Selected Safety Operation Analysis (9)

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Part 1: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

Key words: Chad N'Djamena Boko Holy Land, terrorist attack on Chinese companies, operation security

At 9:00 a.m. on June 15, 2015, there were three bomb attacks in N'Djamena, the capital of Chad, which was the first time such terrorist attacks occurred in the region. The terrorist attacks took place near the Central Police Office and the National Police School respectively. Not far from the Central Police Office are the presidential palace of Chad and the French Embassy in Chad. Not far from the police school are the Kempinski Hotel of the United States and the Chad base of CNPC International. Police and hospitals said that 33 people were killed and 101 injured in the attack. After the attack, Chad established a crisis response team led by the Prime Minister, and all security measures in the capital were taken over by the Presidential Guard and the national defense department.

At present, no organization has claimed responsibility for the "terrorist explosion", and some analysts believe that the attack may be the "Boko Holy Land". Whatever the purpose, terrorist attacks have substantially shocked the local people's psychological security, damaged the safe and stable social environment, and affected the psychology and production of employees of Chinese funded companies management Direct and indirect impacts.

In this paper, the safety of the investment and business environment of Chinese companies in Chad analysis And put forward safety suggestions to avoid risks.

1、 Safety analysis of investment and operation environment in Chad

（1） The internal security situation in Chad

Chad has been ruled by powerful people for a long time, and there are serious national conflicts in the country. In the "Debbie era", the country's politics are basically stable, but corruption is serious. The current President Idriss Deby has been in power for 24 years since he was officially elected as President in 1991. He will run for re-election for the fifth time in Chad's presidential election in April 2016. President Deby has a strong ruling style, severely cracked down on the anti-government armed forces, and reconciled with several opposition parties representing the interests of the northern and southern nationalities, effectively controlling tribal conflicts, and the domestic political situation is basically stable.

The long-term power rule in Chad has bred serious corruption. According to the survey results of Transparency International in 2013, Chad ranks 163 out of 174 countries surveyed globally, and is rated as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Chad is also one of the top five countries in the world in terms of living costs, with high prices but low salaries. In addition, some important positions of the government are held by members of the Deby family, and some policies often make the already difficult life of the people worse. For example, the policy of forcing motorcycle drivers to wear safety helmets in 2015 was originally conducive to traffic safety, but the price of helmets has soared after the policy. The government's policy has become a way for individuals to seek profits, which is hard for ordinary families to bear. For this reason, local college students also clashed with the police, resulting in the death of many students.

The ethnic contradictions in Chad are mainly the contradictions between the Arab peoples in the north and the indigenous peoples in the south. Since the 6th century AD, the two sides have formed profound ethnic conflicts because the northern Arab nomads occupied the territory of the local indigenous Sao people and enslaved the southern indigenous people for a long time. Since then, during the French colonial period, the policy of divide and rule between the two factions has further intensified the north-south contradiction, which has continued to this day, and has become the fundamental reason for the prominent tribal and party contradictions in Chad today.

Domestic anti-government forces have existed for a long time. On February 2, 2008, the rebels attacked the capital N'Djamena via eastern Chad, and General Daud Sommen, the Chadian General Staff Officer, was killed in the battle that day. On February 3, the rebels surrounded the presidential palace, and the Chadian government forces and the rebels fought fiercely. On February 4, with the efforts of France, the United Nations Security Council authorized other countries to help the Chadian government fight against the rebels. France said it would support the Chadian government by force, and then the rebels withdrew from N'Djamena.

（2） The external security situation in Chad

At present, the biggest security risk outside Chad is the "Boko Haram" organization. "Boko Holy Land" is an Islamic extremist terrorist organization in Nigeria. It started in Maiduguri in the north of the country in 2002 and gradually spread to the whole northern region after 2004. Since 2009, terrorist attacks have continued to escalate and spread to Cameroon, Niger and Chad. In terms of geographical location, Borno State, the headquarters of "Boko Holy Land", is close to Lake Chad and is located at the junction of Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.

Boko Haram means "western education that forbids evil". As an Islamic fundamentalist organization, its creed is to oppose western culture, modern science, western education system, democratic election and voting and other western cultures. "Boko Holy Land" has a considerable appeal among extreme Muslims and young people in the lower strata. In the face of complicated ethnic conflicts, religious conflicts, the gap between the rich and the poor, political corruption and other social problems, for African Muslims, Islam provides them with a certificate of identity. In this context, "Boko Holy Land" It is easy to get sympathy and support from some people. "Boko Holy Land" is nothing more than building an organizational and armed platform for some groups in this interest fight. This absurd proposition, which seems to run counter to civilization, has become the root of the existence of "Boko Holy Land", whose political and social basis cannot be underestimated.

On February 7, 2015, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Benin announced the formation of a multinational joint force and the establishment of a headquarters in N'Djamena, the capital of Chad. This is the first time that the five countries have set up a joint force. By cutting off cross-border supply lines and strengthening joint military operations, they have formed a encirclement trend against the "Boko Holy Land". The strike has achieved obvious results, but also stimulated the "lone wolf" attacks.

In March 2015, the "Boko Holy Land" announced its loyalty to the "Islamic State". Although there was a suspicion of bravado, the "Islamic State"'s rich experience in combat and training, as well as abundant operating funds, did have great psychological implications for the "Boko Holy Land". The strengthening of the awareness of cooperation between the two terrorist organizations and the actual cooperation that may exist in the future will bring about political and economic spillover effects and long-term threats to regional peace and stability.

（3） Support from French allies

Historically, France's colonial rule over Chad made Chad heavily dependent on and subject to France in terms of economy and military. France has a strong political and military influence over Chad. After Chad's independence, France signed a series of cooperation agreements with Chad in national defense, economy, culture and other aspects, and stationed 3000 permanent troops in Chad. Since then, Chad has had many anti government armed struggles, in which the French army has participated and helped the government suppress the rebels. France also provides transportation and intelligence sharing for the Chadian army, and has established the staff headquarters of the Crescent Sand Dune Operation against Boko Haram in N'Djamena.

After the terrorist attack, the French government soon stated that it would condemn the attack on the N'Djamena police headquarters and police school, express condolences to the victims, and support Chad in combating terrorist forces.

2、 Current investment situation of Chinese companies in Chad

At present, there are three types of Chinese enterprises in Chad: first, processing and service industries invested by private entrepreneurs; Second, municipal infrastructure construction companies represented by CGCOC and Sinohydro; Third, mineral mining enterprises represented by PetroChina. In short, the greater the investment in Chad, the greater the risk.

Due to the instability of government policies and social security problems, private entrepreneurs are faced with eating, taking, blocking and important events everywhere. When encountering extreme events, it is simply "fighting with life" and difficult to survive.

Due to the financial difficulties of the government, investment funds for many projects in Chad cannot be implemented, and many projects are waiting for follow-up funds indefinitely during construction. Civil servants in China also went on strike for many times because of low wages and financial failure to pay salaries. Municipal infrastructure construction companies represented by CGCOC have huge government receivables.

With the continuous increase of project investment in venture capital projects represented by PetroChina, after the project enters the large-scale production period, China's bargaining chips and room for manoeuvre become smaller and smaller, and the Chadian government's bargaining power gradually increases. In addition, the nationalism of resource countries has risen or the political and economic situation has worsened, so PetroChina is easily targeted and threatened.

Chad is highly dependent on the oil industry, which often results in business exploitation. Since 2003, Chad's oil industry has developed rapidly. At present, its oil revenue accounts for more than 90% of the national financial revenue. The government's policy towards foreign oil companies is highly variable. The government has repeatedly threatened oil companies with the cancellation of licenses due to dissatisfaction with the distribution of interests with oil companies. It has raised interest demands such as increasing the royalty rate of mining areas and paying back taxes, squeezed the interests of foreign oil companies (turn to page below) (continue to page above), and caused huge losses to foreign investors. Since 2014, ExxonMobil has first asked ExxonMobil to pay a huge amount of statistical fees, and then issued a huge amount of environmental fines to PetroChina. Chevron transferred its Chadian assets (including oil field and pipeline rights and interests) to the government in June 2014, thus exiting the Chadian market. Glencore, relying on its strong oil and mineral sales market and strong financial resources, took the opportunity to provide loans to the Chadian government and acquire Chevron's assets in Chad, thus getting on well with the Chadian government.

After years of operation, companies investing in Chad have deeply recognized the risks of Chad's investment environment, and have actively prepared operational countermeasures. However, the terrorist attack added uncertainties to the development of the company in Chad, making the future of Chad uncertain.

3、 The Impact of Terrorist Explosion on the Operation of Chinese funded Companies in Kazakhstan

Its purpose is to use all kinds of unusual means to create trouble, trigger a terrorist atmosphere, undermine people's confidence and disrupt normal production and life.

This terrorist explosion is the first suicide bomb attack in N'Djamena, and it can be concluded that this will not be the last terrorist attack. As long as the soil where terrorist events take place has not fundamentally changed, the "demonstration effect" of terrorist cases will continue to expand. The recklessness of terrorist organizations and the competition of various forces before the 2016 presidential election have led to the rapid deterioration of the business security situation in Chad. As an enterprise making a living on the land of Chad, it should understand the terrorist explosion from the following aspects and take countermeasures:

First, focus on assessing political risks to explore cooperation with the Chadian government beyond the status of stakeholders; Pay close attention to the trends of various political forces. Make full use of the advantages of national diplomacy to avoid subversive events in the top-level design of company operation. At the same time, we need to pay close attention to the changes in the macro political and economic situation of the countries in the region, strengthen the short-term and long-term research on the regional situation, do a lot of scenario planning and related emergency multi scheme design, and try to avoid possible losses.

Second, carefully study and analyze the exit mechanism of major western oil companies from "high-risk projects". On the one hand, we should abandon the conservative idea of seeking stability and fearing chaos, and actively develop; On the other hand, we should also pay attention to avoiding the "three high" intensive areas such as asset ratio, resource ratio and geopolitical risk as far as possible. We should comprehensively consider the operability of asset share ratio optimization, innovate cooperation methods, consider diversified domestic and foreign partners, and improve the overall anti risk ability through multi-level optimization of asset risk portfolio.

Third, even if the terrorist explosion was not directly committed by "Boko Holy Land", it is also inseparable from it. Therefore, we need to be highly vigilant against the deterioration of regional security situation and possible political and economic spillover effects caused by "Boko Holy Land". Refine security measures based on the suggestions of the security consultant.

4、 Conclusion

The first sentence of A Tale of Two Cities goes like this: This is the best time, this is the worst time. In the face of a new era, enterprises must follow the law of enterprise development and improve their ability to control risks according to internal and external conditions. In the process of cooperation between enterprises and the government, they are always in a weak position. Never use domestic or past successful experience to mechanically copy to the Chad project. Experience can only explain the past, but cannot accurately predict the future.

Part 2: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

（1） Sustainability analysis of income

The overall income of an enterprise can be divided into operating income and non operating income. The proportion of profits generated from operating activities and the corresponding operating cash flow determine whether the source of the company's income is stable and reliable. Operating income mainly comes from the daily sales of products and the provision of services, while non operating income mainly comes from asset disposal and securities trading. Asset disposal is not the company's main business and does not reflect the company's core competence. Therefore, although non operating income is also "income", it does not represent the company's profitability. Compared with operating income, the sustainability of non operating income is low and the risk is high. From the perspective of earnings sustainability, the greater the proportion of operating earnings, the better the quality of earnings. The indicators involved are: (1) inflow structure ratio analysis; （2） Net Income Operating Index.

（2） Growth analysis of income

The operation of an enterprise has four life cycles, namely, the start-up period, the growth period, the maturity period and the decline period. Generally speaking, the vertical comparison of various financial indicators of enterprises can roughly find the development and changes of enterprises. The gross profit rate and profit of enterprises with growth value are growing rapidly, while they will continue to decline in declining markets. Through growth ability analysis, we can judge the matching between current accounting income and future profitability. The stronger the growth of an enterprise's operation, the better the sustainability of its current earnings and future earnings. The smaller the difference between the reported earnings and the actual performance of the enterprise, the stronger the possibility of the enterprise to continuously obtain earnings, and thus the better the quality of earnings. The indicators involved in the analysis of an enterprise's growth capacity are: (1) the growth rate of net profit after deducting non recurring gains and losses; （2） Operating cash growth rate.

（3） Profitability analysis of enterprises

Profitability is the ability of an enterprise to earn profits, the material basis for its survival and development, and the key to its sustainable development. The strong profitability of the enterprise indicates that the enterprise can make profits quickly, which is the key to the sustainable profitability of the enterprise. The quality of earnings is high. The indicators involved in the analysis of enterprise profitability are: (1) operating profit ratio; （2） Gross profit margin of sales.

（4） Cash guarantee degree of income

Nowadays, enterprises pay more and more attention to the analysis of cash flow, and even put forward the view that "cash is king". This is because the recognition of enterprise accounting revenue and expenses is based on the accrual basis. Under the accrual basis, income or expense is recognized based on the occurrence of economic business or transaction, rather than cash inflow or outflow of the enterprise. Therefore, the profit after matching revenue and expense is naturally different from the net cash inflow. Accounting income is real income only when there is a corresponding cash inflow, otherwise it may only be book income. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the degree of cash guarantee. The analysis of cash guarantee degree of income is to distinguish cash income from non cash income. The indicators involved are: (1) cash inflow ratio of sales; （2） Cash to earnings ratio.

（5） Safety analysis of income

The safety of income is a direct manifestation of the size of risks faced by business activities. The greater the risk of income, the lower the ability of enterprises to adapt to the internal and external business environment, the greater the business risk they face, the lower the safety of income, and the lower the quality of income; On the contrary, the quality of earnings is high. The security analysis of earnings includes two aspects. On the one hand, it analyzes the turnover degree of enterprise earnings recovered in the form of receivables. If earnings are long-term receivables rather than actual cash inflows, it indicates that the risk of actually recovered earnings is high, earnings security is low, earnings quality is low, and the gap between reported earnings and actual earnings will be larger. On the other hand, analyze the solvency of the enterprise. If the enterprise blindly increases its capital with debt to realize its business activities, but exceeds its own bottom line of debt repayment, it will increase the risk of realizing earnings. Even if it can obtain higher net profits, its earnings quality is not good. The indicators involved in the security analysis of income include: (1) turnover rate of accounts receivable; （2） Debt service coverage ratio.

2、 An Empirical Analysis of Enterprise Earnings Quality from the Perspective of Financial Statements

Take Minmetals Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai 600058) as a sample for empirical analysis.

Of course, the most reliable data - quantitative analysis - can explain the quality of enterprise earnings. Comprehensively use the financial statements of Minmetals Development (see Appendix A, Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3) to calculate and analyze the financial indicators. The quantitative analysis of earnings quality is carried out from the perspectives of the sustainability of Minmetals' development earnings, the growth of earnings, the profitability of enterprises, the cash guarantee degree of earnings and the safety of earnings.

（1） Sustainability analysis of income

From the perspective of sustainability of earnings, Minmetals has adopted inflow structure ratio and net earnings operation index.

The proportion of cash received from selling goods and providing services, tax refunds and other cash related to operating activities in the total inflow of operating activities. In the past three years, the cash received from selling goods and providing labor services accounted for an absolute proportion. The income from operating activities remained stable and the quality of accounting income was high.

The operation index of net income calculated in combination with the attached financial statements is:

Operating index of net income in 2006: 562805861/657235430=0.86

Operating index of net income in 2007: 749492733/837654920=0.89

Operating index of net income in 2008: 1572138969/1767815456=0.89

The larger the net income operation index is, the greater the net income generated from operating activities is, the more sustainable the enterprise's income is, and the higher the quality of accounting income is. The data of the past three years show that the operating index of the company's net income is close to 1, which indicates that the profit brought by operating activities is dominant in its profit structure, making the company's income stable and the quality of income better.

Therefore, from the perspective of revenue sustainability, Minmetals' revenue quality is good

（2） Growth analysis of income

From the perspective of income growth, the indicators used are the growth rate of net profit after deducting non recurring gains and losses and the growth rate of operating cash.

Minmetals Development has seen some growth rates of earnings in the past two years. The operating cash inflow has increased significantly, which indicates that the operating earnings of the enterprise are constantly improving and the earnings are growing. It also means that the profits realized by the enterprise are constantly being recovered in real cash. Although the growth rate of net profit excluding non operating profit and loss has declined, it has increased at a high rate in the past two years. Excluding the impact of short-term investment income, net non operating income and expenditure and other contingent income, the analyzed net profit is the most sustainable and stable. The continuous growth of such income and accompanying cash flow shows that the growth of the actual income of the enterprise is good. Therefore, from the perspective of income growth, Minmetals' income quality is good.

（3） Profitability analysis of enterprises

From the perspective of enterprise profitability, the quality of earnings of Minmetals' development is analyzed. The indicators involved are operating profit ratio

Rate and gross profit rate of sales. According to the attached report, we can calculate:

Operating profit ratio in 2006: 562805861/657235430=85.63%

Operating profit ratio in 2007: 749492733/837654920=89.48%

Operating profit ratio in 2008: 1572138969/1767815456=88.93%

It can be seen that in the past three years, the operating profit of the enterprise has accounted for an absolute proportion of the total profit. The income of the enterprise mainly comes from the normal business activities of the enterprise, thus ensuring the profitability of the enterprise.

Gross profit rate of sales in 2006: (66596948952-64554759460)/66596948952=3.07%

Gross profit rate of sales in 2007: (76474881917-73996719689)/76474881917=3.24%

Gross profit rate of sales in 2008: (85057879305-81559526074)/85057879305=4.11%

（4） Analysis of cash guarantee degree of income

From the perspective of the cash guarantee degree of earnings, the quality of earnings of Minmetals Development is analyzed. The indicators involved are the cash inflow ratio of sales and the cash income ratio. Combined with the attached financial statements, it is calculated that:

Cash sales ratio in 2006: 68750067910/66596948952=1.03

Cash sales ratio in 2007: 74374810556/76474881917=0.97

Sales cash ratio in 2008: 94076852380/85057879305=1.11

From the data of the past three years, it can be seen that the cash sales ratio is greater than or close to 1, indicating that the enterprise has a high level of cash receipts and a strong ability to obtain cash. In particular, the indicators in 2006 and 2008 are both greater than 1, which means that not only the current income is fully recovered in cash, but also the previous accounts receivable are recovered, which means that the enterprise income is accompanied by a substantial cash inflow. The index of 2007 is also close to 1, indicating that most of the income is recovered in cash. From this point of view, the income quality of enterprises is good.

Cash income ratio in 2006: (- 3978508960+20530372+6500677)/332500330=-11.88

Cash income ratio in 2007: (7410484904+2356152+28021762)/530640466=14.02

Cash income ratio in 2008: (- 442560751+633678+2621003)/1062974407=-0.41

（5） Safety analysis of income

From the perspective of income security, Minmetals Development's income quality adopts indicators such as turnover rate of accounts receivable and debt service guarantee ratio. Combined with the attached financial statements, it is calculated that:

Turnover rate of accounts receivable in 2006: 66596948952/1440404386=46.23

Days of turnover of accounts receivable in 2006: 360/46.23=7.79 days

Turnover rate of accounts receivable in 2007: 76474881917/[(1286866595+1440404386)/2]=56.08

Days of turnover of accounts receivable in 2007: 360/56.08=6.41 days

Turnover rate of accounts receivable in 2008: 85057879305/[(1065734622+1440404386)/2]=67.88

Days of turnover of accounts receivable in 2008: 360/67.88=5.30 days

According to the data of the past three years. The short turnover days of the enterprise's accounts receivable and the faster and faster collection speed indicate that the enterprise's bad debt losses are small, the risk of uncollectible accounts is small, the security of earnings is high, and the gap between the reported earnings and the actual performance is small.

Debt service guarantee ratio in 2006: 24234071359/(- 3978508960)=-6.09

Debt service guarantee ratio in 2007: 18192836321/7410484904=2.45

Debt service guarantee ratio in 2008: 28912457032/(- 442560751)=-65.33

3、 Conclusion

To sum up, the indicator of cash to income ratio in 2006 and 2008 is negative, which is caused by the negative net cash flow from operating activities. The reason is that the operating outflow spent in order to obtain operating inflow is too high, and the cash outflow is greater than the cash inflow. The cash guarantee ability of earnings is questionable. Although the index of 2007 is positive, the index is too high and far greater than 1, indicating that the enterprise has sufficient monetary capital, but the efficiency of capital use and the income generated are not high. It can be seen from this that, from the perspective of the degree of cash guarantee, the cash yield index is poor and the quality of earnings is low. Minmetals Development should pay attention to the cost control of cash receipts and the efficiency of the use of funds in order to improve the quality of its own earnings. The data of the past three years show that the operating index of the company's net income is close to 1, which indicates that the profit brought by operating activities is dominant in its profit structure, making the company's income stable and the quality of income better.

Part 3: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

Key words: marketing safety early warning system early warning management

0 Introduction

In this financial crisis, many enterprises have been in bankruptcy due to debt problems and product backlog problems because they have not paid attention to marketing safety for a long time. However, some enterprises have been paying attention to marketing safety issues, which has not affected them. On the contrary, they have strengthened their strength in the crisis, and sales are still booming. The financial crisis has made the business community realize the importance of marketing safety again. Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has been developing at a high speed, but Chinese enterprises have insufficient understanding of marketing safety issues, and their success is often based on high risk and blind action. These non-standard marketing behaviors in our market, accompanied by high risks and crises, tell us that it is urgent to strengthen the research on marketing safety of enterprises, strengthen the marketing safety awareness of enterprises, establish their own marketing safety management system, and fully implement the early warning management of marketing safety of enterprises.

1. Analysis of the meaning and necessity of marketing safety

1.1 Marketing safety From the perspective of marketing engineering, marketing safety means that the marketing flow on the marketing line will not reduce and slow down due to the impact of some factors from inside and outside the enterprise. From the perspective of general marketing, it refers to the sustainable marketing state that the enterprise will not cause serious marketing accidents or marketing crises due to the influence of marketing risks or marketing threats from inside and outside the enterprise, resulting in marketing losses or marketing failures of the enterprise, so as to maintain.

Enterprise marketing activities, in essence, are the movement process of marketing flow on the marketing line. This process has its own laws of motion and is supported by a series of elements. When these elements remain stable, the marketing flow can operate normally. When these elements change, enterprises must take corresponding emergency measures to adapt to the new situation and maintain the normal operation of marketing activities. If the enterprise is not aware of these changes, or has been aware of them, but has not taken decisive measures, it will form a marketing crisis. Therefore, enterprises must strengthen marketing safety management.

1.2 Necessity of strengthening marketing safety management Strengthening marketing safety management during marketing can reduce the occurrence of marketing crisis and marketing accidents. Marketing crisis is a threat to the normal operation of the marketing flow caused by some elements inside or outside the enterprise. Once this state takes effect, the normal movement of the marketing flow will be affected and will evolve into a marketing accident. Marketing accident is a destructive event in the process of marketing flow movement.

In the first half of 2008 alone, there were 67000 small and medium-sized enterprises with a scale above closed down in China, and the number of bankrupt enterprises increased significantly compared with the same period last year, which shows the shortcomings of Chinese enterprises in the marketing process when facing the crisis. Similar to China, the number of bankrupt enterprises in the world is also on the rise, which tells us that it has become an inevitable trend to implement marketing safety management in the process of enterprise marketing. Systematically analyze the basic factors affecting marketing safety, and comprehensively establish the early warning system and protection system of enterprise marketing safety, so as to prevent the occurrence of marketing crisis and marketing accidents.

2 Basic contents of marketing safety

Marketing safety involves all aspects of enterprise operation and management. It is not only closely related to enterprise marketing activities, but also involves all aspects of enterprise production and operation management, such as business management and financial management. Its content is very extensive. From the perspective of marketing engineering alone, there are three basic contents.

2.1 Brand safety brand is the symbol of an enterprise and the most basic link in enterprise marketing activities. It is not easy to create a brand. It not only requires a large amount of long-term investment in advertising, promotion and product packaging, but also it is not easy to maintain a good brand for a long time. To some extent, it can be said that owning a brand means owning a market, and losing a brand means losing a market. Once an enterprise's brand falls, its entire marketing process will be difficult to continue. Therefore, brand safety is the basic content of marketing safety.

2.2 Marketing Line Safety Marketing line is the lifeline of enterprise marketing activities and the communication channel between enterprises and the market. The products of the enterprise continuously enter the market through this line, and the money obtained from the sales of products in the market continuously enters the enterprise through this line. Maintaining the stability and smoothness of this line is an important task for marketing safety.

2.3 Marketing flow safety Marketing flow safety means that during the production and operation of the marketing flow, there will be no crisis due to the influence of some factors, which will lead to a significant reduction in the flow rate and flow of the entire marketing flow. Marketing flow is the carrier moving on the marketing line. The goal of enterprise marketing is to maximize the flow and velocity of marketing flow and minimize the attenuation. Only when the flow and velocity are maximized and the attenuation is minimized can the investment be minimized and the profit be maximized. Therefore, the safety of marketing flow is the core content of marketing safety and the factor that enterprises must control to promote marketing safety management.

3 Framework of enterprise marketing safety early warning system

Early warning management is one of the core contents of enterprise marketing safety management. According to the early warning management theory, the enterprise marketing safety early warning model is an early warning system established by the enterprise based on the marketing safety management system. The entire marketing safety early warning system of the enterprise is carried out in this model

3.1 Enterprise marketing safety early warning monitoring system The premise of enterprise marketing safety early warning activities is to determine that all important links of enterprise marketing activities are the monitored objects, that is, the activity links and fields where marketing crises and marketing accidents may occur. There are two tasks: one is to monitor the process of enterprise marketing activities, and monitor the relationship between the monitored objects and other activities; The second is to analyze and process a large amount of monitoring information and establish information archives.

3.2 Identify the indicators and principles of early warning objects Through theoretical analysis and empirical investigation, find out various safety factors that affect the process of enterprise marketing activities, and then analyze these factors to get a hierarchical set of factors, which is the enterprise marketing safety early warning indicator system to be established.

3.3 Determining the critical area Critical area refers to determining the range of enterprise marketing security levels, and each level corresponds to a range. To determine the state of enterprise marketing security, we must first determine the critical value range of enterprise marketing security level.

3.4 Identification, diagnosis and evaluation Through monitoring and analysis of marketing information, the existing marketing risks and possible marketing crisis trends in enterprise marketing activities can be established. The task of identification is to select "appropriate" early warning indicators to judge which marketing link of the enterprise is about to or has had a marketing crisis. Diagnosis is to systematically analyze and predict the development trend of various identified marketing risks and marketing crises. The diagnostic tool is the enterprise specific and social unified evaluation index system determined from the identification process. Evaluation is to assess the risks of the confirmed marketing risks and marketing crises, so as to clarify how enterprises will continue to suffer under the impact of these marketing crises and marketing risks, including enterprise loss evaluation and social loss evaluation.

3.5 Output the enterprise marketing safety value On the basis of identification, diagnosis and evaluation, comprehensively analyze and process the enterprise marketing safety information in all links, conduct summary analysis, and obtain the overall marketing safety status of the enterprise. And immediately formulate a report on the marketing safety status of the enterprise, and report it to the enterprise marketing management decision-maker for decision-making.

3.6 Decision makers of enterprise marketing safety management make marketing management decisions according to the reported enterprise marketing safety conditions. If the enterprise marketing is in a safe state, it should continue to monitor; If it is unsafe, take corresponding measures immediately.

4 Problems that enterprises should pay attention to when implementing marketing safety early warning management

After building the marketing safety early warning system, enterprises should actively implement the marketing safety early warning management in the process of enterprise marketing activities. It is to monitor the whole marketing process in an all-round way, and to warn possible marketing risks and marketing crises. In order to avoid the occurrence of marketing crisis and marketing accidents in the marketing process, enterprises should actively promote the early warning management system of enterprise marketing safety.

4.1 Establishing the concept of enterprise marketing safety Lack of marketing safety concept is the biggest marketing crisis. A well-known "century old store" cannot be achieved overnight. It needs scientific management and careful care from generation to generation. Enterprises, especially their leaders, must first have the concept of enterprise marketing safety, so that they can create a famous "century old store". General Motors, the world's largest automobile company, failed to pay attention to marketing safety in recent years, which made the giant with a history of 100 years fall into the flood tide of the economic crisis and officially announced the application for bankruptcy protection on June 1.

4.1.1 Understand the significance of enterprise marketing safety. Enterprises must clearly understand the significance of marketing security for enterprise development, correctly handle the relationship between development and security, so that the development of enterprises can be on a safe track, rather than at the expense of security. The one-sided emphasis on development and neglect of safety can only accelerate the enterprise's demise.

4.1.2 Understand enterprise marketing safety knowledge. In order to establish the concept of enterprise marketing safety, we must learn marketing safety knowledge and master the basic technology of marketing safety management. If you know nothing about enterprise marketing safety, you can't talk about enterprise marketing safety management, and certainly can't talk about taking corresponding measures to ensure enterprise marketing safety.

4.1.3 Improve the enterprise marketing safety concept. In some enterprises, the business philosophy of their main leaders is very risky. To implement safety marketing, enterprises must have a set of correct business marketing safety philosophy as the theoretical basis for guiding all marketing activities of enterprises. Only when the concept of enterprise marketing safety is deepened to every link of the enterprise marketing process, can enterprise marketing activities be truly safe.

4.2 Strengthening the marketing safety audit is just like the regular inspection of a huge ship sailing in the sea, and the enterprise marketing also needs regular audit. Comprehensive and timely marketing safety audit is an important measure to strengthen marketing safety and prevent marketing crisis.

4.2.1 Establish a marketing safety audit institution. Set up safety marketing auditors or audit institutions in the Marketing Department. Enterprises unable to set up special personnel or institutions should at least set up special functions to be responsible for comprehensive audit of enterprise marketing safety.

4.2.2 Conduct marketing safety audit regularly and irregularly. Enterprise marketing safety auditors and audit institutions shall regularly or irregularly hold partial or comprehensive enterprise marketing safety audit activities. From the perspective of empirical research, local marketing safety audit should be carried out for enterprises at least once a month; The overall enterprise marketing safety audit shall be conducted at least once a quarter; For marketing activities in high-risk marketing links, there should be marketing safety audit activities every week or even every day.

4.2.3 Prepare audit statements. The enterprise marketing safety auditors and audit institutions shall, according to the results of the enterprise marketing safety audit, timely provide the enterprise marketing safety audit report and submit it to the enterprise management decision-making department. In the audit report, the level of enterprise marketing safety must be divided, and the status of each level must be described and analyzed in detail to find out its influencing factors, predict the development trend of its crisis, and indicate the degree of harm it may cause. Let the company's decision-making level be very clear about the security situation of enterprise marketing, so as to take effective measures in time to ensure the normal operation of enterprise marketing.

4.2.4 Put forward measures to solve crisis and ensure safety. Enterprise marketing safety auditors and audit institutions should put forward basic measures to ensure enterprise marketing safety according to the results of enterprise marketing safety audit. These measures must include the problems they are aimed at, the specific methods and deadlines to solve, the specific departments to implement the measures, etc., so that these measures must be operable.

4.2.5 Effect tracking. The enterprise marketing safety auditors and audit institutions shall track the implementation of the marketing safety solutions and management measures proposed by them throughout the process and check their implementation. If the expected effect is not achieved, the updating measures must be adjusted in time until all problems are solved satisfactorily.

4.3 The establishment of the enterprise marketing safety pre belt management system should promote the enterprise marketing safety early warning management, and the enterprise must establish a unified and perfect marketing safety early warning management system. Only by establishing the enterprise marketing safety early warning management system, can the enterprise incorporate the marketing safety early warning management into the daily activities of the enterprise, and ensure the safety of the enterprise marketing activities from the system. ① Marketing crisis management system. It includes the prevention, identification and handling of marketing crisis, as well as the summary of marketing crisis. ② Marketing accident management system. Including the prevention, discovery, identification, treatment, summary and other basic contents of marketing accidents. ③ Marketing safety audit system. It includes the basic contents of audit objects, contents, time, methods, results, etc. ④ Marketing safety reward and punishment system. Reward the individuals and departments who have made great contributions to marketing safety, and punish the individuals and departments who have caused marketing crises and marketing accidents. ⑤ Marketing safety education and training system. Education and training of marketing safety knowledge and marketing safety concept for all employees of the enterprise, as well as education, training and improvement systems for responsible personnel causing marketing crisis and marketing accident of the enterprise.

5 Conclusion

In the process of marketing, enterprises must strengthen marketing safety, which involves the survival of enterprises, and enterprises must attach great importance to it. On the basis of establishing the framework of enterprise marketing safety early warning system, systematic analysis is made on various behaviors and information collected in the process of enterprise marketing, and marketing safety early warning management measures are implemented in a timely manner. Only in this way can enterprises effectively prevent the occurrence of marketing crisis and marketing accidents.

reference

[1] Jia Changrong. Safe Marketing of Marketing [M]. China Social Sciences Press, 2008

[2] Cai Jing, Li Wei. Three dimensional structural model of marketing security [J]. Economic system reform. 2007 (1)

Chapter 4: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

Key words: big data era; Financial management; Problems; countermeasure

CLC No.: F230 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1001-828X (2016) 006-000-02

In modern economic society, technological progress is changing with each passing day. The era of Internet and big data has had a profound impact on social and economic life. With the help of the Internet, big data and cloud computing technology, new models and new businesses in the field of enterprise management continue to emerge. Enterprise management includes production management, marketing management and financial management, among which financial management is the core of the whole management system. Financial management includes financing management, investment management, working capital management, profit distribution management and many other aspects. The goal of financial management is the goal pursued by enterprises. In general, affected by various factors, enterprises simply pursue production and sales in order to survive. The management ideology is rigid and backward, and the core position of financial management is ignored. As a result, enterprise management is limited to the production and operation management pattern, and the role of enterprise financial management and risk control has not been fully played. Accounting personnel provide decision-making basis for enterprise managers through data analysis. These information is very superficial and incomplete, and it is difficult to reflect the deep level problems of enterprise production and operation. Under the condition of big data, these problems will be solved easily.

1、 Problems in financial management under big data and their causes

（1） Modern financial management awareness is weak and the concept is outdated

Financial management mainly includes financing decision, investment decision, dividend distribution decision, etc., which runs through all stages of enterprise production and operation. Due to the influence of traditional financial management, enterprise managers have weak awareness and outdated ideas in financial management. The business decision data of the enterprise mainly comes from the processing of the financial statements. The business decision mainly depends on the subjective judgment of the main leaders. The financial management is simplified and formalized, and the financial management system becomes a decoration. With the continuous development of market economy and increasingly fierce competition, if there is not enough modern management awareness, ignoring the understanding of specific financial management methods such as time value, marginal cost, risk cost and opportunity cost, and without systematic processing of business data, financial management tools cannot play a role, which will affect the business management activities of enterprises, It is easy to cause financing and investment mistakes and increase business risks.

（2） Hidden dangers in financial management information security

In the era of big data, with the help of the Internet, all business entities will form a data family, and data generation, dissemination and utilization

With rapidity and extensiveness, financial management has become an open economic management activity, which is no longer limited to the internal enterprise. The internal and external communication of financial management information has brought hidden dangers to information security. Computer viruses and network hackers are threatening the security of financial management data. Due to various means of information exchange, sensors, social networks, e-mail, and document records, including business management data, customer information, accounting record details, and prediction and decision information, if disclosed, enterprises will suffer huge losses. The security management of financial data is not only the guarantee for the stable development of enterprises, but also the basis for building a harmonious society.

（3） Weak financial control ability and poor risk awareness

Financial control refers to measuring and correcting the process and results of capital investment and income of enterprises to ensure the realization of financial plans. The enterprise cannot use the convenience brought by big data for financial analysis and decision-making, resulting in weak financial control ability, poor risk awareness, and incomplete financial analysis. Most enterprises have blindness in fund management and use, and lack of planning and arrangement. When the business is in good condition, a large amount of idle funds cannot be fully utilized; In case of lack of working capital, borrow at any cost. They do not attach importance to the rational allocation of various capital forms. When short-term debt matures, because there is not enough monetary capital to repay the debt, they have to "rob Peter to pay Paul", or even cannot repay, affecting the enterprise's credit. There is blindness in investment activities and poor risk awareness. There is no sufficient demonstration process, little consideration is given to changes in the macroeconomic environment and market, and investment decisions are often made based on subjective knowledge, resulting in difficulty in capital recovery and capital chain rupture.

（4） Lack of financial management professionals

Financial management is a deep level accounting work. Under the condition of big data, there is not only a higher requirement for the professional quality of accounting personnel, but also a corresponding accumulation of knowledge in computer application and data processing. In general, the accounting work of enterprises is not standardized and the accounting system is not sound enough. The financial accounting personnel on the job are young people with a short entry time, and they are highly mobile, lacking accounting experience and financial management experience. Accountants are often tired of dealing with daily accounting, preparing and reviewing vouchers, registering account books and filling in statements, and financial management has no time to take into account. Generally, the accounting work of enterprises is not stable enough, and the financial management professionals are insufficient, which leads to the failure to give full play to the due functions of accounting work and the failure to fully reflect the role of financial management work. The enterprise capital management is confused and the financial decision-making is blind, resulting in increased operational risk.

2、 Solutions to financial management problems under big data

（1） Change Ideas and Improve Modern Financial Management Consciousness

Market economy is not disorderly competition, but more depends on knowledge and technology. The development of enterprises requires managers to have modern management knowledge and establish financial management concepts. In daily operation and management, modern management theory and financial management knowledge should be applied to mobilize the enthusiasm of all kinds of managers, improve their participation in production and operation activities, promote democracy, and make predictions and decisions based on evidence. Establish the core position of financial management in enterprise management, and play the role of financial management tools. In business activities, we should carefully study market rules, make full use of computer processing technology, big data and cloud computing, analyze various financial indicators of the enterprise, evaluate the enterprise's business ability, and make business decisions that conform to the actual situation of the enterprise. At the same time, the management personnel should strengthen the communication with the financial personnel, master the business status of the enterprise, and solve problems in a timely manner.

（2） Prevent hidden dangers of financial management information security

In the era of Internet big data, all aspects of economic life are inseparable from the support of the network. Information storage and exchange, data processing and analysis, and network security are the top priorities. Without a secure network environment, there will be no healthy economic order and economic development. Relevant departments should improve the technical level of network security and constantly develop new preventive measures. Enterprises should improve their awareness of network security and guard against hidden dangers of financial management information security. Establish a user identity security verification and access control mechanism to prevent malicious attacks on the data system; Develop a financial management information system led by the government and participated by various service providers to provide data processing services for enterprises; Establish an enterprise based accounting information security management system to ensure the security and integrity of big data collection.

（3） Strengthen financial control ability and improve risk awareness

The market economy is highly competitive, and there are various business risks. Enterprises should make market analysis by means of big data and cloud computing. Use the role of financial leverage to strengthen financial control ability, defuse risks and maintain stable development. To develop new products, we should fully investigate the market situation, make rational analysis, and avoid blindly starting. Pay attention to the trend of financial evaluation indicators, pay attention to whether the asset liability ratio, current ratio and quick ratio are within the normal range, and avoid financial risks. Investment activities should have a full demonstration process, and make decisions based on careful analysis of market conditions, investment risks, investment returns, and capital costs. Enterprises should have a long-term sense of operation, and there can be no one step at a time.

（4） Pay attention to the training of financial management professionals

No matter how advanced the technology is, it cannot be separated from the participation of people. In the era of big data, the collection, processing and processing of data, as well as the analysis and utilization of information, all require the hard work of professionals. Enterprise managers should pay attention to the training of financial accounting professionals to meet the needs of enterprise economic management. The Finance and Accounting Department shall set up financial management posts, and staff with high financial management knowledge shall be assigned to carry out the work. In the work of financial management, responsibilities and tasks should be clarified to improve the application scope and efficiency of financial management achievements. The education department should pay attention to the training of modern financial management professionals. Those who are interested in financial management should not only have a higher theoretical knowledge of financial management, but also have certain network technology and network security capabilities, as well as the ability to analyze and solve problems.

reference:

[1] Xia Mingtao. Financial Management Transformation in the Age of Big Data [J] New Accounting, 2015 (6): 41-43

Chapter 5: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

【 Keyword 】 Cost volume profit analysis; practical application

1、 Introduction

Cost volume profit analysis can provide cost control and business decision-making information for enterprises. The basic model of cost volume profit analysis can be used in the financial analysis system to decompose and refine some indicators in the original financial analysis system. Make it more targeted and provide more accurate information for internal control and decision-making. The information provided by the cost volume profit analysis can be used for analysis, which can break down the sales net interest rate index, thus filling the gap in the previous financial analysis system. Through effective combination of the two, the financial analysis system can be constantly improved, so that it can provide better services for internal managers.

2、 Discussion on cost volume profit analysis

1. Meaning of cost volume profit analysis

Cost volume profit analysis refers to the general term of cost, business volume and even profit analysis. Through the analysis of cost, business volume and profit, it finds out the law between the three, determines the functional relationship, and then provides a basis for making reasonable business decisions and target control. Its principle is relevant to the enterprise's budget, planning, decision-making Control process is very important.

2. Corresponding indicators of cost volume profit analysis

First, contribute gross profit. Contribution gross profit refers to the difference after the variable cost is proposed in the sales revenue, which reflects the ability of products to contribute to the enterprise. The calculation formula is:

Sales unit price - unit variable cost=unit contribution gross profit

Total sales revenue - total variable cost=total contribution gross profit

Contribution gross profit/sales revenue=unit contribution gross profit/sales unit price=contribution gross profit rate

Secondly, break even point. Breakeven point refers to the boundary point of profit and loss, and refers to the business volume of an enterprise to achieve breakeven status. By controlling the break even limit of the enterprise, we can accurately plan the development capacity of production, reasonably arrange the production level, effectively grasp the operation of the enterprise, and improve economic efficiency. Its calculation formula is:

Total fixed cost/(sales unit price - unit variable cost)=breakeven sales volume

Third, the margin of safety. The margin of safety refers to the difference between the actual or budgeted sales volume of an enterprise and the sales volume at the breakeven point. The margin of safety refers to the evaluation standard for enterprise operation safety. The larger the standard value is, the safer the enterprise operation will be. The calculation formula is:

Existing sales volume - breakeven point sales volume=margin of safety

Safety margin/actual (or expected) sales volume=safety margin

3、 Preconditions of cost volume profit analysis in practical application

For the business development process of an enterprise, the input of enterprise costs, sales performance, and the actual profits replaced are all intrinsically related, rather than a single linear relationship. Because of the scale effect of enterprises, there is a nonlinear relationship between the cost of enterprises and their production. In order to eliminate the internal influence of existing model settings, and also strengthen the model of cost volume profit analysis, it is necessary to limit these relationships, which can make cost volume profit analysis more meaningful.

First, the corresponding categories and the assumption of linear relationship. The method of cost volume profit analysis was originally an analysis model created from dynamic cost analysis. Therefore, when using this method, we should also integrate the assumption analysis of dynamic cost analysis. The hypothetical analysis includes that the total fixed cost of the enterprise will remain unchanged, and the total cost of the enterprise will be linearly related to the actual business volume of the enterprise. In addition, as long as the sales price of the enterprise is kept constant in a certain range, the actual sales revenue of the enterprise will be linearly related to the actual sales volume of the enterprise. Therefore, under certain circumstances, the cost of the enterprise is in a linear relationship with the actual sales revenue of the enterprise.

Secondly, the assumption of stable variety structure. In this hypothetical environment, for an enterprise that produces and sells different types of products at the same time, the ratio of sales of various types of products in its total sales revenue is fixed.

Thirdly, the production and marketing balance assumption. For this assumption, all the products produced by the enterprise in the current period can be sold, which reflects that the production and sales of the enterprise are balanced. The quantity to be weighed in this assumption refers to the sales volume of the enterprise's products, not the quantity produced by the enterprise, or in other words, the sales revenue of the enterprise. However, in the real production and operation process, the enterprise can not make the total sales equal to the total production, so it will have a greater impact on the current profit of the enterprise.

4、 Cost volume profit analysis Analysis of changes in factors affecting profit

Change analysis refers to the quantitative analysis of the interaction of various factors when they change. Sales unit price, sales volume, unit variable cost and fixed cost are the four main factors in cost volume profit analysis. The enterprise can start with the four main factors and achieve the predetermined target profit through corresponding methods.

1. Reduce fixed costs

The fixed cost of goods is mainly composed of employee compensation and depreciation expense. Because the equipment and devices are special, the depreciation expense cannot be reduced. Therefore, if you want to reduce the fixed cost, you must reduce the employee compensation. It can be seen from the cost structure of goods that the cost of employee compensation accounts for nearly half of the total cost, and the proportion is very large. The enterprise should investigate the rationality of the production personnel arrangement of the current production line, check whether there is staff redundancy and low production efficiency, and reasonably allocate the number of production personnel to reduce labor costs on the premise of ensuring normal production.

2. Reduce variable costs

The variable cost of commodities is mainly composed of the cost of raw materials and fuel and power. The reduction of the cost of raw materials should start with the purchase unit price and the unit consumption of raw materials. The internal control system related to procurement should be changed to reduce the unit price of raw materials. And it is necessary to establish a review system for unit consumption of raw materials to control the unit consumption of raw materials within a reasonable range. The reduction of fuel and power costs can strictly control the unit consumption of water, electricity and gas through effective arrangements, and create an effective review system and measures for unit consumption of fuel and power.

3. Increase the sales unit price

In recent years, the number of commodity producers in China's market has gradually increased, and the market competitiveness has gradually become white hot, making it more difficult to raise the price. Enterprises can think through the direction of differentiated management, and further process this commodity to improve its competitive position in the market and expand the space for improvement.

4. Improve production and sales

The target profit is brought into the cost volume profit formula. The formula is:

(target profit+fixed cost)+(sales unit price - unit variable cost)=expected value of sales volume

5、 Conclusion

Through the use of cost volume profit analysis, we can take a comprehensive analysis of the current production and operation of the enterprise, put forward the problems that need to be improved in the production and operation process, and give corresponding ideas and suggestions, so that it can give a quick and effective response in the current complicated market environment, and control the production and operation activities in the most favorable state.

reference:

Chapter 6: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

Keywords:

Security management, risk, vulnerability, assessment, MAN, IP, AAA, DNS

1 Overview of information security management

In a general sense, the definition of information security is "to protect information systems and information, prevent their accidental or malicious violations from causing damage, change and leakage of information, and ensure the continuous, reliable and normal operation of information systems". Therefore, information security should be understood as a dynamic management process, through a series of security management activities to ensure that the security needs of information and information systems are continuously met. These security requirements include "confidentiality", "integrity", "availability", "non repudiation", "traceability" and "authenticity".

The essence of information security management can be seen as the dynamic management of information security risks, that is, to effectively manage and control the risks of information and information systems. Standard ISO15408-1 (Information Security Risk Management and Assessment Rules) provides a very classic information security risk management model, as shown in Figure 1 below:

Figure 1 Information Security Risk Management Model

Since information security is a management process, it is applicable to the PDCA model. In combination with the relevant standards of information security management BS7799 (ISO17799), the information security management process is a cyclical process of PLAN-DO-CHECK-ACT (plan implementation and deployment monitoring and evaluation maintenance and improvement).

Figure 2 "PDCA" management model of information security system

2 Main steps of establishing information security management system

As shown in Figure 2, in the PLAN phase, it is necessary to follow BS7799 and other relevant standards and combine the actual situation of enterprise information system to build an ISMS information security management system suitable for itself. The construction of ISMS includes the following main steps:

(1) Determine the scope and security boundary of ISMS

(2) Define information security policies, policies and guidelines within the scope

(3) Risk assessment of relevant information and information systems within the scope

a) Planning

b) InformationGathering

c) RiskAnalysis

UAssetsIdentification&evaluation

UThreatAnalysis

UVulnerability Analysis

U Mapping table of assets/threats/weaknesses

UImpact&Likelihood Assessment

URiskResultAnalysis

d) Identifying&SelectingSafeguards

e) Monitoring&Implementation

f) Effectestimation

(4) Implement and operate the preliminary ISMS system

(5) Monitor the process and effect of ISMS operation

(6) Continuously optimize ISMS in operation

Main practical steps for security risk management of 3IP broadband network

At present, customers accessed by broadband IP networks have increasingly high demands for network availability and security of their own information systems, and the IP broadband network and the information security environment and major security threats faced by customers are constantly changing. The operators of IP broadband network realize that it is necessary to carry out systematic security management on IP broadband network, so as to dynamically understand, manage and control various possible security risks.

Because network operators still lack corresponding management experience and talent team for information security management at present, they generally use information security consulting outsourcing to establish the information security management system of IP broadband network. Such consulting projects are generally implemented in the following stages:

3.1 Project preparation stage.

a) Mainly collect and analyze background information related to the project;

b) Communicate with customers and clarify the project scope, objectives and blueprint;

c) Propose and clarify the composition and division of labor of project members;

d) Declare the constraints and risks of the project;

e) Conduct awareness, knowledge or tool training for customer leaders and project members;

f) Report the project schedule and obtain the approval of the customer leader.

3.2 Project implementation stage.

a) Security domain division within the project scope;

b) Data collection and interviews are conducted by security domain, including user size, user distribution, network structure, routing protocol and strategy, authentication protocol and strategy, DNS service strategy, relevant host and database configuration information, computer room and environmental security conditions, existing security protection measures, and information about security incidents that have occurred;

c) Conduct asset identification, value analysis, threat analysis, vulnerability analysis, possibility analysis and impact analysis in each security domain to form an asset table, threat assessment table, risk assessment table and risk relationship mapping table;

d) Carry out a comprehensive assessment of the risk level of the main existing risks, and give corresponding suggestions on the selection of protective measures and risk disposal according to the order of importance.

3.3 Project summary stage

a) Review and approve the policies, guidelines and other documents generated in the project;

b) Review and approve the project asset identification report and risk analysis report;

c) Project arrangement for relevant risk disposal suggestions to be carried out;

Analysis of Practice Points of Security Risk Management of 4IP Broadband Network

The security risk management of operators' IP broadband networks is different from that of common host centric IT systems, and its coverage and influencing factors are very different. Therefore, common risk management methods and data cannot be directly applied. At different stages of project implementation, the following points need special attention:

4.1 Safety objectives

Fully ensure the security of its own IP broadband network and related management support systems, and ensure the service availability and quality of customers.

4.2 Project scope

It should include broadband IP backbone network, IP MAN, IP access network and access gateway equipment, management support systems, such as network management system, AAA platform, DNS, etc.

4.3 Project members

It should be explicitly supported by the operator's senior leadership. The project leader should have experience in managing large-scale security consulting projects. In addition to some professional security assessors, the project members should also include "business and network planning", "equipment and system maintenance", and "business management" related to broadband IP And "relevant system integrators and software developers".

4.4 Background information collection:

Before collecting background information, the information collection objects should be grouped into IP backbone network group, IP access network group, management support system group, etc. The information collected by groups shall include:

a) Overall architecture of IP broadband network

b) MAN structure and configuration

c) Access network structure and configuration

d) AAA platform system structure and configuration

e) DNS system structure and configuration

f) Software and hardware information of related hosts and devices

g) Relevant business operation specifications, processes and interfaces

h) Information on generation, storage and security requirements of relevant business data

i) Existing safety accident records

j) Existing security products and deployed security control measures

k) Physical environment information of related machine rooms

l) Existing security management policies, regulations and guidelines

m) Other related

4.5 Asset identification

Asset identification should be carried out from top to bottom and must be hierarchical. At the top level, assets can be identified as first level asset groups such as MAN, access network, AAA platform, DNS platform, network management system, etc; Then, within the first level asset group, the second level asset group can be divided by function or region. For example, the AAA platform's first level asset group can be divided into RADIUS group, DB group, billing group, network communication equipment group and other second level asset groups; Further, more detailed asset identification can be carried out for each device of each secondary asset group to identify its equipment type, address configuration, software and hardware configuration and other information.

4.6 Threat analysis

Threat analysis should be targeted, that is, targeted threat analysis should be conducted according to different asset groups. For example, for IP MAN, the main risks may be: worms, P2P, routing attacks, routing device intrusion, etc; For DNS or AAA platforms, the main risks may include: host viruses, backdoors, DOS attacks on application services, host intrusions, database attacks, DNS phishing, etc.

4.7 Threat impact analysis

It refers to the assessment of the possible hazards caused by different threats, as a reference for whether to take or what kind of disposal measures to take in the next step. In the threat impact analysis, the opinions of the operator should be fully referred, especially the possible social impact and reputation impact caused by the threat.

4.8 Threat possibility analysis

It refers to the probability that a threat may occur. It is very difficult to assess its probability of occurrence. Therefore, in general, qualitative analysis methods should be used to develop a set of evaluation rules, which are mainly evaluated by operators' managers according to the rules.

Chapter 7: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

The idea of applying AHP to solve problems is as follows: first, the problems to be solved should be layered and serialized, that is, according to the nature of the problem and the goal to be achieved, the problem should be decomposed into different constituent factors, and the factors should be layered and clustered according to their mutual influence and membership relationship to form a hierarchical and orderly hierarchical structure model; Then, the relative importance of the factors at each level in the model is quantitatively expressed according to people's judgments of the objective reality, and then the weight value of the relative importance order of the factors at each level is determined by mathematical methods to obtain the combined weight value of the relative importance order of the lowest level (scheme level) relative to the highest level (overall goal), which is used as the basis for evaluating and selecting schemes. AHP mathematizes people's thinking process and subjective judgment, which not only simplifies the system analysis and calculation, but also helps decision-makers to maintain the consistency of their thinking process and decision-making principles. For those complex problems that are difficult to be fully quantified, they can obtain satisfactory decision-making results.

According to the idea of AHP method to solve problems, the main steps of AHP analysis on the importance of factors affecting the safety of passenger stations are as follows:

(1) Establish the safety management hierarchy of the passenger station, carry out expert investigation, and count and analyze the original data;

(2) Construct judgment matrix and carry out hierarchical single sorting;

(3) Perform overall hierarchical sorting according to the results of single sorting;

1、 Establish hierarchical structure, conduct expert investigation, and conduct preliminary data processing

The safety operation activities of the passenger station mainly consist of the vehicle safety management, fire safety management and labor hygiene of the passenger station. According to the composition of the safety management system of the passenger station, we will divide the factors affecting the safe operation of the passenger station into three levels, namely, the target level (A), the criteria level (B), and the indicator level (C), as shown in Figure 1. For the third factor, the analysis is as follows:

1. Vehicle safety management factors

(1) Work ability of safety inspectors: according to the experience and ability of inspectors, they can be divided into three types: strong ability and rich experience, general ability and experience, and new job;

(2) Driver's awareness and cooperation: in vehicle safety management, driver's safety awareness can generally be divided into three levels, with strong awareness, general awareness and weak awareness;

(3) Safety inspection equipment: safety inspection equipment is fully equipped with high technology, safety inspection equipment is fully equipped, and safety inspection equipment is lacking;

(4) Personnel safety training and education can be divided into: regular training with good effect, less training with general effect and never training;

2. Fire safety management factors

(1) Fire fighting equipment allocation: the fire fighting equipment allocation is perfect and reasonable, the fire fighting equipment allocation is lack of science, and the fire fighting equipment is lack;

(2) Fire safety education for personnel: it can be divided into: regular and good, less and average, never;

(3) Formulation of fire prevention plan: scientific plan has been formulated, but unscientific and no plan has been formulated;

(4) Fire drill: regular drill, irregular drill and never drill;

3. Labor health management factors

(1) Public health environment (including prevention of infectious diseases): good health environment, general health environment, poor health environment;

Chapter 8: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

Key words: GM food safety evaluation analysis and research

preface:

At present, the safety of genetically modified food has attracted the attention of all countries in the world, and the research on the safety of genetically modified food has been increased. At present, China has also increased its attention to the safety of genetically modified food. The monitoring and evaluation methods for genetically modified food in China mainly refer to the safety evaluation method of Monsanto Company to detect and evaluate the safety of protein substances that food genes want to display. For unexpected impact analysis, the analysis of choice and difference can be used to carry out the expected analysis.

1. Theoretical basis for safety evaluation of genetically modified food

The theoretical principle of substantial similarity was proposed by the OECD Economic Organization in early 1993 to evaluate the safety of genetically modified food, and this theoretical basis was used to increase the rationality and scientificity of safety evaluation. Suppose that a variety of genetically modified products are compared with the same type of food in the past, including its characteristics, chemical elements, nutrient elements, and the content of mold elements are the same as the food required by animals, and then this food will have the same identity. The theoretical basis of substantial similarity gives that the production of this new food is the same as the positive impact of non GM food on health. The safety of non genetically modified food is evaluated as substantially similar. If only a new form of genetically modified food does not have the same nature as the current same food, it will be judged as unsafe food. This evaluation lacks scientific basis. Therefore, when conducting food safety monitoring activities, first of all, the characteristics and characterization of the new food should be tested, and the new food should be studied and tested according to its chemical element content and nutrient element content. In the process of detection, it is necessary to increase the mastery of new food, see whether it needs animal experiments, and judge whether it needs three-dimensional analysis and research. For genetically modified food, not all videos need to carry out animal experiments, and then the evaluation can be based on individual cases. If animal experiments are needed for genetically modified foods, the task objectives and construction design of animal experiments should be extremely cautious and meticulous.

2. Safety evaluation method of genetically modified food

2.1 Safety evaluation method of Monsanto

In the western countries dominated by the United States, there are many transgenic enterprises. Monsanto is a large-scale transgenic company in the United States. It has an advanced scientific evaluation system and many evaluation experiences. Therefore, for the safety evaluation of genetically modified food, we can learn from and draw on the advantages of the safety evaluation method of Monsanto in the United States. The safety evaluation methods of Monsanto mainly include the following contents. First, it is necessary to detect and evaluate the safety of protein substances that food genes want to display. Second, for the analysis of unexpected impacts, we can use the analysis of choice and difference to carry out the expected analysis. The main nutrient elements of the gene food and the corresponding non transgenic food are compared and analyzed, and the analysis data and conclusions are integrated and preserved. Secondly, analyze the main nutritional elements in the existing videos, and compare the analysis data and conclusions with the data of genetically modified food and non genetically modified food to determine whether the nutritional elements are reasonable. The data and information of antioxidant elements should also be compared and analyzed with the current data and information. To judge whether endogenous toxins have changed, analyze and compare food processing links and component content, so as to ensure that the detection coefficient can be applied in the current range.

2.2 Monsanto health display detection

Check the health display. Generally speaking. In this monitoring operation, commercial feeding simulation is mainly used to feed poultry and animals in the experimental environment. If this food is the food that human needs to eat, it can be 25 times more than the amount of nutrition absorbed by people to feed rats. For different kinds of rats. Different groups can carry out feeding operation for four weeks. During the whole food feeding, because poultry have no great feeling about the changes of food, and then monitor their health, we can use daily observation, animal weight, low demand for animal food, animal nutrient content and so on to analyze and study. Conduct a comprehensive inspection of animals. If there are hidden dangers and physical abnormalities in the physical examination of animals, we should pay attention to the weight of animal organs, the blood safety, clinical reactions, and the pathological changes of animal tissues during the actual examination.

2.3 Evaluation method of sensitivity

Research and analyze the genetically modified food. If it has protein and reaches the source of protein, it can use SDS-PAGE to carry out immune operations. After its immune reaction, it can carry out sensitivity detection, integrate the sensitivity and sorbent, and ensure its inhibitory reaction. After reaction, the results shall be analyzed and studied. If the monitoring structure shows positive characteristics, skin prick monitoring can be continued for double-blind monitoring. If the monitoring results are negative, it can be concluded that this kind of food does not pose a threat to people's safety and health and is a genetically modified food that people can use.

3. Application of data information base and application of different animal models

The application of data information base and different animal models has practical significance. First, the use of data information base. For the application of the data information database, it can first provide basic information such as the nutritional composition of food, and use different information in the database to evaluate the genetically modified food to determine whether there are differences and changes in the nutritional elements and toxins contained in its food. For the determination of the changes and differences in the nutritional elements and toxins of food, also consider the change range of its ingredients, While ensuring the validity of data and information on nutrient elements and toxins, use scientific evaluation methods to detect and evaluate the elements. Second, the application of different forms of animal models. It mainly includes two main forms: living model and three-dimensional model. It is of practical significance for foreign food monitoring institutions to evaluate the safety of food and microorganisms by using living model and three-dimensional model. When they use living model and three-dimensional model to evaluate, they mainly build the digestive system of many mammals. It has more construction of rat models, which is also a common phenomenon in different countries. The establishment of the model of rats can not only study the survival rate of its cells, but also analyze and study the transplantation activities of rats, increasing the research on the biological characteristics and genetic system of the animal body.

Conclusion: With the continuous progress of society, the improvement of people's living standards, and the frequent occurrence of food safety problems, the current society pays great attention to the safety of genetically modified food. In the face of this situation, we should pay more attention to the safety of genetically modified food, analyze and test the safety of food, evaluate the safety of food, and ensure the safety of food. When monitoring and evaluating genetically modified food using data information database and animal models of different forms, for data and information database, it is mainly to use different information in the database and evaluate genetically modified food to judge whether there are differences and changes in nutrient elements and toxins contained in its food, Judgment on changes and differences of nutrient elements and toxins in food. For the application of different forms of animal models, we mainly use live models and three-dimensional models to evaluate the safety of food and microorganisms.

reference:

[1] Qi Xiaozhe, Huang Kunlun Research progress on safety evaluation of genetically modified food [J] China Agricultural Science and Technology Herald, 2013, 15 (4): 14-19

[2] Qian Yingqian Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of transgenic crops [J] Biotechnology Bulletin, 2011, 15 (5): 7-11

Chapter 9: Model Analysis of Safe Operation

Financial cost is an element that any enterprise attaches importance to, and it will play an important role in the process of fulfilling corporate social responsibility.

Here, financial cost not only refers to the cost calculated by the accounting system and used for the internal cost management of the company, but also includes the external cost of the enterprise and the non accounting cost. Financial cost analysis (hereinafter referred to as cost analysis) is a management means to seek ways to reduce costs. Its purpose is to analyze and evaluate the changes in cost levels and their components by using the internal and external cost data of the enterprise, as well as other relevant data, so as to reveal various factors affecting the rise and fall of costs and the reasons for their changes.

1、 Necessity of introducing corporate social responsibility into financial cost analysis

1. Definition of corporate social responsibility

The term "corporate social responsibility" originated in the United States. It was put forward by a series of social contradictions with the continuous expansion of capital since the 1920s, such as the polarization between rich and poor, social poverty, especially labor problems and labor capital conflicts. At present, there is no uniform definition of corporate social responsibility in the world. Since the 1980s, corporate social responsibility has been generally understood as the company's responsibility to stakeholders other than shareholders. Scholars in China generally believe that companies should not only maximize the profit for shareholders as their sole purpose of existence, but should maximize all other social interests besides shareholders' interests. These other social interests include the interests of employees (employees of the company), consumers, creditors, local communities, and the public interests of the whole society. It includes not only the human rights of natural persons, especially social, economic and cultural rights, but also the rights and interests of legal persons and unincorporated organizations other than natural persons.

2. Necessity of introducing financial cost analysis under corporate social responsibility

(1) The need to maintain the sustainable vitality of the enterprise. The concept of cost awareness is one of the concepts that all enterprises must have in their operation and management. For a period of time, cost analysis has mostly been limited to the analysis of economic activities "taking things as the center", and has failed to attach importance to the cost analysis "taking people as the center", such as the analysis of input and expenditure of staff technical training, staff quality education, staff physical and mental health, etc. Following the objective principle of accounting, the cost data obtained from cost analysis mainly comes from business formation, and the costs are visible, such as raw material costs, labor costs, manufacturing expenses, and administrative expenses. However, there is a lack of understanding of the extent to which non apparent costs affect the business performance of enterprises, such as environmental pollution, loss of skilled staff, and losses caused by production safety omissions. Because these phenomena do not appear to have an impact on corporate profits in the short term, they are easy to be ignored, but in the long run, they will affect the survival and development of enterprises to a certain extent.

The performance of corporate social responsibility means that cost analysis is not only from the perspective of operators, but also from the perspective of the interests of the whole society to measure the results of the company's business activities. This practice is of great significance to establish the social status of enterprises, establish corporate image, and maintain sustainable vitality.

(2) The need to improve the financial performance of enterprises. The financial analysts of Dow Jones Sustainability Index found that the stock performance of companies with full social responsibility is better than that of those companies that do not consider society and the environment at all. Cai Jinle, Chairman of Zhuhai United Laboratories Co., Ltd., has a business philosophy of "patriotism", and every major decision is based on "national and national interests"; The business direction is clearly for the people, and the enterprise strategy is to take the road of "public brand". Since the establishment of the enterprise in 1994, the future enterprise has been set on the drug production quality management standards. In 1998, the situation that semi synthetic penicillin, the raw material drug of China, was no longer imported was changed. On the premise of ensuring the quality of the product, the price design first calculates the drug cost burden of the patient's dosage for two days. Its financial performance increased from 260 million yuan in 1995 to 1.8 billion yuan in 2001.  

(3) The need to maintain customer loyalty. Many enterprises regard "customer satisfaction" as one of the criteria for evaluating enterprise reputation, but seldom consider the correlation between customer satisfaction and the "people" who produce and serve the production of this product. A large number of surveys show that the more enterprises pay attention to social responsibility, the more likely their products and services are to gain greater market share. The mentality of employees working at the front line will affect product quality and service quality to a certain extent. Maintaining the rights and interests of employees working at the front line is an important guarantee of product quality and service quality. Because customer satisfaction comes from employee satisfaction, employees can devote themselves to production and service to ensure the safety of enterprise production process and product quality. 2、 The concept of financial cost analysis from the perspective of corporate social responsibility.

This paper argues that we should start from two aspects: constructing the financial cost analysis index system of corporate social responsibility, and creating an analysis system environment.

1. Build financial cost analysis index system

The financial cost analysis system based on corporate social responsibility should include the following analysis indicators:

First, cost analysis indicators reflecting the strength of environmental protection and resources

(1) Waste utilization rate. The waste utilization rate indicator reflects the extent to which the waste can be recycled in the production and operation process of the enterprise. The indicator reflects the company's treasure and conservation of resources. The calculation formula is:

Waste utilization rate=recyclable waste ÷ total material consumption

(2) Environmental protection investment rate. The environmental protection investment rate reflects the proportion of environmental protection funds invested by enterprises in total assets, and to some extent reflects the company's sense of responsibility for human survival environment. The calculation formula is:

Environmental protection investment rate=environmental protection investment amount ÷ total assets

(3) Energy consumption per unit income. Energy consumption per unit income reflects the proportion of water, electricity, gas and oil consumption in the main business income of the enterprise's production and operation, and reflects the energy consumption intensity of production and operation. The calculation formula is:

Energy consumption per unit income=energy consumption of water, electricity, gas, oil, etc. of the enterprise ÷ main business income

(4) Waste discharge per unit income. The amount of waste discharged per unit income reflects the ratio between the amount of "three wastes" discharged by enterprises that fail to meet the standards and the main business income, which indicates an attitude of enterprises towards the ecological responsibility of human living environment. The calculation formula is:

Unit income and waste discharge amount=the company's unqualified "three wastes" discharge amount ÷ main business income

Three wastes refer to industrial "three wastes", namely waste gas, waste water and waste residue.

Second, cost analysis indicators that reflect stable employees and innovation

① R&D expenses of unit income. The R&D expenses received by the unit reflect the proportion of the annual R&D expenses invested by the enterprise in the main business income. This indicator can, to a certain extent, indicate the size of the enterprise's responsibility for technological progress in human society. The calculation formula is:

R&D expenses received by the unit=annual R&D expenses ÷ main business income

② Personnel training expenditure rate. The personnel training expenditure rate reflects the enterprise's investment in training the basic quality and business level of employees at different levels. This indicator, to a certain extent, indicates the enterprise's implementation of talent retention measures. The calculation formula is:

Expense rate of personnel training=annual training expense ÷ main business income

③ Wage and welfare payment rate. Wage and welfare payment rate reflects the ratio of total wages paid and welfare expenditure to total wages and welfare payable. This indicator can, to a certain extent, indicate the degree of protection of employees' own rights and interests. The calculation formula is:

Payment rate of wages and benefits=paid wages and benefits expenses ÷ total wages and benefits payable

④ Work safety delivery rate. The rate of work safety investment reflects the degree to which the enterprise should invest in the safety of employees' working environment. The calculation formula is: