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Chapter 1: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
Key words: traditional culture, core position of general education in higher vocational education
General education is an important way for colleges and universities to implement talent training objectives. In the social environment of materialism and utilitarianism, general education in higher vocational colleges should draw beneficial elements from traditional culture to guide students to return to effective exploration of sound personality. In the exploration of sound personality, Chinese traditional culture and general education share the same humanistic pursuit; In practice, general education in higher vocational colleges should take traditional culture as the core, improve students' humanistic quality, cultivate aesthetic taste, and shape a sound personality. Therefore, the author has carried out necessary exploration and practice in daily teaching.
1、 It is imperative for higher vocational colleges to carry out general education
Higher vocational education, which began to rise in the 1980s, has now developed in full swing. Based on the talent training model of "teaching, learning and doing", higher vocational colleges have trained a large number of talents for China's economic development. However, with the diversified development of society, the one-sided emphasis on professional education in higher vocational colleges has led to the utilitarian tendency of "instrumentalization" and "skilfulization" in talent training. It is an indisputable fact that higher vocational students lack the spirit of craftsmanship in a big country, have low humanistic quality, and their sustainable development is severely limited. Social progress and students' all-round development have put forward new requirements for higher vocational education, That is to say, the students will be trained as a complete person with sound personality who can think independently and have some knowledge of different subjects, and can integrate different knowledge.
The Chinese meaning of general education, which originated in the West, should be "to understand the changes of the past and the present, and to understand the time between heaven and man". It is a comprehensive, balanced and accessible educational concept, which just meets the new needs of talent training in higher vocational education, and has become an effective way for higher vocational colleges to correct the defects of the "working robot" training mode. Guangdong Shunde Vocational and Technical College, Wuhan Vocational and Technical College and other higher vocational colleges have achieved initial success in integrating general education into their education system. Most domestic higher vocational colleges are competing to introduce the concept of general education and build a characteristic general education system. General education is currently becoming an effective way to save the excessive utilitarian tendency of higher vocational colleges. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out general education in higher vocational colleges.
2、 The Core Position and Function of Traditional Culture in General Education in Higher Vocational Colleges
（1） Introduction of Traditional Culture into General Education in Higher Vocational Colleges
The general education of higher vocational education is a people-oriented educational concept of "all-round development". Its goal is to realize the free and comprehensive development of people and cultivate social professionals with perfect personality and self-development potential. People trained by the new type of higher vocational education integrated with the concept of general education should not only be able to behave, work, and think independently, but also have strong learning ability and knowledge transfer potential to connect different disciplines. In order to realize the concept of "whole person development" and correct the utilitarian talent training defects of "specialized robots" in higher vocational colleges, we must comprehensively improve the humanistic quality of higher vocational students. In the humanities quality courses of higher vocational education, traditional culture pays attention to the self improvement and transcendence of moral sentiment, the cultivation of ethical spirit and artistic spirit, which plays a leading role in realizing students' values and improving personality remodeling. In China, we should always draw nutrition from traditional culture when we stand up and do things. In this sense, We must introduce Chinese traditional culture into general education in higher vocational education.
（2） Characteristics and advantages of Chinese traditional culture curriculum
Chinese traditional culture is the chinese people The cultural complex created and spread to all parts of the world by nations and ancestors in the land where they have lived for generations, which is represented by rich and colorful material cultural heritage and extensive and profound spiritual wealth. Focusing on ethics, tenacious vitality, distinctive national regionalism and profound characteristics, it has unique characteristics and has been standing in the forest of world culture for thousands of years.
Chinese traditional culture is comprehensive, extensive and profound. Traditional culture courses rely on ancient Chinese philosophy concepts such as the unity of heaven and man, people first, and reverence for nature to guide students to independently improve their moral sentiments, develop good ethical spirit and artistic quality, and learn to live in harmony with others and the environment; Guide students to study the ways of self-cultivation of various schools of thought, cultivate a positive outlook on life, establish a sense of social responsibility for self-cultivation, family governance and world peace, and establish the value concept with Confucianism as the core, so that students can understand the inherent cultural and moral concepts of the Chinese nation, actively explore their own cultural roots, and become Confucian people with lofty ideals and moral cultivation. Learn the traditional culture, make a personal effort to act as a person in the world, guide students to establish the living standards of "being a person in advance", and lay a good foundation for students to enter the workplace and develop their lifelong career in the future.
As far as the nature of the course itself is concerned, traditional culture belongs to the humanistic quality education course in higher vocational colleges. Through all-round teaching activities, this course aims to promote the elimination of barriers between liberal arts and science, expand and improve the knowledge structure of higher vocational college students, enrich students' cultural knowledge and promote their humanistic quality, To achieve the strategic goal of talent cultivation with both scientific quality and humanistic quality in higher vocational colleges. In the whole process of teaching activities, the acquisition of Chinese traditional cultural knowledge is obviously the key link. Only when vocational college students concentrate on understanding and understanding the essence of traditional cultural knowledge can they internalize it in real life. Therefore, the establishment of flexible and effective Chinese traditional culture curriculum system is the most critical and important teaching guarantee for higher vocational colleges to carry out humanistic quality education.
As far as curriculum orientation is concerned, Chinese traditional culture is an ethics based culture. "Ethics" refers to the principles and norms that should be followed when dealing with the relationship between people and between people and society. It contains the behavioral norms in the handling of the relationship between people, people and society, and people and nature. In the whole system of general education courses in higher vocational colleges, the courses that can play the core role of general education in higher vocational colleges in "reshaping students' personal values and reconstructing their sound personality" are unique in the advantages of Chinese traditional culture courses, which should become the core courses of general education in higher vocational colleges.
（3） The Role of Chinese Traditional Culture in Improving Students' Comprehensive Quality
To carry out all-round traditional culture education in higher vocational colleges can popularize students' traditional cultural knowledge, improve their ideological and moral standards, and reshape their refined temperament. In the traditional culture, students' cognitive ability, speculative ability, aesthetic ability will be imperceptibly improved; In the study of rich traditional cultural knowledge, students' feelings, will and conduct will also have a leap from quantitative change to qualitative change. All these factors will promote the substantial improvement of students' comprehensive quality level. excellent traditional culture Our mainstream values will help vocational college students reshape and improve themselves, and reconstruct their aggressive outlook on life and values.
Chinese traditional culture is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the ancestors of the Chinese nation. Today, it still plays an important role in social progress and personal development. Vocational college students receive traditional culture education, absorb the essence of traditional culture for their own use in a critical inheritance way, enrich their spiritual self, sublimate their words and deeds, solve practical problems from the perspective of traditional culture, and inherit culture in a rational and pragmatic manner, which will have far-reaching scientific guiding significance for opening vocational college students' career and their own sustainable development.
3、 The Practical Exploration of Integrating Chinese Traditional Culture Education into Higher Vocational General Education
The integration of Chinese traditional culture education into general education in higher vocational education should adopt the mode of gradual integration of the overall planning. Higher vocational colleges should adopt practical and feasible programs with their own characteristics according to the nature of the school, the source of students and the talent training program, so as to stimulate students' motivation to understand excellent traditional cultural knowledge and explore the root of culture, and encourage students to learn and inherit traditional culture, The author has carried out the following exploration and practice in daily teaching by adopting rich and flexible ways to achieve the organic integration of the two:
（1） Constructing a New Mode of Traditional Culture Teaching Combining Explicit Teaching with Implicit Teaching
"Explicit teaching" refers to daily classroom teaching. "Implicit teaching" refers to the multiple theories and practical learning forms of traditional culture that students consciously and independently learn under the guidance of teachers. Implicit teaching complements and promotes the improvement of explicit teaching. Implicit teaching concept encourages students to search for and reflect on traditional cultural phenomena in life. Explicit classroom teaching starts with students' interpretation of traditional cultural phenomena, creates an expanding atmosphere for traditional cultural learning in teacher-student interaction, learns and inherits traditional culture from a modern perspective, makes traditional cultural teaching break through the "old paper" pile, and encourages students to express their cultural self. Build a new model of compound traditional culture teaching that "teachers are good at inspiration, students love (traditional) culture, and colleges cultivate all-round talents".
（2） Carry out research on traditional culture
The author participated in the research on the topic of "promoting the humanistic quality of vocational college students with traditional cultural education". At the project initiation stage, we fully investigated the students' cognition and reading of traditional cultural classics through questionnaires and other ways, went deep into the professional departments to investigate and study the training objectives of each major, the employment direction of students and the specific requirements for students' humanistic quality, so as to determine the basic content of traditional cultural education research; In the practice stage of the project, students' traditional Chinese learning societies were organized to carry out activities such as elementary reading, campus debate contest, and drama performance. Through the selection of the department, activities such as "traditional Chinese learning knowledge contest" and "classical poetry reading" were carried out. The implementation of a series of practical activities ignited students' passion for learning traditional culture and carried forward the excellent traditional Chinese culture; At the conclusion stage of the project, the effect of culturing people has initially appeared, the awareness of students' behavior norms has gradually been established, the pressure of students' daily management has been reduced, and the evaluation of the humanistic quality of college interns and graduates has been improved by employers.
（3） Strengthen the construction of campus culture and create a good humanistic environment
Giving full play to the ethical standard advantage of excellent traditional culture, and creating a characteristic campus humanistic environment that is proactive and self-improvement, can exert a subtle influence on the physical and mental growth of vocational college students, and teachers and students can share a harmonious and elegant teaching and learning environment. First, it is necessary to strengthen the configuration of campus infrastructure, increase the collection capacity of the college library, focus on the collection of humanities and social sciences and traditional culture books, and attach importance to and highlight the construction of campus humanistic attractions and cultural corridors. Secondly, we should improve the management mechanism of campus culture, implement the school spirit of "upholding morality, rules, strong ability and unswerving practice", cultivate high-quality skilled talents with the spirit of craftsmanship in a big country, and achieve the talent training goal of higher vocational colleges.
（3） Inherit the traditional etiquette culture and create a good personal image
Etiquette is a process of disciplining oneself and respecting others in interpersonal communication in a certain conventional way. It is the external expression of personal inner cultivation and quality. Through the teaching of the basic knowledge of Chinese traditional etiquette culture, students can understand the etiquette norms in different situations, master the modern forms of traditional etiquette in life and the workplace, creatively regulate their own behavior norms in terms of clothing, food, shelter, transportation and reception, show personality charm in their words and deeds, and shape a good personal image of vocational college students in the new era, Create opportunities for employment and self-development.
4、 Conclusion
To carry out general education in higher vocational colleges, we need to take a path with Chinese characteristics. In the general education system, we should take the traditional culture course as the core course, improve students' humanistic quality, improve their personality, serve students' lifelong self-development, and play a due role in general education in higher vocational colleges. In our daily teaching, we should study carefully and work hard to find a way of general education in higher vocational colleges that conforms to the national conditions and has traditional cultural characteristics.
reference
[1] Li Manli, Wang Yongquan Discussion on the connotation of the concept of "general education" [J]. Tsinghua University Education Research, 1999 (1): 96
[2] Ministry of Education Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Strengthening Talents Training in Higher Vocational Education. January 17, 2000
[3] . Chinese traditional culture outline [M] Suzhou: Suzhou University Press, 2010 (12)
Chapter 2: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
Key words: short board of traditional culture youth education
CLC No.: G455 Document ID Code: C Article No.: 1672-1578 (2013) 12-0259-01
Since the reform and opening up, profound changes have taken place in China's social and economic situation, which has brought about increasingly complex social problems. Under the dual influence of the lack of the society itself and the external impact, teenagers and the whole society's ideological and moral aspects have appeared such undesirable phenomena as moral deficiency, imbalance of value orientation, and lack of integrity. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to face up to the problem of the short board in the traditional culture education of young people and strengthen their cognition and understanding of traditional culture.
1. Traditional culture education for teenagers
China's traditional culture includes many aspects such as traditional ideas, traditional spirit, traditional technology and art. Teenager traditional culture education is a kind of education form that takes the majority of young people as the object, summarizes the content of our traditional culture, selects its essence, and educates the majority of young students. Traditional culture education is conducive to expanding the knowledge of young people, sublimating their artistic sentiments, and improving their moral cultivation.
2. Shortcomings of traditional culture education for young people
Chinese traditional culture has been an important part of China's education system since ancient times. From classic works such as The Analects of Confucius and Laozi to various literary forms such as poetry, lyrics and songs, it is a model of traditional culture education. However, since modern times, historical events such as "He" have had a negative impact on China's traditional culture and education. Since the reform and opening up, the trend of globalization, such as "Korean Wave", "Japanese Wave" and other foreign cultures, has had a huge impact on China's traditional culture and education, which has exposed many weaknesses in the current traditional culture and education.
2.1 Traditional culture education lacks the creation of traditional culture atmosphere
Although some values in the traditional classics are out of place now, they still contain a lot of life wisdom that enlightens contemporary people and enlightens us a lot of principles for doing things. For example, taking a small chapter of the Analects of Confucius in the classroom can guide students to have free discussion. It must be a lifelong benefit for students to experience and gain, This is the creation of a traditional cultural atmosphere, rather than exam oriented education. In Taiwan, the atmosphere of traditional culture is everywhere. At the primary school stage, we have paid attention to the edification of traditional culture and thought and the training of ancient Chinese, and more importantly, we have integrated traditional culture education into our daily life. In addition to Chinese language, the courses set up in the high school stage include the Basic Textbook of Chinese Culture, On Meng Selected Readings, and Outline of Chinese Studies, They are also one of the important contents to be examined in Taiwan's important examinations. We should gradually realize these differences and strengthen the construction of some effective traditional cultural atmosphere. For example, learning calligraphy is an effective way to learn and experience traditional culture. We should require all primary and secondary schools to attach great importance to the role of calligraphy, and strive to improve the ability of teachers and students to write Chinese characters and the level of calligraphy education in schools.
2.2 The content of traditional culture education fails to adapt to the cognitive level and growth experience of young people
Considering the cognitive level and growth experience of young people, too complex and extreme cultural content and too elegant and alternative art forms are often difficult to digest and understand, but China's recent traditional cultural education, especially when compiling textbooks, has not fully taken this into account, and issues such as the selection of traditional cultural education content and learning order need to be discussed. The current Chinese curriculum, starting from primary school, abandons classics such as The Analects of Confucius and Laozi, and learns Tang and Song poetry first, but does not know that the authors of Tang and Song poetry also learned from The Analects of Confucius and Laozi. For primary and middle school students whose morality and outlook on life have not yet been formed, it is difficult to truly experience the emotion of "this clear and no plan can be eliminated, only to look down and look up". In contrast, before the vernacular movement, ancient sages often began to read classics from a very young age, because almost all of the great works were written in classical Chinese, and they could read scriptures, so they would naturally understand the vernacular. If the order of reading scriptures was to read the Analects of Confucius first, then the University, Mencius, Laozi, etc., it would be more helpful to develop human wisdom. The learning of these classics can learn from the practice of ancient sages, that is, collective reading, which is the main means of enlightenment education and classic inheritance.
At the same time, we can form the mode of moral education in China, restore the subjectivity of traditional culture, and cultivate Chinese people with national spirit through the integration of classical culture, festival culture, and regional culture. In other words, it is necessary to consider what kind of traditional cultural content can be included in the education system of primary and secondary schools, and how these content can be arranged in different grades and age groups, which requires scientific and strict curriculum design and arrangement to form a system suitable for students of all ages.
2.3 The educational methods of traditional culture cannot keep pace with the times
To strengthen the traditional cultural education of young people, the main battlefield should be in the classroom of primary and secondary schools. In the current textbooks for primary and secondary schools in the mainland of China, most of the courses include the content of traditional culture, because traditional culture involves philosophy, thought, culture, science and technology, art, folk customs, medicine and other fields. However, traditional culture can not occupy an absolute major position in any course, including Chinese, history and so on. For example, in the current Chinese curriculum, classical Chinese poetry is only used as a form of the language of the times to guide teaching. Therefore, the majority of primary and secondary school students are vague about the concept of traditional culture, and often can not say clearly about "what is our traditional culture", which naturally can not arouse interest in learning. If traditional culture wants to enter the Chinese classroom and ensure the effectiveness of classical learning, it must be linked to the examination, which accounts for a considerable proportion in the high school entrance examination and college entrance examination.
To carry out traditional culture education for young people is not only conducive to the revival of China's traditional culture, but also to improving the overall quality and moral level of young people. We should pay attention to the inheritance and innovation of traditional culture, explore the cultural resources that are suitable for modern society, and give new vitality to Chinese traditional culture in the new era and new society.
reference:
[1] Lei Qiuyun Research on Traditional Culture Education for Teenagers [D]. Central China Normal University, 2011
[2] Feng Guolin Misunderstandings of Traditional Culture Education [D]. Sichuan Normal University, 2012
[3] Wang Wenjing "Korean Wave" Phenomenon and Middle School Traditional Culture Education [D]. Central China Normal University, 2007
Chapter 3: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
At present, with the changes of the global knowledge economy, countries all over the world pay more attention to the foundation role of improving students' reading literacy in basic education and national development. In this context, theme reading came into being.
The way of reading in the information age is fast food shallow reading, and the reading materials are changed from text to electronic devices. In such an era known as "picture reading", text reading is very precious. It can not only improve students' perception of language, but also help expand students' horizons and shape their minds. It is a process in which students use existing materials to build meaning. Indeed, theme reading should become a way of life, a state of existence, and even a belief for teachers and students.
There are many themes to choose from, such as patriotism, tranquility, local complex, youth, and reverence for life... However, the choice of theme is not random, it is affected by the school's core values, curriculum foundation, hardware and facilities, etc. The reason why the author's school chose the Confucian culture as the theme of reading content, of course, there are factors in the school's advocacy of the educational concept of "leading culture, Confucianism standing", but the most fundamental reason is the social reality, which is a kind of social conscience of intellectuals, specifically reflected in the following aspects:
First, traditional culture is declining.
Nowadays, the whole society is advocating the cultivation and promotion of socialist core values. How to practice socialist core values among middle school students is an urgent educational issue. It points out that "we must base ourselves on the excellent traditional Chinese culture", because the excellent traditional Chinese culture is an important source of socialist core values. However, the current situation is worrying. Middle school students' sense of identity with traditional Chinese culture is reduced, and the phenomenon of "de Chinesization" is more serious. As a branch of traditional culture, Confucianism naturally came into being in the development of secondary education.
Second, the social reality of ancient human nature.
As an intellectual with conscience, we should see that the human nature of the whole society is becoming increasingly cruel, cruel, selfish, cruel, abnormal, distorted, and out of control. Little Yueyue incident, Zhejiang Wenling preschool teacher child abuse incident, Hubei Jingshan middle school student book burning incident, Henan Zhoukou high school students hired murderers to kill relatives, Guangxi primary school students killed and dismembered classmates because of envy of others' beauty, one by one One pile after another is shocking. Indeed, the current situation of the whole society is that good is dying out and evil is spreading indefinitely. The important function of education should be to dissolve and limit the animal attribute of human beings and highlight the spiritual attribute of human beings.
Third, the spread of intellectual education only theory.
China's education is extremely utilitarian, with schools emphasizing scores and ignoring humanities. In today's society, the phenomenon of individual governance, id loss, psychopathy, human distortion, belief crisis, moral decay, material supremacy, confusion and impetuosity, and worship of foreigners and kitsch is rampant. In view of this kind of phenomenon, we must change the way of education. Returning to traditional education is a good recipe. Traditional Chinese education is benevolent education that takes care of humanistic feelings. Such as the humanity advocated in the Book of Rites: "Kissing, respecting, and being long, men and women are different, and the humanity is the greatest." The humanity advocated in the Doctrine of the Mean: "Honesty is the way of heaven, and honesty is the way of people." The benevolence that Mencius aspires to: "Kissing people and loving people, and benevolent people and loving things."
2、 Value presentation
1. Combination of reading and life
On the one hand, improve Chinese literacy and build a scholarly campus. Professor Qian Liqun proposed that "there are many elements in learning Chinese well, but the most essential and fundamental way is reading". Wen Rumin believed that "reading is the soul of Chinese education and the foundation of Chinese education, which is closest to the essence of education". The current problems in Chinese education and even in Chinese education can be found directly or indirectly from the loss of the "root" of reading. The root of Chinese education is reading.
On the other hand, it is full of the ultimate concern for life to cultivate the mind, nourish the spirit, and construct the personality. The theoretical characteristic of Confucianism, as the main body of Chinese culture, is that it has always been a kind of philosophy of "cultivating oneself to pacify people". In the context of "reading for all", Professor Zhu Yongxin successively proposed that "a person's spiritual development history is his reading history" and "no reading, no student's spiritual growth".
2. Combination of Watch and Innovation
On the one hand, we should inherit Confucian culture, guard the spirit of Confucianism, strengthen cultural identity, and awaken cultural genes. Let Confucianism return to education, life and educational essence, and be the watcher of Confucian culture; Chinese traditional culture must not be lost, otherwise what is lost is self identification and self value judgment. Our teachers and students have the responsibility and obligation to be watchers of the spirit of Confucianism and carriers of Confucian culture.
On the other hand, the modernization and modernization of Confucianism. For Confucianism, we must not copy, take its essence and discard its dross. The fusion of Confucian culture and the characteristics of the times is the most valuable and dynamic ideology. Critically inherit, reasonably absorb, both watch and innovate.
3. Combination of aesthetics and intelligence
On the one hand, Confucian culture reading text is an aesthetic infiltration. According to the phenomenon of "aesthetic deviation" presented by students at present, the teacher uses the aesthetic penetration strategy of text interpretation, that is, to awaken the internal aesthetic pursuit of the work from the classic language, to ignite the internal aesthetic inquiry of the work from the surface image of the classic, and to grasp the aesthetic emotion of the work from the symbolic meaning of the classic. The aesthetic process is the process of students' perception, perception, experience and participation in beauty. Through this aesthetic penetration, students can achieve the realm of spiritual improvement, soul purification and life authenticity.
On the other hand, Confucian culture reading text is a kind of wisdom presentation. The so-called "half discourse governs the world" is precisely pointing out the wisdom characteristics of Confucian classics. Confucian wisdom contains immortal humanistic spirit. Confucian wisdom, such as benevolence, harmony, honesty, and the golden mean, has gone through thousands of years of cultural changes and social practice, and has become a spiritual wealth conducive to human survival and development and social progress. Through the wisdom of Confucianism, students will be able to understand the true meaning of being a person, settling down and living by the rules of life!
3、 Operation process
The author found in the survey that most of the theme reading in schools is carried out in the form of issuing handouts. This is usually the case: at the beginning of the semester, the leader of the lesson preparation team assigns the task of writing the lecture notes for the topic reading of this semester to the teachers in the group, and then the teachers in the group collect materials online. This choice of theme lacks a clear purpose and direction, with a kind of randomness and unconsciousness, not to mention considering students' physical and mental development laws and acceptance gradients. In this way, on the one hand, it will affect the construction of students' culture and spirit, on the other hand, it will also affect teachers' "academic" cultivation, making theme reading teaching lose its charm and effect. The author believes that theme reading should be regarded as a systematic project, and the most scientific and effective way is to compile school-based textbooks. Next, take the theme reading of Confucian culture as an example to briefly talk about the specific operation process:
First, the serialization of Confucian culture theme reading.
In the three years of senior high school, the topic reading textbook is prepared according to 15 weeks of each semester, with a reading volume of one and a half hours every week and half hours of self-examination. Re integrate a large number of Confucian classics, serialize them according to the four dimensions of "man and self", "man and others", "man and society", and "man and nature", and compile school-based textbooks.
Second, keynote speech is the main evaluation form of theme reading.
The three minute speech before class in my school was carried out vigorously, but there was a lack of theme. Next, the Chinese teaching and research group will arrange the theme according to the core idea of Confucianism, forming a series. Each school year and each grade will compile excellent keynote speeches into a volume to form school-based textbooks.
Third, the arrangement of morning recitation, evening meditation and night meditation.
Morning recitation: recite famous Confucian classics for 30 minutes three times a week.
Twilight saving: five times a week, ten minutes each time, three times a week, self reflection, self reflection, self cultivation, self education.
Meditation in the Silent Night: Reading Confucian classics and making modern interpretation, focusing on thinking. Integrating rationality, sensibility and understanding.
Fourth, the development and application of micro curriculum and MOOC.
The development and application of micro courses and MOOC take time as the axis, click on the classic Confucian masters in history, arrange them vertically, and form a sequence. The column is Click on the Confucian Masters, and arrange video teaching from the characters' lives, core ideas, classic works, and famous sayings as supplementary teaching materials.
Fifth, adopt the form of art evaluation and communication.
Chapter 4: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
Key words: traditional porcelain Buddha statues; model; China
Traditional Chinese porcelain statues of Buddhas take Buddhist figures as subjects, mostly to commemorate their achievements. With the development of the times, porcelain Buddha statues have shown different characteristics in different historical periods. There may be many differences in details, but there is one thing in common: they all place the spirit of the times and the ideals of craftsmen and artists, express people's yearning for a better life, and to some extent even change people's thinking, promote social progress, and promote the Chinese culture, so they have a far-reaching impact. China's porcelain Buddha carving art has left behind not only physical objects, but also the spirit of the Chinese nation handed down from generation to generation, which is also the charm of China's traditional porcelain Buddha carving art.
1. Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Porcelain Buddha Carving Art
(1) Compared with the western countries, the Chinese traditional porcelain Buddha statues are more simple in shape. The Chinese traditional art pursues more simple beauty. The traditional porcelain Buddha statues, like Chinese paintings, pay attention to vivid and freehand brushwork. For example, the head of a porcelain Buddha statue is often depicted with only a few strokes, without detailed outline. Based on the line art, it not only reflects the oriental beauty, but also directly expresses the feelings of craftsmen and artists, taking into account the humanization. Therefore, the Buddha statue is lifelike, which can be said to do more at one stroke. Today, many people may think that the ancient porcelain Buddha statues are too rough and not detailed enough; Although this is true, we should treat it correctly from a historical perspective. Only in this way can we continue to carry forward China's excellent culture in the world.
(2) The Chinese traditional porcelain Buddha statue art is extremely open and secular. The Chinese nation is modest and eager to learn, so the Chinese civilization is also inclusive. Buddhism originated in India and later spread to China. The long integration has bred the localized Buddhist culture, which is unique and far-reaching. As the wheels of history roll forward, Buddhism is increasingly linked with the public, and many Buddhist art works reflecting real life have emerged. In China, the four great Bodhisattvas, especially those who believe in men and women, are widely devout and faithful. They worship with incense whenever they have anything to do, so as to seek the blessing of Bodhisattva.
(3) The Chinese traditional porcelain Buddha statue art and the spirit of the current era are consistent. The feelings expressed by the traditional porcelain Buddha statue art are consistent with the values vigorously promoted today, and reflect the people-oriented idea, which is conducive to the promotion of Chinese culture in the world.
2. The Connotation of Chinese Traditional Porcelain Buddha Statue
Behind the Buddha statues, there are often many beautiful and moving stories that attract people to be good. For example, if you carefully observe the statue of Guanyin, you will find that both its behavior and expression show the characteristics of peace and calm. Lotus has the reputation of rising out of mud without stain, and being clean without demon. The lotus seat of Guanyin symbolizes purity, beauty and kindness. For another example, the deeds of the Living Buddha Jigong are widely spread through statues, and his humorous style is welcomed by the public, helping to persuade the world to do good.
3. Development Trend of Chinese Traditional Porcelain Buddha Carving Art
In the new era, Buddhist culture is bound to receive attention because of its benefits in building a harmonious society and carrying forward the positive energy of society; And the art of porcelain Buddha statues is bound to glow with new brilliance. Porcelain sculpture of Buddha has a long history, plays an important role in the hearts of the public, and has high collection value economically. The porcelain Buddha statues of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are well made, expensive, and still have great potential, so they are worth collecting. It is easy to understand that the development of Buddhism in the corresponding era can also be seen from the development track of porcelain Buddha statue art. With the constant attention paid to the art of porcelain Buddha statues by all walks of life in the new era, Chinese culture, especially Buddhist culture, will again take the initiative to move towards the world, which is conducive to improving the world's understanding of China.
4. How to Develop Chinese Traditional Porcelain Carving Buddha Art
Buddhism has a profound influence in China. Further dissemination of Buddhist culture will help promote harmony among people and even world peace, so as to conform to the trend of the times and build a harmonious society.
(1) Innovation in the shape of porcelain Buddha statues in China China has a long history of firing ceramics, and the art of porcelain Buddha statues should also keep pace with the times and make innovations. The Statue of Liberty is famous all over the world, at least partly due to its bold design. Porcelain sculpture of Buddha should also be innovated in modeling on the premise of not losing solemnity, listen to opinions widely, add more actions, and show distinctive personality, which will help the public to understand Buddhist figures more deeply and ultimately better carry forward Buddhist culture.
(2) The improvement of techniques in the art of porcelain Buddha statues in China has promoted the spread of culture. Porcelain Buddha statue art is the product of the blending of various cultures. It has narrowed the distance between Buddhist figures and the general public, so Buddhist figures are no longer mysterious; Mature craftsmanship endows the Buddha with a strong sense of life, vivid and interesting. The continuous development of Chinese traditional porcelain Buddha statue art cannot be separated from the support of national funds and the standardization of business. Practitioners should strive to improve their own quality, constantly learn from experience in the practice of porcelain Buddha statues, learn from each other's strengths, so as to achieve technological progress, and then exert their own value, and make their own modest contribution to the promotion of Chinese Buddhist culture.
(3) The change of color and other aspects in the art of porcelain Buddha statues in China The art of porcelain Buddha statues not only needs to take into account the subtle changes in the expressions and movements of the characters, but also needs to coordinate the details of color, materials, specific processes and other aspects. The Buddhist figures were originally for the purpose of long-term commemoration, so the paint must also be stable and durable, and not fade frequently; If the color often fades, it will obviously increase a large amount of maintenance costs. In this respect, foreign advanced pigments can be used, and the effect may be greatly improved. With the development of the times, the material of porcelain Buddha statues has also been constantly improved. The tire is fine and smooth, and the color material is bright and rich, which will undoubtedly add a lot of points.
5. Conclusion
In the past, the society lacked the inheritance of traditional porcelain Buddha statue art, and there were few materials in this regard, which led to the development of porcelain Buddha statue art being difficult. Today, the role of culture in promoting the economy is increasingly obvious. As an important branch of Chinese culture, Buddhist culture will continue to develop and become more and more new.
reference
[1] Ma Shichang Archaeological Anthology of Buddhist Grottoes in China [M]. Commercial Press. 2001
[2] Geng Shimin Research on Uygur Ancient Documents [M]. Central University for Nationalities Press, 2003
Chapter 5: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
Project research report
Senior Three English Preparation Group
1、 Research background
Requirements for examination reform and curriculum standards The Outline of the National Medium and Long term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010-2010) points out in the section of "Examination and Enrollment System Reform" that "emphasis should be placed on the comprehensive quality and ability" (Ministry of Education, 2010) The General High School English Curriculum Standard (Experiment) clearly states that the overall goal of English curriculum in the basic education stage is to cultivate students' comprehensive language use ability (Ministry of Education, 2003) The outline writing questions require students to have basic English reading ability, observation and analysis ability, logical thinking ability, generalization ability, etc. What is investigated is students' comprehensive language application ability and thinking ability This paper intends to analyze the new question types appearing in the college entrance examination in recent years, especially the design of several curriculum reform pilot areas in Shandong, Zhejiang, etc., and the background and significance of the new question types. It focuses on three aspects: strengthening listening training, still paying attention to reading teaching, and reviewing oral teaching, Put forward some preliminary thoughts and suggestions As one of the best means of selecting talents, the national unified entrance examination for general colleges and universities (hereinafter referred to as the college entrance examination) is the most influential selective examination in China. In order to improve the quality of English teaching, China is constantly strengthening and reforming English teaching in the basic education stage to improve its unreasonable aspects. The new college entrance examination reform plan proposed by Zhejiang Province in 2014 has been reformed in many aspects, especially for English teaching, which can not only take the exam in advance, but also have two opportunities in three years. Therefore, for the first college entrance examination students facing this reform, it is very meaningful to study their English learning concepts and motivations. Only by studying them can schools and teachers understand and better meet the challenge. This study investigated the learning concepts and motivation of senior one students in Yuyao Middle School in Zhejiang Province through questionnaires and interviews. The survey found that even though the college entrance examination has changed, teachers and schools have not changed, so that students are powerless, and their learning concepts and motivation have not changed much. Through further interviews, it is found that the new plan for the college entrance examination has been issued for more than half a year, but the school and teachers have not been very deeply aware of the changes in the reform plan, and have not put forward corresponding measures in a timely manner. They still teach according to the previous teaching. Through the investigation, it is found that the new college entrance examination reform scheme has a positive backwash effect on students' English learning, which is mainly manifested in students' interest in English, increased learning time, and certain enthusiasm in learning strategies. Therefore, in view of the above problems, the following suggestions are put forward: teachers should change their teaching methods, enrich the teaching content, reasonably arrange the difficulty of homework, improve students' interest in learning English, and prepare lessons collectively.
2、 Concept definition
1. Change of question type and proposition form: Reading comprehension is divided into two sections, and "five out of seven" task-based reading comprehension questions are added. Zhejiang volume is added with postreading continuation and outline writing.
2. More emphasis on ability and intention: the number of fact and detail questions in the reading and understanding part is reduced, and the number of reasoning and judgment questions is still high, increasing the difficulty of understanding the basic structure of the article and understanding the intention, views and attitudes of the author. The ability of examinees to check errors in language knowledge in discourse should be improved.
3. Integrating cultural awareness into reading: especially in the cloze test in 2020, the test questions not only test the examinees' ability to correctly understand the meaning of words and flexibly use words in specific texts, but also test the examinees' intercultural communication ability in cultural awareness. The 2020 National College Entrance Examination English Test (Volume I) "is a life journey for examinees to use knowledge, root in culture, appreciate life, cultivate literacy, purify the soul, and lead the value orientation. This year, the College Entrance Examination English Test (Volume I) has designated national I and III according to the needs of 26 provinces and cities The test paper is used by different provinces and cities, but the test questions strive to be stable and moderately difficult. The language material context is authentic, the language is authentic, the material is closely related to real life, the sense of the times is strong, and it conforms to the students' cognitive level and life reality, integrating knowledge, education and interest. The test questions cover a wide range of areas and highlight key points.
English, like other subjects, adheres to the fundamental task and core content of building morality and cultivating people, and strengthens the educational orientation of college entrance examination content. Insist on infiltrating socialist core values and the concept of rule of law into the test questions, and check the comprehensive quality. In the proposition, we pay attention to the promotion of excellent traditional culture, the integration of theory with practice, and the ability of students to think independently and use the knowledge and skills they have learned to analyze and solve problems. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the examination function of question types, create new question types, especially open questions, and ensure the scientificity, guidance and standardization of the national education examination while ensuring the foundation, comprehensiveness and applicability of the college entrance examination.
3、 Theoretical basis
1. Under the guidance of Marx's theory of all-round development of human beings. When discussing the all-round development of man, he pointed out that "all talents (potential) of man should be brought into full play". The full development of human potential is an important aspect of the overall development of human beings and an important content of the full and free development of human body, spirit, physiology and psychology. How to make people's potential fully developed has become the frontier topic of talent cultivation that the world pays attention to.
2. Guided by constructivist learning theory and teaching theory. The "constructivist learning theory" advocates taking students as the center, emphasizing that students are the subject of information processing and the active constructor of knowledge meaning; It is believed that knowledge is not instilled by teachers, but actively constructed by learners through collaboration, discussion, communication, mutual help (including guidance and help provided by teachers) in a certain situation and with the help of necessary information resources. The "constructivist teaching theory" emphasizes that teachers should become helpers and promoters of students' active construction of meaning, organizers and guides of classroom teaching, rather than "masters" and knowledge indoctrinators of the classroom; Students are required to learn mainly through self discovery.
3. Core literacy theory. Faced with the ever-changing social and economic changes, many international organizations, countries and regions around the world are thinking about how to train future citizens so that they can better adapt to work and life in the 21st century. For this reason, they put forward the concepts of 21st century skills, 21st century core literacy, key literacy, comprehensive ability, common ability, core literacy, etc. based on the questioning of the image of future citizens. These ideas have even become the basis for many countries or regions to formulate educational policies and carry out educational reform.
4. Take the new strategy textbook as the blueprint, consolidate the basic knowledge, check and sort out the knowledge points comprehensively according to the "Examination Outline" and "Examination Instructions", help students comprehensively and systematically master the basic knowledge of English learned in high school, let students review the past to learn new knowledge, check the deficiencies and fill the gaps, and summarize, expand, classify and analyze the knowledge already learned. Pay attention to vocabulary and grammar teaching, strengthen listening training, improve students' discourse reading ability, cultivate their correct exam skills, further implement standardized answer, and improve students' exam ability. In a word, we can help students master certain exam oriented strategies by simulating college entrance examination. Try to make as many students as possible meet the requirements of college entrance examination ability through review of college entrance examination, and walk into the examination room with confidence.
4、 Project assumption
English, like other subjects, adheres to the fundamental task and core content of building morality and cultivating people, and strengthens the educational orientation of college entrance examination content. Insist on infiltrating socialist core values and the concept of rule of law into the test questions, and check the comprehensive quality. In the proposition, we pay attention to the promotion of excellent traditional culture, the integration of theory with practice, and the ability of students to think independently and use the knowledge and skills they have learned to analyze and solve problems. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the examination function of question types, create new question types, especially open questions, and ensure the scientificity, guidance and standardization of the national education examination while ensuring the foundation, comprehensiveness and applicability of the college entrance examination.
5、 Research objectives
An Analysis of the Proposition of the New National College Entrance Examination English Curriculum in the Recent Five Years and Its Implications for Test Preparation
This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the proposition, examination content, examination situation, examinees' answers, existing problems, etc. of the 2020 National College Entrance Examination English New Curriculum Standard, so as to explore the laws, get enlightenment, and effectively do a good job of review and test preparation.
6、 Research content
As the carrier and presentation form of the examination content, the college entrance examination questions contain and centrally reflect the education guidance of the school, carry the collective pursuit of the Chinese nation, and have strategic, basic and overall significance for the national talent cultivation.
1. Research on real questions of college entrance examination in recent five years.
2. This paper makes an in-depth analysis on the proposition, content, examination situation, examinees' answers, existing problems, etc. of the new national college entrance examination English curriculum standard from 2015 to 2020.
3. Analyze the new changes and highlights of the college entrance examination.
4. Formulate simulation test papers and predict the 2021 college entrance examination questions.
7、 Research methods
1. Bibliography
Read the education literature related to the new curriculum reform and core discipline literacy, improve the theoretical literacy of the new curriculum education reform, and improve the theoretical level of core discipline literacy.
Learn about the cases, methods and strategies of cultivating core discipline literacy.
2. Investigation method
Through the investigation, we can understand the current situation of English teaching and the effect of trying mini test papers. So as to constantly improve the methods and strategies of cultivating students' core competence in English discipline.
3. Statistical data method
Research by collecting real questions, and make data statistics for each question type.
Chapter 6: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
In 2017, XX Middle School, under the correct leadership of the Municipal Party Committee, the Municipal Government and the Municipal Education Bureau, took the implementation of the Outline of the Education Reform and Development Plan of XX City (2011-2020) as the main line, connected with the new college entrance examination, deepened the curriculum reform, and successfully completed the annual task.
1、 The college entrance examination score reached a new high. The 2017 session is the first session of Zhejiang Province to implement the new college entrance examination model. With the concerted efforts of the whole school, our college entrance examination results in 2017 will be brilliant again! The number of people in the last section of the line exceeded 400, reaching 403 (excluding sports and arts, rural special projects, etc.), an increase of 96 over 2016, ranking first in the city in terms of growth, and the online rate of the first section was close to 65%. In order to adapt to the new college entrance examination mode, the university has made great efforts to strengthen the guidance for special types of enrollment, such as the trinity of colleges and universities and independent enrollment of junior high school students. Our 2017 senior high school seniors have made major breakthroughs in the independent enrollment, trinity and special rural enrollment of special types: two students passed the preliminary examination of Tsinghua University; More than 60 students have passed the independent enrollment audit of first-class universities such as Fudan University and Zhejiang University; More than 200 students have passed the trinity review of key universities; More than 160 students passed the rural special audit. Behind the fruitful achievements are the spirit of striving and dedication of Yizhong people, who pursue excellence, surpass themselves, love life like children, and are willing to pay.
2、 Outstanding achievements in subject competitions. In the context of the new college entrance examination, the independent enrollment of famous universities also increasingly values subject competition. The school actively institutionalizes and standardizes the competition guidance work in combination with the "three team construction" to promote the steady improvement of our school's competition performance. It is required that the competition tutoring team of each discipline should reasonably arrange the teaching content and progress, pay attention to mobilizing students' learning interest, strengthen guidance on students' learning methods, change students' learning methods, improve students' independent learning ability and discipline quality, and improve the competition results. In 2017, our five major subjects (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and technology) won two second prizes and one third prize at the national level; 6 provincial first prizes, 38 second prizes and 52 third prizes; 22 municipal first prizes, 50 second prizes and 55 third prizes. The geography discipline of our school participated in the National Geography Olympiad for the first time, and two people won bronze prizes. In addition, more than 160 people won prizes in various national and provincial competitions in the language discipline, and more than 200 people won prizes in the National English Proficiency Competition for Middle School Students.
3、 There are many highlights in sports performance. In the past year, our school has made outstanding achievements in sports and arts: at the fifth sports meeting in XX city, our school team won the first place in both the total team score and the total number of medals. In the 2017 physical health test for college freshmen, our school ranked 30th in the province's high schools in terms of average score (the second in the city) and 36th in the province's high schools in terms of passing rate (the first in the city). The track and field team of our school won the twelfth place in the total score of the group and the eighth place in the total score of the women's group in the track and field competition of the middle school sports meet in Zhejiang Province, and won the award of sports ethics; Won the sixth place in the men's triple jump in the National Track and Field Championships for Middle School Students. The men's football team of our school has won the championship in XX city of Zhejiang Middle School Football League for eight consecutive times, and won the third place in the Zhejiang Men's Super Group. Our aerobics team won four gold medals, four silver medals and three bronze medals in provincial competitions; Among them, Wang Wei and Mei Shengjie were rated as national level athletes, and Li Ang won the title of national level athletes. Lin Xueer, a student of our school, and her partner were selected as the fourth member of the CEFA National Team of International Standard Dancing at the 2017 World Cup National Standard Dancing, the Global Superstar Open and the CEFA (China Art Vocational Education Association) National Standard Dancing Championships. In the future, they will participate in international competitions and training on behalf of China with the support of the national public welfare. In the Ninth Analects Debate Contest for Senior High School Students in XX City, our debating team won the championship trophy for the seventh time; In the 6th Confucian School Drama Competition for High School Students in XX City, the program performed by our school won the highest award "Best Director Award". Hu Jianni, a student of our school, won the first place in the province with 96 points in the 2018 unified examination of fine arts in Zhejiang Province, and Lai Yuexin, a student of our school, won the second prize in the calligraphy competition of the 2017 Zhejiang Primary and Secondary School Arts Festival.
4、 A series of moral education activities were well received. Strengthen the education of traditional festival culture and inherit the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. In 2017, our traditional cultural education was more innovative and effective. The "Cake Zongzi Festival" of the Dragon Boat Festival, the senior three teacher personally made Zongzi for the students, and turned into the canteen staff to cook for the students. "Cake Zongzi" not only contains the traditional connotation of the Dragon Boat Festival, but also sends deep blessings to the students of No. 1 Middle School; The 2017 Mid Autumn Festival Music Poetry Festival was comprehensively upgraded. The stage was high-end and grand, the programs were elegant, the connotation of traditional culture was rich, and all of them were selected from student associations, teachers, and alumni. The scene was grand and warm; The activity of "I have love to say to you" on the Double Ninth Festival took various forms and was sincere and moving. It not only gave students a good education of filial piety and respect for the elderly, but also touched the hearts of parents. The school also actively carries out thanksgiving and responsibility education for students through 18 year old adult ceremony, school opening ceremony, graduation ceremony and other activities. Because the activities are novel and grounded in form, and have a strong sense of ceremony, they are loved by students and parents, and each activity has aroused strong repercussions in the society. China Education News, Zhejiang Education News, XX City Daily, XX City TV Station and other media have reported, and the number of people reading relevant WeChat reports has exceeded 50000.
5、 Outstanding achievements in teaching evaluation and scientific research. In the past year, school teaching research has become routine, subject oriented, serialized and fruitful. According to incomplete statistics, our teachers won 6 provincial excellent courses and 4 ministerial excellent courses in 2017 when they participated in the evaluation of one teacher and one excellent course; In the teaching contest of various disciplines, one person won the first prize at the provincial level and nine people won the first prize at the municipal level. In the past year, our teachers have published 76 official publications at or above the provincial level, and more than 10 research projects have won awards at or above the municipal level. Our research project "Curriculum Paradigm of High School Inquiry Learning Curriculum Teaching" led by our teacher Mao Peiqing has won the second prize of the fifth Zhejiang Provincial Teaching Achievement Award. The elective course "The Changes of Ancient Chinese Social Life" was rated as an excellent elective course in Zhejiang Province.
Chapter 7: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
Key words: beautiful China; Beautiful countryside; plan
CLC No.: TU984 Document identification code: A
introduction
To build a beautiful China, the focus and difficulty are in the countryside. The creation of "beautiful countryside" is an upgraded version of the new rural construction. It not only upholds and develops the purpose of the new rural construction of "production development, comfortable life, clean village appearance, civilized township style, and democratic management", but also enriches and enriches its essence. The beauty of "beautiful countryside" is reflected not only in the natural level, but also in the social level. As an important measure to implement the construction of ecological civilization and a specific action to build a beautiful China in rural areas, there will be no "beautiful China" without "beautiful countryside".
1、 Beautiful rural planning
（1） Planning Status of Beautiful Countryside
According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, China's rural population accounts for 56% of the country's total population. That is, more than half of the population is still in rural areas. To achieve the integration of urban and rural areas, we must first solve the outstanding problems in rural areas. At present, in some economically backward provinces, the urban-rural dual differentiation is serious. Most of the rural environment is dirty, messy and poor, and the corresponding supporting facilities are seriously lacking. Life is still at a low level. Due to the lack of good policy guidance, financial support and reasonable planning, land resources are wasted seriously and rural social problems emerge in endlessly. In view of this, the whole country has been busy carrying out the demonstration work of beautiful rural planning and construction.
（2） Clear planning priorities
According to the spirit of the relevant documents of the national, provincial and municipal planning for building a beautiful countryside, we should fully investigate and understand the actual situation of the village. The key point of the planning should be to highlight the operability and timeliness of the planning on the basis of doing a good job in the planning for building a beautiful countryside, and through the development of specific action plans and project libraries, Strive to effectively guide and solve the main problems in creating a beautiful countryside in a short time. The village should be built into a beautiful village with more distinctive industries, stronger security, more livable environment, more prosperous culture and more harmonious society.
（3） Make type selection
The beautiful village planning must grasp the actual situation of the village, combine relevant support policies, deeply tap the potential of the village, conduct SWOT analysis, and respect the historical characteristics of the village and the wishes of the villagers. On the premise of implementing specific actions, while striving to achieve "one village, one product", we should also select the type of beautiful countryside. There are many types of villages, such as cultural and historical type, solid and livable type, natural ecological type, residential style type, leisure tourism type, combination of industry and agriculture type, farmland water conservancy type, etc. Each village can select a suitable type of village according to its own characteristics.
2、 Development conditions of Fengshi Village
（1） Background of Beautiful Countryside Construction
Jiangshan has unique natural landscape and profound cultural heritage. It is an excellent tourist city in China, a strong tourist economy city in Zhejiang Province, and has Jianglang Mountain, the only world natural heritage in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Since 2009, five major improvement projects have been vigorously promoted in rural areas, including industrial income increase, environmental improvement, public service, farmers' quality and grassroots infrastructure, We will comprehensively carry out "five village co creation" activities such as "agricultural industry upgrading to create prosperous villages, rural environment upgrading to create beautiful villages, public service upgrading to create satisfactory villages, spiritual civilization upgrading to create civilized villages, and grass-roots infrastructure upgrading to create harmonious villages", and strive to build most administrative villages into "China's happy villages" of "prosperity, satisfaction, civilization, beauty, and harmony" by 2020, It will become a model for the construction of beautiful villages nationwide and create a new national regional brand.
（2） Summary of Fengshi Village
Fengshi Village in Jiangshan City is located in the southeast of Xiakou Town, 35 kilometers away from Jiangshan downtown, 2.5 kilometers away from the Xiakou Government in the north, connected with Daluankou Village in the east, and Sanqingkou Village in the south. The transportation is very convenient. Fengshi Village is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with beautiful natural environment. There are 14 villages, 594 households and 1882 people. Since 2007, it has been awarded the honorary titles of "Demonstration Village of Building a Well off Society in an All round Way in Zhejiang Province", "Shifan Village of Village level Financial Management in Quzhou City", "Four star Demonstration Village of Democracy and Rule of Law in Quzhou City", "Five star Advanced Village of Quzhou City", etc. Fengshi Village has a nationally famous porcelain making culture and a provincial modern agricultural demonstration park. The excellent natural and cultural resources have laid a good foundation for the development of Fengshi.
（3） "Porcelain" has significant cultural value
Fengshi Village is located on an important land transportation line of the ancient Xianxia Ancient Road - "Maritime Silk Road", with its own cultural advantages. The famous Sanqingkou porcelain workshop is located in the natural village of Wanchang under the jurisdiction of Fengshi. It attracted the attention of the cultural relics and archaeologists in 1979, and was listed as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units in 2006. It is the most complete Song porcelain workshop in China, the oldest existing kiln site, and one of the birthplaces of China's early blue and white porcelain. Its technological process is highly consistent with the methods recorded in Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu". It retains complete production facilities, workshop layout, technical processes and production organization methods. It is a "living fossil" of Chinese traditional family style manual workshops, and has important value for studying the history of Chinese ceramics.
（4） Modern Agricultural Demonstration Park
Fengshi Village has transferred more than 800 mu of land, established the first modern agricultural demonstration park in Jiangshan City, was listed as a provincial modern agricultural demonstration park, and is also the only Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurship park in Jiangshan City. There are five companies and cooperatives in the park - Jiangshan Shuangdeli Fruit and Vegetable Professional Cooperative, Jiangshan Lvneng Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangshan Zhenyuan Edible Fungi Professional Cooperative, Jiangshan Hekang Fruit and Vegetable Professional Cooperative, and Jiangshan Lvyuan Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd. In the park, there are more than 200 mu of fruit trees such as grapes, strawberries and peaches, more than 400 mu of flowers and seedlings, and more than 200 mu of vegetables. A new rural community with beautiful environment, economic development, civilized rural style and supporting services has been initially built. Against the background of the advantageous development of Taiwan Pioneer Park, a platform has been built to introduce Taiwan's advanced agricultural technology, management methods, funds and talents. It is conducive to strengthening Taiwan Strait relations, promoting commercial interaction between people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, and plays a certain exemplary role for Jiangshan, Zhejiang, and even the whole country.
3、 Planning characteristics of ecological beautiful countryside
Ecological beautiful countryside is a comprehensive and comprehensive modernization model. It not only highlights the "beauty" of the countryside, but also creates a new countryside based on the concept of ecological cycle and sustainable development to effectively improve the quality of life of rural residents and optimize the living environment.
（1） Respect nature
The integration of mountains, water, fields and houses is the main feature of an ecologically beautiful village. The beautiful scenery reflected in the rural ecological environment should not only be presented through planning and design, but also be integrated into the rural geographical environment on the basis of respecting the natural development law. Under the influence of the rural water style, the leading role of nature should be highlighted.
（2） Beautiful environment
In addition to strengthening the importance of natural ecology, beautiful villages also need to pay attention to rural health management and supervision. Warning slogans should be set up in public places and around streets, so that residents can always protect the rural environment, which is conducive to the establishment of a long-term cleaning mechanism. Like cities, the treatment of domestic garbage in beautiful villages has gradually become scientific. The garbage treatment method of classified collection and treatment provides a good construction and management space for beautiful villages.
（3） Reasonable planning
The quality and structural layout of rural buildings can affect the spatial shape and ecological structure of the whole beautiful countryside. Therefore, under the influence of the specific geographical style and environment in rural areas, the rural appearance image must adapt to the landscape. On the basis of meeting the realistic development goals, increase the rationality and scientificity of land circulation and land integration projects. At the same time, rural culture is the same. Traditional architecture, traditional culture and advanced ideas need to be reflected in the construction of beautiful villages. To sum up, rational planning is a key development project in the construction of ecologically beautiful villages and a necessary prerequisite for the development of intensive rural economy.
4、 Discussion on the Planning and Construction of Beautiful Countryside
（1） Encourage and guide surplus funds to flow to rural areas
The specific measures are to allow urban residents and enterprises with surplus funds to rent land in the countryside, mainly barren mountains and abandoned land that are not basic farmland and forest land, and to allow the construction of buildings and structures that can meet their living and business needs on the leased land. The lease period can be up to 70 years according to their requirements, The buildings and structures built on the leased land belong to them within a reasonable range. This will dispel the concern of these groups to invest in rural areas, and they will devote themselves to building their homes within the scope of leased land. This has not only brought a large amount of funds for building beautiful villages, but also brought good lifestyles and habits, thus driving changes in the way of thinking of rural residents. The purpose of their investment in rural areas is to pursue a good living environment and quality of life. They must make unified planning and design, protect and explore history, build beautiful buildings, plant orchards, green barren mountains, improve public infrastructure such as roads, water and electricity, communication, sanitation, etc. These facilities must be shared by residents in rural areas within the region, which not only improves the public infrastructure in rural areas, beautifies the countryside, but also brings a lot of employment opportunities to rural areas. Such changes not only make rural areas develop well and protect traditions, but also can give rural residents a demonstration and lead role, so that they can learn new skills, knowledge and new ways of thinking. The investment subject will put the people and knowledge, ideas and ways of thinking accumulated in the city into rural areas, influencing the residents in rural areas imperceptibly.
（2） Further improve the rural pollution prevention and control plan
We will establish and improve the policy system for coordinating urban and rural environmental protection, study and formulate the accountability system for ecological environmental protection and the compensation system for environmental damage, provide institutional guarantee for strengthening rural environmental supervision, and gradually achieve equal environmental management in urban and rural areas. Strengthen the responsibility implementation and assessment mechanism, incorporate resource consumption, environmental damage and ecological benefits into the evaluation system of economic and social development, and establish evaluation standards, target systems, assessment methods and reward and punishment mechanisms that reflect the requirements of rural environmental protection. Actively strive for the support of various agricultural funds, effectively integrate various agricultural funds in the city, give full play to the role of the market mechanism, and widely absorb social capital, private capital and foreign investment for environmental protection in Fengshi Village. Include funds for the construction and operation management of environmental infrastructure in Fengshi Village and the construction of grass-roots environmental protection capacity into the financial budget.
Conclusion
In a word, the process of rural beautification is not only reflected in modernization, but also in economic growth. At present, the rural area has a very good ecological environment in China. Although there are weak links in the regional economy, its development significance and public welfare ability are very important. Therefore, in order to create an ecological beautiful countryside, we should not only pay attention to improving the living standards of rural residents, but also put more effort into rectifying the spatial structure and environment of rural economic construction. The government must correctly grasp its role and communicate with rural residents in rural construction, so that rural residents can join the team of building a "beautiful China".
reference
[1] Wu Finance, Wu Kongfan Four models and comparison of beautiful rural construction - based on the survey in Anji, Yongjia, Gaochun and Jiangning [J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 2014, 01:15-22
[2] Wang Weixing Beautiful Village Construction: Current Situation and Countermeasures [J]. Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2014, 01:1-6
Chapter 8: Model Essay on the Outline of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture
[Key words] Chinese ancient management thought; Perspective of modern management theory; unscramble
Among the ancient management thoughts, China's Confucian management thoughts are famous. The modern sense of management theory originated from the West, and it developed with the production mode of modern capitalist economy. Therefore, the excellent management thought in ancient China and the modern management theory in the West are the accumulation of management thought generated in the common labor of mankind.
1. Schools of management thought in ancient China
The ancient Chinese management thought originated from thousands of years of agricultural civilization. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, social productivity developed rapidly and slavery began to collapse. During this period, the management thoughts representing all social strata developed actively, showing a trend of "a hundred schools of thought contend and a hundred flowers blossom". At this time, the ancient Chinese management thought began to mature. With the unification of the Qin Dynasty, China began a two thousand year feudal system representing the interests of the landlord class. In order to maintain the ruling order, the field of management thought gradually formed Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism, among which Confucianism is the development school of orthodox thought. The following is a brief introduction to the three management thought schools.
1.1 Confucian management thought
The Confucian management thought in ancient China represents the ruling interests of the landlord class. It began with Confucius and was regarded as a prominent school in the feudal dynasties, which is the focus of the research on the ancient official management thought. Therefore, the development of Confucian management thought has been enriched and improved in all previous dynasties, and many researchers and works have been published, such as Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhu Xi in the Ming Dynasty, and so on.
At the beginning, Confucianism was a management thought centered on ethics and integrated with politics and ethics. Its management thought had a process of cultivating oneself and pacifying people, that is, "cultivating oneself, regulating the family, governing the country, and pacifying the world". At the same time, management at the national level also involved the ultimate goal of Chinese management - the "Great Harmony" social concept. Therefore, the main content of the Confucian management thought is to advocate the pursuit of the highest good through sympathy, advice and forgiveness, to understand the benevolence of heaven and earth, to play the subjective initiative, and to complete and achieve the unity with the outside world through their own endless creation.
1.2 Taoist management thought
The representative figure of Taoism is Laozi. Taoism is a school established by philosophers of all ages. Therefore, unlike orthodox official Confucianism, which emphasizes entry into the world, Taoism, on the contrary, emphasizes the idea of "doing nothing but not doing something" in the world and management. This inaction does not require managers to do nothing in the management of the organization, but to turn action into inaction, reduce the sociality of people to the minimum, and give greater play to the role of people's natural attributes, so as to achieve the effect of management.
1.3 Legalist management thought
The representative task of Legalist management thought is Han Feizi. Legalists assume that people are "evil". For "evil people", they must be tamed by punishment, and can not rely solely on restraint in etiquette and law, otherwise the order of management will be affected. The position of the ancient legalist thought is that the feudal supreme ruler takes the interests of the monarch as the highest, so it is also one of the monarch's thoughts of governing the country. It emphasizes to rely on "law", "potential" and "skill" to consolidate the interests of the supreme ruler. "Shi" is the position and strength of managers, which can change with the position. Because the relationship between the superior and the subordinate is that of obedience and being obeyed. "Those who are virtuous and subordinate to those who are unworthy have less power; those who are unworthy and subordinate to those who are virtuous have more dignity". "Shu" is the method and strategy for rulers to manage their subordinates and the people. Therefore, Legalists advocate that the country should be governed by law and that punishment should be punished by punishment.
From the above analysis summary of several main schools of management thought in ancient China, it can be seen that these three are management thoughts based on different class positions, with strong complementarity, which is also the reason why the three thoughts can continue to develop in the feudal dynasties in ancient China. Of course, because of the limitation of the times and the historical category of management thought, there are many deficiencies and defects in today's view, but this does not affect us to learn from its outstanding essence, especially the management thought of Confucianism and Taoism.
The Modern Research Value of Ancient Chinese Management Thoughts
Making the past serve the present is the task facing China's management modernization. Exploring the modern value of ancient Chinese management thoughts is an important aspect of the study of ancient Chinese management thoughts. It is an indispensable basic work of management science with Chinese characteristics that has not been created. So far, what content of ancient management thought can still be used for reference today? At present, the main content of ancient management thought in China can be used for reference is as follows:
People centered management ideology The traditional Chinese culture emphasizes various group relationships with people at the core, including family neighborhoods, social countries and even the nature. It advocates not individualism but commitment and responsibility to larger entities. This cultural well rope not only first strikes the social spirit and goes hand in hand, but also for China's modernization, It has important reference significance for China's enterprise management to catch up with the world's advanced level. First, it is about the law of human behavior; second, it is about giving play to human subjective initiative; third, it is about human nature; fourth, it is about the research of human desire and human needs; fifth, it is about punishment and reward; sixth, it is about human harmony; seventh, it is about group behavior and organizational behavior; eighth, it is about employing people; ninth, it is about leadership behavior, The tenth is about how to use power.
The management thought of self improvement and human safety. The ancient Chinese management thought emphasized the importance of leaders' moral quality, and rushed to the management mode of "moral education" and "self righteousness", which is of great significance for today's training of new entrepreneurs with high quality.
In the view of Confucianism, because of the extensive knowledge and rich knowledge, especially the "sage" who has lofty moral cultivation, is engaged in management functions and is regarded as an idol and imitated by others, through self-cultivation and self-management, he can reach the realm of perfection and beauty from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom, and in order to achieve the great cause of Confucian governance and world peace, There is also a process of cultivating oneself and settling people. To realize social management, Confucian thinkers believed that the heart of the people was originally good and innocent, so the management methods adopted by managers should mainly be "induction" and "enlightenment", that is, with the help of positive education and standard inspiration and guidance, managers can be subject to a unified ideology and code of conduct through self-cultivation and self-discipline in a good moral environment, In this way, the world will tend to be the same, which is the management goal of the Confucianism. In short, the management idea of the Confucianism of "cultivating oneself and pacifying people" is to achieve the goal of education, culture and uniformity through "cultivating oneself", "correcting oneself" and "showing oneself".
The ancient Chinese view of economic power. The classics are opposite to the power, the classics are constant, and the power is changing. Zhu Xi said that "the power is the change of the classics", that is, "the power" is the flexibility based on the principle of "the classics". The concept of "the power of the classics" in ancient Chinese management thought contains rich dialectics, which is considered to be an important source of thought in the contingency theory in modern enterprise management, and still has reference significance today. The theoretical basis of the ancient Chinese view of Confucian classics is the three meanings of the Book of Changes: change, difficulty and simplicity. "Change" refers to the constant change of all things and the world, which is "power" and "hard". It refers to the determination and hard change of various laws and principles, that is, the invariance in change. This is "classics" as the criterion of judgment, and "power" of "change" is used to reach the optimal decision, and the most concise and clear principles are used to make people easy to know and practice, and become common management actions.
3 Research on the Value of the History of Chinese Ancient Management Thoughts from the Perspective of Modern Theory
3.1 Management objectives
Management by objectives is an important concept put forward by Drucker, a master of management, and an important part of the theoretical system of modern management. Drucker believes that management by objectives and self-control are the most basic principles in management. He believes that the setting of each position and the completion of responsibilities must aim at the overall goal of the enterprise, so every manager must achieve the combination of personal goals and organizational goals. Secondly, an important content of management by objectives is self-control, which can make the pursuit of common replication the goal of every manager, and replace external control with more strict, accurate and effective internal control. The central idea of management by objectives is to guide managers to focus on the organization's objectives instead of the details of processes and management systems. The means to achieve the goal of management by objectives is process incentive, and Drucker focuses on the results of management behavior, rather than monitoring behavior. It shifts the focus of management from the input of work to the output of productivity. Only such target assessment can motivate the wig managers. Their actions are not just to complete the task, but to think that this work must be done. Management by objectives emphasizes the different responsibilities of top, middle and grass-roots managers. The core of management by objectives is that each manager's work objectives should be determined by their contributions to the success of their superior units. Superior managers must reserve the right to approve the objectives set by their subordinates. Management by objectives also means that every manager should seriously participate in the goal setting of their subordinate units.
In terms of the goal design of Chinese traditional management thought, each thought has different opinions. The goal of individual management of Taoism is "internal saintliness and external kingliness", and the ideal state of social management is "small country with few people"; The management by objectives of Confucianism is just mentioned above, trying to achieve the ultimate goal of social management - the state of "Great Harmony" through the process of "self cultivation and human security". "Cultivating myself" and "pacifying people" reflect the dialectical relationship between personal management and social management. Personal management gradually realizes the leap from self-discipline to consciousness: "I am determined to learn at ten and five, stand at thirty, be free from doubts at forty, know the destiny at fifty, be obedient at sixty, follow my heart's desires at seventy, and do not exceed my own rules.", We can push ourselves and others to achieve the goal of social management - "unifying the family, governing the country and leveling the world". First, effective management of families and family members; Secondly, the expansion and extension of the state is the same as that of the country. There are differences between the state and the family in terms of area and population, and there is no substantive difference in their management principles; Finally, it is a social system that makes the social concept of Great Harmony come true all over the world.
Therefore, we find that this view of Confucianism has some similarities with the key points of contemporary Drucker's "management by objectives", which emphasize the realization of different goals for the organization through self-management.
3.2 Organizational view of management
Organization is one of the five functions of management. The organizational function or activity of management consists of an activity with internal logic process. Just as a building is made up of steel bars and cement hardware, an organization is made up of positions, and an organizational structure is a position structure. The analysis of organizational problems in ancient Chinese management thought is concentrated in the book Xunzi. Xunzi believes that gregariousness is one of human nature. If human beings form social groups, there will be competition without the restriction of hierarchy. First, "group division" is the inevitable result of social division of labor and occupational differences, because people from all walks of life provide a product. No matter what occupation one is engaged in, one can master all skills, nor can he engage in all occupations; Secondly, "division" is an organizational means and the basis for the sound operation of human society. It is the fundamental principle of human social organization to divide people into different grades. Without grades, it is a great disaster for human beings. With grades, human social organizations can operate well.
Chinese classical management thought has already involved the structure and form of modern organization theory. However, under the condition of socialist market economy, China's enterprise management urgently needs to solve the following organizational problems: first, establish a reasonable and flexible organizational structure to adapt to the changing market demand; Secondly, define the responsibilities, rights and interests of managers and employees to promote the achievement of organizational goals; Cultivate and bring up a high-quality entrepreneurial team, and provide a mild organizational environment for their development.
3.3 Human nature concept of management
The understanding of human nature is an important theoretical basis for the formation of management thought, and an important basis for the formation of any kind of management thought. Any kind of management theory is based on the assumption of human nature. People in Chinese management ideology are neither economic people nor social people, but ethical people, ethics.
The meaning of Chinese traditional ethical man mainly refers to: first, good nature. Mencius said, "Benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom are not derived from the outside, and I have them." From Confucius and Mencius to Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, they are basically used to explain human nature. Since human beings are born with the nature of doing good, that is, performing moral obligations, they put special emphasis on the good end of human beings, on being kind to others, and on the communication between people, especially between superiors. Second, relationship based. The establishment of man's self is not publicized by himself, but is stipulated in the specific ethical relationship and the relationship with others. Third, moral cultivation. The representative language is Confucius's "self cultivation and human security". Managers have the obligation to do good. If we improve the ability to do good through moral cultivation, we can strengthen the initiative of the managed to be educated and influenced, and enhance their initiative to do good.
In ancient Chinese management thought, there was little emphasis on abstract interpersonal relationships, but on specific interpersonal relationships, which was characterized by a specific structure. In the network of interpersonal relationships, there were close relationships, distant relationships, acquaintances and strangers. Those with blood relationships were called Tianlun, and those without blood relationships were called human relationships. Human relations have their own feelings and ways of communication. They follow the emotional rules and are often resistant to reason, authority and external will. Therefore, in the human relations group, it is emphasized that everyone should keep his or her own order and Aaron should do his or her best. Due to the long-term historical accumulation, this kind of human relations has become a deep-seated cultural psychology in Chinese management, which is why people do not like the cold, only in accordance with the regulation of conditioning and lack of emotional factors in Chinese management.
It is an important feature of Chinese management to regulate people's behavior with emotion. In the view of Chinese management thought, the satisfaction of emotional needs and the richness of human feelings are the source of organizational centripetal force. Therefore, the way of management is called "human feelings are the mother of the holy king". Therefore, whether the management process is full of human feelings often has a direct impact on the management effect; The existence and amount of human feelings are directly related to the prestige of managers and the effectiveness of management. If you only pass rules without understanding or rules without understanding, you will not become an effective manager. For thousands of years, human relationship management has been an important connotation of Chinese traditional political form - ethical politics.
3.4 Theoretical control view
Control is the basic means to ensure that various management activities reach the expected goals. In his book Industrial Management and General Management, French classical management scientist Fayol explicitly listed control as one of the five basic functions of management. He also controls objects including people, things, things, and behaviors. Ancient Chinese management thought focused on the control of people. On this point, Confucian management thought emphasizes the rule of propriety; Taoism talks about "inaction"; Legalists rely on the rule of law. Since both Taoism and Legalism have gone to extremes in specific management practices, Confucianism, which emphasizes etiquette as the core and uses both morality and punishment, has become the mainstream of China's traditional social management control. In Confucianism, "etiquette" is the basic means used to regulate the social order centered on hierarchy, social structure and people's behavior, and is the basis of governing the country, "Rites are passed by the state, determined by the state, ordered by the people, and benefited by the heirs." These discussions have concentrated on the status and role of "rites" in the national social management. The use of government orders to supervise, and the use of criminal law to punish, although effective for the governance of the people, it is not ideal. Only through moral education throughout the management process can we achieve the goal of controlling people's thoughts and stabilizing social order.
4 Conclusion
With the change of the management environment, management ideas and management models will inevitably change and adjust, and the internationalization of production and economic globalization will also promote the integration of management ideas in different countries, especially the integration of Chinese management ideas that focus on collective orientation and overall thinking and Western management ideas that focus on individual orientation and systematic thinking. In the management practice of the new century, on the one hand, we should constantly learn the most advanced management theories from western management theories; On the other hand, it is necessary to draw rich wisdom from Chinese traditional management thoughts and gain wisdom, so as to prepare for the establishment of a management system and theory with Chinese characteristics.
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