Preface: The birth of a good article requires you to constantly collect data and sort out ideas. This website has collected a wealth of model articles on low-carbon transportation system topics for you, which are only for reference. Welcome to read and collect them.
Part 1: Model of low-carbon transportation system
key word: Low carbon traffic transport system ; Feasibility; loophole; Solutions
0 Preface
As early as August 2009, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress voted and passed the Resolution on Actively Responding to Climate Change, which clearly pointed out that in the process of building a low-carbon economy and society, China needs to seize the opportunity to comprehensively develop low-carbon utilization of high carbon energy, build more low-carbon industries, and achieve low energy consumption, low emissions, and high energy efficiency in economic development. The transportation industry is the lifeblood of China's economic development. Achieving its comprehensive low-carbon development is of great significance for reducing China's energy consumption, pollutant emissions, and improving energy utilization efficiency. In recent years, behind the rapid development of China's transportation industry, a large amount of energy consumption and excessive greenhouse gas emissions have caused great damage to China's climate conditions and natural environment. It is urgent to build a low-carbon transportation system.
1 Current situation of low-carbon transportation industry
The author found that by the end of 2007, more than 34% of the greenhouse gas emissions generated by fuel consumption in China came from the transportation industry, of which 23% were road transportation, 2% were waterway transportation, 6% were air transportation, and other transportation accounted for 3%. Worldwide, the greenhouse gases generated by road transport account for 18% of the total, water transport accounts for 2%, air transport accounts for 5%, and other transport accounts for 3%.
In view of this situation, the importance of building a global low-carbon transportation system has become increasingly prominent. As early as the beginning of 2008, Europe, the United States and other countries have gradually carried out the construction of low-carbon transportation systems, providing a template for the construction of China's low-carbon transportation system. With the accelerating process of economic globalization and the rapid development of modern transportation industry, the consumption of mineral energy is increasing, which is particularly prominent in China. In recent years, China's transportation industry has developed rapidly, and its greenhouse gas emissions are among the highest in the world. Although the ratio of China's transportation industry's greenhouse gas emissions to the total national emissions is slightly lower than that of developed countries, the current growth rate is not optimistic.
In order to realize the sustainable development of China's transportation industry, it is inevitable to build a low-carbon transportation system. In the past 30 years, the length of highway laying in China has exceeded 60000 km, the length of railway radiation has exceeded 100000 km, and the waterway transportation has gradually expanded from a single channel to a global channel. In this context, the annual average fuel consumption is growing exponentially, which is highlighted by the fact that the fuel consumption of freight vehicles in China is about 30% more than that of freight vehicles in developed countries, and the fuel consumption of shipping is about 20% more. This high energy consumption, high emissions, and low energy efficiency transportation mode undoubtedly has a huge impact on the construction of China's low-carbon transportation system.
The fundamental to comprehensively realize the reform of China's transportation system is to implement the construction of a low-carbon economic system. We need to seize this opportunity to better cope with the increasingly severe international climate situation.
2 Problems in the construction of low-carbon transportation system
2.1 There is a large gap between traffic supply and population growth rate
With 1.3 billion people in China and a huge population base, a large number of rural people have poured into cities to work. The urban traffic flow is growing, the demand for public transport facilities is expanding, and traffic congestion is almost all over China's major cities. In order to solve this situation, municipal government departments have to invest more public transport vehicles, subways and other means of transport to ease the peak flow of people, However, there is no matching transportation system, which leads to more serious congestion. In response to this problem, the municipal government is also investing a lot of money to build a transportation system that matches the urban floating population. However, during the construction process, it will undoubtedly occupy the existing traffic arteries, leading to more serious congestion. In addition, the construction period is generally long, which will also cause long-term congestion of urban traffic to a large extent. Long term congestion is not intended to increase fuel energy consumption and emit more greenhouse gases.
2.2 Insufficient technical level of traffic management
As far as the current situation is concerned, our citizens' awareness of obeying traffic order is weak, and there is also a lack of macro-control of intelligent transportation systems. This situation is rare in large cities, but it is common in small and medium-sized cities and towns. Pedestrians who do not obey traffic rules and cross the road at will is one of the factors causing traffic congestion. Secondly, Drivers who do not obey the traffic rules turn around and park at will are also one of the factors causing traffic congestion. Traffic congestion will greatly increase the consumption of fuel energy, and more fuel consumption will also increase greenhouse gas emissions, thereby exacerbating the climate situation in China.
3 Solutions to problems in building a low-carbon transportation system
3.1 Give full play to the government's macro-control function and improve the overall urban traffic planning
First, the relevant government departments need to do a good job in the corresponding energy conservation and emission reduction indicators, improve the relevant laws and regulations, carry out the corresponding community publicity work, instill the concept of low-carbon travel to the public, reduce the number of private car trips as far as possible, and improve the effective utilization rate of public transport tools. Second, improve the overall urban transport planning, and actively do a good job in the traffic flow The flow of people can be channelled to effectively alleviate the urban congestion. Finally, we should innovate the traffic management methods, such as opening bus lines, improving the bus speed and alleviating congestion.
3.2 Adopt modern traffic management concept and develop intelligent transportation system
China's traffic management departments need to innovate the concept of traffic management, actively introduce foreign advanced intelligent transportation systems, improve urban traffic smoothness, shorten vehicle waiting time, and avoid unnecessary fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions caused by long waiting. A functional broadcast system is set at the entrance of main roads and congested roads to transmit the road conditions ahead and provide other routes for waiting vehicles, so as to improve the urban traffic operation efficiency.
4 Conclusion
Starting from the low-carbon transportation situation, this paper discusses the feasibility of building a low-carbon transportation system in China, focusing on two problems: the large gap between the traffic supply and the population growth rate, and the insufficient level of traffic management technology, and tentatively proposes corresponding solutions, hoping to play a reference and reference role for the vast number of peers.
reference:
[1] Sun Xiuqiao. Research on Key Technologies for the Construction of Low Carbon Transportation System in Central Cities [D]. South China University of Technology, 2013
[2] Liu Xiaoyan. Study on decomposition of CO2 emission factors and emission reduction potential of transportation industry [D]. Chang'an University, 2013
[3] Xu Qiaowei. Discussion on the realization path of low-carbon urban transportation in China [D]. Zhejiang University of Technology, 2013
Part 2: Model of low-carbon transportation system
[Key words] Low carbon city evaluation index system Low carbon buildings Low carbon production Low carbon government
Since 1990, the world has begun to attach importance to the greenhouse effect and its various problems. The United Nations has started to promote the negotiations on international climate issues, and in 1992, the United Nations adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. On February 16, 2005, the United Nations officially signed the Kyoto Protocol, which started the project of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for all mankind. The Kyoto Protocol stressed that Annex I countries should undertake emission reduction obligations, and created the "three Kyoto mechanisms", namely, International Emission Trading (IET), Joint Implementation (JI), and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), in an effort to promote the world's "carbon trading" And improve emission reduction efficiency.
As the second largest economy and the largest developing country in the world, China is also the second largest carbon emitter in the world. How to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, change the mode of economic development, and achieve harmonious development between man and nature is crucial for China to achieve the goal of sustainable development.
1、 Concept, development goals and main contents of low-carbon city
According to the main contents of the construction of low-carbon cities, Chinese scholars are analyzing the conditions for the development of low-carbon cities and putting forward different concepts of low-carbon cities.
Fu Yun (2008) proposed in the paper Research on the Development Path of Low Carbon Cities, Low carbon cities are "through developing low-carbon economy in cities, innovating low-carbon technologies, changing lifestyles, minimizing urban greenhouse gas emissions, completely getting rid of the social and economic operation mode of mass production, mass consumption and mass waste, and ultimately achieving clean, efficient, low-carbon and sustainable development of cities."
In Dai Yixin (2009)'s Preliminary Study on the Concept Evolution and Measurement of Low Carbon Cities, it is stipulated that the concept of low carbon cities is "a city where the urban economy is dominated by low carbon industry and low carbon production, the citizens take low carbon life as the concept and behavior characteristics, and the government takes low carbon society as the blueprint for construction. The development of low-carbon cities aims to realize the urban construction mode and social development mode conducive to reducing carbon emissions through the transformation of economic development mode, consumption concept and lifestyle, while ensuring the continuous improvement of life quality. "
Liu Zhilin (2009) further summarized government policies into the construction of low-carbon cities, It is believed that low carbon cities "emphasize the promotion of low carbon concept under the guidance of low carbon concept, under the promotion of certain planning, policies and institutional construction, based on low carbon technology and low carbon products, with the production and application of low carbon energy as the main object, and with broad public participation, contribute to global carbon emission reduction by developing local economy and improving people's quality of life."
According to the low-carbon city system model proposed by Li Jinbing (2010) and Tang Fangfang (2010), we can understand the main components of low-carbon cities and the relationship between them.
The model analyzes the scenario of low-carbon urban system operation according to the characteristics of urban operation structure, based on different perspectives involved in the formation of low-carbon cities, including low-carbon economy perspective, energy perspective, urban planning perspective, transportation perspective and other perspectives including connotation production, life and architecture. The model points out that since cities are comprehensive and complex systems composed of various subsystems and specific elements, low-carbon cities are also the result of the operation and interaction of low-carbon behaviors of different subjects. The behavior of urban subsystems will affect each other, and the coupling relationship, organizational order, stability and degree of change between subsystems will directly affect the operation of LCS system. It can be seen that the low-carbon city system is the result of a series of linear and nonlinear feedback effects, which are unified and inseparable. Only the ecology, economy and life of the city jointly promote the operation and development of low-carbon cities can ensure the realization of sustainable human development.
To sum up, urban construction is the result of the comprehensive effect of economic, social, technological, policy, concept and other elements. In addition, urban construction is the result of urban spatial form, economic and social development, and overall land use development planning from the perspective of content. Therefore, the development goal of a low-carbon city can be summarized as follows: take low-carbon technology and clean renewable energy as the support, take the government's low-carbon policies and relevant laws as the guidance, and strive to achieve low-carbon energy use, industry, consumption The low-carbon transportation and the formation of low-carbon cultural concepts will significantly reduce the scale of urban carbon emissions and energy consumption, and make the city develop in the direction of "low energy consumption, low pollution, low emissions" and "high efficiency, high efficiency, and high efficiency" in the long term.
2、 Main characteristics of low-carbon cities
According to the model diagram of urban system operation, we can observe various specific elements and subsystems of the urban system, and understand the key fields and specific industries of low-carbon city construction. At the same time, the basic characteristics of low-carbon cities are summarized, mainly including:
（1） Openness
In the international context of carbon emission reduction, the development of low-carbon cities requires not only the active participation of various themes, but also the establishment of open low-carbon cities that adapt to the international environment and meet international standards, and strive to promote the solution of global warming.
（2） Diversity
As urban construction involves different subjects, different subjects have different low-carbon strategies, emission reduction goals and methods, and specific policies. Low carbon urban construction needs to specifically analyze the characteristics and impacts of energy consumption and carbon emissions of each subject.
（3） Dynamic
The construction of low-carbon cities is an important part of the long-term strategy of national sustainable development. Various changes in the national and international environment, as well as objective factors such as science and technology and energy structure, will affect the implementation of the national low-carbon strategy.
（4） Technical
Low carbon technologies such as energy conservation and emission reduction, carbon sink, carbon absorption, clean energy and renewable energy are the basis and guarantee for the effective operation of low carbon cities. Therefore, the construction of national low carbon cities must include the application and popularization of various cutting-edge technologies.
（5） Stability of economic development
The development of low-carbon cities is based on the implementation of low-carbon economy in cities. It can be seen that the development of low-carbon cities must reasonably adjust the relationship between economic development and carbon emission reduction, both to ensure the realization of greenhouse gas emission reduction, and not to make economic development significantly affected. In addition, the low-carbon economy is the driving force for the development of low-carbon cities in the long run, providing low-carbon cities with industry development, economic growth and employment opportunities.
（6） Harmony of social life
It is an important feature of low-carbon cities to form low-carbon living atmosphere and low-carbon concept of energy conservation in low-carbon cities. Therefore, on the one hand, the development of low-carbon cities needs to change the residents' habits of "high energy consumption and high emissions", but the residents' habits and cultural traditions restrict the construction of low-carbon cities. Therefore, an effective low-carbon city must coordinate the residents' lives and cultural traditions with the energy conservation and emission reduction strategy, which ensures the operation of low-carbon cities, It is also necessary to ensure the comfort and convenience of residents' lives.
（7） Ecological balance
The essential goal of low-carbon cities is to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, prevent the greenhouse effect from deteriorating, and ensure the sustainable development of mankind. To realize the "zero emission" status of the city in the long term, the carbon sink capacity and carbon cycle of the city directly determine the carbon emission balance of the city. Improve urban vegetation coverage, build a green ecological environment, improve urban carbon absorption and carbon capture capacity, and realize the carbon cycle within the city.
3、 Specific analysis of low-carbon city system
（1） Low carbon energy
Low carbon energy issues run through all aspects of the establishment, operation and development of low carbon cities, and determine the development level and future development trend of low carbon cities in a country. According to the circulation path of energy in the urban system, all kinds of energy provide power for urban operation through the urban energy system, and the urban emission system will discharge the waste generated by fuel consumption. Therefore, when investigating the energy index of low-carbon cities, we should analyze the energy structure and the stock of fossil fuels from the perspective of energy supply; From the perspective of energy consumption, it is necessary to analyze the carbon emission level of energy consumption and the output level of low-carbon energy.
At present, low-carbon energy mainly includes clean energy and renewable energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy and hydropower. At present, in terms of energy research, solar energy development focuses on photovoltaic power generation technology, nuclear energy development focuses on the research and development of China's "fourth generation" nuclear power technology and the use of heavy water reactors, wind power generation focuses on the improvement of wind turbine technology, and thermal energy technology is mainly divided into steam geothermal power generation and hot water geothermal power generation.
（2） Low carbon technology
Low carbon technology provides important guarantee and support for the establishment and development of low carbon cities. At present, low-carbon technologies can be divided into three categories, namely, carbon reduction technology, carbon free technology and carbon removal technology. Carbon reduction technology refers to the utilization of energy conservation and emission reduction technologies in high energy consumption and high emission industries and residents' lives, as well as the application of oil, coal and natural gas exploration and development technologies; Carbon free technology refers to the development and production technology of low carbon energy such as nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy, water conservancy and biomass energy; Carbon removal technology mainly refers to technologies such as "carbon capture" and "carbon sequestration" that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions on a large scale. At present, there are four main types of carbon capture and storage technologies: post combustion separation (flue gas separation), pre fuel separation (hydrogen rich gas route), oxygen rich combustion and industrial separation. Carbon reduction and decarbonization technologies, such as modular and lightweight compound processing and production equipment in the production field, technology utilization, etc.
（3） Low carbon buildings
In urban construction, carbon emissions from housing construction and infrastructure construction are one of the key carbon sources of the city. Building materials and equipment, average floor area and various supplies used inside the building directly affect the carbon emission level of housing and infrastructure.
At present, Britain and Japan are the main advocates and implementers of low-carbon buildings. In the field of building low-carbon, the main methods of architects and designers are to use local materials to reduce transportation, use lead-free design for houses, increase the use scale and efficiency of solar energy and daylight, use low radiation glass, and design to introduce sunlight to reduce the energy consumption of building lighting. Low carbon buildings are now in the experimental stage. Limited by investment scale and technology, low carbon buildings have not been popularized in commercial buildings and residential areas.
（4） Low carbon transportation
With the continuous acceleration of China's urbanization process, the expansion of urban scale, and the growing popularity of private cars, the energy consumption and exhaust emissions of transportation have become a major problem affecting the urban environment and low-carbon urban construction. In recent years, major developed countries have begun to study low-carbon vehicles such as pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles and the corresponding popularization strategies. At present, China has basically mastered the technology of electric vehicles, and the economy has begun to put into use in the field of public transport.
At the same time, the reform of the highway system also provides an important institutional and material guarantee for the development of low-carbon urban transportation. The highway system is constructed by making full use of the original landform of the region and the characteristics of stratum structure to achieve low-carbon transportation development.
（5） Low carbon production and life
The production of urban enterprises and the life of urban residents are the largest carbon source of cities. Effectively reducing the carbon emissions and energy consumption of urban production and life is the most important content of low-carbon strategy. In terms of urban residents' life, low-carbon is mainly reflected in residents' consumption and energy consumption, while energy consumption is mainly reflected in residents' energy efficiency and the use intensity of renewable energy. On the issue of residents' consumption, the principle of low-carbon consumption is to effectively reduce carbon emissions in life, promote the transformation of life philosophy and way, and take a green life path without causing obvious negative impact on residents' lives. Therefore, low-carbon life should not only ensure the normal life order and law of residents, but also reduce the carbon emissions of residents' lives by changing consumption concepts and behaviors. These include: increasing the use of walking, bicycles and buses, changing the use of daily consumer goods to reduce unnecessary resource consumption, reducing and reasonably using indoor lighting and heating, improving the distribution of domestic waste and developing the habit of waste classification.
In terms of enterprise production, on the one hand, attention should be paid to the use of renewable energy and low-carbon energy in the use of energy. From the source of production and operation, the low-carbon manufacturing and production of enterprises should be established. In addition, reducing the frequency of equipment replacement through improving the utilization rate of enterprises' existing equipment, realizing the "internalization" treatment of enterprises' carbon emissions through the change of industrial structure, and increasing the number of low-carbon technologies used directly help enterprises reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.
（6） Carbon finance
Carbon trading is one of the effective means to control carbon emissions at present, and the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations has established three mechanisms to achieve carbon emission reduction worldwide. In the carbon trading industry, the purpose of carbon finance is to provide various financial services for carbon trading, such as carbon emission rights and derivatives trading, help the realization of CDM trading projects and the promotion of low-carbon technologies through transnational financial enterprises, and provide pricing space for carbon emission rights through the establishment of carbon exchanges. At present, the EU has established the most active carbon trading market in the world, becoming an important center of carbon trading in the world. According to the development stage and economic status of the country, China actively carries out CDM trading based on the principle of building a fair and reasonable global carbon trading market. However, due to the lack of pricing power, foreign emission reduction technology monopoly, and speculative trading of international capital carbon emission rights, the development is relatively slow.
At present, China's main task in building carbon finance and carbon emissions trading market is to deepen the understanding of carbon finance, actively carry out carbon trading business in some cities, the financial industry needs to provide indirect financing services for emissions trading and the development of investment products, and the government gradually establishes a sound carbon finance regulatory system and legal system.
（7） Low carbon government
The government plays an important role in the construction of low-carbon cities. As the promoter of low-carbon city construction, the government promotes the low-carbon development of local residents, enterprises and other institutions through financial expenditure, taxation and other economic means; As a regulator, in order to ensure the realization of the low-carbon strategy and the maintenance of the results, the government provides legal protection and target supervision for the construction of low-carbon cities by formulating corresponding laws and administrative supervision methods; As an advocate, the government strives to provide publicity, exchange and other large-scale activities from the micro main body, strive to promote the concept and method of low-carbon life, and promote the establishment of a low-carbon life atmosphere and the innovation of residents' low-carbon consumption behavior. In general, the role of the government in the low carbon construction of cities is mainly manifested in four aspects: low carbon guidance, low carbon management, low carbon self-control and low carbon security, which respectively express the government's administrative functions, economic management functions, mass guidance and development security.
（8） Carbon sink
Photosynthesis of natural plants absorbs carbon dioxide from the earth, transforms it into "solid carbon" and releases oxygen through reflection. It is not only the most important means to maintain the ecological balance of the earth and human survival, but also an effective way to build low-carbon cities and realize the "carbon emission reduction" strategy. Increase the degree of urban greening and vegetation coverage, improve the "carbon capture" capacity of urban space, promote the carbon cycle within the city, and then achieve the goal of "zero carbon" in the city. Increasing the capacity of cities and countries to "carbon sink" and improving the national forest coverage has become an important symbol of the development of an industrialized society towards an ecological society. On the one hand, forest "carbon sink" helps to achieve the national carbon emission reduction goals, on the other hand, it improves the urban living environment, improves the quality of urban environment, and improves the health index of urban residents. Therefore, investigating the scale and development degree of urban "carbon sink" to evaluate urban low-carbon development and predict urban carbon cycle capacity can improve the accuracy of urban low-carbon assessment.
4、 Conclusion
The development of low-carbon cities is an important subject for the sustainable development of human beings in the country and the whole world, and is one of the decisive factors that determine whether human civilization can continue to develop and whether human beings can continue to survive in the future. No matter what major problems any country currently faces, developing low-carbon cities and promoting national energy conservation and environmental protection are crucial long-term goals and historical tasks. Therefore, in the face of the environmental threat of global greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse effects, human beings need to recognize the facts, weigh the advantages and disadvantages, unite and participate in the historical mission of maintaining human survival and development, and contribute to the sustainable development of human beings. At present, as the largest developing country and the world's first carbon emitter, China is actively building a low-carbon economy and society, effectively promoting energy conservation and emission reduction, and contributing to ensuring sustainable human development.
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Part 3: Model of low-carbon transportation system
Energy conservation and emission reduction is a long-term battle, and the transportation industry is a major energy consumer. In 2011, the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China decided to carry out the pilot work of low-carbon transportation system construction. In January this year, the second batch of pilot cities for the construction of the national low-carbon transportation system was announced, and Zhuzhou City was listed, which is also the first low-carbon transportation pilot city in Hunan Province. For this reason, the Implementation Plan of Zhuzhou for Building a National Low Carbon Transport Pilot City (hereinafter referred to as the Plan) was issued. According to the plan, Zhuzhou will spend about three years to build a new low-carbon transportation system of "four in one" centering on four aspects of low-carbon transportation concept, low-carbon transportation facilities, low-carbon transportation and low-carbon transportation technology. The transportation industry, especially public transportation, has become the main force in Zhuzhou's breakthrough from "high carbon to low carbon, black to green".
Zhuzhou Traffic Entering the "Two Types" Road
This year, Zhuzhou became one of the second batch of "national pilot cities for low-carbon transportation system construction", and is the only city in Hunan Province that has obtained this qualification.
Many people, including Zhuzhou citizens, have questions about this: Why Zhuzhou?
Zhuzhou has plans, plans, measures and actions for the construction of "low-carbon transportation".
Since the approval of the "two oriented" social construction comprehensive supporting reform pilot area in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Zhuzhou has highlighted traffic first, actively constructed the "two oriented traffic" system, and took the lead in the construction of "two oriented traffic" in the province.
In 2008, Zhuzhou took the lead in preparing the development plan of "two types of transportation", winning the initiative of "low-carbon transportation" development; In December 2010, the "12th Five Year" Comprehensive Transportation Development Plan of Zhuzhou City "passed the joint review of experts from the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Transport.
Zhuzhou Times Avenue, which was opened to traffic in 2010, fully implements the concept of "two types" from design to construction, and is known as the opening work and masterpiece of the "two types" social construction in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan. Many of its measures reflecting the concept of "two types" have been promoted in other projects.
Since 2009, Zhuzhou has implemented the "three-year action plan for bus electrification". It has completed the transformation of 627 oil electric hybrid buses in the central urban area in three years, becoming the first electric bus city in China, and the city's bus exhaust pollutant emissions have decreased by 30%; Promote the taxi dual fuel and alternative fuel technology projects, and transform more than 600 urban dual fuel taxis, accounting for 30.9% of the total; Since 2008, more than 200 high emission vehicles and 30 ships have been cleared and returned.
In 2011, Zhuzhou launched the construction of a low-carbon green travel public bicycle rental system. At present, the system has more than 1000 rental sites, 20000 public bicycles all over the city, and more than 200000 citizens have applied for bicycle rental cards. Zhuzhou is among the second batch of "candidate cities for urban pedestrian and bicycle transportation system demonstration projects" in China.
In August 2011, the first phase project of Zhuzhou "Smart Transportation" information system passed the expert acceptance. The project is at a leading level in the transportation information system of all cities (prefectures) in the province, improving the analysis and decision-making, safety and emergency capabilities of Zhuzhou's transportation industry, and providing good travel information services for citizens.
An invisible and difficult "battle"
Energy conservation and emission reduction is no longer a new topic. Industry, construction and transportation, as the three key areas of energy conservation and emission reduction, people's understanding of energy conservation and emission reduction in various fields is uneven, and their work progress is also very different. Energy conservation and emission reduction in the field of transportation is extremely urgent. According to statistics, in recent years, the average annual growth rate of fossil energy consumption in China's transportation sector has been 10.8%, 1.06% higher than the average annual growth rate of total energy consumption in the whole society. It has become one of the fastest growing sectors of energy consumption, and will gradually become a major contributor to China's future energy demand and carbon emissions growth.
Deng Shangwen, Director of Zhuzhou Transportation Bureau, said that as an old industrial city, Zhuzhou was the first to realize the importance of industrial emission reduction. Benefiting from the policy guidance and financial support of governments at all levels, a series of measures represented by the comprehensive treatment project of heavy metal pollution in Qingshuitang Industrial Park have achieved actual results and won praise. Compared with the "publicity" in the industrial field, the energy conservation and emission reduction in the transportation field is unsatisfactory. "People are unwilling to swim in turbid water. If the air is not clean, people are naturally unwilling, but compared with turbid water, the polluted air is not easy to be detected." In Deng Shangwen's view, it is this "blind spot" of vision that increases the difficulty of low-carbon transportation construction. At this time, the ministries and commissions carried out the pilot work of low-carbon transportation system construction. Deng Shangwen believed that it was "just the right time", but to win this difficult invisible battle, it would not be feasible to rely on the government departments to "fight alone", and more support from the public was needed. This was the focus and difficulty of low-carbon transportation construction.
For this reason, in the deployment of the "four in one" low-carbon transportation system, Zhuzhou has taken the popularization of low-carbon transportation concept as an important pole. Through the formulation of the Work Plan for Publicity and Education of Low Carbon Transport Pilot City Construction in Zhuzhou City; Printing the "Low Carbon Transport Knowledge Brochure of Zhuzhou City"; Hold low-carbon transportation knowledge contest, low-carbon transportation knowledge contest, "motor vehicle driving energy-saving contest", carry out "low-carbon transportation publicity day" and other activities, strengthen the low-carbon transportation publicity and education of citizens, and enhance their awareness of "low-carbon travel". At the same time, actively advocate the "135" travel mode, that is, walking within 1km, cycling within 3km, and taking public transport within 5km.
"Only in this way can a good atmosphere of common participation and support of the whole society be formed," Deng Shangwen said.
Strategic breakthrough - vigorously develop public economy and transportation management
Zhuzhou has taken the lead in the development of public transportation in China, which benefits from the implementation of Zhuzhou's "livelihood priority strategy".
Take Zhuzhou bus as an example.
On September 8, 2011, Zhuzhou City completed the task of replacing all 627 buses by electrification in the central urban area, becoming the first electrified city of buses in China, which is known as "bus core replacement and city lung replacement". What makes people happy is that, in addition, Zhuzhou Bus, as the window of the city, has also promoted a series of "characteristic services".
Optimize the layout of the line network: open community bus lines, improve the quality of suburban lines, and open the T6 Fangte Happy World and other special tourism lines; Reduce bus fare: on February 1, the bus fare in urban areas was reduced from 2 yuan per person to 1 yuan per time; Standardize the line management: standardize the dress, instrument and service operation, promote smiling service, and green plants on the carriage; Pay attention to special groups; Strengthen social supervision: In August, Zhuzhou Public Transport Company set up a service quality supervision and management committee and a service quality supervision center, developed a method for assessing the quality of public transport services, organized monthly service quality assessment, introduced a social supervision mechanism, and recruited 20 service supervisors.
The implementation of characteristic services has greatly improved the quality of urban public transport. No wonder outsiders who take Zhuzhou bus will sigh that the price of luxury air-conditioned bus is only one yuan, which is more comfortable than Changsha, Shanghai and other big cities.
"Vigorously developing public transport is an important means of low-carbon transport, especially urban low-carbon transport construction". Deng Shangwen believes that the significance of vigorously developing public transport for low-carbon transport is not only that public transport is a low-carbon travel mode, but also that it can effectively curb people's demand for private car travel. "Traffic jams are happening in every city, but there are differences in the number of participants. It is obviously impossible to solve the problem fundamentally by trying to alleviate the problem by building roads. Facts have proved that the more roads are built, the more congested they are.". As the only solution to get through the urban traffic artery, the first step of vigorously developing public transport is to bring public transport into the planning level. "At present, many cities do consider public transport in their planning, but their urban regional positioning and road network structure have already been determined, and public transport is simply" filling the void ", which cannot reflect its value. The construction of" transit metropolis "is a forward-looking concept, which uses transportation to lead development, and through the layout and optimization of public transport at the planning level. Only by implementing this system optimization can the low-carbon significance of public transport be truly demonstrated ".
"Planning is still just a 'possibility', and the government takes the initiative to make public transport travel a 'feasible' choice for citizens, which is more important". Improving public transport infrastructure is the second step. "Many cities are 'talking' about 'bus priority', but what they really do is not enough. If citizens want to choose bus travel, bus must have certain advantages, which is the meaning of 'bus priority'". To this end, Zhuzhou has been trying to provide a fast, comfortable and low-carbon public transport service to enhance the attractiveness of public transport.
Deng Shangwen introduced that Zhuzhou's "big spending" on public transport is not "not poor money", but a "habit". Zhuzhou has formed a working concept when it removed the label of "Top Ten Polluted Cities in China" and successfully created a national garden city and a national sanitary city, that is, the government takes the initiative to speed up the work. As an important livelihood project, improving the quality of public transport services is a common requirement of citizens, and it is also the responsibility of the government. "According to the city orientation, Zhuzhou will build an ecological livable city with modern industrial civilization as the main feature in the future. This not only requires the government to improve people's income level and increase residents' purchasing power, but also provides a green and comfortable living environment. If we do not solve the increasingly serious traffic problems through the development of public transport, and citizens are stuck in the road every day, suffering from noise and breathing exhaust, how can we talk about "green Zhuzhou" and "happy Zhuzhou"? On the other hand, the construction of Zhuzhou into a national civilized city and a national environmental protection model city is advancing, and providing efficient and affordable public transport services is also the requirement of the construction work.
In addition to increasing the construction of public transport infrastructure, Zhuzhou also plans to encourage more citizens to choose public transport through a series of incentive measures, such as giving certain subsidies according to the number of times citizens take buses.
Build a "four in one" low-carbon transportation system
According to the requirements of the plan, by 2014, the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission intensity targets of highway, waterway transportation and urban passenger transport in Zhuzhou have been determined. With 2011 as the base, in terms of highway transportation, the energy consumption per unit transportation turnover of operating vehicles decreased by 5%, and the carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 5%; In terms of waterway transportation, the energy consumption per unit transportation turnover of operating ships decreased by 12%, and carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 8%; In terms of urban passenger transport, the energy consumption per person time of urban passenger transport decreased by 10%, and carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 10%. "Our goal is to build Zhuzhou into a 'national low-carbon transport demonstration city' in about three years according to the standard system of low-carbon transport cities.".
"Energy conservation and emission reduction is a systematic project, which includes all kinds of transportation modes and involves all aspects of transportation". For this reason, not only in the field of public transport, Zhuzhou's low-carbon transport pilot city implementation plan includes four aspects: low-carbon transport concept, low-carbon transport facilities, low-carbon transport, low-carbon transport technology, forming a "four in one" low-carbon transport construction system, and determining specific projects and project completion schedules according to the construction system.
In terms of low-carbon transportation facilities construction, we will integrate the concept of low-carbon transportation development into the transportation construction planning and the overall urban construction planning, improve roads, bridges, tunnels and facilities along the line, bus stations, passenger transport hubs, modern logistics parks, large-scale specialized ports and other facilities, and actively promote the application of warm mix asphalt technology and renewable energy New technologies such as LED energy-saving lighting and shore power for ships approaching ports.
In terms of developing low-carbon transportation, we will accelerate the construction of a modern comprehensive transportation system, rationally allocate various transportation resources, promote the development of modern logistics, promote the transformation of transportation modes, and further optimize the public transportation and passenger transport system through such projects as the drop and hook transportation pilot project, the Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan integrated transformation pilot project, and the rural passenger transport public transportation transformation project. In addition, energy conservation and environmental protection upgrading and transformation are also carried out for taxis and passenger and freight cars. The plan proposes a five-year action plan for the implementation of energy-saving and environment-friendly transformation of taxis. In fact, since January 1, 2010, Zhuzhou has banned the registration of diesel taxis, promoted the use of natural gas and gasoline dual fuel taxis, transformed more than 600 urban dual fuel taxis, accounting for 30.9% of the total, and stipulated that all urban taxis must be transformed or upgraded to use dual fuel and alternative fuel technology within five years. In the future, all new taxis in Zhuzhou will use energy-saving and environment-friendly models. When conditions are ripe, electric taxis will be piloted. The renewal and transformation of new energy and alternative fuels for road passenger transport vehicles will increase by 5% every year, of which the new or updated vehicles for road passenger transport starting about 50 km from urban areas must all be energy-saving and environment-friendly vehicles, and the renewal and transformation of new energy and alternative fuels for road freight transport vehicles will increase by 3% every year. "If setting the access threshold for road transport vehicles is a rigid measure, then at the same time, Zhuzhou has also taken some flexible measures. On the one hand, it has given some subsidies to actively implemented enterprises and considered giving some rewards to advanced enterprises. Only by combining hardness and softness can we maximize the enthusiasm of enterprises while improving the industry level.".
Part 4: Model of low-carbon transportation system
Key words: low carbon economy; carbon dioxide; Carbon emission right
From the "Kyoto Protocol", the "Bali Road Map" to the Copenhagen World Climate Conference, climate issues have attracted much attention, and the development of low-carbon economy has become the current global consensus. Low carbon economy is an economic development model characterized by low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions. It is another major progress of human society after agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. Carbon trading is the only way to use market mechanism to lead the development of low-carbon economy. The low-carbon economy will ultimately reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions through technological innovation and optimized transformation of the real economy. However, historical experience has shown that without the introduction of market mechanism, emission reduction goals cannot be achieved only through voluntary or compulsory actions of enterprises and individuals. The existing carbon trading in China is mainly the clean development mechanism (CMD) projects and individual regional and industrial trading cases. For the international quota trading market that accounts for more than 80%, China still has no involvement. Since the national unified carbon trading market system has not been established, the international carbon trading rules are basically formulated by western developed countries, and China is forced to be at the bottom of the entire carbon trading industry chain. After the certified emission reductions created by China are purchased by developed countries at a low price, they are packaged by financial institutions and developed into higher priced financial products Transaction of derivatives and guarantee products. This makes it difficult for China to play its advantages of large resources and exert its due influence in the international carbon emission trading pricing mechanism. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a national unified carbon trading market system.
1、 Connotation of carbon trading
The concept of carbon emission trading (carbon trading for short) originated from the concept of emission trading proposed by economists in the 1960s. Coase theorem has been considered as the theoretical basis of emission trading. Enterprises are engaged in production and operation with the purpose of maximizing profits and providing goods and services for the society. The problem is that the enterprise has not borne the environmental pollution cost of carbon dioxide emissions while obtaining profits, which makes economic activities unable to reflect the economic value of environmental resources and scarce environmental resources can not be effectively allocated. Coase believes that the key to solving the market failure of environmental resources is property rights. Clarifying the ownership or property rights of environmental resources and making them scarce resources can solve the problem of pollution externalities. Accordingly, economists propose to establish a carbon emission trading market, so that the market mechanism can evaluate the value of environmental resources and internalize their externalities. The signing of the Kyoto Protocol means that the emission of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, will be restricted, which leads to the scarcity of carbon emission rights and emission reduction credits (credits) and becomes a valuable product, called carbon assets or carbon property rights. At present, some large carbon emission trading centers have been formed in Europe, the United States and other financially developed regions and countries, such as the EU CO2 emissions trading system, the European Climate Exchange, and the Chicago Climate Exchange. There are two main types of transactions: one is quota based transactions. The buyer purchases the emission reduction quota formulated, allocated (or auctioned) by the manager under the "cap and trade" system, such as the assigned amount unit (AAU) under the Kyoto Protocol, or the EU quota (EUAs) under the EU Emission Trading System (EUETS). The second is project based transactions. The buyer purchases the emission reduction amount from the project that can verify the gas emission of the cryogenic chamber.
Carbon trading is staffed from the capital level. It is easy to define greenhouse gas emission rights by dividing the environment, and extends the new type of capital carbon assets. Climate change factors have been included in the balance sheet of enterprises, which has changed the income and expenditure structure of enterprises. The carbon trading market creates conditions for the pricing and circulation of carbon assets. The emission reductions generated by different projects and enterprises enter the carbon market for trading and are developed into standard financial instruments, enabling financial capital to directly or indirectly invest in the real economy of green technology that creates carbon assets through the carbon trading market. Carbon trading connects financial capital and the real economy, and guides the development of the real economy through the power of financial capital. The general approach of carbon trading is: first, the government departments determine the environmental quality objectives of a certain region, and then assess the environmental capacity of the region accordingly; Then, the maximum allowable emission of carbon dioxide is calculated, and the maximum allowable emission is divided into several specified emissions, that is, several emission rights; Then, the government chooses different ways to allocate carbon emission rights, such as public auction, fixed price sale or free allocation, and makes such rights legal by establishing an emission trading market. In the market, emitters, starting from their own interests, decide their own degree of pollution control, so as to buy or sell emission rights. The essence of the carbon emission trading market is to recognize the commercialization of carbon assets, provide ways for the quantification, capitalization and marketization of carbon dioxide emission space, make it non public goods, become a resource that must pay a price in the production process, and achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission reduction through the effective allocation of carbon emission rights by the market mechanism.
2、 The practical significance of carbon trading to the development of low-carbon economy in China
（1） Beneficial to macroeconomic Pareto improvement
To develop the carbon trading market, we must first determine the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions in China, highlighting the scarcity of environmental resources. The price discovery function of the carbon trading market mechanism can realize the reasonable pricing of carbon emission rights and transform the externality of environmental resource costs into the internalization of enterprise production activities. The carbon emission right is similar to the status of monopoly resources. Driven by cost-benefit, microeconomic entities will cherish the limited carbon emission right and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and can induce a series of low-carbon economic activities. The total emission limit of carbon dioxide, the cost control of micro main emission and low-carbon economic activities will effectively control the total emission of carbon in China's macro-economy, significantly reduce the overall cost of pollution control, and gradually establish an efficient economic energy system. Minimize energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions without affecting economic growth, and ultimately achieve optimal allocation of environmental resources and Pareto improvement of the overall economy.
（2） It can transform the cost and benefit of emission reduction
The carbon emission right under the carbon trading market mechanism has a commodity attribute, and its price signal function guides economic entities to take the carbon emission cost as an important factor in investment decisions. With the expansion of carbon market trading scale and the improvement of carbon monetization, carbon emission rights are further derived into liquid financial assets. By implementing active and effective carbon asset management, enterprises will transform the carbon cost of economic development into carbon income. The rise of the carbon trading market can drive the formation of a carbon trading currency centered on carbon emission rights and a carbon financial system supported by a series of financial derivatives, including direct investment and financing, bank loans, carbon index trading, carbon options futures, etc., and form a virtuous low-carbon cycle of capital financing for energy chain transformation - conversion of emission reduction costs and benefits - low-carbon capital investment.
（3） Promote low-carbon technology transfer
By establishing a trading mechanism for carbon emission rights, enterprises with lower carbon emission marginal cost can transfer or store the remaining emission rights through their own technological or cost advantages, while enterprises with higher carbon emission marginal cost can acquire the right to use environmental capacity resources through purchase. The purchase itself includes both the transfer of actual emission reduction quota and the transaction of low-carbon technology. Through the transaction of carbon emission rights, the ultimate task of pollution control will inevitably fall on the enterprises with the lowest emission reduction costs or specialized emission reduction treatment, which objectively promotes the energy conservation and clean energy, clean and efficient utilization of coal, exploration and development of oil and gas resources and coal-bed methane, renewable energy, nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage, clean automobile technology Application and innovation of low-carbon technologies related to greenhouse gas emissions, such as agriculture and land use.
（4） Initiate low-carbon energy revolution
Low carbon energy is the basic guarantee of low carbon economy. New energy belongs to low-carbon energy. All forms of new energy are directly or indirectly derived from the heat generated by the sun or deep inside the earth, including solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, nuclear fusion energy, water energy and ocean energy, as well as the energy generated by biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable energy. It can also be said that new energy includes all kinds of renewable energy and nuclear energy. Compared with traditional energy, new energy generally has the characteristics of less pollution and large reserves, which is of great significance for solving the serious environmental pollution problem and resource (especially fossil energy) depletion problem in the world today. The carbon trading market mechanism solves the supply and demand, price, competition, risk and other factors of carbon dioxide, realizes the pricing of carbon dioxide emissions, and makes it become an element of production activities of economic entities. Based on cost-benefit considerations, it is bound to trigger an energy revolution, promote the development of renewable energy and clean energy in China, reduce the proportion of fossil energy, change the energy structure, promote economic entities to improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and other pollutants, and gradually transform energy consumption from traditional high carbon energy to low carbon new energy.
（5） Promote the transformation of low-carbon economy
The emission reduction cost benefit conversion, financing function and promotion of low-carbon technology transfer function of carbon emission trading are conducive to enterprises strengthening investment in low-carbon products, breaking the industrial investment lock-in effect, promoting industrial upgrading and the rise of new low-carbon industries. Macroscopically, it is beneficial for the government to adjust the focus and direction of the "troika" of investment, export and consumption with the requirements of low-carbon economy, low energy consumption, low emissions and low pollution, further optimize the economic structure, reduce the proportion of "high carbon" industries, optimize the industrial structure, and expand the export of low-carbon products. Adjust China's current export industrial structure with low technology content, environmental protection standards and added value, encourage the export of products with high energy efficiency, respond to various environmental trade barriers, and finally build a new low-carbon economic system with low-carbon agriculture, low-carbon industry and low-carbon service industry as the core.
3、 The Path Choice of Establishing Carbon Trading Market in China
（1） Elements of carbon trading market system construction
1. Total pollution control. Only by controlling the upper limit of carbon emission space can carbon emission rights become scarce economic goods, and carbon emission rights can be traded in the market as commodities. Therefore, the construction of carbon emission trading system must be based on the realization of total emission control. The total amount of carbon emissions is determined by the competent environmental department according to the regional environmental quality standards, environmental quality status, pollution sources, economic and technological level and other factors. The total carbon emission limit is directly related to whether the transaction can be carried out smoothly. If the number of emission rights is too large, the carbon emissions in the region will exceed the environmental capacity, and the emission reduction effect is difficult to achieve; If the number of emission rights is too small, the cost of carbon emissions will exceed the social, economic and technological affordability. The high price of carbon emission rights will make enterprises unwilling to purchase emission rights and cause illegal emissions.
2. Clear environmental property rights. Environmental resources belong to the category of public goods and have the characteristics of non exclusive and non competitive consumption, that is, property rights are usually not clear, and the consequences of private losses and destruction are shared by society, leading to external diseconomy. Coase Theorem links external diseconomy with property rights, and emphasizes that the key to solving external diseconomy problems through or relying on private behavior is to establish a well-defined resource property rights system. Therefore, on the premise of clear definition of environmental property rights, an efficient market should be established, which can implement the property rights system of market transfer and give full play to the role of market mechanism to solve the uneconomical problem of carbon dioxide emissions and achieve optimal allocation of environmental resources.
3 Free market transaction. The carbon trading market must ensure free trade between economic entities. For the seller of emission rights, the residual emission rights are due to excessive emission reduction, and the economic return obtained from the sale of emission rights is essentially the compensation of the market for the external economy that is conducive to the environment; For the buyer, the cost of purchasing emission rights due to the inability to reduce emissions as required by the government is essentially the cost of external diseconomy. The market determines the price of carbon emission rights, and the allocation of market mechanism urges economic entities to restrict their own emission behavior. The market allowing free trading of carbon emission rights can not only control the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions, but also effectively allocate environmental resources. In order to save environmental protection costs, enterprises must adopt advanced governance technologies and constantly develop more effective technologies. The savings in emission rights brought by technological progress will bring benefits to enterprises.
4 Moderate government intervention. The inherent defects of the market mechanism will lead to "market failure" on environmental issues, and the government regulation behavior can make up for the shortcomings of the market mechanism. The main role of the government is to ensure the normal operation of the market mechanism, and try to play the role of the market mechanism, especially the price mechanism, in environmental protection. Government actions include: formulating total emissions, initial allocation of emission rights, supervising the implementation of emission trading system, managing transactions, etc. In the emissions trading market, the government also acts as an ordinary market subject to purchase or sell emissions trading, but the government mainly performs the regulatory function, participation in market trading is secondary, and government trading does not occupy a major share in the entire trading market.
（2） The Path Choice of Establishing Carbon Emission Trading Market in China
1 Initial allocation of carbon emission rights based on total amount control. The primary market of carbon emission rights refers to the transaction between emitters and the government, that is, the initial allocation and paid acquisition of emission rights. First, we must adhere to the premise of total carbon emission control, scientifically calculate China's environmental capacity, and specify the total amount and upper limit of available capacity resources in a certain time and region. Then, according to the principle of "Polluter Pay Principle (PPP)", emission rights should be allocated to emitters in a certain way. Seen from the situation in the United States and other countries, the government generally conducts transactions with emitters on a regular basis every year. The forms of transactions mainly include bidding, auction, sale at fixed value, and even free transfer. For public utilities and emitters whose emissions are small and do not exceed certain emission standards, they may be given free or sold at a low price; For business units and emitters with large emissions, auction or other market methods are often used. The primary market does not need a fixed trading place, and the trading time is determined by the competent government department.
As China's carbon emission trading system is still in the exploration stage, the initial allocation mode must consider the adaptability of national conditions. At present, Chinese enterprises are facing the dual challenges of domestic reform and external competition, and are more sensitive to the impact of policy risks. The auction of enterprise emission rights will increase the transaction costs of enterprises, while the free distribution mode can smoothly realize the docking of emission trading system and existing emission charging system without changing the overall pattern of emission rights distribution. Therefore, the initial allocation of carbon emission rights in China should adopt a mixed allocation method. At the beginning of the emissions trading plan, a proportion of free allocation or fixed price sales can be determined, and then the proportion can be further divided into several stages, gradually reducing the proportion of free allocation or fixed price sales until the full auction.
2. Secondary market dominated by market self-regulation. In the emissions trading market, the fairness of the primary market (initial allocation) of emissions rights is mainly determined by law, and the efficiency of the secondary market (redistribution) of emissions rights is determined by the market. The two are quite different in terms of implementation means, participants, risks, and effects. The secondary market is the trading place between emitters and the key link to realize the optimal allocation of carbon emission rights. (1) Price mechanism. It is positioned as a market self-regulation mechanism under the guidance of the government, mainly led by the market. The secondary market generally needs a fixed place, a fixed time and a fixed trading mode. After the emitters purchase emission rights in the primary market, if the demand for emissions is large, they can buy people in the secondary market under the condition that the total amount of regional pollutant emissions remains unchanged; On the contrary, if enterprises have surplus emission indicators to reduce emissions, they can sell them in the secondary market for profits. New, expanded and rebuilt enterprises can obtain emission indicators from the primary market, and also from the secondary market. (2) Transaction mode. Due to the imperfect market economy in China, spot trading of carbon emission rights is characterized by decentralization, low transparency, difficult information collection and regulation, which leads to the blindness and inaccuracy of price signals formed by market supply and demand. The transparency of carbon emission rights futures trading is high, the competition is open and fair, and there are many traders, which helps to form a fair price. The contract is standardized, the transaction cost is low, and hedging transactions can be carried out to control risks. Therefore, China's carbon emission trading mechanism can be based on spot trading, supplemented by futures trading. The futures market provides the main basis for business decisions of enterprises that supply and demand carbon emissions in the spot market. (3) Trading platform. First, combine regional and national platforms. The carbon trading platform is based on economic development. Since China's regional economic development is uneven, the national carbon trading market must consider regional differences. First, several regional carbon trading markets should be established in accordance with the principles of regional development conditions and the internal consistency of the economic foundation, which are greatly different from those outside the region, driven by regional central cities, and closely linked with regions. On this basis, integrate various resources and information, and gradually form a national carbon trading unified market framework system. Second, the combination of physical transactions and online transactions. At the same time of establishing a physical trading market, a web-based market trading platform will be constructed so that registered users can trade online. Using this trading platform, members can sell excessive emission reductions to gain additional profits, or buy insufficient emission reductions to fulfill obligations; Systematically make plans for sustainable development and greenhouse gas emission reduction; Present the strategic vision of climate change to shareholders, review institutions, citizens, consumers and customers; Through early adoption of credible emission reduction and subscription compensation actions, the leading position of enterprises in the industry is recognized; The independent third party with greenhouse gas emission reduction audit qualification hired by the Exchange regularly measures greenhouse gas emissions, and selectively uses various emission reduction technologies and measures to reduce carbon emissions.
3 Strict transaction management and monitoring system. In order to implement the emission trading system in China, the environmental protection administrative department must play the role of supervision and audit in the emission trading. To be specific, local environmental protection administrative departments can entrust environmental supervision organizations at all levels to carry out specific implementation at this stage. (1) Transaction process management. First, confirm the trading right, identify and review the subject matter of the transaction. Before trading activities, they must be investigated and monitored; Second, confirm the authenticity of the rich emission indicators of the trading transferor, and guide the trading participants to determine the price or price range of the trading indicators; Third, confirm the validity of the transaction agreement between the two parties, and confirm the emissions, emission destination and relevant technical requirements of the transaction and transfer between the two parties; Fourth, urge both parties to go through the formalities for the change of emission permits in a timely manner after the completion of the transaction, and clarify the responsibilities of each party; Fifth, conduct overall assessment and statistics on emissions trading, summarize and improve the trading management system. (2) Transaction monitoring system. Efforts should be made to build a basic database information platform for pollution sources, a paid distribution management platform for emission indicators, a monitoring and verification platform for pollution source emissions, and a management platform for pollution source emissions trading accounts. An enterprise emissions accounting system should be established to comprehensively manage pollution sources participating in the paid distribution and emissions trading system, so as to ensure that carbon emissions are under effective monitoring. Strictly investigate and prohibit enterprises' excessive emissions, increase penalties, urge enterprises to reduce emissions, actively move towards the emission trading market, and achieve the overall goal of total volume control and environmental protection. It is necessary to stop the abuse of the transfer right and the illegal transfer of emissions rights in a timely manner, regulate some disorderly phenomena that may occur in the transfer process, and ensure that emissions rights can be traded normally in the secondary market.
Part 5: Model of low-carbon transportation system
[Key words] Low carbon ecological regulatory detailed planning Xiamen Science and Technology Innovation Park
CLC No.: S891+. 5 Document ID No.: A Article No.:
Since the British government first proposed the concept of "low-carbon economy" in the white paper State for Trade and Industry, UK, 2003, in order to effectively respond to global climate change and reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the research and practice of low-carbon economy and low-carbon cities has gradually become a hot topic in the world today. In particular, the convening of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in 2009 brought low-carbon economy and low-carbon cities from concept to reality [1]. The research and practice on low-carbon cities and low-carbon urban planning have also received more and more attention from scholars at home and abroad. However, there is no unified definition of the connotation of low-carbon cities. It is generally believed that low-carbon cities develop low-carbon economy with urban space as the carrier, implement green transportation and buildings, change residents' consumption concepts, and innovate low-carbon technologies, So as to minimize greenhouse gas emissions [2]. At present, many cities in China have put forward the idea of building a low-carbon city, but most of them stay at the macro target level, lacking operational implementation methods. In order to implement the low-carbon ecological concept into urban planning and construction, and avoid staying at the stage of speculation and new concepts, we must establish a set of operable, regulatory Popularizable planning formulation methods can effectively promote the construction of low-carbon cities only when they are integrated into the statutory urban planning formulation system.
1. Theoretical research and practice of low-carbon planning
1.1 Foreign research and practice
1.1.1 Theoretical research
At present, the research on low-carbon cities and low-carbon urban planning abroad is relatively in-depth. Fang Weijian (Fong, 2007) and others believed that there was a certain relationship between carbon emissions and urban morphology and structure, and advocated the spatial development model of compact cities [3]; Glaeser and Kahn (2008) studied the relationship between carbon emissions and land use, and believed that the stricter the restrictions and restrictions on land use, the lower the carbon emissions of residents' lives, for example, the per capita carbon emissions in high-density central areas are less than those in low-density suburbs [4]; Crawford, French, 2008 discussed the relationship between UK spatial planning and low-carbon goals, and believed that the key to achieving low-carbon goals is to change the concept of planning managers and planners, attach importance to the concept of low-carbon cities and strengthen the application of low-carbon technologies in spatial planning [5].
1.1.2 Practice
Some international cities have actively explored some areas of low-carbon development. For example, London has set targets including carbon emission reduction and renewable energy utilization, and established the London Climate Change Authority and the Facility Distribution Energy Management and Supply Department; Tokyo gradually popularizes building energy conservation, conducts natural gas power generation, and makes full use of waste heat; Berlin has established a sound cogeneration and district heating network, and has also developed micro power generation; Copenhagen has established a broad cogeneration and district heating network, and vigorously developed wind power generation; Barcelona stipulates that all new development and construction shall be equipped with solar collectors [6].
1.2 Domestic research and practice
1.2.1 Theoretical research
The domestic research on low-carbon cities is still in the exploratory stage, and mainly at the strategic level. In its 2009 Report on China's Sustainable Development Strategy, the Research Group on Sustainable Development Strategy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences put forward the development strategic vision of China's low-carbon cities, and initially proposed the indicator system of low-carbon cities from the economic, social and environmental aspects [6]. Fu Yun and other scholars (2008) proposed the development path of low-carbon cities from the perspective of system theory and discussed the internal relationship framework of energy, economy, society and technology [7]. At the same time, some international organizations also actively carry out research on China. In 2008, The Climate Group officially launched the "Urban Low Carbon Leadership" project, which aims to promote local governments to formulate relevant policies, promote the application of low carbon technologies, build a low carbon leadership system, and develop a low carbon economy. In 2009, the US China Relations Research Center of the Asian Association launched the Roadmap of China US Energy and Climate Change Cooperation, which formulated priority cooperation areas such as adopting low emission coal technology, improving energy efficiency and energy conservation measures, and promoting renewable energy [6].
1.2.2 Practice
At present, China has also carried out active exploration in the construction of low-carbon cities. For example, Baoding, one of the first pilot cities of the WWF "China Low Carbon City Development Project", put forward the strategic concept of "Baoding · China Electric Valley" in 2006, focusing on the development of wind power generation, solar photovoltaic power generation and other industrial clusters. Shanghai Chongming Dongtan Eco city is expected to become the first carbon neutral region in the world. According to the plan, the power and thermal energy of the eco city will be obtained from local wind, biomass and solar energy. Walking, bicycles and fuel cell buses will be the main modes of travel. The building roof will use natural insulation layers of lawn and plants. At the same time, 80% of the solid waste in the city will be recycled. In combination with the construction of "green new town", Guangming New District of Shenzhen proposed the concept of "low-carbon" urban construction in the New Town Planning of Shenzhen's Recent Construction Plan (2006-2010). By focusing on cultivating low-carbon urban functions, accelerating the low-carbon transformation of the economy, establishing a transit led transportation system, and vigorously developing green buildings, in March 2008, Guangming New Area has been listed as the first "green building demonstration area" by the Ministry of Construction, and has carried out a series of low-carbon city construction practice exploration. The Sino Singapore Tianjin Eco City Planning and the Tangshan Caofeidian Eco City Planning also proposed planning measures aimed at reducing carbon emissions, among which the Sino Singapore Tianjin Eco City Planning proposed measures to promote green buildings, green transportation, renewable energy utilization and other measures, and clearly defined the control target of carbon emissions per unit GDP not exceeding 150 tons - C/million dollars, The Tangshan Caofeidian Ecological City Planning proposed a spatial structure to promote low consumption and low emissions, and formulated energy management measures [6].
2. Planning Background of Xiamen Science and Technology Innovation Park
In order to accelerate the pace of integration construction inside and outside Xiamen Island, improve the independent innovation system, and promote the rapid development and growth of software and information service industry, according to the construction of the central city of the economic zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait, the national innovative city, and the development needs of the "12th Five Year Plan", Xiamen Science and Technology Innovation Park is planned to be built in the eastern sea area, with a total land area of about 4.88 square kilometers, It will be one of the three low-carbon ecological demonstration bases in Xiamen. The southeast side of the park is Tong'an Bay, and the northwest side is Tianma Mountain and Meiren Mountain. The northwest is about 6.5 kilometers away from Xiamen North Railway Station and the entrance and exit of Shenyang Haikou Expressway, and the south is about 8 kilometers away from Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport. The natural and traffic conditions are very favorable. It will strive to build a domestic leading third-generation innovation industrial park with low-carbon ecological demonstration significance, focusing on high-tech research and development, office functions, complete living, leisure and other supporting facilities, and integrating production, learning, research, living, tourism and shopping.
3. Technical path of low-carbon ecological planning
At present, there is no final conclusion on the evaluation criteria of low-carbon ecological planning in the academic circle. According to the characteristics of the area where the park is located, this paper implements the low-carbon ecological concept from the following six aspects: land and transportation, water resources, comprehensive physical environment, energy utilization, green buildings and ecological control indicators for land development ①. Among them, the first five aspects comprehensively cover the basic elements of ecological low-carbon construction in the park; The guidelines for ecological control of land development integrate the research conclusions of these five topics into a quantifiable and controllable indicator system to better guide the development, construction and management of the park.
Part 6: Model of low-carbon transportation system
Abstract： This paper starts from the concept of low-carbon city， and analyses subject of building low-carbon city， and then analyses the problems faced by building low-carbon city combined with national condition， and finally puts forward development strategies.
Key words: low carbon; city; development; strategy
Key words： low-carbon；city；development；strategy
CLC No.: F291 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1006-4311 (2013) 21-0018-02
0 Introduction
With the development of the world economy, the global environment has undergone tremendous changes. Energy conservation and emission reduction, and building low-carbon cities have become an urgent responsibility of all countries. In this context, as a rising developing country, China will also participate in the trend of building low-carbon cities.
1 Concept of low-carbon city
The so-called low-carbon city refers to taking urban space as the carrier, low-carbon economy as the development direction, low-carbon life as the concept, and low-carbon society as the construction blueprint, optimizing the energy structure, saving energy and reducing emissions, recycling, developing low-carbon economy, implementing green transportation and buildings by changing the socio-economic operation mode of "mass production, mass consumption and mass waste", Change the consumption concept of residents, develop and innovate low-carbon technologies, establish a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, and build a benign and sustainable energy ecosystem.
2 Main body of low-carbon city construction
The construction of low-carbon cities is not only dependent on the power of the government, but also the result of the joint action of the government, enterprises and residents.
① Government. Do a good job in monitoring the construction of low-carbon cities, build a platform for the development of low-carbon cities, and provide policy support and behavioral support for the construction of low-carbon cities. ② Enterprise. We should properly handle the relationship between our own interests and the social ecological environment, make profits without harming the ecological environment, and take into account the long-term development of society while reaping corporate profits. ③ resident. They should have a good awareness of energy conservation and have a strong responsibility to supervise the energy consumption of enterprises and government agencies.
3 Main problems faced by China's low-carbon city construction
① Low carbon city construction lacks strategic planning. Most of China's developed cities have a deep industrial foundation, and their industrial structure is "high carbon". Some local governments often focus on the construction of emerging industries, but ignore the potential of energy conservation and consumption reduction of traditional industries. ② The development of urbanization is at a stage of high energy consumption. In 2011, China's urbanization level exceeded 50%, and it was in the stage of high energy consumption dominated by the secondary industry as a whole. ③ The structure of urban energy consumption is unreasonable, and the development of low-carbon renewable resources is insufficient. Coal consumption in China's cities accounts for 59% of the total energy consumption, 22% higher than the world average. ④ The construction industry is characterized by high energy consumption, low energy efficiency and heavy pollution. China's building energy consumption ranks first in all industries. According to statistics, by 2020, the building area of urban and rural houses in China will increase by about 30 billion square meters, and the energy consumption of building production will be about 647 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 15% of the total energy consumption in China. ⑤ Low carbon awareness of residents is not strong. Chinese residents have insufficient awareness of green consumption and the importance and urgency of resource conservation. Luxury prevails in consumption and waste is serious.
4 Development strategy of building low-carbon cities in China
The construction of low-carbon cities in China can be considered from the following perspectives:
4.1 Strengthen the strategic planning of low-carbon city construction The government department should add the content of low-carbon city construction in the urban development planning, draw up the goals and standards in transportation, construction, energy and other fields, and provide protection for low-carbon city construction in policy, technology, resource security and other aspects.
4.1.1 Low carbon traffic. The core of achieving low-carbon transportation is to build a green transportation system consisting of urban public transportation system, pedestrian and bicycle systems. ① Reduce the traffic volume through the construction of efficient and fast mass transit system. Reduce the travel distance of the public by realizing a compact urban development mode guided by public transport, and guide green and healthy transportation modes by optimizing the layout of urban public transport system, so as to achieve low-carbon transportation. ② Take the walking and bicycle system as the leading role to promote green travel of residents. It is necessary to consider people first, create a comfortable walking system and separation of people and vehicles, build a convenient and safe bicycle corridor system, and combine it with the public transportation system to promote green travel habits of residents and control the expansion of cars.
4.1.2 Building low-carbon. The following two aspects are used to realize the low carbon building: ① building planning and design. Starting from the overall comprehensive design, closely cooperate with energy experts, environmental experts, etc. In the planning and design of buildings, we should pay attention to creating a good indoor microclimate by using the natural environment according to the specific environmental and climatic characteristics of the building itself, so as to minimize the dependence on building equipment. ② Enclosure. By improving the thermal performance of building envelope, outdoor heat can be reduced in summer, and indoor heat loss can be reduced in winter, so that the building thermal environment can be improved, thus reducing the building cold and heat consumption.
4.1.3 Environmentally friendly and low-carbon. The urban carbon output is mainly concentrated in the urban sewage and garbage treatment system. The city should ensure its "harmless output", that is, through the reasonable planning of environmental protection facilities such as sewage treatment plants and garbage harmless treatment plants, to ensure that the sewage treatment rate and garbage harmless treatment rate reach 100% and achieve low carbon emissions. In addition, recycling technology should also be actively used to realize the recycling of waste and further realize environmental protection and low-carbon.
4.2 To optimize the industrial structure and build a low-carbon city, we must accelerate the adjustment of the industrial structure, promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, promote the coordinated and sustainable development of the three industries, and gradually form a sustainable development based on agriculture, guided by high-tech industries, and supported by manufacturing.
① Consolidate and strengthen the basic position of agriculture. We should adjust the structure of agricultural production and change the mode of agricultural growth; We should strengthen the construction of agricultural facilities and improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity. ② Pay attention to the internal structural adjustment of industry. We should reduce the development speed of high carbon industries and improve their access conditions; More efforts should be made to eliminate highly polluting processes, equipment and enterprises; The emission standards of various enterprises should be improved. ③ Accelerate the development of high-tech industries. We should strengthen the role of high-tech industries in driving economic growth, and accelerate the development of high-tech industries such as optoelectronics, information, biotechnology, and medicine.
4.3 Adjust the energy structure to reduce the use of fossil energy, increase the proportion of renewable energy applications, and reduce carbon emissions from the source. For basic support industries such as urban power and economic support industries, it is necessary to increase the popularization and application of energy-saving technologies to achieve the goal of reducing carbon emissions.
4.4 Guiding the public to participate in building a low-carbon life In the process of building a low-carbon city, public participation is an inevitable need for the construction of a low-carbon city, and it is also a social responsibility that every citizen should bear. To build a low-carbon city, we need to cultivate the public's low-carbon concept and promote low-carbon lifestyle.
4.5 Establish a complete evaluation index system of low-carbon cities The evaluation index system of low-carbon cities is a unity of coordinated and orderly development involving economic development, environmental protection, social stability and other aspects, which needs to be comprehensively described from different aspects and levels. This paper has designed a relatively complete and easy to evaluate low-carbon city evaluation index system, which includes three levels, three categories, and nine specific indicators, as shown in Table 1.
5 Conclusion
Low carbon city construction is a major change in the social and economic structure. As long as the "low-carbon" development goals and corresponding action strategies can be formulated in urban construction planning, industrial structure adjustment, energy structure adjustment, residents' lifestyle change and other aspects, China's low carbon city construction work will certainly achieve significant results.
reference:
[1] Ma Ning, Luo Tingting. Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of China's Urban Low Carbon Development Level [J]. China Market, 2011 (26): 121-123
[2] Yuan Xiaoling, Zhong Yunyun. Practice and System Construction of China's Low Carbon Cities [J]. Urban Development Research, 2010 (5): 42-47
[3] Luo Lejuan. Low carbon urban development road in the post crisis era [J]. Jiangxi Social Sciences, 2010 (5): 98-101
Chapter 7: Model of low-carbon transportation system
Key words: new advantages of low-carbon Binhai New Area
1、 Low carbon is an important direction of China's economic restructuring
The financial tsunami has swept the globe, and global warming is imminent. In the process of responding to the global financial crisis and the climate crisis, whether developed economies or emerging economies, low-carbon is an important measure that countries around the world are taking. All countries, while stimulating economic recovery and increasing employment opportunities, take climate change, energy conservation and environmental protection into consideration, and strive to improve carbon productivity and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, so as to establish a new competitive advantage globally.
The international financial crisis and the climate crisis pose unprecedented challenges to China. China's task of transforming the development mode and adjusting the economic structure is becoming increasingly arduous, and the constraints on resources and environment are becoming increasingly prominent. Behind the frequent occurrence of "electricity shortage", "oil shortage", "gas shortage" and even "water shortage" in China, the contradiction between the traditional development mode and the resource environment has become a bottleneck restricting the economic and social development of China. From the overall development trend, low-carbon is an important direction of this round of economic adjustment in China.
According to the report of the World Climate Organization, in low-carbon cities characterized by low emissions, high energy efficiency and high efficiency, through the adjustment of industrial structure and the transformation of development mode, low-carbon economic society will not slow down the pace of economic growth, but will promote a new round of high economic growth, increase employment opportunities and improve living standards.
2、 Low carbon content and level
All sectors of society are discussing "low-carbon", but the understanding of the connotation concept is often vague. The author believes that low-carbon can include low-carbon society, low-carbon economy, low-carbon industry and low-carbon technology.
（1） Low carbon society
Low carbon society refers to the economic and social form with low carbon emissions on the basis of maintaining the level of economic development. Low carbon society includes not only low carbon economy, but also low carbon culture, low carbon environment, low carbon law and low carbon life. wait.
Low carbon economy is an economic development mode based on low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions, so as to achieve a win-win economic development pattern of economic and social development and ecological environment protection. Low carbon social status and low carbon economic model reflect human spirit and thought through low carbon behavior. Under the background of low carbon culture and low carbon concept, human behavior will change to varying degrees, which is the result of cultural penetration, influence and influence on people. At the same time, in the process of building a low-carbon ecological environment, low-carbon laws are the support, foundation and guarantee. The new low-carbon lifestyle is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as much as possible while improving the personal welfare of residents. It can achieve low carbon in food, clothing, use, transportation, housing and other aspects. It can also increase carbon sink and reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere by increasing carbon absorption (greening, etc.). Low carbon society covers a wide range and can promote the development of low carbon society from all aspects.
（2） Low carbon economy
Low carbon economy can include low carbon production, low carbon consumption and low carbon services. Low carbon production not only refers to improving the efficiency of carbon use and increasing the productivity of energy consumption through scientific and technological innovation in the process of energy use, but also refers to achieving low carbon in product development and industrial structure, such as reducing high carbon greenhouse gas emissions through the development of new energy such as solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, marine energy, etc, And reduce the consumption of high carbon energy such as coal and oil in the secondary industry by increasing the proportion of the tertiary industry.
Low carbon consumption is a low-carbon oriented symbiotic consumption mode, which balances material consumption, spiritual consumption and ecological consumption, making human consumption behavior and consumption structure more scientific and reasonable, such as low-carbon decoration, selection of low-carbon energy-saving appliances, and reduction of daily "convenience consumption", especially the consumption of plastic bags.
Low carbon services include carbon emission trading services, CDM advisory services, low carbon financial services, corporate carbon management services, carbon footprint and carbon offset goods and services, and so on.
（3） Low carbon industry
Low carbon industry can be divided into three levels. In a broad sense, low-carbon industry refers to low energy consumption and low pollution industries, including renewable energy industry, environmental protection industry, high-tech industry, high-end manufacturing industry, tertiary industry and other low emission industries. The low-carbon industry system itself includes new energy vehicles, energy-saving buildings, energy-saving materials, thermal power emission reduction, industrial energy conservation and emission reduction, resource recovery, environmental protection equipment, etc. Low carbon energy system refers to the development of clean energy, including wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy to replace fossil energy such as coal and oil.
At present, all economies in the world are vigorously promoting the development of low-carbon industries. In the United States, industrial energy consumption accounts for less than 20% of the country's total energy consumption, and Japan accounts for less than 30%, while China's industrial energy consumption accounts for as much as 70% of the country's total energy consumption. China's industrial energy consumption dilemma needs to be broken. The EU will invest 3.2 billion euros by 2013 through cooperation between the government and enterprises for scientific and technological research and development in three industries: innovative manufacturing technology, new low-energy buildings and building materials, environmentally friendly vehicles and intelligent transportation systems. The UK has identified six major areas of industrial technology in the next 10 years: low-carbon industry, low-carbon cars, information networks, life sciences, medicine and advanced manufacturing, and has established a national low-carbon technology investment company.
（4） Low carbon technology
Low carbon technology is an important support for the development of low carbon economy. The most important and core part of low carbon industry is low carbon technology. Low carbon technology can be divided into three types, including carbon reduction technology, carbon free technology and carbon removal technology. Carbon reduction technologies are energy conservation and emission reduction technologies in high energy consumption and high emission fields such as power, transportation, construction, metallurgy, chemical industry, petrochemical industry, and clean coal utilization technologies. Carbon free technology is a renewable energy technology such as nuclear energy, solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy. Carbon removal technology refers to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, which is an emerging technology with large-scale emission reduction potential. CCS captures and safely stores carbon dioxide generated during industrial production in specific geological structures to reduce emissions to the atmosphere, so as to reduce the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. At present, there are more than 300 CCS projects in the world.
（5） Low carbon city - carrier of low carbon
"Low carbon city" refers to the implementation of low carbon economy in the city. While the economy develops rapidly, the city maintains a low level of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Low carbon cities are carriers of low carbon. Low carbon cities can integrate "low carbon society, low carbon economy, low carbon industry", etc., but in the construction of low carbon cities, the most important contents are mainly reflected in low carbon planning, low carbon buildings and low carbon transportation. The theme of World Expo 2010 Shanghai is "City". Tianjin and Binhai New Area should take the construction of low-carbon buildings and low-carbon transportation as an important part of enhancing urban competitiveness.
As for "low-carbon planning", urban development should take the lead in planning. Urban low-carbon planning should adhere to the principle of adapting urban development to economic and social development, coordinating with population, resources and environment, and building a modern ecological livable city. For "low-carbon buildings", low-carbon concepts should be introduced in architectural design, such as full use of solar energy, new building materials with thermal insulation, ventilation and lighting systems, energy-saving heating and cooling systems, etc. As for "low-carbon transportation", vehicles are the main emitters of urban greenhouse gases. We should actively advocate a slow speed transportation system dominated by walking and bicycles, encourage the development of public transportation systems and rapid rail transit systems, and vigorously promote the development of low-carbon transportation vehicles such as hybrid fuel vehicles, electric vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles, and solar cars, So as to realize the low-carbon operation of the city. At present, the carbon dioxide emissions of Shanghai, Beijing and other cities account for the national emissions - the proportion has greatly exceeded the proportion of urban population in the country, especially in urban transportation, urban buildings and other aspects of low-carbon.
3、 Conditions for Tianjin Binhai New Area to develop low-carbon economy
Tianjin Binhai New Area is in the "post financial crisis era". We should grasp the development direction of low-carbon, follow the international development trend and trend of low-carbon, find the best balance between rapid economic development and low-carbon, and make the rising "third growth pole" of China constantly form new advantages for rapid and sustainable development.
（1） Favorable conditions for developing low-carbon in Tianjin Binhai New Area
1. Good policy and institutional environment
Tianjin Binhai New Area is the third growth pole driving China's economic development in the 21st century, and is the pacesetter in implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development. At present, Binhai New Area is taking the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society as the main goal of economic and social development, actively exploring new ways of low-carbon economy, green economy and circular economy, and gradually becoming a livable ecological new city with prosperous economy, harmonious society and beautiful environment, in accordance with the central government's positioning and the concept of ecological revitalization.
2. Have a good foundation for low-carbon industry development
Binhai New Area has formed leading industries such as aerospace, electronic information, automobile and equipment manufacturing, petroleum and marine chemical industry, modern metallurgy, biopharmaceuticals, new materials and new energy. It is one of the largest wind power equipment production areas in China. The construction and utilization of new energy and comprehensive utilization of water resources have taken the lead in the country, reaching the world's advanced level.
3. The construction of Sino Singapore Eco city has provided a demonstration for the development of low-carbon industries
The Sino Singapore Tianjin Eco City gathers international advanced ecological, environmental protection and energy saving technologies, and is striving to build a new human living model of social harmony, economic efficiency and ecological virtuous circle. According to the development orientation, Sino Singapore Eco City will become a comprehensive platform for technological innovation and application promotion of ecological environment protection, energy conservation and emission reduction, green buildings, circular economy, etc., and a livable demonstration new city of "resource saving and environment-friendly". In order to speed up the construction of Sino Singapore Eco City, all kinds of environmental protection and low-carbon product enterprises are bound to gather in Binhai New Area.
4. New energy investment and energy conservation and environmental protection service industry are gathering
The core industry of low-carbon industry is new energy and energy conservation and environmental protection industry. Because Binhai New Area has the policy advantage of first try, it is suitable to gather investment and financing institutions supporting low-carbon industry and high-end service industry of energy conservation and environmental protection. At the same time, the first emission rights exchange in China has been listed and established in Binhai New Area and has started business.
（2） Unfavorable conditions for the development of low-carbon in Tianjin Binhai New Area
1. High carbon industries in Binhai New Area account for a large proportion
Binhai New Area was born under the policy of undertaking the industrial strategy of moving eastward in Tianjin urban area. Compared with Pudong New Area and Shenzhen Special Zone, Binhai New Area's obvious industrial feature is that the secondary industry plays an absolutely dominant role, and the petroleum, chemical, metallurgy and other high carbon, high pollution, high energy consumption state-owned economy leading industries account for a large proportion in the secondary industry.
2. Low carbon independent intellectual property rights and key technologies are still lacking
The lack of independent core technology has become an important bottleneck restricting the rapid development of low-carbon industries in Binhai New Area. Domestic enterprises have less control over low-carbon core technologies and key technologies, and do not have sufficient technical strength reserves. In addition to relying on the introduction of foreign capital, Binhai New Area needs to rely on the R&D investment and independent innovation of domestic enterprises to carry out cooperation in the five aspects of government, industry, education, research and finance, and work together to create a platform for independent innovation of low-carbon technology.
4、 How to Build New Advantages of Low Carbon Development in Tianjin Binhai New Area
Developing low-carbon economy is an inevitable choice to achieve the win-win goal of adjusting economic structure and protecting resources and environment. Whether Binhai New Area can continue to be in the forefront of China's urban economic development in the future depends largely on its ability to develop and adjust in response to the challenges of the global low-carbon economy. In the "low-carbon era", Binhai New Area must face the severe challenge of low-carbon, make full efforts to break through low-carbon technology, vigorously develop low-carbon economy and low-carbon industries, and build a low-carbon society and low-carbon city.
（1） Build a low-carbon legal system - supported by a legal policy system
On the whole, China is still in a weak state in terms of the policy and legal system to promote the development of low-carbon economy. China's relevant legislation is not perfect in the system, such as the absence of separate energy laws in oil, natural gas and other fields. At the same time, the energy legislation is not detailed enough, lacks sufficient operability, has poor environmental enforcement effect, and the environmental protection situation cannot be fundamentally improved. In addition, although the implementation measures of laws and planning also involve tax incentives, subsidies and other incentives to encourage the public and enterprises to voluntarily implement acts conducive to the development of low-carbon economy, there is no detailed incentive means and procedures, resulting in no widespread impact in reality. Tianjin Binhai New Area should play the role of "pacesetter", build and improve its own policy and regulation system related to low-carbon development, and provide institutional guarantee for the rapid development of low-carbon economy. At the same time, we should start to develop a practical and operable short-term, medium-term and long-term low-carbon standard system and corresponding evaluation index system as soon as possible.
（2） Promote low-carbon production revolution - R&D and innovation of core technology is the key
The biggest restriction of the transformation from "high carbon" to "low carbon" is the lack of core technology and the low level of overall technology. If developing countries always expect the capital and technology of developed countries, they will still be in a subordinate position on the new competitive stage of low-carbon economy. Tianjin Binhai New Area should establish its own low-carbon technological innovation system to provide scientific and technological support for the development of low-carbon economy. First, we should increase investment in research and development of low-carbon technologies, vigorously develop, apply and promote new technologies and products, such as solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy utilization technology, carbon dioxide collection and storage technology, ultra-low carbon dioxide steelmaking technology, etc; Second, relying on the existing new energy technology innovation and industrial development platform, vigorously carry out urban, regional and international technical cooperation; Third, strengthen the construction of technology trading mechanism and technology trading market, which is one of the keys to improve the level of low-carbon technology. Promote the research, development and application of low-carbon technologies, equipment and products through the construction of low-carbon trading mechanism and trading market, so that low-carbon technologies can be reasonably allocated among large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises.
（3） Accelerate the adjustment of low-carbon industries -- realize low-carbon industrial structure
When adjusting the industrial direction in the post crisis era, Tianjin Binhai New Area should follow the following guiding ideology: first, follow the international development trend of low-carbon, promote the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure, vigorously develop new energy industry, high-tech industry, advanced manufacturing industry and modern service industry, and achieve low-carbon industrial structure; Second, follow the law of urban industrial evolution, promote the restructuring of the industrial system linked by the industrial value chain, speed up the integration of manufacturing and production services in the Binhai New Area, form a high-end, high-quality, high-tech industrial structure, and build an open new industrial system of fine, knowledge-based and ecological mutual penetration and integrated development; Third, under the guidance of project concentration parks, industrial cluster development, resource intensive utilization, and functional integration construction, we should coordinate the industrial layout planning and the development and construction of functional zones; Fourth, to develop low-carbon industries, we should not only transform the development model of high carbon economy from the adjustment of industrial structure and energy structure, but also seek energy saving ways from all links of the industrial chain and the whole process of product design, production and consumption, and promote energy saving technologies.
（4） Advocating low-carbon lifestyle - building low-carbon cultural values
Low carbon economy not only means that the manufacturing industry should promote scientific and technological innovation of energy conservation and emission reduction, accelerate the elimination of high energy consumption, high pollution industries and backward production capacity, but also means that it is necessary to reflect on which consumption patterns and lifestyles are bad habits and hobbies of wasting energy and increasing emissions of pollution, so as to fully tap the huge potential of energy conservation and emission reduction in the service industry and consumer life. One of the important ways for Tianjin Binhai New Area to turn to a low-carbon economy and a low-carbon lifestyle is to guide and advocate the public to build a low-carbon society, give up the consumption and lifestyle at the cost of high energy consumption, and conduct a low-carbon lifestyle from all aspects of consumption and life, such as "face consumption" at the cost of large energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions The hobby of "luxury consumption", such as promoting small cars and small displacement cars in the use of cars, using private cars as little as possible in the travel, eating more low-carbon food, not extravagance and waste, etc.
Chapter 8: Model of low-carbon transportation system
Key words: low carbon; Urban design; strategy
Due to the accumulation of industry, transportation, construction and other industries, the carbon emissions of cities have always been high. With the rise and development of low-carbon economy, people began to explore low-carbon oriented urban design strategies, trying to minimize urban greenhouse gas emissions. The theoretical research work of low-carbon urban planning in China started late, with relatively weak foundation and relatively low level. Therefore, relevant parties need to strengthen efforts to implement the concept of low-carbon economic development, so as to maximize the sustainable development of cities.
1 Low carbon oriented urban design principles
As a mechanism for the allocation of urban space resources, urban design has become a key means for urban planning departments to guide the development of modern cities. It can not only guide the development of traffic structure reform, urban space planning and other work, but also effectively regulate the form and density of relevant public facilities, buildings, so that the city will take on a new look. At present, the main goal of China's low-carbon city construction work is to develop a "low-carbon city". The main means are to introduce advanced concepts such as ecology and environmental protection in the urban design process, take effective measures to improve the rationality of environmental protection, land use and other work, reduce the carbon emissions of the above work, significantly reduce air pollution, and finally build a "low-carbon city".
2 Urban design strategies from the perspective of low carbon
Relevant research results show that if you want to achieve a "low-carbon city", you must do a good job in three aspects, namely source carbon reduction, process carbon reduction and result carbon reduction. At present, many cities in China attach importance to the implementation of carbon reduction. Through optimizing land use, building urban ecological units and vigorously developing green transportation systems, carbon emissions have been effectively reduced. The specific analysis is as follows:
2.1 Build a city with strong comprehensiveness and high density
In recent years, many countries have promoted the compact development of cities by reasonably controlling the urban density, effectively alleviating the traffic pressure and reducing the emission of vehicle exhaust from the source. As early as 1996, the UN Habitat Conference pointed out the development direction of cities in the future, that is, integrated and intensive cities. The following are the construction strategies of comprehensive intensive cities in the new era: 1) Mixed use of land. In the process of building a low-carbon city, we must do a good job in mixed use of land. This is because mixed land can reduce the frequency and frequency of private car travel, encourage people to travel by public transport, so that urban carbon emissions will be significantly reduced. After the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly and people's living standards have been improved day by day. In this context, many people are keen on shopping and entertainment. Therefore, in the process of planning and designing cities, areas with high frequency of use, such as talent markets, large shopping malls, large supermarkets and other buildings, can be set around bus stops, Further, more citizens are encouraged to use public transport. 2) Improve the compactness of urban space. Improve the compactness of urban space and the density of urban land use, so as to strengthen the integration of transportation and land use, and effectively reduce the frequency and frequency of citizens' transportation trips. Generally, all land within 1km around large public stations such as subway stations and bus stops should be classified as urban construction land. In order to reduce carbon emissions and save land resources, it is necessary to reasonably improve the building density of the area.
2.2 Create a high-quality green transportation system
Urban public transport plays an important role in the cause of "carbon reduction" and plays an indispensable role. Vigorously developing urban public transport can effectively reduce the scale of private transport travel, alleviate traffic congestion, and significantly reduce urban carbon emissions. At this stage, most cities in China have the ability to build high-quality urban public transport systems, and some large cities with large population density have also built subways, which greatly facilitates the travel of citizens. At present, cities should always adhere to the development of green transportation systems. The main strategies are as follows: 1) Strengthen the diversity of conventional public transportation network. Bus is the symbol of urban public transport. Its low ticket price and high convenience attract a large number of citizens to take it. At this stage, the design of bus routes in some cities is not very reasonable, and the transfer between stations is not convenient, so some citizens still choose to drive. To this end, we should constantly strengthen the diversity of the conventional bus network, introduce diversified bus transfer plans, appropriately shorten the distance between bus stops, and let citizens walk less after getting off the bus, Try to meet the travel and transfer needs of citizens in different regions. 2) Vigorously develop the bus rapid transit system. BRT, also known as BRT, is a new type of public passenger transport system between regular bus transit and rapid rail transit, which is called "subway on the ground". The BRT system is favored by the general public because of its large transportation volume, fast passenger transport speed, high safety, strong convenience, and environmental protection. At this stage, in order to highlight the functionality, convenience and environmental protection of public transport and attract more citizens to use public transport services, cities should vigorously develop BRT systems and increase talent and capital investment in the design and construction of BRT systems.
2.3 Building green space system and ecological unit
1) Build wedge green space system. At present, most cities in China adopt the traditional green space system layout scheme, that is, green space system is set up around the city, and the main means is to set green belts or green rings. This green space system layout scheme can limit the disordered expansion of the city. However, the growth of green belts and green rings will reduce the closeness between urban areas and urban centers, virtually increasing the frequency and frequency of private travel, thus increasing the carbon emissions of cities. At present, some cities have introduced the wedge green space system layout scheme, which effectively solves the drawbacks of the traditional green space system layout scheme. The construction of wedge-shaped green space system can facilitate the organization of public transport system and ensure the priority of citizens on public transport system travel to the greatest extent. Facts show that the growth of urban population is highly uncertain, and the existence of green wedge green space system enables urban development to better adapt to the uncertainty of urban population growth, improve the rationality of urban planning and design, and help promote "low-carbon cities". 2) Build ecological units. The wedge green space system mentioned above provides the foundation for the construction of ecological units. The green space in the central area of the city is connected with the wedge green space system, forming a unique style. In terms of urban public transport construction, in order to effectively beautify the city and reduce carbon emissions, farmland, waters, wetlands and green space systems located between public transport corridors can be combined to form unique ecological units. The area of water area and green space should be appropriately increased, the green space should be effectively integrated, the design and construction of ecological units should be carried out appropriately, and high-quality ecological units and green space systems should be used to achieve effective carbon sequestration.
3 Conclusion
Urban design is related to the development level of cities and the quality of people's lives. Building a "low-carbon city" under the new development situation has important practical significance. The experience of foreign developed countries and domestic advanced cities tells us that strengthening the construction of public transport systems, and doing a good job in the planning and design of green space systems and ecological units can effectively reduce the number and frequency of private transport trips, To improve the city's capacity of "carbon reduction" and "carbon fixation", urban planning departments should constantly absorb advanced experience and carry out urban design work according to local conditions, so that the goal of "low-carbon city" can be achieved well and quickly.
reference
[1] Wang Jianguo, Wang Xingping. Green urban design and low-carbon urban planning - the trend under new urbanization [J]. Urban Planning, 2011 (2)
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Chapter 9: Model of low-carbon transportation system
Abstract: With the transformation of the mode of economic development and the development of road transportation enterprises, more and more enterprises begin to carry out low-carbon economic reform from their own reality, attempting to use the basic principles of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) through their own efforts, under the premise of studying the basic situation and development trend of low-carbon economy, Build a low-carbon economic hierarchy model for the highway transportation industry, and provide a good economic environment for the development of the highway transportation industry according to the corresponding knowledge background. Therefore, based on reality, this paper analyzes the economic environment and corresponding countermeasures for the development of the highway transportation industry under the low-carbon economic system, With a view to promoting China's transportation industry in the process of low-carbon economic development can be greatly developed and improved.
Key words: road transportation industry, low-carbon economy, economic environment, development countermeasures
1. Introduction
With the development of society and economy, China is also facing numerous environmental and ecological problems on the premise of rapid socio-economic development. Therefore, the low-carbon economic model emerged as the times require and has become an important economic development model. Therefore, we can see that, The concept of low-carbon and low-carbon economy has begun to be introduced into various industries in the economic field, and highway transportation industry is no exception. At present, China's low-carbon transportation system is still immature. According to relevant statistical data, the carbon dioxide emissions of China's transportation industry in 2007 were about 436 million tons, It is expected to reach 522 million tons and 1108 million tons respectively by 2015 and 2030. Therefore, combined with the above data, we can see that the road transport industry is the culprit of environmental pollution. For the road transport industry, how to build a green low-carbon transport system with low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions has attracted widespread attention of the whole society.
During the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period, the development of China's highway transportation industry faces many opportunities and challenges. Under the trend of developing modern logistics industry, the highway transportation industry needs to make full use of the dominance of national policies, combine its own development premise, and develop the highway transportation industry in a good economic environment, So as to promote China's transportation industry in the process of low-carbon economic development can be greatly developed and improved.
2. The Basic Connotation of Low Carbon Economy and the Low Carbon Mode Analysis of Highway Transportation Industry Development
2.1 Basic connotation of low-carbon economy
Since the 1990s, the concept and development model of low-carbon economy have been introduced into China, which plays an important role in China's economic development. The concept of "low carbon economy" is relative to "high carbon economy". Its definition can be summarized as follows: low carbon economy is an economic growth model of sustainable development, with the basic characteristics of low consumption, low emissions, and high efficiency. Focusing on the efficient and recycling of resources, with the principles of reduction, reuse, and resource-based, it fundamentally abandons the traditional mass production Inappropriate economic development model of massive consumption and waste. The concept of "low-carbon economy" has a wide range of sociality and is a very cutting-edge economic concept, which aims to reduce the carbon footprint in the process of human economic and social development. The concept of low-carbon economy is based on the sustainable development perspective and basic principles. Low carbon economy guides human economic activities through scientific and technological innovation, industrial renewal and other modes and means, combined with basic theoretical knowledge such as ecology and environmental science, so as to achieve the harmonious development of environment and human beings. Therefore, in economic activities, It is required that various materials and energy can be recycled and used sustainably in the process of utilization, so as to achieve the economic goal of low exploitation, high utilization and low emission, and minimize the negative impact of economic activities on the natural environment.
2.2 Low carbon model analysis of highway transportation industry development
Therefore, while developing low-carbon economy, highway transportation industry, as a high energy consumption economic industry, needs to follow this trend and follow the development of low-carbon economic model. Therefore, the low-carbon economic model of highway transportation industry can be systematically summarized as follows:
(1) First of all, follow the basic principles of low-carbon economic development. In the process of production activities, we should try to recycle the resources that can be recycled. If we can't recycle the resources, we should improve their utilization efficiency and maximize the utilization rate of resources, so as to achieve the economic development goal of low emissions and low energy consumption, In the implementation process, the orderly principle of reduction, reuse and resource utilization should be followed to achieve the goal of resource recycling.
(2) For the highway transportation industry, the first principle to adhere to in developing a low-carbon economic model according to its own situation is to reduce the input, which requires highway transportation enterprises to consider resource conservation and utilization efficiency at the source, and to use the least raw materials and energy in the process of economic activities, To achieve the corresponding economic goals, road transportation enterprises should fundamentally realize the intensive use of resources, try to avoid waste, and save resources and environmental protection from the source of production, so as to achieve the overall goal of energy conservation and emission reduction.
(3) The resources of road transport enterprises are transformed into output terminals, which are mainly reflected in the upgrading of transport tools, system management and services. The purpose is to recycle the waste again, reduce the final treatment amount, and dispose the waste by avoiding generation, recycling and final disposal.
Therefore, through the above analysis, we can see that in the road transport industry, according to the low-carbon economic model, it is based on the theory of sustainable development. Therefore, the low-carbon economic hierarchy model of road transport enterprises can provide corresponding theoretical methods and basis for low-carbon economic evaluation.
3. Hierarchical structure of low-carbon economic evaluation for highway transportation enterprises
Generally speaking, the comprehensive evaluation methods of low-carbon economy for highway transportation enterprises are as follows: (1) expert evaluation methods; (2) Data analysis; (3) Analytic hierarchy process; (4) Artificial neural network evaluation method; (5) Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method; (6) Grey comprehensive evaluation method, etc. For the evaluation of low-carbon economy of road transport enterprises, the aspects involved are hierarchical and difficult to estimate. Therefore, using the analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the development degree of low-carbon economy of road transport industry is more significant than other evaluation methods:
3.1 Evaluation objectives
Running a low-carbon economic model in road transport enterprises fully reflects the realization form of low-carbon economy of the enterprise itself. For the enterprise itself, its goal is to maximize profits, while for its own social goals and social responsibilities, it is to maximize the efficiency of resource utilization and waste recycling, which is also a low-carbon economic development model. Therefore, the evaluation objectives of low-carbon economy for road transport enterprises are:
(1) Appraise the development of low-carbon economy in road transportation industry: fully understand the relevant situation of road transportation enterprises in developing low-carbon economy and the relevant factors affecting their development, so as to provide some experience for the development of road transportation industry and other economic industries.
(2) Monitor the current development status and comprehensively evaluate the future development trend: analysis and sorting can comprehensively reflect the low-carbon economic evaluation data and materials of highway transportation enterprises, and evaluate the current development status and comprehensively predict the future development status in combination with the relevant evaluation results.
(3) Provide the basis for road transportation enterprises to optimize management decisions: based on the above evaluation results, fully consider other development factors, and provide the basis for road transportation enterprises to optimize management decisions.
3.2 Index system hierarchy construction
When establishing the evaluation index system, we should build the index system hierarchy based on the basic connotation and design principles of low-carbon economy. Follow the mechanism of road transport enterprises to develop low-carbon economy, set the target level as the development level of low-carbon economy, and set the first level sub goals as the reduction indicators and reuse and resource indicators according to the basic principles of low-carbon economy. Considering that the use of clean fuel vehicles can achieve harmless production, the harmless indicator is also set as the first level sub goal. The indicator layer is set under the first level sub goal, that is, related specific indicators such as fixed assets per unit turnover, direct production resources per unit turnover, floor area per unit turnover, auxiliary production resources per unit turnover, energy consumption per unit turnover, and recycling rate of waste resources.
3.3 Evaluation index calculation
