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Chapter 1: Model of Nature Protection System
[Key words] Ocean; natural conservation Region; Problems; terms of settlement
CLC No.: K928 Document ID: A
1、 Preface
Marine nature reserves are an important part of China's area, and the status quo of the reserves has also become an important factor affecting the development of China's marine industry. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the existing problems of marine nature reserves in China and propose solutions.
2、 Necessity of Research on Marine Nature Reserves in China
Marine biological resources have important practical and potential values, and are the important material basis and realization conditions for human survival and sustainable development. China has a vast sea area, a long coastline and diverse marine environment. Its marine biological resources occupy an important position in the world. China's biological resources and marine ecological environment are facing serious threats due to the increasing intensity of marine development and utilization and the increasing land source pollution. In order to protect marine living resources and special habitats, China has established a marine nature reserve system, which divides a certain area of coastline, estuaries, islands, wetlands or sea areas according to law for special protection and management. Research and practice have proved that the establishment of marine nature reserves is an effective way to protect marine living resources and marine natural environment.
3、 Main problems in the construction and development of marine nature reserves in China
1. Single type and uneven distribution. As we all know, only when the types of protected areas are diverse and complete, can the marine environment and resources be comprehensively and systematically protected. However, marine nature reserves in China are obviously of a single type. In terms of quantity, of the 108 marine nature reserves that have been built, 53 are marine and coastal ecosystem reserves, 38 are marine wildlife reserves, and the total number of other types of marine nature reserves is only 16. In terms of protected objects, most of the established marine nature reserves mainly protect the wild animals and plants in mangroves, coral reefs, estuarine wetlands, and island ecology, while there are few protected areas of biodiversity and non biological resources.
2. There is a lack of funds for the construction and management of the reserve. Funds are the material basis for the construction of marine nature reserves. Insufficient funds directly affect the introduction of talents and the development of scientific research in the reserves, as well as the construction of infrastructure in the reserves. It will be empty talk to build marine nature reserves with high quality without solving the problem of funds. At present, the problem of insufficient funds is a problem faced by countries, including developed countries with better construction of nature reserves. Most of the funds for marine nature reserves in China come from local governments, and a part of the funds for national level reserves come from the state. The state has little or no funds for local marine nature reserves. This determines that the development of local economy directly affects and restricts the funding sources of nature reserves, and the behavior and attitude of the local government towards the construction of nature reserves directly affect the construction of nature reserves.
3. The management system is not reasonable enough. China's marine nature reserves implement a system of integrated management and branch management. The State Oceanic Administration is responsible for the overall planning and construction of marine nature reserves, and marine, forestry, environmental protection, agriculture, land and other departments manage various types of marine nature reserves respectively. In the same reserve, various management functions are also performed by different departments. In this way, each department will consider its own interests, manage separately, and act independently, which will lead to the phenomenon of competing for power or shirking responsibility. These departments have formulated sea use plans and work plans respectively, and have less communication with each other. It is difficult for them to solve the complex and comprehensive problems of the Reserve by relying on simple industry management. This management mode is difficult for all departments to formulate plans and manage the Reserve from the strategic height of ecological development and sustainable development, which is not conducive to the management of the Reserve.
4、 Management strategy of marine nature reserves
1. Rationalize the management system of the Reserve
At present, many countries in the world implement unified management of nature reserves. In the long run, China should also change the management system of protected areas, reposition the management institutions of protected areas, implement unified management, and thoroughly solve the negative effects of multi sectoral management. The State Environmental Protection Administration and the forestry, agriculture, land and resources, water conservancy, marine and other departments are parallel institutions, which is not conducive to coordination and management. Therefore, it is suggested that we should pool our wisdom and gradually establish a special agency directly under the State Council for the unified management of nature reserves, and governments at all levels should also set up corresponding management agencies system So that these departments have good communication and coordination with each other, and can achieve resource sharing in a large range, so as to carry out management work more effectively.
The institutional change cannot be achieved overnight, so it is difficult to completely solve the institutional drawbacks of multi sector co management of marine protected areas in the short term. Therefore, while the comprehensive management department coordinates the work of various departments, the marine department is responsible for organizing and managing all activities within the marine natural reserves, so as to minimize the drawbacks of the existing system. At the same time, in view of the low enthusiasm of local governments, it is suggested that the achievements of protected areas should be included in the work performance assessment of local governments. In order to improve the enthusiasm of local governments in the construction and development of marine nature reserves, and change the situation that the construction of marine nature reserves in China depends on the passive development of laws.
2. Improve the problem of insufficient funds
Marine protection is a comprehensive systematic project across regions, departments and industries, which requires more investment. Therefore, it is necessary to broaden sources of funds and increase investment in marine development, utilization and protection through multiple channels. On the issue of funding, the country should implement the principle of "government first, multi participation".
To solve the problem of shortage of funds in the Reserve, government investment cannot be relied on alone. The Reserve itself should also seek ways to support itself. Like other nature reserves, it is feasible in practice and theory to make rational use of the resource value of marine nature reserves, promote the sustainable development of economy, and thus solve the problem of insufficient funds for reserves. For example, the United States, Canada, Australia and other developed countries have used the method of reducing funds to encourage national parks to self generate income to solve some of the required funds, but have certain control over the proportion of income generation, such as Canada's overall control of 25%, and the other 75% is allocated by the state. While increasing government investment, China should also give play to the ability of the protected areas to generate income by themselves, use the economic value of the protected areas to solve the problem of insufficient funds.
3. Supplement and improve the overall layout plan of marine nature reserves
Gradually increase the area of marine nature reserves, increase the number of marine nature reserves, meet the needs of the protection of rare and endangered marine species and typical marine ecosystems, adjust the type structure of marine nature reserves, and hurry to establish a batch of marine biodiversity that can reflect the biodiversity of various climatic zones and coastal wetlands in coastal waters, islands and estuaries, Marine nature reserves of various ecosystems and species that can also reflect the characteristics of tropical coral reefs and mangrove community distribution area ecosystems, as well as marine nature reserves of natural landscapes and historic sites with special significance. On the basis of comprehensive planning and construction of natural ecosystems, natural sites, geological landforms, germplasm resources, rare and endangered species, wetlands and other types of reserves with special protection value, we should accelerate the development of "three fields and one channel", rare and endangered species, and offshore marine ecosystems (coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, wetlands) with important value and serious damage And other water areas, set up a number of nature reserves as soon as possible, implement rescue protection, and upgrade important areas as soon as possible. In terms of layout, attention should be paid to filling the gap and improving the existing network and system of nature reserves.
5、 Conclusion
To sum up, if we want to thoroughly solve the existing problems of marine nature reserves in China, we need to analyze the root causes of the problems, and then take reasonable and effective measures to solve them, so that we can truly and effectively solve the problems of marine nature reserves.
[References]
Chapter 2: Model of Nature Protection System
Since the concept of national park was introduced into China, different understandings have emerged, and an accurate understanding of national park is of great significance to the establishment of national park system. This paper introduces the process and advantages of the development and improvement of foreign national parks, and proposes to take the construction of national park system as an opportunity to improve the system of protected areas in China based on the actual situation in China; Integrate the existing protected areas and establish a national park system with Chinese characteristics that is in line with international standards; Based on the construction of ecological civilization, establish a national park system and other suggestions.
Key words: national park; Management system; Regulations; Reserve: ecological civilization
Since the establishment of the first national park in the world in 1872, the national park has gone through more than 140 years. The concept and function of national parks have reached a consensus abroad, but different understandings have emerged in China. In the Chinese context, it is easy to interpret the meaning from words, and some people simply understand it as a park in the general sense. Environmental protection workers equate it with a nature reserve, the urban construction department regards it as a natural and cultural heritage, the tourism department understands it as a tourist attraction, and the resource management department interprets it from the perspective of property rights, which makes some sense from a local perspective. The difference in understanding can be reached through discussion and exchange. The key problem is that when specific interests are involved in the process of promoting the establishment of the national park system, local governments have instinctive impulses in economic development. From the perspective of their respective functions, departments reflexively regard it as the key to gain interests, or expand power, or fix power, compete for functions, grab territory, The game deviated from the direction.
At present, under the leadership of the National Development and Reform Commission, nine provinces and cities, including Beijing, Hubei and Yunnan, are carrying out pilot work to establish a national park system. It is necessary to carry out pilot exploration to form a model and experience that can be popularized when the top-level design has not been completed, the attribution is not clear, there is no law to follow, and the security mechanism is not clear. However, clarifying the nature and ownership of national parks is the first problem to be solved in the pilot work.
The emergence and development of the world's national parks
National parks originated in the United States. The term "national parks" was put forward by the original initiators when they planned to establish a reserve in Yellowstone in the western United States. Before the approval of the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, the United States Congress approved the establishment of the first natural reserve in Arkansas in 1832, the Hot Spring Reserve, which was established by the government to prevent private development. In the 1860s, the pioneers of the American nature conservation movement saw the beautiful resort of California (Yosemite, Also known as Yosemite), the great redwood trees were cut down on a large scale, and the positive appeal finally led President Lincoln to sign a bill on June 24, 1864, which designated the beautiful resort watershed and Mariposa Giant Tree Forest in California as permanent public land, providing services for public sightseeing and recreation, and stipulating the scope and specific uses, The world's first large-scale nature reserve park was established. However, due to the poor management of the federal government, most historians failed to recognize Yosemite as the world's first national park.
In the 50 years since the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, the concept of national parks has been widely and rapidly spread in the United States, but it has been slowly spread worldwide. In 1879, Australia established the world's second national park, the Royal National Park. In 1890, the United States established the Giant sequoia and beautiful resort national park, and in 1899, the Rainier Mountain National Park was established. At that time, only Britain in Europe followed the example of the United States and established the "National Trust" in 1895. In 1885, Canada began to delimit three national parks in the west: Glacier, Banff and Waterton Lake. In the same period, Australia has set up 6 national parks and New Zealand has set up 2 national parks. In the 19th century, almost all national parks appeared in the United States and the British Commonwealth.
From the beginning of the 20th century to the First World War, some countries followed the example of the British National Trust and also established some nature conservation institutions, such as the German Nature Conservation and Park Association, the French Bird Conservation Association, etc. These institutions initiated the creation of a number of nature reserves or national parks (such as the Luneburg Hyde Park in Germany, the Seven Islands Reserve in France, etc.). Sweden established 8 national parks in 1900 and Switzerland established 1 national park in 1914. These countries have strengthened the management of national parks. For example, the United States set up the National Park Management Office under the Ministry of the Interior in 1916.
During the Second World War, nature conservation affected most of the world, especially some colonial countries in Africa, Oceania and Asia. For example, Belgium set up the Albert National Park in Congo in 1925, Italy also set up a national park in Somalia in 1926, and the French carried out some work in Madagascar, Indochina, and the Dutch in Indonesia. In addition, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, South Africa, the Philippines and other countries have also set up some new national parks or nature reserves.
After the war, due to the explosion of ecological protection movement, the desire of residents in industrialized countries for "green space", and the development of world tourism, the delimitation of national parks has made greater progress, especially in the northern hemisphere. In North America, the number of national parks has expanded from 50 to 356; In Europe, from 25 to 379; The development of national parks in other continents (especially in Asia and Africa) is also significant. By the mid-1970s, there were 1204 national parks in the world. In recent years, the rapid economic development of various countries, the improvement of people's living standards, the increasing demand for outdoor recreation, together with the development of international tourism and the global attention and concern for the ecological environment, have promoted the vigorous development of international environmental protection and the universal establishment of national parks. At present, there are 3740 national parks in the world. As of March 2014, the number of national parks (Class II) according to the WCPA database was 5219. At the same time, countries affected by the former Soviet Union have established a large number of nature reserves, and some other types of reserves have also been established.
Due to the variety of types of protected areas (also known as protected areas and protected areas), their names are different in different countries. In order to reduce the confusion caused by professional terms, enable countries to communicate in a "common language", reflect the different levels of human protection intervention from strictly protected areas to hunting areas that can be reasonably developed and used, select appropriate management categories for specific backgrounds and purposes, emphasize communication and understanding, and promote international exchange and comparison, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) According to the main management objectives of the reserve, the protection is divided into six categories according to the value of protection and the severity of management (see Table 1). The system can adopt different management methods and requirements according to different purposes of protection and utilization, which is conducive to solving many problems in the protected area system. In the management classification system of IUCN nature reserve, the strict nature reserve is I National parks are second only to strict nature reserves in terms of strictness. They were initially described as "ecosystem protection and conservation, such as national parks". Since the existing national parks conform to the characteristics of ecosystem protection and conservation and have been adopted by most countries, they are directly replaced by "national parks".
National parks have been widely promoted in the world because they better deal with the relationship between natural ecological environment protection and resource development and utilization. From the distribution of national parks around the world, the number of national parks in developed countries is far more than that in underdeveloped countries, and some developing countries such as Asia and Africa are also accelerating the construction of national parks. According to incomplete statistics, there are 57 national parks in the United States, 11 in the United Kingdom, 43 in Norway, 173 in Africa, 28 in Japan, more than 20 in Indonesia, 17 in Vietnam, and 32 in South Korea. At present, the national park has become a model of resource protection, an important ecotourism brand, and an important destination for attracting tourists around the world. The tourism income generated by the national park has become the main economic source of many places.
Main experience of foreign national park management
The management modes of national parks in the world are different due to different national conditions. The management of national parks can generally be classified into three types: centralized (such as the United States, Norway, etc.), local autonomous (such as Germany, Australia, etc.) and integrated management (such as Japan, Canada, etc.). The centralized management mode is characterized by vertical leadership from top to bottom, supplemented by the cooperation of other departments and the assistance of non-governmental institutions; In the local autonomous management mode, the central government is only responsible for the work at the policy and legislative levels, while the local government is responsible for the specific management affairs; The integrated management type has both centralized and local autonomy systems. Both government departments and local governments have some autonomy, and private and private institutions also actively participate in construction management. Regardless of the mode, national park management has the following main characteristics and experiences.
Sound management regulations
The countries concerned with the establishment of national parks have a sound legal system. In addition to the basic law, they have also formulated a highly targeted authorization law for each national park, which has detailed provisions on the nature, responsibilities, funding channels, personnel management, resource development and utilization methods and protection measures of national parks. A sound legal and regulatory system has standardized the effective protection and sustainable use of natural resources in national parks in accordance with the law.
Clear responsibilities of management organization
Although the name of the highest authority is different, the United States is managed by the National Park Administration, Germany and Japan are the state environmental departments, Thailand is the forestry department, and Australia is the wildlife and national park administration. Regardless of the management mode, most countries that establish national parks have set up special institutions to manage national parks according to law. The main responsibilities of these institutions are to provide guidance for the development of national parks, approve the management regulations and development plans of various national parks, provide services for the construction of national park infrastructure, and supervise and inspect the work of various national park management institutions. The national park management department has clear responsibilities, transparent decision-making, efficient operation of the management system, and clear investment channels.
Distinctive public welfare characteristics
National parks are designated and approved by the government and are public welfare undertakings of the government with the main purpose of protecting natural resources. National parks in all countries implement science popularization and patriotism education for citizens through tourism as a carrier, improve citizens' patriotic enthusiasm and awareness of ecological environment protection, do not aim at making profits, and the distribution of operating benefits is clear.
Attach importance to the monitoring and research of resources
Each national park regards resource monitoring and scientific research as the core of national park management and sustainable development. National parks use monitoring and research results to provide services for the protection and utilization of national biological strategic resources, provide basis for the implementation of scientific management in national parks, and also provide services for national parks to carry out science popularization education, carry out tourism and realize the sustainable use of other resources.
Scientific planning and unified management according to law
Each national park has a master plan and is under strict management. When the national park is established, the overall plan is approved by the national management agency and strictly followed by the National Park Administration. The most critical content of the master plan is to complete functional zoning according to relevant technical standards on the basis of comprehensive scientific investigation, and protect, reasonably utilize and construct resources according to various functional zoning. The overall planning of national parks in most countries is prepared by specialized agencies, such as the United States and South Africa. According to the development of national parks, national park management agencies regularly revise the overall plan. According to the overall plan, the management organization shall prepare a management plan to guide specific management activities for each national park.
Clear land ownership
National park land in most countries is owned by the state. The government will gradually purchase the land with conservation value as national park land, and the national park management agencies have land purchase departments and relevant management personnel. Even if the land cannot be wholly owned by the state, the ownership of land is very clear. Each country, according to its political system and financial resources, will compensate the land included in the protection scope.
Strong sociality
National parks in various countries are highly social, with a wide range of volunteer teams and donation mechanisms from all walks of life. The management mode of protection fund raising is sound, and the management and operation authority of national parks are separated.
Inconsistent community pressure
Since most developed countries have fewer communities in and around national parks, or even no communities in national parks, the management of national parks in these countries is less stressful than that in many developing countries.
Of course, there are also many problems in the construction and management of foreign national parks, especially in the United States, Russia, Canada, Brazil, India and other big countries comparable to China. There are still some problems, such as the natural conservation in the United States is managed by the National Park Administration of the Ministry of the Interior, the Forestry Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Fish and Wildlife Administration and other departments, and the laws of the states are inconsistent, Causing some overlapping and fragmentation problems; Russia has formed a strict model of combining nature reserves with national parks, and there is also a problem of over development of tourism in national parks; Canada is a vast country with few people, and its experience is different from the reality of China with more people and less land; National parks in Brazil are very different. In addition to the better protection and recreation of Iguazu and Dijuka National Parks, many other national parks, such as the Amazon, still remain on paper; India, like China, faces the contradiction and pressure of protecting and eliminating poverty in communities.
The Problems of Nature Conservation in China as Seen from Foreign Countries
The nature protection system is not perfect, and the national park is missing
It has been nearly 60 years since the establishment of nature reserves in 1956. Under very difficult conditions, China has established various types of nature reserves, which account for nearly 18% of the land area and are dominated by nature reserves. At present, nature reserves are the main protected areas in China. In addition, there are scenic spots, forest parks, wetland parks, geological parks, ocean parks, desert parks, water conservation areas, natural forest reserves, national key public welfare forest reserves and other types, forming a collection of protected areas with nature reserves as the main protected areas. According to statistics, 2669 nature reserves (including 428 national nature reserves) have been established in China, accounting for 15% of the land area, effectively protecting the most important and elite natural landscape, ecosystem, species and genetic resources in China. There are 2163 forestry nature reserves (including 325 national nature reserves), with a total area of 1 2.5 billion hectares, accounting for 13% of the land area, 81% of the total national nature reserves, and 84% of the area.
The existing types of protected areas in China are relatively complex, all of which are declared by various regions and approved by various departments. The geographical distribution is uneven, the structure is unreasonable, and there is no systematic design, which can only be said to be a collection of protected areas. A complete and clear protected area system has not been formed, and the type of national park is missing, and the classification is not scientific enough. From the perspective of benign interaction between ecological protection and resource development, scenic spots, forest parks, geological parks, etc., emphasize tourism and sustainable use. The environmental protection in management is relatively weak, and the emphasis on the protection of single resources does not meet the requirements of the overall characteristics of the ecosystem, and cannot achieve the goal of protection. Most nature reserves are in the transition stage from rescue protection to standard and scientific management. For historical reasons, too much emphasis is placed on ecological protection in publicity, education and some protection measures, which to some extent limits the development and utilization of resources, restricts the economic and social development, and causes the contradiction between the protection and development of the nature reserves, The benign interaction between environmental protection and resource development was not well realized. In recent years, people are changing the previous view that the reserve is an exclusive and closed area least affected by human beings, and require the reserve to more reflect the functions of education, recreation and driving local economic development. The combination of nature conservation and economic development has formed a new trend in the field of nature conservation.
The management system needs to be improved
Due to the cutting of management system and the division of administrative divisions, the natural ecosystem and wildlife activity space have artificially separated the originally coherent natural ecosystem, formed a large number of fragmented and isolated ecological spaces, and reduced the ecosystem functions. From the perspective of management mode, the management system of "combination of sections and blocks" is implemented. In terms of "rules and regulations", all kinds of resources are divided by industry, managed by professional government departments, and regulated by competent government departments at higher levels. According to the division of responsibilities and management authority of the current administrative management system, the management power of scenic resources, cultural relics, ecological resources, forest resources and land resources in public resource reserves is distributed in the departments of construction, gardens, cultural relics, environmental protection, forestry and land resources at all levels; In terms of "blocks", various types of reserves are divided into national, provincial, state and county level reserves according to the scientific value, historical and cultural value, aesthetic value, geographical scope and importance of their resources, which are managed by governments at all levels. Due to the coexistence of block management, different resources are managed by different government professional departments in the same region, while the same resources are cross managed by different levels of government according to their levels. In addition, various protected areas are under the leadership of both various management committees and their respective competent business departments, and there is no clear and unified management responsibility, resulting in overlapping management, duplication of institutional settings, unclear responsibilities and other drawbacks. Especially when non resource management departments are involved in resource management, the management boundaries are intertwined, and multiple different administrative departments in the same area cross manage, which not only wastes resources, increases administrative costs, but also forms internal friction and reduces management efficiency. There are also many contradictions and conflicts between management and operation. There are not only no separation between government and enterprise, but also the overall transfer of resources and monopoly operation, resulting in confusion in the management system. It is difficult for the natural ecological environment protection to achieve the desired effect. This situation is often described as "system chaos" and "management chaos" in the field of natural protection. In fact, this is the result of some improper interests attached to the field of natural protection and protection management departments with improper rights. To solve these contradictions and problems is the purpose of the reform of the national park system.
Land ownership is not clear enough
At present, the management of various protected areas involves many departments, and many departments without resource management attribute also participate in the management, resulting in the absence of natural resource owners, confusion of management power, and the absence or dislocation of owners. In particular, the owner is dissatisfied that the local resources have been classified into a certain protected area, while generating overall interests, it has limited its own local interests. When the desire to obtain national investment fails, it is inevitable to be disappointed. In addition, the serious shortage of investment and heavy management burden have also restricted the local economic development, leading some places to change their attitude towards the establishment of protected areas from positive support to negative response.
Inadequate inter departmental coordination
At present, the system design of integrated supervision by comprehensive departments, specific construction and management by professional departments, and management and operation by local levels, combined with the reality and professional characteristics, can mobilize the enthusiasm of the central and local governments, which is also feasible in reality. Due to the different focus of interests between departments and local governments, as well as the conflict of some laws and the expansion of power and competition between departments, some departments "act as both referees and athletes", which also leads to some confusion. In the game of interest groups, it is particularly necessary to have clear ideas at the top level for unified coordination.
Main enlightenment to the system construction of China's national parks
Over 140 years since the emergence and development of national parks, they have gone through a tortuous development process. When the National Park was established, people were allowed to enter and carry out sightseeing and recreation activities. When the Huangshi National Park was established in 1872, the main purpose was to protect the fields from the aesthetic point of view, so that people could enter easily. With the development of tourism activities, a large number of people entered, the environment was damaged, and the ecosystem was seriously affected, So it returned to the track of conservation first, and only allowed recreational activities on 1% of the land in the national park. As time went by, it absorbed the functions of nature reserves such as protecting biodiversity, paid attention to ecosystem protection and conservation, reintroduced wolves, restored ecological balance, and enriched the connotation of the national park and standardized its management, The model of national parks is then popular in most countries in the world.
National parks are not parks in general sense, nor can they be simply equivalent to "national parks", but a type of protected areas. All countries in the world classify national parks as nature reserves, some even equal to nature reserves. IUCN defines a national park as: a national park refers to a large area of natural or near natural areas, focusing on the protection of a large area of complete natural ecosystems. The purpose of establishment is to protect large-scale ecological processes, as well as related species and ecosystem characteristics. These reserves provide opportunities for the public to understand environmentally friendly and culturally compatible communities, such as spiritual enjoyment, scientific research, education, entertainment and visits. Therefore, the national park is a special term. It is a protected area specially designated and managed by the government to protect important natural ecosystems and their landscape and cultural resources.
Throughout the world, the development of national parks has not deviated from the principle of focusing on natural ecological protection, which is the biggest inspiration for China to establish a national park system. National parks belong to the category of nature protection, but their connotation is also constantly enriched: naturalists should protect wilderness from the perspective of nature; Good people should protect animals and plants from the perspective of ethics and morality; Scientists should protect the background from the need of scientific research; Tourists should protect the landscape from the perspective of aesthetics and tourism; Economists protect resources from the perspective of sustainable development; Cultural people protect heritage from the perspective of protecting culture and tradition; Later, it developed to protect biodiversity, provide spiritual enjoyment, and become a carrier for carrying national environmental education and enhancing national awareness. Today, we learn from the experience of foreign national parks. It is not a simple repetition of national parks more than 100 years ago, nor is it for a single purpose. Instead, we learn from the experience of national parks in countries around the world, including the United States, to reflect all the functions mentioned above at a new starting point and height.
National parks are rich in connotation, covering all elements with values of protection, scientific research, education, culture, recreation, etc., including tangible natural resources, human resources and their landscapes, as well as intangible intangible cultural heritage resources. So, do national parks belong to the category of natural ecological protection or economic and cultural construction? The author believes that natural resources are the root, the "skin", the carrier of culture and other resources, and the rest are "hairs". Therefore, the protection of natural resources is the most important function. The main function of national parks is ecological conservation, but it does not exclude its cultural and economic functions. In terms of dominance, national parks belong to the category of natural protection and ecological construction, and culture and economy are auxiliary functions, which cannot be put the cart before the horse.
Thoughts on the Construction of National Park System under the System of Ecological Civilization
Today, China's establishment of the national park system is to promote the construction of ecological civilization, so we should think from the perspective of ecological civilization and natural protection.
Take the opportunity of national park system construction to improve China's protected area system
From a worldwide perspective, national parks are an important type of protection system, but they cannot cover all protected areas. Therefore, other types of protected areas should not be ignored. They should not just stay at the scale of national parks, but should consider the larger system of nature conservation, so as to fully play the overall function of the ecosystem, Promote the construction of ecological civilization, otherwise, partial improvement cannot solve the problem of overall chaos. The establishment of a national park system is not just the establishment of a few national park entities (although this is also one of the goals), its essence is to improve China's natural protection system. We understand that the central government proposed the establishment of a national park system in order to promote reform, improve China's protected area system, and solve a series of problems such as unclear supervision, inconsistent rules, decentralized investment, and low efficiency caused by geographical division and departmental division of the current typical ecosystem with high natural value. Reconstruct China's natural protection system and promote the construction of China's protected area system in combination with the international IUCN protected area classification.
Therefore, a complete reserve system should be a reasonably structured and scientifically distributed reserve system consisting of strict nature reserves, national parks, provincial and municipal nature reserves, water source reserves, forest parks, wetland parks, geological parks, marine parks, desert parks, etc., so as to build China's land ecological security space and maintain biodiversity, Provide a reliable basis for sustainable development.
Integrate the existing protected areas and establish a national park system with Chinese characteristics in line with international standards
To establish a national park system in China, we need to integrate the existing protected areas throughout the country, sort out, evaluate, analyze, scientifically classify, systematically plan and overall design all the protected areas at present. According to the author's estimation, only about 200 of China's existing 428 national nature reserves have reached the standard of strict nature reserves. These strict nature reserves can also be reduced in number but not in area through consolidation. Through national investment and strict protection and management, the most important biodiversity and ecological security space can be effectively protected. Other existing national nature reserves with national park characteristics, as well as forest parks, geoparks, wetland parks, etc. with national park characteristics, can be relied on and integrated with other types of reserves to form a national park that is geographically connected and has a complete ecosystem. It can be effectively protected and used in a limited way to establish international standards National park system with Chinese characteristics.
Establish national park system based on ecological civilization construction
The key to establishing a national park system is to rationalize management. Only by standing on the height of ecological civilization construction and starting from the perspective of natural protection can we transcend the disputes over the interests of departments, which are coordinated by the central government and managed by professional departments to ensure the scientificity and professionalism of national parks. National parks have resource attributes, and must be managed professionally and scientifically by resource management departments. The involvement of non professional departments, or the fact that one department takes charge of the professional departments, will increase new confusion. The construction of the national park system needs to consider the feasibility of management in combination with the management of various resources by the existing natural resource management departments. The State Council shall entrust comprehensive departments to supervise and inspect the construction of national protected areas, including resource management departments in charge of the construction of protected areas within their respective scopes, as well as the construction management of national parks.
Legislation first, establish and improve the legal system of nature protection
The national park is a government led area for the sustainable development and protection of important natural resources and cultural landscapes. It is currently an effective resource management model widely used around the world. We need to establish a natural protection system under the ecological civilization system, and a national park mechanism under the natural protection system needs legal protection. In view of the current situation of laws and regulations related to natural resources and protected areas in China, it is necessary to start legislative work as soon as possible and establish and improve the legal system of natural protection. Formulate a "protected area law" in which the content of national parks is specifically defined, or formulate a "national park law". Revise relevant laws to form a complete natural protection legal system supporting the Environmental Protection Law, Forest Law, Wildlife Protection Law, Wetland Protection Regulations, Natural Reserve Management Regulations, etc. Formulate local regulations and provincial regulations. Each national park needs to formulate national park management regulations to achieve "one park, one law".
main
reference
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Chapter 3: Model of Nature Protection System
Key words: Qilian Mountains; Ecological protection; Tourism economy
CLC No.: X22 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1001-828X (2015) 015-000-01
Since the implementation of the western development strategy in China, the western region has been developed to a greater extent, which has promoted the social and economic development of the western region. With the development of economy and society, the problem of ecological environment has become increasingly prominent. Qilian Mountain, located in Gansu Province, is a national nature reserve of forest ecosystem type. The ecological environment of Qilian Mountain plays an important role in the economic development of Hexi region. Qilian Mountain area is faced with ecological environment problems such as grassland degradation, forest reduction, and desertification intensification, which have seriously damaged the balanced development of economy, society and environment. China implements the sustainable development strategy, strengthens the protection of Qilian Mountain's ecological environment, vigorously develops the ecological forestry tourism economy, and constantly promotes the joint development of Qilian Mountain's ecological protection and economy.
1、 Ecological environment problems in Qilian Mountains
（1） Forest and grass vegetation degradation and ecological environment deterioration
The eco-environmental problems in Qilian Mountains are mainly manifested in the degradation and deterioration of forest and grass preparation, and the decline of water conservation capacity of natural vegetation. The area of grassland in Qilian Mountains has increased to 45%, and is also seriously damaged by pests and rats. About one third of the natural virgin forests have suffered from pests and diseases. In recent years, the snow line in the Qilian Mountains has been rising, the area of water and soil loss in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Qilian Mountains has been expanding, the phenomenon of land desertification has become increasingly serious, and natural disasters such as sand storms are also increasing year by year.
（2） The contradiction between forestry, animal husbandry and forestry farmers is prominent
Due to the unclear ownership of land in Qilian Mountains, there is a phenomenon of "one land with two certificates" in most places, namely, forest certificate and grassland certificate. The overlapping of forest land and grassland is not conducive to the protection of ecological environment and the development of animal husbandry. The population in the Qilian Mountains has increased year by year. With the rapid development of economy and industry, deforestation, grass destruction and land reclamation have increased, which is not conducive to the management and protection of resources in the Qilian Mountains, and has seriously damaged the local natural environment and biodiversity.
2、 Advantages of Developing Forestry Tourism in Qilian Mountain Area
（1） Abundant natural resources
The Qilian Mountain Ecological Protection Zone covers 607000 hectares of forestry land, including 167000 hectares of woodland, 12000 hectares of open forest and 41000 hectares of shrubbery, with a forest coverage rate of 21%. Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve is the most intact natural ecosystem on the northern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in China at present. It has complex and unique topography and rich resources, and has developed many famous tourist attractions. Abundant natural resources are an important advantage for Qilian Mountains to develop green forestry tourism and promote economic development.
（2） Rich cultural resources
In addition to rich natural resources, Qilian Mountains also have human resources to develop tourism. Qilian Mountain is home to Tibetan, Yugur and other ethnic minorities in China. Each ethnic minority has its own unique culture, customs and religious habits. It is an important part of China's ethnic minority culture. Its unique ethnic customs, living habits, music, dance will inevitably attract tourists from China and even the world, so it is conducive to the development of eco-tourism.
3、 Measures for Developing Forestry Tourism in Qilian Mountains
（1） Scientific planning and reasonable development
The purpose of ecotourism is to coordinate the relationship between ecological environment and economic development, reduce the impact of tourism development on the environment, and achieve sustainable development of ecological environment and economy. Therefore, the forestry tourism in the Qilian Mountains must carry out scientific planning for the local ecosystem and formulate a reasonable tourism development plan. The planning content mainly includes the tourism market analysis, forest resources analysis, marketing, economic and financial situation analysis, forest resources development and protection in the Qilian Mountains. The development and construction of forestry tourism should be carried out according to the natural environment bearing capacity and the requirements of ecotourism in the Qilian Mountains. Before formulating the forestry tourism development plan, field investigation and analysis should be carried out in order to prepare for the remediation of environmental problems caused by tourism development.
（2） Establishing the protection system of forestry eco-tourism resources
The development of tourism is highly dependent on tourism resources. If tourism resources are not effectively protected, it will restrict the development of tourism. In the process of developing Qilian Mountain forestry tourism resources, we should correctly handle the development and protection of forest resources, adhere to the principle of giving priority to forest resources protection, make a reasonable and scientific judgment on the tourism environmental carrying capacity of Qilian Mountain area, and control the impact of developing forestry tourism on the environment within the environmental carrying capacity. The development of Qilian Mountain forestry tourism should adhere to the principle of simultaneous development and protection. It is necessary to rationally develop forest resources and strengthen the protection of forest resources. In the process of developing forestry tourism, we should adhere to the protection of biological diversity and ecological environment, focus on the protection of non renewable resources, do a good job in closing the Qilian Mountains for afforestation, afforestation, combine ecological environment protection, forestry tourism scenic spot protection, wildlife protection, cultural relics and historic sites protection, and clarify the responsibilities of each department, Form a unified protection system of forestry eco-tourism resources, prevent the phenomenon that tourism resources destroy pollution while developing, and promote the coordinated development of ecological protection and economy in Qilian Mountains.
（3） Enrich forestry eco-tourism activities
Break the traditional form of forestry tourism, innovate the activities and projects of Qilian Mountain ecological forestry tourism, constantly attract tourists' attention, integrate the concept of environmental protection into tourism activities, and improve tourists' environmental awareness, such as forest education tour, botanical garden ecological tour, forest leisure bath tour, scientific investigation tour, etc. A distinctive botanical garden can be established in the Qilian Mountain Ecological Reserve Arboretum to provide tourists with primitive, comfortable, preferential small wooden houses, small farmhouses and other experiential services, so that tourists can enjoy the pleasure of ecological resources in nature and increase the attraction of tourism. It can also carry out scientific investigation tour activities, guide tourists to visit the plants, trees, topography and landforms of the ecological protection area, experience the unique natural landscape, and form a popular science and educational tourism activity. The development of forestry tourism with the concept of environmental protection not only promotes the development of tourism economy, but also realizes the protection of ecological environment.
（4） Strengthen infrastructure construction and publicity
Compared with the development of tourism in other regions of China, the tourism and tourism infrastructure construction in the Qilian Mountains are relatively lagging behind. The connection between cities and ecological scenic spots is not close, and the imperfect supporting facilities hinder the development of tourism economy in the Qilian Mountains. The government should formulate relevant preferential policies, increase capital investment in Qilian Mountains, expand financing channels, constantly improve tourism infrastructure construction, and vigorously develop ecological forestry tourism industry. In addition, we should also strengthen the publicity of Qilian Mountain ecological forestry tourism, establish tourism brands, expand the popularity of Qilian Mountain ecological forestry tourism, and drive the economic development of Qilian Mountain under the premise of protecting the environment.
4、 Conclusion
The Qilian Mountains region in China is rich in natural resources and human resources. In the face of the deteriorating ecological environment, we should plan scientifically and develop rationally, establish a protection system for forestry eco-tourism resources, enrich forestry eco-tourism activities, strengthen infrastructure construction and publicity, constantly develop ecological forestry tourism economy, and promote the common development of ecological protection and economy in the Qilian Mountains.
reference:
[1] Wang Fugui Research on the sustainable economic development of ethnic minority areas in Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve [D]. Lanzhou University, 2010
[2] Zhang Xiaolong On the Status Quo and Countermeasures of Ecological Protection and Control in Zhangye Section at the North Foot of Qilian Mountains [J]. Gansu Forestry, 2014 (01): 29-31
Chapter 4: Model of Nature Protection System
Aquatic biological resources are precious natural wealth and an important material basis for human production and life. They have important scientific, ecological and economic values and provide a broad space for human survival and development, civilization and progress. Strengthening the construction of aquatic biological nature reserves and implementing scientific and effective protection of aquatic biological resources, aquatic ecosystems, aquatic wetlands and other natural resources and ecosystems are the concrete embodiment of conserving aquatic biological resources and implementing scientific development. The construction of aquatic nature reserves is of great significance for protecting the ecological environment and biodiversity of waters, promoting the sustainable development of fisheries and maintaining ecological security.
As early as the end of 1970s, China began to protect aquatic biological resources. In 1979, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Breeding, the Fisheries Law promulgated in 1986 and revised in 2000, which stipulated the construction of aquatic germplasm resources reserves, and the Wildlife Protection Law promulgated in 1988, It clearly stipulates that nature reserves should be designated in the main areas and waters where wildlife under national and local key protection lives and breeds. In 1994, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Nature Reserves, bringing the construction of nature reserves into the track of legalization and standardization. In 1997, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the Measures for the Administration of Aquatic Living Plant Nature Reserves, which specifically stipulated the construction of aquatic animal and plant nature reserves. In February 2006, the State Council issued the Outline of Action for the Conservation of China's Aquatic Biological Resources, which, on the basis of systematically summarizing the experience and lessons of China's conservation of aquatic biological resources, absorbed advanced management concepts and measures from abroad, In combination with China's national conditions and the requirements for the conservation of aquatic biological resources in the new era, the guiding ideology, basic principles, objectives, major actions and safeguard measures for the conservation of aquatic biological resources in China are proposed from the national level and strategic level, which points out the direction for the conservation and construction of aquatic biological nature.
For a long time, with the attention of governments at all levels and the strong support of all sectors of society, and the joint efforts of fishery administrative departments at all levels, the cause of aquatic biological nature reserves in China has developed rapidly. At present, the country has established more than 200 aquatic biological nature reserves, including 16 national, 56 provincial, and more than 130 city (county) level. The total area is more than 100000 square kilometers. The number and area of the protected areas have increased, the objects and scope of protection have expanded, the infrastructure of the protected areas have been significantly improved, and the protection and management capabilities have been greatly improved, becoming an important part of China's ecological protection system.
Over the years, the Reserve has actively cooperated with scientific research institutions to organize scientific research on artificial domestication and breeding of aquatic wild animals. The domestication and breeding of some species have made breakthroughs in technology, creating conditions for the restoration and proliferation of natural resources in the Reserve. For example, Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve has successfully domesticated and bred giant salamanders. Since 2002, more than 5000 giant salamanders have been released in the core area of the reserve. Hubei Yichang Chinese Sturgeon Reserve, Shanghai Yangtze River Estuary Chinese Sturgeon Reserve, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Gezhouba Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute and other research units have cooperated to carry out the domestication, breeding and breeding of Chinese sturgeon. Up to now, more than 8 million Chinese sturgeons have been released in the Yangtze River. The Tian'ezhou Baiji National Nature Reserve of the Yangtze River has successfully achieved the world's first ex situ protection of the Yangtze finless porpoise, and the number of ex situ protected finless porpoises in the reserve has now reached about 30. Since its establishment in 1985, Guangdong Sea Turtle National Nature Reserve has protected more than 70000 sea turtle eggs, hatched more than 60000 young turtles, and released more than 50000 young turtles. The work of the reserve has been protected by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) The relevant countries and international organizations have visited and studied in the Reserve for many times, which has become a good publicity window for China's international image of protecting aquatic wildlife resources. Guangdong Sea Turtle Reserve has actively studied and improved breeding methods to increase the survival rate of young turtles from 40% to 90%.
The management agencies of the nature reserves at all levels actively participate in and assist the fishery authorities in rescuing aquatic wildlife. According to incomplete statistics, since 1998, more than 10000 heads (tails) of national key protected aquatic wild animals, such as whales, dolphins and turtles, have been rescued and released by relevant provincial and municipal fisheries authorities and conservation centers along the coast and the Yangtze River. During this period, a number of advanced cases, such as the rescue of paddlefish in Jiangsu and Sichuan, have emerged, which has had a good impact on society.
Chapter 5: Model of Nature Protection System
[Key words] Great Khingan Mountains; Forest resources; Administration
The forest is the main body of the land system and the basis for human survival. As the main reason for maintaining human survival, reproduction and development, forests not only have economic benefits, but also have more important ecological and social benefits. Its importance is beyond doubt. The development and construction of the Great Khingan Mountains have made great contributions to the country for more than 40 years. However, forest resources have also been severely damaged. Throughout the world, the relationship between people and forests has gone through three stages without exception: developing forest resources, protecting forest resources, and saving forest resources. Therefore, there is no need to make a fuss. As long as we fully realize the importance of protecting forest resources, effectively enhance the sense of crisis, mission and responsibility, and do a good job of protection based on reality, forest resources will gradually recover. So, how can we protect, utilize and develop the "lifeblood" of forest people? Here are some suggestions.
1. On the basis of forest management, "four strictures" should be observed in the cultivation of forest resources
Put the cultivation, protection and development of forest resources at the top of the strategy, increase efforts to transform and nurture forests, actively cultivate, protect and manage forest resources, and require "four strictures" in forest management production.
1.1 Strictly control the quality of seedlings
Strengthen the supervision and inspection of the production, operation, use and transportation of forest seedlings, strengthen the quality supervision and management of the production, circulation and use of forest seedlings, strictly implement the "four certificates and one signature" management system, eliminate the afforestation and greening production of foreign seedlings with incomplete procedures, unqualified seedlings and seedlings not suitable for growth in forest areas, and ensure the quality of afforestation projects.
1.2 Strictly control planting
The management method of main leaders' package, technicians' running on the line and supervisors' squatting on the spot shall be adopted. The forestry technicians of each bureau shall guide and supervise on the site, require the operators to operate in strict accordance with the afforestation design and technical regulations, and the supervisors shall supervise throughout the whole process, strictly control the transportation, planting, management and protection of seedlings, so as to ensure the "two rates" of afforestation quality and afforestation.
1.3 Strict care
By establishing the production operation mortgage deposit system, signing the production operation contract, strengthening the in-process inspection and technical guidance, and taking various measures such as rectification notice, operation quality notification system and monthly production progress report system, the quality of tending and cutting production has been effectively improved, and the quality and progress of production have been accelerated.
1.4 Strict disease prevention
Strengthen the prediction and forecast of forestry pests, implement pollution-free prevention and control, and forest plant quarantine to reduce the loss of forest resources. The construction of forest pest monitoring and early warning, quarantine and disaster prevention, prevention and mitigation, and emergency response system has begun to take shape, and all indicators have reached national standards.
2. Forest resources management based on forest protection
Achieve new breakthroughs on. As a state-owned key forest area, it has an important strategic position in the construction of national ecological civilization. At present, the main task of the forest area is to improve the productivity of forest land, better play the ecological role, and maximize the ecological benefits.
(1) To solve the problem, we should get rid of the concept of "relying mainly on trees and relying on forests for food", firmly establish the awareness of ecological civilization, focus on sustainable development, comprehensively implement the natural forest protection project and classified management, take increasing the protection and cultivation of forest resources as the first priority for development, and thoroughly implement the ecological strategy. Actively strive for national ecological compensation policy support, further reduce timber production, and strive to stop final cutting production.
(2) Comprehensively implement the "coal instead of wood" project and low-carbon projects, improve forest fire prevention and pest control, increase forest tending efforts, comprehensively restore burned out land and ore body vegetation as soon as possible, and strive to achieve "production consumption, non operational consumption" and "forest quality, forest accumulation".
(3) Promote the harmonious relationship between man and nature, focus on applying for national nature reserves, create a "national ecological demonstration zone" with high standards, and build an ecological system with reasonable structure and complete functions. Earnestly implement the production and construction policy of "protection first, scientific planning, reasonable development, and sustainable utilization", successfully realize the transformation from "tree fellers" to "foresters" and "forest protectors", from one-sided pursuit of material wealth and GDP to the pursuit of green GDP led by sustainable utilization of resources and environment. Strictly control the "three aggregates", and crack down on illegal and criminal acts that damage forest resources, such as indiscriminate felling of trees, requisition of woodlands, hunting of wild animals, and digging of wild plants, to prevent the destruction of forest ecology.
3. Take intensive management as the concept and take multiple measures to protect and cultivate forest resources
Forest resources are the main body of the ecosystem in the Great Khingan Mountains region. Protecting and cultivating forest resources is the core of all work.
3.1 Actively control the consumption of standing trees
Actively strive for national financial policy support, and take the initiative to reduce the consumption of standing trees by a certain amount every year on the premise that the economic and social development can bear according to the actual situation of the subsequent industrial development, so as to reduce the operational consumption of forest resources and make the forest resources rest as soon as possible. By strengthening the construction of the "three lines of defense" focusing on timber inspection stations, family management and protection, and mobile patrols by professionals, we will adhere to the rule of law and crack down on illegal acts that damage forest resources, such as enterprise deforestation and individual illegal mining.
3.2 Effectively reduce non operating consumption
We will make every effort to do a good job in forest fire prevention, adhere to the principle of advanced prevention throughout the forest prevention work, practically increase fire prevention investment, comprehensively strengthen fire source management, earnestly implement administrative accountability, and ensure that no major forest fires occur. Vigorously strengthen the system construction of forest pest monitoring and early warning, prevention and disaster reduction and emergency response, and realize the standardization, scientization and informatization of prevention and control work. The project of "replacing wood with coal" was solidly promoted, and energy-efficient and environment-friendly products were popularized according to local conditions.
3.3 Accelerate the cultivation of backup resources
Through the implementation of natural forest protection, steadily implement the forest vegetation restoration project, fully complete the clearing and restoration tasks of the burned area in the near future, and actively promote the comprehensive management of mining sites. Fully implement the cultivation project of forest reserve resources, actively cultivate local tree species such as larch, scotch pine, spruce and poplar birch, focus on introducing precious and rare tree species, strengthen engineering management of forest production, and focus on annual artificial reforestation. Since the implementation of the "Natural Forest Protection" project in this forest area, the ecological environment in the forest area has been significantly improved, and the number of wild animals breeding in the Great Khingan Mountains forest area has begun to increase significantly in recent years. The scene of deer running all over the mountains and birds singing everywhere in the forest reappeared in this forest area. Vigorously implement the afforestation project, focus on the afforestation of villages, towns and surrounding areas, and comprehensively improve the greening level.
3.4 Accelerate the construction of nature reserves
Further improve and perfect the functions of nature reserves, gradually expand the area of nature reserves, accelerate the pace of development of nature reserves, and build a natural protection system with reasonable layout, complete types and more complete functions.
3.5 It is necessary to further strengthen the team building of forest resources and forest administration management, and constantly establish and improve the "one body and two wings" forest resources management system
The management of forest resources is directly related to the vital interests of the people. To ensure the effective implementation of various tasks of forest resource management, it is necessary to establish and improve a forest resource management system with resource administration as the main body and comprehensive resource monitoring and resource supervision and inspection as the two wings. The competent forestry authorities at all levels should strive to maintain the stability of the forest resources and forestry administration institutions, and constantly enrich their personnel. At the same time, they should further strengthen the construction of forest resources and forestry administration inspection teams, forestry workstations, timber inspection stations and other grass-roots forestry law enforcement teams, constantly optimize the law enforcement environment, and ensure the play of their functions.
In short, forest resources are the material basis of forestry production and an important guarantee of national ecological security. With the adjustment of China's forestry strategic position, forestry has changed from a timber production centered strategy to an ecological construction centered strategy. The implementation of various forestry ecological projects has made unprecedented changes in China's forestry. Strengthening the management of forest resources is an important guarantee to realize the transformation of forestry strategy and consolidate the achievements of forestry ecological projects. The new situation has endowed forest resources management with new connotations and tasks.
Chapter 6: Model of Nature Protection System
Abstract: Based on the summarization of the previous research results of China′s tourism resources, this paper focuses on development and protection of tourism resources, starts from the analysis of five reasons of affecting sustainable development of China′s tourism resources and puts forward some feasible suggestions from aspects, such as development model of tourism resources, excavation of cultural connotation, establishment of sustainable development system, "artificialization, commercialization and urbanization" of travel service etc., under the support of the concept of sustainable development of Domestic and international tourism resources, so as to promote sustainable development of China′s tourism industry.
Key words: tourism resources development; Innovation concept; Sustainable development; proposal
Key words: tourism resources development； innovative concept； sustainable development； suggestions
CLC No.: F59 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1006-4311 (2012) 03-0007-02
0 Introduction
In recent years, with the determination of the position of tourism as a new economic growth point, many tourist destinations have listed tourism as a leading or pillar industry, giving priority to the development of tourism projects and increasing tourism development efforts. On the one hand, this has promoted the development of local economy, but on the other hand, a series of problems have also arisen: such as short-sighted behavior of plundering and developing tourism resources, Extensive management of tourist destinations and pathological expansion of tourism construction. The emergence of these problems quickly damaged the renewable nature of tourism resources, damaged the tourism environment, reduced the quality of tourism, caused the decline of landscape, and made the sustainable development strategy of tourism face more and more serious challenges. How to develop and protect tourism resources and promote the sustainable development of tourism has become a major problem that needs to be solved urgently in China's tourism industry and an important topic of academic research.
1. Research status and trend of the subject
At the end of 1990s, especially after entering the 21st century, the development and protection of tourism resources has become an important topic of academic research. For example, Liu Li's Development of Tourism Resources and Environmental Protection (2004). Zhang Yingchun, et al., Current Situation and Reflection on Tourism Resources Protection in China (2004). Ding Pingping's Analysis of Several Main Problems in the Process of Tourism Resources Development and Protection (2007), and proposed the strategic model of tourism development. For example, Li Shanmei's "Developing Western Tourism Resources Should Adhere to the Sustainable Development Strategy" (2002), Fu Xiangyang's "On the Status Quo of Western Tourism and Its Development Strategy" (2002), and Shi Benlin's "On the Sustainable Development Strategy of Regional Tourism" (2005) all indicate that China's research on tourism resources has been more in-depth.
2. Main manifestations affecting the sustainable development of China's tourism resources development
2.1 Neglect and Imperfection of Laws China's laws on the protection of tourism resources are extremely imperfect and perfect, or even poor. We have no special legislation on tourism resources, let alone on world heritage. Many problems existing in reality cannot be found in the law, and the consequence is of course the emergence of many illegal phenomena in actual operation. In particular, the legislators should pay attention to the accountability of those decisions that cause permanent damage to tourism resources and cannot be recovered.
2.2 The multi head management model has a large number of tourism resource management institutions in China. At present, China has 1268 national cultural relics protection units, 119 national scenic spots, hundreds of nature reserves and forest parks. Among these numerous tourism resources, cultural relics units are under the jurisdiction of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, national scenic spots are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Construction, national forest parks are under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Bureau, and nature reserves are under the jurisdiction of the State Environmental Protection Administration, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Forestry Bureau, the Bureau of Oceanography, the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, and the General Bureau of Water Resources. In each tourist attraction, it is easy to have management confusion caused by different departments. In particular, under the guidance of interests, various management departments scramble to manage profitable matters such as fees and project establishment, and they push and dispute with each other on matters that need to bear risks and responsibilities. On the one hand, this leads to low administrative efficiency, on the other hand, it also brings difficulties to the protection of tourism resources.
2.3 Interest driven tourism resources are artificial, commercialized and urbanized, ignoring the protection of resources. In the view of many scenic spot managers or local government officials, the economic benefits of scenic spots are the first, and the ultimate goal of all construction, development and even the daily maintenance of resources is to make money. Development activities focusing on economic interests will inevitably ignore the protection of resources. In most scenic spots, there is such a vicious circle: the funds for scenic spot maintenance are used to develop new projects, and the income is not used for scenic spot maintenance and protection, but for new project investment. There are more and more tourists in the scenic spots, and the damage to the tourism resources is more and more serious. However, the maintenance funds for the scenic spots cannot be in place, so we can only see the gradual destruction of many precious heritage.
2.4 Blind development destroys the integrity, authenticity and integrity of tourism resources, which is a bad phenomenon in China. Wherever there is a profitable industry, they will rush to the project, regardless of whether the scale of the industry or industry has been saturated. In areas with rich tourism resources, it is justifiable to develop new projects in order to attract tourists, but simply to build projects that are not suitable for the scenic spot in order to increase economic income will destroy the integrity and harmony of the whole scenic spot. In areas with relatively poor tourism resources, local officials try to develop some projects to attract tourists, such as miniature landscapes, folk culture villages, etc. In my opinion, these new landscapes do not conform to the strict concept of tourism resources and waste the national construction funds, causing harm without benefit.
2.5 There are some misconceptions about tourists' tourism concepts, and the awareness of tourism resource protection is not strong. Objectively speaking, the managers of scenic spots are developing new tourism projects to a certain extent to meet the needs of many tourists. In addition, the public's awareness of tourism resources protection is also quite weak. Many people believe that the protection of tourism resources is the business of managers and experts. Tourists come to the scenic spots to enjoy beautiful things. They can enjoy themselves as much as they like. Therefore, the phenomenon of climbing onto the statue to take photos, touching cultural relics and murals at will, destroying landscape facilities and scribbling casually appeared; Such behavior not only increases the difficulty of the daily management of the scenic spot, but also greatly damages the tourism resources and increases the difficulty of tourism resource protection.
3. Proposing and studying the concept of sustainable development of tourism resources development
The concept of tourism resources development is the main theoretical basis of tourism resources development.
In 2001, Professor DINO DE UITERBO of the University of Rome put forward the idea of "protecting the environment and adhering to the sustainable development of tourism". He believed that the sustainable development of tourism should make efforts in three aspects: ecological diversity, social and cultural sustainability and economic sustainability. In the process of development and utilization of tourism resources, various forms of environmental protection and governance should be adopted to enable the whole society to participate in environmental protection. In the development of tourism resources, the planning department should carry out quantitative environmental protection research, analyze the possible impact of future tourism activities on the environment and the countermeasures to be taken.
"Sustainable development of tourism. International year of Ecotourism, WTO Sustainable Development of Tourism.". There are many ancient castles in Italy. In order to protect the castle, repair it as it is. He suggested that the Italian government purchase the ancient castle in a state-owned way and transform the ancient castle into a hotel. The money earned from the Ancient Castle Hotel goes to buy more ancient castles. This not only protects the cultural relics, but also gains economic benefits. The money earned is used to redevelop, producing good economic effects.
Professor Qin Jianxiong of China established a system and conceptual framework for sustainable development of tourism in Tourism Sustainable Development and Western Development (China Sustainable Development, 2003.16 (5): 24-30).
Qin Jianxiong believes that the tourism sustainable development system is the intersection of economic system, ecological system and social system, and involves various fields of ecological economy, ecological society and social economy (Figure 1).
The conceptual framework of sustainable tourism development includes three basic elements: the sustainability of tourism economy, the sustainability of tourism resources and environment, and the sustainability of tourism destination society. The three elements interact with each other and are indispensable (Figure 2).
The core of the concept of sustainable tourism development lies in the coordinated development of tourism society, tourism economy and tourism resources and environment system on the premise of sustainable tourism resources and environment, by means of sustainable growth of tourism economy, and for the purpose of sustainable social progress in tourism destinations.
4 Suggestions on sustainable development of China's tourism resources
4.1 In terms of development mode and development mode, more attention should be paid to sustainable development. In this regard, countries have reached the following consensus: to achieve sustainable development of tourism, we must vigorously develop green products and green management as a means, and achieve the unity of economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits as a goal, so that sustainable tourism can permeate into all aspects of work and activities, We should constantly carry out system innovation and management innovation, and adhere to sustainable development as a long-term work; To realize the sustainable development of tourism, we should rely on the improvement of tourists' quality and self-conscious cooperation, on the active cooperation between investors and communities in development, construction and management, and at the same time, we should follow up on our own management work, emphasizing the priority of planning; To achieve sustainable tourism development, we must first formulate practical laws and regulations and action plans. Tourism and environmental protection departments must closely cooperate, and at the same time, government departments must play a leading role; Careful protection of the ecological environment is the lifeline of the development of tourism. Therefore, in the process of tourism development, we should attach importance to the protection of natural and cultural landscapes.
4.2 The development of tourism resources should increase the exploration of the connotation of tourism culture, pay attention to the cultural characteristics of tourism resources, resource locations and tourist source areas, seek the bridge between local tourism resource culture and tourists' background culture, and develop tourism products with cultural characteristics and characteristics, which is the only way for the sustainable development of regional tourism. Tourism products must reflect regional cultural characteristics to support the sustainable development of regional tourism.
To explore the cultural connotation of tourism, we must start with the tourism object and implement the strategy of diversified, multi type, multi-cultural and multi perspective tourism products. The main ideas are as follows: ① pay attention to the cultural image orientation of tourist destination image; ② Positioning the cultural theme of tourist destinations; ③ Carry out cultural promotion around the theme; ④ Explore the content of cultural connotation of tourism resources; ⑤ Pay attention to the local cultural expression of tourism in the development of tourism activities; ⑥ The cultural connotation of the artificial landscape in tourist destinations; ⑦ Express the local culture through the service process.
4.3 Establish a scientific and reasonable sustainable development system
4.3.1 To establish a sustainable tourism resource protection system, a centralized, unified and effective comprehensive tourism resource management organization should be established to strengthen the coordination of policies and objectives between departments.
4.3.2 Establish a sustainable tourism ecological environment protection system ① For the problem of tourism ecological environment pollution, a corresponding sustainable tourism ecological environment protection system should be established. ② Accelerate the construction of natural protection laws and regulations, strengthen unified supervision and management, focus on nature reserves and ecological protection demonstration projects, ensure the ecological environment and biodiversity, promote tourism through development, promote environmental protection through tourism, and promote benefits through environmental protection.
4.3.3 Establish a green product planning system for sustainable tourism development ① Formulate and improve the basic law of tourism planning. It is suggested to issue the Tourism Planning Law or the Regulations on Tourism Planning Management to bring tourism planning into the legal track; ② Clarify the legal nature of the behaviors related to tourism planning, and overcome the problems of insufficient attention and one-sided understanding in tourism planning; ③ The tourism development planning should be incorporated into the national economic and social development planning. The tourism planning of each region should be incorporated into the overall planning framework of the national tourism development, linked with land use planning, urban planning, etc., and coordinated with the special planning of scenic spots, nature reserves, urban green space system, environmental protection, cultural and religious sites, cultural relics protection units, etc, Lay a key foundation for the sustainable development of tourism.
4.3.4 Establish the evaluation index system of tourism sustainable development On the basis of fully drawing on the research results of international and domestic tourism sustainable development index systems, establish a quantifiable and operable tourism sustainable development index system, index evaluation system and macro monitoring system with comprehensive sustainable development status and potential. Specific measures include: ① regular evaluation of the current situation, level and capacity of sustainable development of the national tourism industry; ② Establish the indicator system of sustainable development of line tourism; ③ Carry out the research system of indicator system, evaluation system and monitoring system of sustainable tourism development; ④ Establish a macro monitoring system for sustainable tourism development; ⑤ Establish a statistical reporting system for sustainable tourism development; ⑥ Establish a comprehensive evaluation system for the level and capacity of sustainable tourism development; ⑦ Establish and improve the target responsibility system at all levels for sustainable tourism development; ⑧ Establish and improve the organization and implementation mechanism for macro monitoring of sustainable tourism development.
4.3.5 Establish a green marketing system for sustainable tourism development ① Strengthen green marketing publicity so that local residents can understand, cooperate, support and participate in green marketing; ② Strengthen green marketing; ③ Accelerate the training of green tourism marketing talents and strengthen the theoretical research of green marketing. Carry out the training of green marketing personnel in a planned way, improve the quality of green marketing personnel, and enhance the overall marketing ability of green enterprises. At the same time, strengthen the theoretical exploration and scientific research of green marketing, so that green marketing can be targeted and effectively carried out at a higher starting point and a higher level; ④ Strengthen the coordination between organizational leadership and various departments. As a systematic project, green marketing involves all links of tourism product production, marketing and sales, which requires the cooperation and mutual support of all departments and regions. Each department of tourism supply and marketing should have a clear concept of "green", produce, inspect and sell products according to the "green" standard, and strive to meet the "green" standards and requirements in all aspects of production, marketing and sales.
4.4 Tourism services pay more attention to standardization, personalization and emotional tourism reception, including six elements: travel, travel, accommodation, food, shopping and entertainment. It is necessary to promote standardized, personalized and emotional services in any link. The implementation of "standardized service" can coordinate the actions of various service links, make the complex service systematic, procedural, institutionalized and routine, and effectively ensure the basic service quality. "Personalized services" include hobby services, flexible services, psychological services, optional services, unexpected services and entrusted services. If we can make all kinds of service objects' requirements and even their willingness to think without daring to speak as far as possible be met within a certain frame, tourists will feel satisfied from the bottom of their hearts and become the propagandists and repeat customers of this reception unit. "Emotional service", including language communication and emotional communication, is to melt all respect, concern and consideration for guests into the service of humility, easy-going, considerate, agile, stable and adaptable. With standardized services as the basis, and efforts on personalized and emotional services, tourism services can win a wide range of tourists. So as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of tourism.
Note: This paper is an excerpt of the author's master's thesis "Comparative Study of Tourism Resources Development between China and Italy" The paper is one of the achievements of the project "Sino Italian Tourism Potential Demand Research" presided over by Professor STEFANODE RUBTRTIS, the tutor of the author during the training in Lecce University, Italy
reference:
[1] Wang Xingzhong China's tourism resources development model and the concept of sustainable development of tourism regions [J]. Geographic Science, 1997, 17 (3) 61-63
[2] Zhang Yingchun, Liu Li Current situation and reflection on the protection of tourism resources in China [J]. Journal of West Anhui University, 2004, 20 (6)
[3] D level Analysis on Several Main Problems in the Process of Tourism Resources Development and Protection [J]. Journal of Dali University, 2007, (1): 22-25
[4] Qin Jianxiong Sustainable Development of Tourism and Western Development [J]. Sustainable Development, 2003, 16 (5): 24-3
Chapter 7: Model of Nature Protection System
Wu Yiqun
(Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714000)
（Weinan Teachers University，Weinan 714000，China）
Abstract: From July 19 to August 5, 2010, the author found a breeding ground for herons in Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve. This paper describes the characteristics of its breeding ground and puts forward some suggestions for its protection.
Abstract: From 19 July to 5 August 2010, a breeding-site of Heron was found in Yellow River Wetlands in Shaanxi Province. In this paper, the breeding-site characters was described and protect suggestions were put forward.
Key words: breeding ground Herons Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve
Key words: breeding-site； heron； Yellow River Wetlands in Shaanxi Province
CLC No.: P9 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1006-4311 (2011) 20-0303-01
0 Introduction
Wetland refers to natural or artificial, permanent or temporary marshland, peatland, water area, with static or flowing, fresh or brackish water and salt water body, including the sea area with water depth not exceeding 6m at low tide. Wetland is a good place for birds to breed and overwinter. Many birds are concentrated on or around the wetland [1], forming an ecosystem with high wetland biodiversity index, which has high ecological value and economic value [2]. Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland is an important wintering place and migration station for waterfowl in central and western China. Every year, a large number of waterfowl migrate and stop or come here for wintering. From July 19 to August 5, 2010, the author found a breeding ground for herons in Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve. This paper describes the characteristics of its breeding ground and puts forward some suggestions for its protection. It is expected to provide scientific basis for in-depth understanding and effective protection of bird resources.
1 Survey area
Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve is one of the largest inland river wetlands in China. It starts from Yumenkou in the north and ends at Fenglingdu Railway Bridge at the intersection of the Yellow River, Weihe River and Luohe River in the south. It is connected with Shanxi in the east by the central line of the Yellow River's "governance and guidance control line". The northern section of the western boundary is along the old cliff of the Yellow River, and the southern section is along the second embankment of the Yellow River. The climate in the Reserve belongs to the continental semi humid monsoon climate of warm temperate zone, with four distinct seasons and hot and rainy seasons. Because the terrain is significantly lower than the surrounding area, and is significantly affected by the Tongguan tuyere formed by Qinling Mountains and Zhongtiao Mountains, a closed climate is formed, showing obvious regional characteristics, and the spring is dry; Hot summer, rainy autumn; It is cold and windy in winter, with annual average temperature of 13.5 ℃, extreme minimum temperature of - 16.2 ℃, extreme maximum temperature of 42.8 ℃, and annual average precipitation of 529mm [3]. The nature reserve is full of reeds, fish ponds and terraces, and the river wetland ecosystem is well developed. The diversity of plant communities, geothermal energy and a large number of aquatic organisms provide an ideal habitat for rare waterfowl, which is an important habitat for international protected migratory birds in the central and western regions of China. At the same time, the wetland also inhabits nearly 30 kinds of national rare birds, such as the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana), the Red crowned Crane (Grusjaponensis), the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), the Great Bustard (Otis tarda), and the Big Swan (Cygnus cygnus) [4-6].
2 Habitat characteristics of herons
From July 19 to August 5, 2010, the author found a colony breeding ground for egrets (Egretta garzetta), herons (Ardea cinerea), pond herons (Ardeola bacchus) and night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) during the survey of heron habitat in the Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province. Through visual inspection, there are 60 egrets, 55 herons, 32 pond herons and 8 night herons in the forest belt. This breeding ground is located in the forest belt (35 ° 11 ′ 24 ″ N, 110 ° 20 ′ 20 ″ E) on the west side of the main canal of pumping the Yellow River in Qiachuan Town, Dali County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province. The forest belt is about 100m long from north to south and 80m long from east to west. It is adjacent to lotus pond and fish pond in the east and loess cliff in the west. Willow accounts for 70%, poplar accounts for 10% and other tree species accounts for 20% in the forest belt. The nest trees are mostly willows (10-15m), which is related to the fact that willows have more branches and provide support for herons to build nests.
It is observed that the constructed wetlands such as Lianchi and fishpond, which are 50m away from the east of the forest belt, are the main feeding places for herons. The loess cliff 30 m away from the west side of the forest belt is the main place for egrets to rest. The companion birds of the forest heron group include Streptopelia orientalis, S. tranquebarica, Hirundo daurica, and Passer montanus. As the forest belt is close to the highway (20m), it is vulnerable to the interference of wetland tourists. I once met tourists who deliberately startled the flock of egrets to take photos of the birds flying. The egrets that left their nests took a long time to return to their nests. Accidental startled flight can easily make nestlings fall out of the nest, or even cause the phenomenon of abandoning the nest.
3 Existing problems
The main problems of the Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi are: First, the operation capacity of the management organization of the reserve is not strong. Due to the shortage of funds and personnel, many management work is difficult to be in place; Second, the wetland protection system is not perfect, and the four level protection network of county, township, village and group has not been formed; Third, the contradiction between wetland protection and development production is prominent. The wetland is densely populated, people live in poverty, and are eager to get rid of poverty and become rich. With the deepening of rural reform, the production activities of people to develop beaches and waters are increasing, and the ponds for breeding fish and shrimp are also increasing, which undoubtedly provides rich food for birds. However, the indiscriminate land reclamation and the interference of human activities have gradually reduced the scope of wetlands. In addition, the massive use and discharge of pesticides and harmful substances in agricultural and forestry production have damaged the living environment of birds to a certain extent.
4 Herons protection
Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland has the largest Yellow River riverside wetland in China - Yellow River Valley Wetland, Reed Pond - Heyang Qiachuan 100000 mu Reed Pond, etc. It is an important part of the eastern Shaanxi tourism boutique ring road and Guanzhong tourism belt, and also the main section of the Qinjin Henan Yellow River Golden Triangle tourism route. As tourism and aquaculture are quite common in the Yellow River wetland, it has become the main pillar industry in the local area. At present, Shaanxi Province is building a "road along the Yellow River", which is a sightseeing road along the Yellow River, from Huashan Mountain to Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River, to Yulin in the north, connecting all the tourist attractions along the way. From the perspective of tourism development, the completion of this road will strongly boost the tourism economy of the region, but it will cause many disadvantages for the protection of the Yellow River wetland. The increase of noise and the flow of tourists and tourists will significantly change the feeding area of herons inhabiting the wetland. Therefore, how to organically combine protection and development to ensure that both protection and development are correct is a major subject and an urgent problem to be solved. In view of the increasing impact of human activities on wetland herons, it is suggested that: ① the management department of Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve should set the forest belt as a protection area for herons, set up fences for the forest belt, and prohibit anyone from entering the area during the breeding period, especially the proximity of herons nest trees; ② Warning signs shall be set up on both sides of the road to prevent people from staying in this section; ③ Monitoring points shall be set up at high points 100m away from the forest belt, equipped with high power telescopes for population monitoring and necessary treatment for injured herons; ④ When developing tourism resources, reclaiming fish ponds, and planting lotus, local authorities should take full account of the impact of human activities on bird distribution and diversity, divide the functional areas scientifically, and try to preserve the natural habitat of wetland birds.
reference:
[1] Chen Jianwei. 1996. Current situation, protection and target prospect of wetlands in China [J]. Wildlife, 17 (4): 3~9
[2] Peng Guihong, Huang Tingfa. 2005. Study on bird composition and faunal characteristics of Lashihai Wetland [J]. Forestry Survey Planning, 30 (1): 46~51
[3] Wang Huaqing, Wu Zhenhai. 2006. Comprehensive scientific investigation and research on Shaanxi Yellow River Wetland Nature Reserve [M]. Xi'an: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press
[4] Cheng Tiesuo, Zhao Hongru, Zhang Ming The current situation of Shaanxi Sanhe wetland animal and plant resources and its protection countermeasures [J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2003, 31:84-87
Chapter 8: Model of Nature Protection System
For more information on the magazine of Forest Resource Management, please click: Editorial Department of Forest Resource Management
Operation management
(1) The construction of the protection system of farmers' rights and interests in the reform of collective forest right system
(7) Discussion on Comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation of Forest Management Liu Xiaoli, Zhang Shoufeng, Xu Bin, Huang Wenbin
(12) On the Pluralistic Relationship in the Establishment of the Value Saturation Mechanism of Forest Resources Property Right Zhou Bohuang and Wang Zhimin
(17) Analysis and Reflection on the Reform of Collective Forest Property Right System in Zhejiang Province Fu Xinghui Sun Lu
(22) Analysis on the development of forest resources in Zhejiang based on the goal of "double increase" of forestry Du Qun and Xu Jun
(26) Discussion on supervision in construction preparation stage of forestry ecological engineering construction
(29) Discussion on criminal reconciliation of forest related cases Wu Junxia, Xu Taihua, Xie Xiaoli
(34) Analysis on the development of domestication, breeding and utilization of sika deer in Jilin Province Shi Yan, Li Guohua, Fang Huailong, Zhao Ting
(39) Discussion on forest land protection based on value cognition Zhou Weidan Weiyu
(43) Discussion on the system construction and planning of urban nature reserves Liu Jiakai, Liu Jinglan, Huang Haofeng, Xia Yang, Zou Dalin, Nan Hailong, Hu Yumin, Zhang Zhenming
(47) Discussion on functional division of forest ecosystem type nature reserves Tao Jing Zang Runguo Hua Chaolang Wen Qingzhong
Science and technology
(51) Preliminary estimation and analysis of forest carbon sink in the Yangtze River Delta; Nie Xiangyong, Yao Shunbin, Lou Yihe Shizhen
(57) Study on the spatial structure of evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest in Yeshan Forest Farm Li Jie, Huang Qingfeng, Zheng Xiaoxian
(61) Estimation and characteristic analysis of artificial vegetation biomass based on casa model
(67) Evaluation of forest ecosystem service function in Pingdingshan City Zhou Junpu, Lu Yong, Zheng Xiaoxian
(71) Beijing Ancient Tree Health Evaluation Xie Yuanyuan Wu Hailong Huang Haofeng Liu Jinglan Wang Nali Cao Jun Zhang Zhenming
(76) Research on the Dynamic System of Sustainable Development of Ecotourism Deng Chaoying and Zhang Jianping
(81) Study on niche of plant population on barren slope in arid valley of upper reaches of Minjiang River
(87) Research on Remote Sensing Aided Recognition Features of Yunnan Pine Forest in Shangri La County Zhang Chao, Wang Yan, Yuan Hua, Du Xiaoying, Wu Yue
(92) Analysis of monitoring potential of single tree in worldview2 image -- Taking Xishan area of Hangzhou as an example
(97) Research on 3D coordinate survey method of forest trees based on branch traverse control survey Jiang Xian, Zhang Huaiqing, Ju Hongbo, Zhou Haojie, Qin Yangping
(101) Extraction and analysis of tree measurement factors based on point cloud data Gao Shaowei, Feng Zhongke, Wu Lulu
(105) Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss in different bamboo forests Chen Xiaobing Wang Keqin
(112) Study on Physical and Chemical Properties of Ancient Platycladus orientalis Soil in Beijing Ditan Park Cheng Lixia Liu Jinglan Huang Haofeng Yao Kekan Zhao Guangming Yao Yonggang Wang Ling Zhang Zhenming
(115) Study on the growth characteristics of Taxus chinensis seedlings in Kunming Arboretum Xumi Wang Lei, Cao Jianxin, Ma Saiyu, Li Yongpeng
(118) Research on Vertical Continuity Index Model of Forest Flammable Combustibles Wang Liming Jiang Liwei Niu Shukui Liu Dongming
(121) Combustion efficiency analysis of Solidago canadensis combustion block Chen Geping
(124) Investigation, analysis and prediction of forest formation in sparse forest land in Shanxi Province Feng Jiancheng
Country
External reference
(128) Comparison of forest recreation policies between China and the United States Zhang Yiming, Li Jian, Liu Huimei
Chapter 9: Model of Nature Protection System
1.1 Forest resources
According to statistics, during the "12th Five Year Plan" period, the total area of projects implemented is 59654.2ha, including 39000.0ha of land conversion project, 8973.0ha of three north shelter forest construction project, 936.6ha of wild animal and plant resources and natural reserves construction project, and 12400.3ha of fast-growing and high-yielding forest construction project. The growth of forest resources in 2009 and 2015. From 2009 to 2015, the forestry land area of the city increased by 18000 ha to 841000 ha; the forest land area increased by 9300 ha to 743000 ha, accounting for 13.9% of the forest area of the province; The volume of standing timber increased by 12.1 million m3 to 65.1 million m3, accounting for 25.4% of the total volume of standing timber in the province, ranking first in the province; The forest coverage rate is 66.2%.
1.2 Urban greening
For a long time, through the city's ring forest construction, isolation belt greening project and road landscape greening project, a great deal of afforestation has been carried out. At present, remarkable achievements have been achieved, including 1517.3ha of ring forest park and 14549.6ha of ring forest belt. As of 2014, the city has completed the afforestation of 2480ha Since 2014, Fushun has invested a total of 130 million yuan in greening, planted 3.6 million trees in total, and increased the green space area by 380ha. The city's urban green coverage rate has reached 39.5%, and the per capita public green space has reached 8m2, an increase of 66.7% over 2005. Urban greening has been promoted rapidly.
1.3 Forest resource protection and management
1.3.1 Forestry "three prevention" system
Establish the city's forest pest control system. The control area of forestry pests is 78000 ha, the biological control rate is 65.5%, and the pollution-free control rate is 98.7%, effectively controlling the development and harm of forestry pests. The ability of forest fire prevention and fighting has been significantly improved, and the construction of forest fire prevention infrastructure has been strengthened. A total of 80 professional forest fire fighting teams have been built in the city, with a year-on-year decrease of 22.6% in forest fires in the city. There have been no major forest fires and casualties for 25 consecutive years.
1.3.2 Forest land and forest right management system
The reform area of collective forestry land in the city should be 596000 ha, and the completed reform area is 590000 ha, with a completion rate of 99%. A new forest property management model with clear forest property rights and household responsibility and rights has been initially realized, and a standardized forest reform file system has been established. More than 180 farmers' forestry professional cooperatives and more than 80 forestry industry associations have been established.
1.3.3 Forest resource protection system
Six forest parks with a total area of 30325.75ha and five national forest parks have been built in the city. We improved wildlife and plant protection and protected area construction, prepared to build Dahuofang Reservoir Wetland Park, and completed the planning and construction of Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve.
1.4 Ecological culture construction
Fushun City aims to build a "green city Fushun", and improves the quality of afforestation through projects such as returning farmland to forests and forest belt around the city. Since the pilot construction of green villages was carried out in Fushun in 2005, 100 villages and 14 campuses have been afforested in 2009, which is 100% of the plan. A total of 398 villages and 37 campuses have been afforested. After inspection and acceptance by provincial and municipal greening offices, 8 provincial model villages, 132 model villages and 3 model schools have been declared.
2 Potential analysis of Fushun forest city
2.1 Superior natural conditions have laid a good foundation for development
Fushun is located in the mountainous area in the east of Liaoning Province. It belongs to the continental monsoon climate of the middle temperate zone and is the southwest extension of Changbai Mountain. Fushun is rich in various resources. There are more than 1000 kinds of wild plants in the city, including 17 kinds of national protected wild plants; There are 230 kinds of terrestrial wildlife, including 28 kinds of national protected wildlife. There are more than 1000 kinds of undergrowth plants, including more than 600 kinds of medicinal plants, and nearly 300 kinds of wild economic plants with high utilization value.
2.2 The active participation of the whole society has created a good social atmosphere
With the shift of forestry work focus to ecology, especially after the reform of forest rights and woodlands, the enthusiasm of the majority of forest farmers and the whole society to participate in forestry construction has been greatly mobilized. 100 villages and 14 campuses have been afforested, which is 100% of the plan. A total of 398 villages and 37 campuses have been afforested. After inspection and acceptance by provincial and municipal greening offices, 8 provincial model villages, 132 model villages and 3 model schools have been declared.
3 Conclusion
