters, there are special full-time personnel selected from the top management of the company who are suitable for commanding intellectual property management. Under the leadership of this department, it is also divided into several departments with different functions.
3、 Management of intellectual property related personnel
（1） Management of intellectual property talents
The R&D process of high-tech intellectual property in enterprises is all earned by the intellectual property talents inside the enterprise who work day and night. Although the management of intellectual property is important, researchers of such intellectual property should also pay enough attention to it. For example, in Huawei, the intellectual property headquarters in the management department is responsible for the management of intellectual property personnel within the enterprise. For example, it is responsible for the selection criteria for such intellectual property talents, as well as the research direction of intellectual property talents, and the simple training of enterprise intellectual property personnel for high-tech top professionals within the enterprise. Through strict and standardized management of the quality of high-tech intellectual property R&D personnel, it can improve the efficiency of enterprise intellectual property development.
（2） Management of ordinary personnel inside the enterprise
It is unrealistic for high-tech enterprises to manage and develop high-tech intellectual property rights within enterprises only by full-time high-tech R&D personnel. Because an enterprise's management of intellectual property rights is always inseparable from the joint participation of its internal staff. Therefore, the intellectual property management organization of the enterprise should also take some management measures related to intellectual property for ordinary staff in the enterprise. For example, for the high-tech contribution of ordinary staff in the enterprise, appropriate incentive measures should be taken according to relevant regulations to mobilize the enthusiasm of ordinary staff in the enterprise for technological innovation.
Part 8: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
The grim situation of production safety has become a prominent problem in China's economic and social development. In recent ten years, the number of deaths caused by various accidents in China has been around 100000. In recent years, although the number of major accidents has decreased, the total number of deaths is still high, even showing an upward trend.
The reasons for the severe situation of safety production in China are very complex. In addition to the low overall level of productivity, the imperfect supervision system, the imperfect legal system and the low intensity of safety investment of national enterprises, the backward level of safety technology and equipment of enterprises is also a very prominent problem. For a long time, the state and enterprises have seriously insufficient investment in the construction of safety production infrastructure, and there are too many safety arrears, especially in important basic industries such as coal. Due to aging equipment and backward technology, some major hazard sources can not be effectively treated, which has formed a huge potential accident, and has become a bottleneck in the safety production work of our country, threatening the safety and health of the majority of workers and the people all the time. If the problem of safety technology equipment transformation cannot be solved in time, the intrinsic safety status of the enterprise cannot be changed, the safety production conditions are difficult to guarantee, and it is also not conducive to reversing the adverse situation of the severe safety production situation as soon as possible.
The guiding ideology and development goal of China's technological transformation of work safety should be: take enterprises as the main body, control major hazard sources and control potential accidents as the main line, take scientific and technological progress as the driving force, actively adopt new and high technologies and advanced applicable technologies and equipment to upgrade the level of safety technology and equipment of enterprises, gradually eliminate backward processes and technological equipment, and reasonably adjust the regional economic layout, Optimize the financing structure of safety technical equipment, and strive to improve the overall safety production level of China's industrial system. Adhere to the principle of safety first, prevention first, reduce casualties, ensure the safety of people's lives and property, and promote sustainable economic and social development.
The following six basic principles should be adhered to in the recent development of safety technical equipment:
1. Highlight key points.
The focus of support should be on high-risk industries that have a significant impact on the national safety production situation, and the main goal is to monitor major hazard installations and major accident potential control technologies or safety measures that are widely available in China, as well as key equipment urgently needed by enterprises for safety production. For some technologies or products with high industrial relevance, strong driving force and potential to become new economic growth points, they should be the focus of recent development. Concentrate capital and technical force to focus on solving the safety technical equipment transformation projects with prominent problems, serious hazards and large benefits. At the same time, we must resolutely stop unreasonable duplication of construction, and generally do not carry out general transformation to fill up the gap and expand production. Promote the structural adjustment of safety technical equipment by supporting superior enterprises to improve their capability, level and quality. Rectify the order of the market economy, establish a sound mechanism for the survival of the fittest, and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity that wastes resources and pollutes the environment.
2. Technological progress and technological innovation.
Adhere to the combination of independent innovation and technology introduction, pay equal attention to hardware transformation and software transformation, and support the joint development of industrial common, key and forward-looking technologies. Advanced, safe, reliable and relatively mature technical equipment shall be preferred. Accelerate the training of talent team, increase necessary investment, and improve the research, development, maintenance and management level of safety technical equipment of enterprises. We should accelerate the transformation and upgrading of basic industries, manufacturing industries and other traditional industries that play an important role in the national economy with new and high technologies and advanced applicable technologies, intensify the transformation of safety technology and equipment with broad market demand, optimize the modern structure of safety technology and equipment for products and technologies, improve labor productivity, and give play to the advantages of economies of scale, Improve the level of process and technical equipment, and enhance the ability of enterprises to promote safety production with technological progress. Develop intrinsically safe products in combination with the actual production of the industry and enterprises, and use automatic control technology and computer technology to fundamentally improve working conditions and ensure safe production.
3. Deepening reform and comprehensive technological transformation were carried out simultaneously.
The safety technology transformation shall be closely combined with the process reform, equipment update and product update of the industry and enterprises. Try to plan the investment, design and construct at the same time, and accept and use at the same time. Through the deepening reform and comprehensive technical transformation of enterprises, improve the systematicness and effectiveness of technical transformation, increase the scale of safety technical transformation, and promote the overall level of safety technical equipment.
4. With enterprise investment.
According to the provisions of the Production Safety Law, the production and business operation entities must meet the requirements of the production safety conditions, otherwise they shall not engage in production and business operations. The production safety investment must be guaranteed and the safe operation of production equipment and facilities must be guaranteed. The enterprise is fully responsible for production safety, including the use, renewal, transformation and improvement of safety technical equipment. To ensure the investment in safety technology and equipment, enterprises should incorporate the investment in safety technology and equipment into the production cost and comprehensive production planning, improve the level of safety technology and equipment and the ability to prevent accidents, so as to ensure safe production.
5. Adhere to market orientation.
Since the 1990s, the market environment of China's economic development has changed from a seller's market to a buyer's market, and the "supply constraints" have changed to "demand constraints". The formation of the buyer's market marks that China's industrial economy has entered a comprehensive competitive environment, and the economic development has transited to a new stage. The safety technology and equipment industry must strengthen the analysis of market environment, predict the development trend of domestic and international technology and economy, and determine the key direction of the development and structural adjustment of the safety technology and equipment industry according to the market demand.
6. Pay attention to the principle of coordinated development.
Under the guidance of the medium and long-term development plan of national safety production, give full play to the enthusiasm of enterprises, pay attention to the overall advantages of the industrial industry, increase the proportion of independent production of major safety technical equipment, and meet the requirements of other manufacturing industries to reduce investment costs and improve technical level; Strive to establish a technical equipment system from design, manufacturing to promotion and use, and form an industrial scale as soon as possible to stimulate domestic economic demand; Increase the efforts to tackle key technical problems and reform, and focus on eliminating the "bottleneck" constraints in the industrial chain that affect the overall competitiveness; Make full use of domestic and foreign technical funds and management resources to provide guarantee for the sustainable development of the safety technical equipment industry; Give full play to comparative advantages, guide the coordinated development of safety technology and equipment industries in the east, middle and west, and support the old industrial bases and western regions to accelerate structural adjustment and industrial upgrading.
In order to speed up the pace of safety technology transformation in China, the following four suggestions are proposed:
1. Strengthen the construction of rules and regulations on safety technology and equipment
Safety technical equipment involves many aspects of the state, local, industry, enterprise, and various fields such as planning, finance, science and technology, operation and management. In order to further clarify the responsibilities, authorities and interests of all relevant parties, and ensure the scientific and orderly sound development of safety technology and equipment work, rules and regulations on safety technology and equipment should be formulated as soon as possible in accordance with the requirements of the Work Safety Law and other laws and regulations, and the various functions of safety technology and equipment such as planning, investment, organization and supervision, as well as design, manufacturing, use Maintenance, promotion and other activities. These regulations should include a series of comprehensive or special management systems such as the Measures for the Management of National Safety Technical Equipment Projects, the Measures for the Management of Special Funds for Safety Technical Equipment, and the Technical Guidelines for Key Projects, Evaluation, and Acceptance of Safety Technical Equipment.
These regulations strictly enforce the management procedures of safety technical equipment projects, and strengthen planning and management from project initiation, approval, organization, supervision, acceptance and other aspects to ensure the smooth implementation of the project. Actively create an environment of rapid development and virtuous circle.
2. Research and propose the National Security Technical Equipment Guide
According to the overall plan of national economic and social development, as well as the actual situation of safety production status and safety technical equipment level in China, and by comparing and drawing on the advanced technology of foreign safety technical equipment, the State Administration of Work Safety shall study and propose the annual National Safety Technical Equipment Guide (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Guide) every year. In the technical guide, the following should be put forward: the development goal of China's safety technical equipment; Key areas of development of safety production technology and equipment; Key technologies and equipment that continue to be solved; The promotion plan of adopting advanced technology, the list of obsolete backward productivity and unsafe production equipment, and the priority project category and scope. The technical guide shall also provide professional appendices, specifically introducing some advanced technologies, valuable technical equipment or successful operating experience in this field. The technical guide is not only the technical guidance document for the development strategy of safety technical equipment, but also the main reference basis for enterprises and other relevant departments to formulate safety technical equipment plans and apply for project establishment.
3. Plan for Establishing National Security Technology and Equipment Transformation Project
The State Administration of Work Safety, with the support and coordination of the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and other relevant units, has established the National Plan for the Transformation of Safety Technology and Equipment (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). On the basis of widely soliciting opinions from enterprises in various industries, local authorities and competent departments, and according to the demand and market orientation of enterprises for safety technology equipment, as well as the ability of capital, technology and other resource allocation, the current or medium - and long-term safety technology equipment planning should be put forward. It is required that the plan should be clear, the goal should be clear, the focus should be highlighted, and the effectiveness should be emphasized, The specific content and resource allocation of the project listed from the national and enterprise aspects as the implementation plan for organizing and carrying out the transformation of safety technical equipment nationwide is the main basis for promoting the organization, implementation, supervision and acceptance of the project in the work of safety technical equipment.
4. Improve the operation mechanism of safety technical equipment transformation
Pay attention to summing up the reasonable experience of China's security technology transformation measures over the years, fully learn from the effective methods of financing other technology transformation projects, give full play to the enthusiasm of the state, local and enterprises, and establish a fund raising and operating mechanism that conforms to the laws of market economy. Since the transition period from planned economy to market economy in China is relatively short, most enterprises, especially large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, have poor technical equipment foundation, backward safety technical equipment level, too many historical debts, and safety technical equipment is a public cause involving the safety and health of tens of millions of workers, China should establish a national safety technical equipment fund, Special subjects shall be set up in the central and local financial departments, which shall be allocated by the state and used for specific purposes. The National Security Technology and Equipment Fund is composed of national grants and discount loans. The annual amount of grants should be more than 200 million yuan, and the cumulative amount of local annual grants should be more than 300 million yuan. The total intensity of discount loans should be no less than 3 billion yuan. The fund is mainly used for:
1. Support a batch of key projects with great promotion value, strong demonstration effect, low investment, quick effect and great influence that are innovative in technology.
2. It is mainly aimed at some industries and enterprises that have outstanding hidden dangers due to too much debt of safety technical equipment and occupy an important position in the national economy.
3. Focus on solving some major equipment and key technologies in safety production technology equipment. This fund can not be used to expand the scale of production in general and the main purpose is to improve productivity.
Part 9: Model of Enterprise Technology Development Planning
Key words: state-owned enterprise restructuring, enterprise characteristics, business risk
The 21st century is an era of rapid development of science and technology. With the deepening of China's reform, building a socialist market economic system has become the main goal of state-owned enterprise system reform. In this context, the state has clearly proposed the goal of enterprise transformation for the planning and design industry, to establish a modern enterprise management system with "clear property rights, sound legal person system, separation of government and enterprise responsibilities, flexible operating mechanism, and standardized and scientific management".
1. Enterprise restructuring and operation status of Planning and Design Institute
With the gradual formation of market capacity and the continuous expansion of the domestic engineering construction market, design institutes at this stage, especially those integrated with survey and design, have carried out the work of enterprise transformation, and have better solved the survival and development problems of planning and design units.
1.1 Enterprise restructuring
The restructuring of the planning and design institute refers to the transformation of the design institute from a public institution into an enterprise or into an enterprise, and the transformation of the non-material production department into a material production department, and the transformation of these units into a modern enterprise with independent operation, self financing, self-development and self-restraint. The key to restructuring is to make enterprises become the main body of technological innovation and take the road of scientific and technological industrialization.
1.2 Operation status
After seven or eight years of restructuring, the well developed design institutes have basically solved the problem of "enterprise". With the deepening of reform, these design institutes have better solved the business problems and human resource management problems faced at the initial stage of the restructuring.
After the reform, the nature of the planning and design institute has changed from a public institution to a private enterprise, and the state's tax policy has changed, which is more conducive to the survival and development of enterprises; The status of employees of the Planning and Design Institute has changed from employees of public institutions to social natural persons. Its salary distribution mode is independent and flexible, and its salary level is fully in line with the market, which is conducive to improving the work efficiency of employees; In addition, the welfare and retirement benefits of employees have been improved. In general, the restructuring has greatly promoted the healthy development of planning and design enterprises.
After the restructuring of Northwest China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., the original work enthusiasm was low and the efficiency was difficult to reach other institutes, but the work enthusiasm was high and the efficiency was high. The specific operation mode after restructuring is that each design institute and overseas branches operate separately, and the General Institute manages the financial and personnel affairs of the design institute and branches in a unified way. The branch and design institute independently take over the project and manage independently, but the overall management system still follows the rules and regulations of the General Institute. In the years after the reform, the branches and design institutes have developed rapidly. Now, the Northwest Institute has 13 design institutes and 23 branches stationed abroad, forming a national unified design system, which has received unanimous praise in the national design industry.
2 Corporate characteristics of Planning and Design Co., Ltd
The enterprise transformation of China's railway and municipal planning and design units is a unique product that adapts to China's economic system reform, and it is a system reform issue with Chinese characteristics and under the background of economic transformation. After the transformation, the state-owned planning and design units have shown their unique corporate characteristics in the process of establishing market-oriented and customer-centric modern enterprises [1-3].
2.1 Qualification of Planning and Design Co., Ltd
The planning and design companies in China must meet the requirements of legal person qualification, the number of national registered planners, the number of relevant technicians, certain technical equipment and other conditions stipulated by the state, and meet the minimum restrictions on the registered capital and the number of registered planners of the three qualification levels of A, B and C. Registered planners and relevant technicians are the most critical elements, which is also the biggest difference between planning and design limited companies and other types of enterprises.
2.2 Technical advantages of Planning and Design Co., Ltd
The product technology added value of the planning and design unit is high, and the scientific and technological personnel and their technology are the key elements in the production of enterprises. The planning and design unit gathers a large number of outstanding talents in professional and technical fields and has a comparative advantage in technology, thus forming the largest wealth of the enterprise and the largest advantage of the planning and design unit compared with ordinary enterprises.
2.3 Cooperation of Technical Department of Planning and Design Co., Ltd
After the transformation of Planning and Design Co., Ltd., it has changed to be market-oriented, with the goal of making profits and maximizing profits. However, the benefits obtained from designing a bridge or road alone cannot support the survival of the enterprise in its self financing profit and loss mode, which requires the maximization of profits and the effective use of the functions of various technical departments of the enterprise, as well as undertaking large-scale planning projects. Therefore, the planning and design of the project needs the cooperation between different planning and design departments. The interaction between planning and design departments becomes more and more obvious, and the information transmission and communication between departments become more and more important. Mutual cooperation is the key to the success of design.
2.4 Planning and Design Co., Ltd. has both main and auxiliary businesses [4-7]
Planning and Design Co., Ltd. mostly focuses on its own business with Class A qualification as the leading industry. While maintaining its leading position in the industry by virtue of its own business technology advantages, it actively expands emerging markets across business fields, constantly improves business types, takes a diversified development path, increases its economic share in the market, and improves its competitiveness.
2.5 Planning and Design Co., Ltd. Low cost and high efficiency
The Railway and Municipal Planning and Design Co., Ltd. undertakes the design project, analyzes and studies the project requirements and the characteristics of the geographical environment, and finally obtains a feasible design scheme, which is finally converted into the written form of construction drawings and project design basis data. The field investigation and acquisition of relevant data require some field investigation and collection, and the expenditure of relevant costs is relatively small, followed by the consumption of design drawings and project report printing costs. The actual consumption of the planning and design cost of the project only accounts for a small part of the total investment of the project, so the profit obtained by the enterprise is relatively high.
2.6 Listing Financing of Planning and Design Co., Ltd
Some planning and design companies with good economic benefits raise more funds to promote the development of their main and auxiliary businesses through listing. After the company goes public, it has obtained fixed financing channels and more financing opportunities, thus solving the problem of fund shortage. The funds raised have increased its advantages in market competition, and the economic benefits of the company will be improved, thus increasing the company's popularity and brand image in the industry, and promoting the company's continuous development.
3 Operation risk of Planning and Design Co., Ltd
Under the business model of self financing, Planning and Design Co., Ltd. has been constantly excluded and competed by companies in the same industry in the wave of market economy. It has left the background of national ownership as support, and its development needs to withstand many tests. At present, China's planning and design market is not standardized, and the competition mechanism needs to be improved. The imbalance between supply and demand in the planning and design market has led to excessive competition and even vicious competition among design enterprises. The direct result is the increase of business risk of enterprises.
3.1 Policy risk
In the reform of public institutions, there are many policies for reference. It can be divided into policies at the central, provincial and municipal levels, as well as policies for restructuring state-owned enterprises and public institutions. In the process of restructuring, in the face of numerous policies, if you are not familiar with or understand the policies incorrectly, it may violate the relevant national policies, resulting in policy risks.
3.2 Personnel risk
Human resources have become the first resource for enterprise development and the core competitiveness of enterprises. The design institute is a knowledge intensive enterprise. However, without the background of state-owned enterprises, senior technical talents gradually lost their original "sense of security" and left the design unit, so the problem of brain drain became more and more serious. The brain drain will do great harm to the enterprise, even lead to a rapid decline in enterprise performance and cause a comprehensive business crisis.
3.3 Management risk
On the basis of project positioning, planning and design is to carry out more specific planning and overall design to make its function and style conform to its positioning, which is a systematic project and needs to be completed by multiple departments. The relevant design departments must carry out the design work in an orderly manner, and must take into account the design requirements of other relevant design departments when carrying out the standard operation of this business. This requires the project manager to be familiar with the key points of planning and design, and also to coordinate and allocate tasks among departments, otherwise the overall planning tasks will be affected [8-11].
3.4 Financial financing, capital advance and financial environment risks
It is more difficult for the transformed planning and design companies to finance through commercial banks. Without the support of the national economy under the development mode of self financing, it will be difficult for those enterprises with poor economic benefits to maintain. In some special cases, the design unit has to advance a certain amount of funds for scientific research. However, under the influence of geological disasters or other factors, these achievements may become useless, so the advanced funds will not be compensated, which will affect the planning progress and enterprise benefits. The financial crisis will have a huge impact on the economy and indirectly affect the implementation of the project. The early planning and design will be invalidated, and the benefits of the planning and design unit will be damaged. How to do a good job in economic risk assessment, reduce losses and increase profits of enterprises is an urgent problem to be solved.
3.5 Risk of early investment
Planning and Design Co., Ltd. must actively explore the market if it wants to achieve greater development with its competitors in the same industry in the market economy. Choosing a suitable region to build a branch is a necessary choice to open up a new market. However, the construction of the branch and the allocation of personnel and technology play an important role in the development of its business. However, due to the huge investment in the early stage, It is necessary to do a good job in research and have to take certain risks.
4 Strategic thinking
The continuous and rapid development of Planning and Design Co., Ltd. is based on the stable operation of the company, that is, the company can resist various risks. The company's development strategy is the key to the success or failure of business activities, the important foundation for the long-term and efficient development of the company, and the prerequisite for the company to achieve its long-term goals.
4.1 Establish the people-oriented management idea, establish a scientific human resource management system and a new incentive model, and implement the skill salary system, which can not only improve the subjective initiative and participation of employees, but also improve the economic performance of the design institute.
4.2 Attach great importance to the possibility of risks caused by policy changes, and accurately interpret various policies and regulations related to restructuring. Make full use of the relevant preferential policies of the state for the planning and design industry, strengthen self management, control costs, and improve enterprise efficiency to reduce the losses caused by this risk.
4.3 It is necessary to establish an incentive mechanism for collaboration, so that each professional subject in each design institute can share the benefits of efficiency improvement generated by professional collaboration.
4.4 Adopt decentralization, division of labor and specialization of management. Management division, decentralization and specialization can greatly improve the efficiency of management.
4.5 Capital is the guarantee of enterprise development, and financing through multiple channels such as listing can make enterprises more competitive; Doing a good job in the preliminary investigation of engineering projects, assessing the loss risk of projects, and making emergency plans can better help enterprises reduce losses and increase profits.
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