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Chapter 1: Model of Nature Protection System
1、 A correct understanding of the concept of establishing a national park system is the prerequisite for effectively promoting the work
A correct understanding of the connotation and extension of the establishment of the national park system is the most important basis for effectively promoting the establishment of the national park system. Since the Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put forward the idea of "establishing a national park system", all departments of the central government, local governments at all levels, research units and all sectors of society have been highly motivated to take action one after another. There has been a trend of striving to establish a national park pilot, expanding local influence, improving local popularity and stimulating local economy. In particular, some views separated the establishment of a national park system from the construction of protected areas, which is inconsistent with the original intention of the Third Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to establish a national park system to integrate the status quo of multi management of protected areas.
Human development has shifted from nomadic life to agricultural culture. A large amount of land has been reclaimed and agricultural products such as grain have been obtained. In the industrialization stage, human beings have greatly enriched their material life. When human beings obtain food and enrich material life, they also cause great damage to natural resources and ecological environment, occupy a large number of fertile fields, consume a large number of natural resources, and forests, wetlands, lakes disappear. At present, after enjoying sufficient material life, human beings have begun to pursue spiritual enjoyment. They have gone out of the city, rushed to vast fields and mountains, started holiday tourism and other activities, and enjoyed the scenery of nature. This is a healthy and progressive way of life. However, under the influence of some "tall and tall" ethos, some places, in order to meet the consumption needs of high-end groups, occupy precious natural resources such as forests and wetlands, and build civil engineering projects, build airports on the mountains, build high-grade roads, high-end hotels, and so on, sweeping toward the last piece of pure land.
At present, China is already facing a severe situation of tighter resource constraints, serious environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation, which will affect the strategic overall situation of the long-term development of the country and the nation. The 10th CPC National Congress has included ecological civilization construction in the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and placed it in a prominent position. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee also made an overall plan to speed up the construction of the ecological civilization system, and proposed to delimit the ecological protection red line, which is to change the traditional way of development regardless of the cost of resources, and promote the formation of a new pattern of harmonious development between man and nature and modernization. However, we now have a common tendency to misread the concept of national parks. Trying to develop and utilize valuable protected areas by designating them as national parks will cause the destruction of ecosystems and the disappearance of biological species, thus breaking the biological chain and causing irreparable ecological disasters. The pain of "SARS" and the loss of Zhouqu should not be easily forgotten, and we can no longer continue to hurt our earth home. Leave the last piece of pure land for the natural ecosystem, that is, leave some space for human survival and development.
2、 National parks are an important part of the reserve system. The purpose of establishing the national park system is to further strengthen natural conservation
The internationally recognized definition of protected area refers to "a clearly defined geographical space that is recognized, committed and managed by law or other effective means to achieve long-term protection of nature and its ecosystem services and cultural values". Scientific planning and effective management of protected areas is an effective means to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. The construction of protected areas is the core of global and international natural conservation strategies, and is also the most effective means of natural conservation recognized by the world. It is supported by governments and international institutions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity.
IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Reserve Management Classification is a global framework for the management classification of various protected areas. After more than 40 years of efforts, IUCN has systematically studied and analyzed various types of protected areas around the world, and proposed six categories of protected area management system (See Table 1), published the Application Guide for IUCN Protected Area Management Classification in 1994, and republished it twice in 2008 and 2013. At present, the Application Guide for IUCN Management Classification of Protected Areas has become the general standard for the management classification of protected areas internationally, and has been recognized and applied by the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations agencies, many international organizations and many national governments.
National parks are one of the names of many protected areas. National parks belong to the second category in the six categories classified by the IUCN management classification system of protected areas, which refers to protecting large areas of natural or near natural areas to protect a wide range of ecological processes and the species and ecosystem characteristics it contains, while providing spiritual enjoyment, scientific research Nature education, recreation and visiting opportunities.
According to the IUCN classification standards for the management of protected areas, the basic feature of national parks is a large area of complete natural ecosystems. The primary goal is to protect the natural biodiversity and its ecological structure and ecological process. On the premise of protecting the core area and strictly controlling the number of visitors, environmental education and leisure tourism are carried out.
National parks belong to the category of protected areas and are a very important type in the system of protected areas. The reason why they have not been used in the system of protected areas in China is that the word "park" was used in urban construction in the early years. National parks are not "parks" in the general sense for tourists to visit and relax, nor are they "scenic spots" mainly used for tourism development. Therefore, the protected areas included in national parks need to carry out scientific research and public education activities with restrictions under the premise of strict protection, rather than large-scale tourism and other forms of development and utilization.
The first national park in the world was Yellowstone National Park in the United States, which was established in 1872. Since the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, many national parks have been established in the United States and other countries. At the same time, a variety of protected areas with different names have also been established.
The term "national park" existed long before the formation of the IUCN reserve classification system, and is particularly applicable to the second category of large protected areas. However, many existing national parks around the world have different goals from those defined in the second category. In fact, the classification of national parks in some countries is based on other different management types of IUCN. Therefore, national parks have different meanings in different countries. Although they are called national parks, their natural characteristics, protected objects and management systems vary greatly. They belong to different types of protected areas, and some are not even protected areas (see Table 2). Therefore, when introducing the concept of national park in China, we should not simply copy it, generalize it, or interpret it literally and misread it. To understand the essence of the spirit of "establishing a national park system", I understand the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee, which is to further strengthen nature protection through the establishment of a national park system.
3、 Strengthening natural ecological protection has been widely recognized by the international community
Aichi Goal 11 proposed by the Convention on Biological Diversity The Parties are expressly required to: "By 2020, at least 17% of land and inland waters, 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially those areas that are particularly important for biodiversity and ecosystem services, will be protected through effective and equitable management, good ecological representation and connectivity of protected areas and other effective protection measures, and these protected areas will be integrated into larger land and marine ecosystems In the physical region "(10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010). It can be seen that the international community has reached the following consensus on the construction and management of protected areas: First, protected areas are the most important means to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services; Second, the protected areas should be managed effectively and fairly; Third, the nature reserve should have sufficient ecological representation; Fourth, good connectivity should be achieved between protected areas; Fifth, the Reserve forms a complete system in a larger land and marine area; Sixth, the protected area should reach enough area: by 2020, the land and inland waters should reach at least 17%, and the coast and ocean should reach at least 10%. National parks are an important part of the reserve system, and the purpose of establishing the national park system is to further strengthen natural protection.
4、 Nature reserves are the main body of nature conservation in China. The goal of national park system construction is to achieve effective management of nature reserves
At present, China has established thousands of different types of reserves, including natural reserves, scenic spots, forest parks, geological parks, wetland parks, mine parks, desert parks, water conservancy scenic spots, etc. The land and resources of these reserves are mainly managed by forestry, agriculture, water conservancy, environmental protection, land, marine and other departments, while tourism, housing, urban and rural construction and other departments are only listed on the reserves. The nature reserve is the earliest, largest and largest in number, and its protection effect is also the best. It has protected 80% of the land natural ecosystem types and 85% of the wild animal and plant populations in China. Since the 1950s, China has established more than 2800 natural reserve systems covering the whole country, becoming the main body of natural conservation in China. Referring to the management classification of IUCN nature reserves, China's nature reserves include all six types in the IUCN classification system, and some of them belong to the second category "national parks" of IUCN. Natural reserves are the main body of China's reserve system, and the establishment of the national park system should be based on natural reserves.
The existing types of protection in China belong to different departments and have been established at different times. According to different laws, regulations and departmental rules, there are many types, many management departments, and lack of a scientific and unified classification system. There are overlapping and overlapping problems in land space, unclear ownership, multiple management, and unclear management objectives It has brought some difficulties and contradictions to the actual protection and management work, which has affected the overall protection effectiveness of China's protected area system. This is also the fundamental reason why the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee decided to establish a national park system. Therefore, the establishment of the national park system should not only refer to the IUCN's management classification standards for protected areas, re evaluate various types of protected areas in China, but also, according to the degree of protection and utilization and other factors, and in combination with the actual management of protected areas in China, develop the classification system of protected areas in China and establish corresponding technical specifications to achieve effective management of protected areas.
5、 Basic path of establishing national park system
Chapter 2: Model of Nature Protection System
1. Accurately understand the essential attributes of national parks
1.1 National parks are a type of protected areas, whose main purpose is to protect the natural ecosystem. Areas whose main goal or result is to protect nature are protected areas, The definition of protected area: Aclearly defined geographical space, Recognized, differentiated and managed, through legal other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. In China alone, there are nature reserves, forest parks, national wetland parks, urban wetland parks, desert parks, geological parks, marine parks, water conservation areas, national public welfare forest reserves, scenic spots (where scenic spots often exist attached to other types of conservation areas) and other types of conservation areas. In order to facilitate communication, IUCN published the classification standard of protected areas in 1994, which was widely adopted by countries all over the world. Through global consultations, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) released a new guide to the management classification system of IUCN protected areas at the World Conservation Conference in October 2008, and in 2013, it added new content to the 2008 edition. As the "common language" of international protected areas, this system, although not a mandatory requirement, has been widely adopted and applied by countries all over the world. The classification system of protected areas in China can also refer to this category system to establish a classification system of protected areas that is in line with international standards, so as to facilitate exchanges and cooperation. "National parks" belong to the second category in the six categories classified by the IUCN reserve classification system, which refers to the protection of large areas of natural or close to nature areas to protect a wide range of ecological processes and the species and ecosystem characteristics it contains, while providing opportunities for spiritual enjoyment, scientific research, natural education, recreation and visit. According to the IUCN classification standards for protected areas, the basic feature of national parks is a large area of complete natural ecosystems. The primary goal is to protect the natural biodiversity and its ecological structure and ecological process. On the premise of protecting the core area and strictly controlling the number of visitors, environmental education and leisure tourism are carried out. In the IUCN classification system of protected areas, national parks belong to the category of protected areas, which is a very important type in the system of protected areas. They are not "urban parks" for tourists to visit and leisure, nor are they "scenic spots" mainly used for tourism development. Although each country has different definitions of national parks, China's nature reserves are divided into three categories and nine types according to the main protected objects: but they all put the protection of natural ecosystems in the first place. IUCN's guidelines for protected areas describe Category II protected areas as "ecosystem conservation and protection, such as national parks", i.e.nationalpark)， This is enough to show that the view that national parks are ecosystem protected areas has been recognized internationally.
1.2 The nature reserves in China are totally different from the strict nature reserves in IUCN. It is also inaccurate that some people equate the existing nature reserves in China with the first category, namely, strict nature reserves. China's nature reserves have learned from the experience of the former Soviet Union. They have been established since 1956. After more than 50 years of independent development, they have formed a nature reserve system with Chinese characteristics different from the former Soviet Union, which has absorbed the characteristics of national parks in European and American countries. In fact, after more than 100 years of development, the national parks that initially focused on protecting natural ecology and landscape are also developing in the direction of protecting biodiversity, while China's nature reserves are also converging in the direction of national parks, emphasizing the function of scientific research and education, and allowing ecotourism and community development in experimental areas. According to the value of nature reserves and their impact at home and abroad, China divides nature reserves into national nature reserves and local nature reserves, which are generally divided into national, provincial, municipal and county-level nature reserves. At present, among 2669 nature reserves at all levels and in all types, according to the classification standard of IUCN, we can find that many of China's various nature reserves can be classified into six categories of IUCN. Among them, part of national nature reserves have the characteristics of strict nature reserves, while the other part conforms to the standards and characteristics of national parks, but is not managed according to national parks. Most provincial, municipal and county-level nature reserves can correspond to the above IUCN classification system species habitats, resource reserves and other five types of reserves. In addition to nature reserves, there are forest parks, wetland parks, national parks, scenic spots, geological parks, marine parks, desert parks, water conservation areas, natural forest reserves, national key public welfare forest reserves, etc. in China, forming a collection of reserves with nature reserves as the main body, some of which also conform to the characteristics of national parks, It can be managed according to the national park, and the rest have other four types of characteristics.
2. Clarify the purpose and significance of establishing the national park system
2.1 Strengthen ecosystem protection and alleviate the conflict between protection and development in China It is necessary to strengthen ecosystem protection in view of the reality that China's current resource constraints are tightening, ecosystem functions are declining, and the contradiction between development and protection is prominent. Through the establishment of the national park system, the contradiction between protection and development can be alleviated. With the purpose of establishing a scientific nature protection system, the reserve system can be improved, the level of natural resource protection and management in China can be improved, and the reform of China's ecological civilization construction system can be promoted.
2.2 To make up for the lack of national parks in China's mainland reserves, China's current reserves are mainly natural reserves. In addition, there are forest parks, wetland parks, national parks, scenic spots, geological parks, marine parks, desert parks, water conservation areas, natural forest reserves, national key public welfare forest reserves and other types. By the end of 2012, China has built 2669 nature reserves, 962 scenic spots, 2747 forest parks, 298 national wetland parks, 218 national geological parks, 518 national water conservancy scenic spots, as well as a large number of water source reserves and nature conservation communities. These types of reserves are relatively complex, which are established by various departments and regions respectively. The geographical distribution is uneven, the structure is unreasonable, and there is no systematic design. It can only be said that these reserves are a collection of reserves, not a complete and clear system of reserves. Among these protected areas, there is no national park, which can not only protect the ecosystem but also display its core resources to better solve the contradiction between protection and utilization. The establishment of national parks in China can make up for the lack of national parks as a type of reserve in China, and better integrate with the international community.
2.3 Solve the contradiction and problem of overlapping protected areas. At present, there is overlapping in various protected areas and overlapping in rights and responsibilities in China, leading to the decline of protection and management efficiency. The establishment of a national park is conducive to the establishment of a management system with resource property rights as the main body, solving the existing contradictions and problems, and solving the dilemma of multi sectoral supervision of China's natural resource protection, Realize "one zone, one host, one park, one law" and improve the protection effect.
2.4 Integrate all kinds of protection areas to ensure the integrity of the ecosystem. A mountain top is a nature reserve, a forest park is at the foot of the mountain, the city and county are in the east, another administrative unit is in the west, a geological park is in the south, a wetland is in the north, and it may also wear the hat of a scenic spot. The complete ecosystem is artificially fragmented. The establishment of national parks can connect fragmented and isolated ecosystems through the integration of national parks, form a large area of integrated ecosystems, and improve the protection effect.
2.5 To solve the problem of insufficient funds for natural resources protection in China At present, only the capital construction investment in national nature reserves is invested by the state. The investment in nature reserves at and below the provincial level is uneven. The investment in the western region is seriously insufficient. The economically developed eastern region is often worried about the restrictions of nature reserves on economic development, which reduces the enthusiasm for establishing nature reserves. Forest parks and other types of protected areas have less investment. As a measure of national ecological security, the construction of national parks will inevitably stand at the national strategic height, and the public finance will guarantee the construction investment and operating costs, so as to fundamentally solve the problem of insufficient funds for natural protection.
2.6 Mobilize the enthusiasm of local governments for nature conservation for a period of time. The local governments believe that the establishment of large areas of nature reserves can obtain superior investment. With the strict management of nature reserves limiting economic development to a certain extent, nature reserves are regarded as burdens and restrictions. Local enthusiasm for the establishment of nature reserves has seriously declined, requiring adjustment of the scope of nature reserves, Even the cancellation of nature reserves has occurred in succession. The nature reserves reflect the public interest of the whole people, and indeed restrict the local economic development. National parks can not only protect natural ecology, but also give play to the attraction of top natural resources and drive local economic development. This can mobilize local enthusiasm, combine national interests with local interests, and promote the development of nature conservation.
3 Basic conditions for the establishment of national parks
3.1 Resource Conditions National parks should have national representation of resources and core resources with national or international significance. At least one of the following requirements shall be met: - a typical representative area of the same type of global or national natural landscape or biogeographic area—— It is a complete ecosystem with a high degree of originality, and its biodiversity is in the forefront of the country, or it is a concentrated distribution area of a special species—— Geological and geomorphic landscape with global or national significance, geological structural traces representing geological evolution process, or regions with important status and well preserved paleontological traces—— It is a region with important historical commemorative significance globally or nationally, or with distinctive regional ecological civilization characteristics, which can well demonstrate the example of harmonious coexistence and development of human beings and the natural environment, and where ecological civilization resources are concentrated with significant scientific research and educational value.
3.2 Suitability conditions (1) The area suitability should be sufficient to meet the regional scope of the national park to play its multiple functions. The total area of the national park with natural resources as the core resources is not less than 10000 hm2, including a complete ecosystem, preferably including a complete geographical unit, such as mountain system and water system. (2) Observability and recreation suitability Under the premise of protection, national parks should be able to designate areas with unique viewing and experience values for recreation, science popularization, public education and other activities. (3) Suitability of resource management and development The establishment of national parks should be conducive to the protection and rational use of natural and cultural resources in the region. At the same time, it should promote the production and living of community residents and the improvement of environmental conditions. (4) Scope suitability The national park should be relatively concentrated and contiguous in the area, and its boundary is easy to identify and determine. The types of land use included in national parks should be suitable for the protection and rational use of resources. (5) Type suitability There is obvious heterogeneity between the core resources of the proposed national park and the core resources of the existing national park.
3.3 The reliability of feasibility condition management objectives ensures that core resources are completely preserved or enhanced after becoming a national park. The subjectivity of state-owned property rights, the ownership of resources is clear, and there is no ownership dispute. The area of state-owned land and forest land should account for more than 60% of the total area of the national park. If the proposed national park involves other types of protected areas, it should be integrated into the national park to achieve "one area, one owner". Accessibility, the national park can be accessed, and the infrastructure conditions such as transportation, communication and energy should meet the needs of national park construction, management and operation. Social and environmental coordination. National parks should be coordinated with regional social, economic and cultural development plans, and be able to properly resolve conflicts with other industrial layouts and major national infrastructure construction, so as to have a good, stable and safe tourism market and environment. Local enthusiasm, the local government and community residents actively support the establishment of national parks.
4 Typical features of national parks
In addition to the basic conditions of national parks, we should also understand several typical characteristics of national parks.
4.1 The resources of national representative national parks should have global or national significance and be typical representatives of natural and human resources. Areas with unrepresentative and typical resource conditions should not be classified as national parks. In addition, the national park resources should be heterogeneous, and can not be rushed to everywhere, artificially reducing the value of national parks.
4.2 Nature conservation attributes Although the definitions and management models of national parks differ from country to country, the common point is that they all agree with the nature conservation attributes of national parks. In essence, the national park takes ecological protection as the main purpose, and has secondary characteristics such as economic, cultural, political and social construction. Ecological construction is the main one. It is biased to regard national parks as tourist attractions with the main purpose of developing tourism and economy.
4.3 National parks must be state-owned. The national park shall have an independent management organization established in accordance with the law, and have independent law enforcement capability. The land and various resources in the national park should be state-owned land and resources with clear ownership. For collective land with high protection value, the ownership or use right of land can be settled by means of redemption, replacement, long-term lease, stable compensation, etc., to ensure the nationalization of land ownership in the national park. Clarifying the state-owned nature of national park land and resources is extremely important to avoid ownership disputes in the management of national parks in the future. Without state-owned land ownership, the basic conditions for the construction of national parks cannot be met.
4.4 The public welfare national park is set up for the public interest and provides public ecological products for the whole people. It is a non-profit and public welfare protection area. It can provide people with spiritual enjoyment, leisure and recreation activities, emphasize the function of public education, and promote public participation. It is reflected in the provision of ecological products such as national parks for the enjoyment of the whole people. The ecological and social benefits generated by national parks are a kind of ecological welfare of the people. The appeal generated by the top resources of national parks can bring spiritual and cultural enjoyment to the people. The noble quality image displayed by national parks can make the people feel patriotic and enhance the sense of national identity.
4.5 Nationwide national parks reflect the interests of all people and are of a national character. The international community also emphasizes the fairness and universality of recreation, but there has always been controversy. In addition to the developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and Russia, which are sparsely populated, strong financial investment can ensure that national parks have no tickets or low-cost tickets. Most national parks in countries have insufficient investment or excessive tourism, There will also be problems of poor management of national parks, resulting in the decline of environmental quality, which is contrary to the protection objectives established by national parks. Some countries do not approve of using high ticket prices as a means to control the number of tourists, but they also control the number of visitors by making reservations to ensure that the environmental quality of national parks does not decline, which is actually a restriction on mass tourists. As far as China is concerned, the main goal of national parks is to ensure the fairness of ecological products by protecting the ecosystem, rather than the universality of such secondary goals as recreation. Therefore, the recreation of national parks is ecological tourism rather than mass tourism. The popularity of national parks is reflected in indirect ecological and social benefits.
4.6 National leading national parks must be established by the state, and the standards shall be formulated by the state, and guaranteed by national legislation. They shall be uniformly planned by the state, approved by the state, put into construction and operation by the state, and managed and maintained by the state. Local governments have no right to set up "national parks" without authorization. Those that have been piloted and meet the standards shall be confirmed by the state through procedures.
4.7 Scientific countries should establish a scientific national park system on the premise of full research. The construction of national parks should carry out scientific overall planning on the basis of scientific background investigation, formulate scientific and reasonable development goals, clarify the management scope, carry out scientific functional zoning, and scientifically formulate measures and projects to give play to various functions of national parks to guide the healthy development of national parks. While serving as a base for scientific research and popular science education, national parks also need to be used scientifically and rationally to ensure sustainable development.
4.8 Sustainable national parks must be effectively protected and managed so that contemporary and future generations of citizens have the opportunity to enjoy them.
4.9 Non commercial national parks do not aim at maximizing economic benefits. They can only obtain benefits through the non consumptive use of national park resources, and the benefits obtained should also be returned to communities or returned as national park protection and management.
4.10 Integrity of ecosystem The ecosystem of a national park must be complete, which requires that national parks should not be defined on the basis of administrative divisions, but on the basis of the integrity of the natural ecosystem as the main indicator. Therefore, the scope of national parks should be based on geographical units, such as mountains and rivers, to ensure the complete protection of core resources.
5 How to establish the national park system
5.1 Clarify the goal of establishing a national park system
In the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform, the "establishment of the national park system" was proposed in the part of ecological civilization construction, indicating that the main purpose of establishing the national park system is ecological civilization construction. The main purpose of establishing the national park system is not to develop economy and tourism, but to better protect the natural ecological environment. To establish a national park system, it is really necessary to build a national park that is in line with international standards. However, it is not just to establish a few national parks, but to promote the reform of the nature conservation system, improve China's reserve system, and establish a scientific ecological civilization construction system. The "establishment of national park system" is a reform measure. It is necessary to establish a complete ecosystem protection area with geographical units as the unit, straighten out the management relationship, reconstruct China's scientific protection area system, and finally establish a sound Chinese nature protection management system through the establishment of a national park as a reform opportunity and the integration of the establishment of a national park system.
5.2 Improve the top-level design of the national park system
A good "top-level design" is a sufficient and necessary condition to guide the orderly and healthy development of national parks in China. We should start from the top-level design, clarify the concept, clarify the positioning, avoid rushing forward, and put the construction of national parks into a scientific and standardized track from the beginning.
5.2.1 To ensure the healthy and sustainable development of national parks, we should sort out and analyze the existing laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules and other legal norms related to natural resources protection in accordance with the requirements of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee for the construction of an ecological civilization system and a national park system, and further revise and improve China's natural protection legal system. Study the National Reserve Law, formulate the National Park Management Regulations, and revise the Natural Reserve Regulations. Each province has formulated a relatively complete national park laws and regulations system at the provincial level in combination with local actual conditions. Each national park shall develop effective management measures according to different protected objects, and different types of national parks shall develop different management methods to achieve "one park, one law" and improve protection and management effects.
5.2.2 Rationalize the management system of national parks The national dominance and ownership of national parks determine that national parks must be approved by the state and coordinated by the comprehensive management agency entrusted by the State Council. The scientificity of national parks determines their professionalism, which determines that national parks need to be specifically managed by professional departments. National parks have extremely rich resources, which need scientific investigation and research, and need to play the role of professional departments for scientific management. Therefore, China's national park management system should adopt the management mode of "unified coordination+professional management". Taking the forestry sector as an example, the forestry sector is the main body of China's natural ecosystem restoration, construction and protection, and has obvious advantages in carrying out the national park system construction. The construction of national parks is bound to rely on typical forests, wetlands, deserts and wildlife habitats. The forestry department manages 4.56 billion mu of forest land, 800 million mu of wetland and 830 million mu of sandy land. A relatively complete national nature protection system has been formed in these areas. After nearly 60 years of construction, the forestry department has established 2163 nature reserves (325 national nature reserves approved by the State Council), with a total area of 125 million hectares, accounting for 13% of the land area, It accounts for 81% of the total number of nature reserves and 84% of the area, and is the main body of the construction of nature reserves in China; 2855 forest parks (764 national forest parks), 697 wetland parks (429 national wetland parks) and 10 desert parks have been established. These nature reserves, which account for 14.78% of the land area, basically cover the main distribution areas of China's forest ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, desert ecosystem and rare wildlife, with the cleanest natural environment, the most precious natural heritage, the best natural landscape, the richest biodiversity and the most critical ecological balance elements, These are the most favorable conditions and the most powerful support for the establishment of the national park system. The forestry department has a sound scientific research, planning, law enforcement management system and team, and has carried out a pilot project of national park construction in Yunnan, which has achieved results and accumulated experience. Therefore, the forestry department should play a leading role in ecological construction and national park construction, establish national parks based on nature reserves, forest parks, wetland parks, etc., and fulfill the main responsibility of national park construction and management. In addition to the forestry department, the departments of land geology, marine, agriculture and water conservancy can also play the role of national park construction and management in their respective professional fields under the coordination of the comprehensive department of the State Council. For specific national parks, "one park and one owner" must be realized to completely change the chaotic situation of "one zone and multiple owners". A national park can only have a set of management organizations and personnel to exercise the management functions of national parks on behalf of the country. National parks should not be attached with other brands. Those that have already been attached can only cooperate as partners and cannot override the national parks.
5.2.3 It is an important prerequisite to ensure the public welfare of national parks to clarify the input system of national parks and human security input and human security. As a public welfare undertaking managed by the central authority, in terms of financial security, we should establish an input mechanism dominated by national finance. The necessary protection and management facilities shall be invested and constructed by the state, and the operation cost of the national park shall be guaranteed by the central financial allocation. Income from tickets or licensed projects, as well as donations received, will be divided into revenue and expenditure, which will be used for resource protection construction and environmental protection publicity and education. In terms of human resources management, the central staff should be mainly responsible for the construction and management of national parks. The operation mechanism of national parks is "separation of management and economy, franchise", and separation of management rights and operation rights. Managers are stewards or attendants of national parks. They cannot profit from the natural resources they manage as production factors, and they do not directly participate in the profit-making activities of national parks. They must have absolute management ability for the franchising units in national parks.
5.3 Preparation of the National Park Construction Plan China has more people and less land. The existing protected areas have accounted for 18% of the land area. Outside the existing protected areas, it is rare to find large areas of original natural ecosystems to establish national parks. The national conditions decide that the construction of national parks in China can only be selected from the existing protected areas. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully evaluate and sort out the existing protected areas, investigate, analyze and evaluate them, select the protected areas that meet the characteristics of national parks, and prepare the development plan of national parks. Scientifically and rationally define the number and grade of national parks, take advantage of the opportunity of establishing the national park system, improve and build China's scientific and reasonable reserve system that is in line with international standards, and realize the refined management of classification and grading. While improving the top-level design of the national park system, the central government can simultaneously preside over the preparation of the national park construction plan, formulate the national park development plan, and solve the problem of optimizing the land spatial pattern. The provincial government carries out the construction planning of the provincial national park under the overall planning of the country, and carries out the specific national park planning work in stages. Relying on the existing protected areas that meet the management objectives of national parks, and considering the integrity of the ecosystem, other types of protected areas that need to be included will be built into a large range of complete national parks. Priority should be given to the areas where state-owned land is concentrated, such as state-owned forest areas, and the geographical units such as mountain systems and river systems should be taken as the main body to take the lead in establishing them in order to make breakthroughs. In accordance with the national main functional area planning, priority should be given to the establishment of national parks in key areas related to national ecological security and sensitive areas with extremely fragile ecology.
5.4 Establishing a perfect technical standard system for the national park standard system is the key point of the standardized construction of national parks. For example, China's nature reserves have systematically developed technical specifications and procedures, and standardized the construction and management of nature reserves. Yunnan Province has successively formulated 8 local recommended standards for national parks, guiding the pilot construction of national parks in a standardized and orderly manner. Learn from the experience of nature reserves and Yunnan Province in the construction of pilot projects, and on the basis of full research, establish and improve national park technical specifications as soon as possible, clarify the concept of national parks, develop national park standards, and build a three-dimensional, diversified, scientific, and rational national park technical standard system to make the construction and management of national parks more scientific standard.
5.5 Clarify the establishment procedures of national parks Apply for the establishment of national parks in the existing protected areas or areas outside the protected areas. The state needs to clarify the procedures for the establishment of national parks, determine the application qualifications, application procedures, application material requirements, review methods, review and approval, etc.
6 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Model of Nature Protection System
Abstract: Through the investigation of the construction and management of Jingdezhen Nature Reserve, this paper objectively analyzes the fundamental problems that affect and restrict the construction of nature reserves, and actively discusses the relevant countermeasures for the construction and protection of nature reserves.
Key words: problems and countermeasures of nature reserve construction in Jingdezhen
Nature reserves are an important part of the national ecological security system and an important foundation for sustainable economic and social development. The construction and management of nature reserves is of great significance for maintaining ecological balance, improving the ecological environment, achieving harmony between man and nature, and promoting sustainable economic and social development. Due to the influence of human factors in the past, nature reserves have been damaged to varying degrees, leading to the gradual decline of ecological functions and biodiversity of nature reserves. In order to effectively strengthen the protection, management and construction of nature reserves, make rational use of resources in nature reserves, and achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature, it is urgent and urgent. Through the investigation of the construction and management of Jingdezhen Nature Reserve, the author objectively analyzes the fundamental problems that affect and restrict the construction of nature reserves, and actively discusses the relevant countermeasures for the construction and protection of nature reserves.
1. Overview of Jingdezhen Nature Reserve
Jingdezhen now has 9 nature reserves of various types, with a total area of 53614 hectares, accounting for 10.21% of the land area. Among them, there is one forest ecosystem nature reserve, six wildlife nature reserves, one wild plant nature reserve, and one wetland ecosystem nature reserve; 402 nature reserves. Specific distribution:
(1) Provincial Yaoli Nature Reserve, with an area of 3627 hectares; Protected objects: leopard, clouded leopard, black muntjac, white necked pheasant, yew, and cultural landscape; Scope of protection: Yaoli.
(2) The provincial black muntjac nature reserve covers an area of 17356 hectares. The object of protection is black muntjac. The scope of protection is Shitan, Jiaotan, Zhuangwan, Wanggang and Xianghu.
⑶ County level Qinglongjian Cloud Leopard Nature Reserve covers an area of 7997 hectares. The objects of protection include cloud leopard, black muntjac, macaque, pangolin, etc. The scope of protection includes Wanggang, Xianghu, Shou'an.
⑷ The county-level Huangniuxin Black Bear Nature Reserve covers an area of 5334 hectares. The objects of protection are clouded leopards, black muntjacs, macaques, etc. The scope of protection is Xingtian, Jinzhushan, Yaoli and Ehu.
(5) County Dalingpei White necked Long tailed Pheasant Nature Reserve covers an area of 5279 hectares. The objects of protection: White necked Long tailed Pheasant, and the scope of protection: Shitan, Chutian, Jiangcun, Legong.
(6) Chabaoshan Macaque Nature Reserve at the county level, covering an area of 2533 hectares, protects macaques, macaques, pangolins, tiger frogs, etc., and the scope of protection is the West Lake.
(7) County level Bazinao leopard nature reserve, covering an area of 5784 hectares, protects leopards, black muntjacs, macaques, giant salamanders, pangolins, etc., and covers the border between Jiaotan Town and Huangtan Township.
(8) Leping Gongku Nature Reserve at the municipal level, with an area of 5704 hectares, protects natural broad-leaved trees such as maple, castanopsis fargesii and camphor trees, and protects Hongyan and Yongshan.
(9) There is also the newly built Yangtze River Mainstream Nature Reserve in Fuliang County, covering an area of 11208 hectares. The objects of protection are natural resource biodiversity and water conservation. Scope of protection: Xingtian, Shitan, Jiaotan, Fuliang Town.
With the strong support and promotion of governments at all levels and relevant departments, the cause of Jingdezhen Nature Reserve has shown a good development trend: first, the construction speed has been accelerated, and a network of nature reserves with complete types, wide distribution, typical and certain influence has basically formed; Second, with the rapid development of the construction of nature reserves, the management of nature reserves has gradually entered the track of standardization and legalization; Third, the construction of nature reserves is gradually changing from focusing on quantity to focusing on quality, from striving for speed of development to pursuing higher ecological and social benefits, and from saving the nature reserves to paying equal attention to improving the quality of nature reserves. At the same time, some fundamental problems affecting and restricting the protection and construction of nature reserves are also found.
2. Main problems in the construction of nature reserves
2.1 Low awareness of nature reserve construction
Some government and department leaders have serious short-term behaviors, lack awareness and determination of sustainable development, oppose protection and development, have the misunderstanding that the establishment of nature reserves will hinder local economic development, and have feelings of fear and resistance to the construction and management of nature reserves. Some local nature reserves are "approved but not built, built but ignored, and managed but ineffective". The construction planning of nature reserves only stays in the text, lacking specific actions.
2.2 Inadequate publicity on the construction of nature reserves
The construction of nature reserves is a new undertaking, and the public still generally lacks awareness of the value and importance of the construction of nature reserves. In addition, the publicity and education work of relevant governments and departments on the protection and rational use of nature reserves lags behind the requirements of economic development and resource protection situation; The relevant laws and regulations have not yet formed a good public opinion atmosphere and binding force in the public, leading to the society's insufficient understanding of the importance of nature reserve protection. The phenomenon of indiscriminate logging and hunting has been repeatedly prohibited, the original forests and wildlife habitats have been damaged, the number of wildlife population has been greatly reduced, and biodiversity cannot be seen, The functions and benefits of nature reserves are declining, and the protection of resources in nature reserves is facing serious threats.
2.3 Insufficient investment in the construction of nature reserves
The serious shortage of funds is the main problem facing the protection and management of nature reserves. As the nature reserve in the city is a local level nature reserve, it has not been included in the financial budget of the government at the same level, nor has it been included in the national nature reserve protection and ecological restoration demonstration project planning, resulting in a large gap in ecological protection funds in the nature reserve Natural reserve research, personnel training, law enforcement means and team building are lack of special financial support.
2 · 4 The construction and management system of nature reserves lags behind
Article 21 of the Regulations on Nature Reserves stipulates that "national nature reserves shall be managed by the relevant administrative departments of nature reserves under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government where they are located or by the relevant administrative departments of nature reserves under the State Council". However, this is not the case in reality. The more common management system is that the business is managed by the superior competent department, and the administration is managed by the local government at or above the county level. The business and administration are separated. This management system has the disadvantages of unclear responsibilities and unclear rights. In particular, some nature reserves do not play a big role in driving the local economy, and they have to "pay" for a group of people in the reserve in the poor financial situation. Therefore, the reserve has become a "burden", and the work of the reserve has not been valued and supported. Moreover, the business management system of the nature reserve is still in the primary stage, and the management quality is uneven. The development history of the nature reserve for decades tells us that the work of the nature reserve is mainly focused on resource protection, scientific research, environmental education and other business work, and administrative management is just one of the management measures to complete the historical mission of the nature reserve, However, there is still no complete and standardized management system in the nature reserve. There is no plan at the beginning of the year, no summary at the end of the year, no instructions from the superior to the subordinate, and the subordinate does not need to report to the superior. Good work and bad work are the same, and work with conscience.
2 · 5 Weak technical force in research on nature reserves
At present, the management institutions of most nature reserves are not sound enough, the management personnel are insufficient, the professional quality is not high, the management and protection means and infrastructure are generally weak, and modern management technologies and means are lacking. Due to the unstable economic source, remote region, poor working and living conditions, and low social status of the nature reserve, the leaders engaged in the work of the nature reserve are faced with great difficulties and lack of confidence, the scientific and technological personnel are unable to work due to the lack of scientific research funds, and the grass-roots staff have poor working conditions, low pay, and lack of enthusiasm. Most capable people try to leave the reserve, but new "blood" cannot be imported, and the overall quality of the management team is generally low.
3. Countermeasures for strengthening the construction and management of nature reserves
3.1 In terms of ideology, it should be fully clear that protecting nature reserves is the need to ensure national ecological security
People's ideology, attitudes and the government's attention are the important premise and foundation for the protection of nature reserves. Some traditional concepts and understandings formed for a long time are extremely unfavorable to the protection and sustainable development of natural reserve resources. At present, the general public has insufficient awareness of the importance of natural reserve, and the awareness of natural reserve protection is still weak, which has not attracted enough attention from the government. Therefore, we should attach great importance to, vigorously strengthen the publicity and education of nature reserves protection and ecological ethics education, make full use of radio, television, newspapers, the Internet and other news media, widely and deeply publicize the functions, benefits and great role of nature reserves, publicize the national policies, policies and regulations for protecting nature reserves, and publicize popular science knowledge of nature reserves, Publicize the necessity, importance and urgency of protecting nature reserves, and vigorously carry out relevant activities to protect nature reserves. In the annual "Bird Love Week", "Publicity Month for Wildlife Protection", "World Environment Day" and other publicity activities, the protection of nature reserves should be taken as an important publicity content to improve the awareness of the whole people about the protection of nature reserves.
3.2 In terms of in situ protection, it should be emphasized that the establishment of national and provincial nature reserves is one of the most effective ways
With the goal of creating national and provincial nature reserves, we will further improve the protection and management level of nature reserves. In accordance with the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife and other laws and regulations, the core area, buffer area and experimental area of nature reserves in nature reserves are strictly divided according to functional divisions, and in accordance with the principle of conservation priority and reasonable utilization, the establishment of national nature reserves will be declared As an effective way to strengthen the protection of nature reserves, provincial nature reserves make scientific and reasonable planning for the resources of nature reserves, and can highlight the ecological and economic benefits of nature reserves while ensuring the effective protection and management of nature reserves, and promote the coordinated development of nature reserves protection and ecotourism.
3.3 In terms of system construction, it is necessary to improve the construction of nature reserve protection management system and monitoring system
First, we should strengthen the construction of conservation management team in nature reserves. The city is still an autonomous region level nature reserve, and the existing management personnel are weak. In order to realize the comprehensive protection and management of the city's nature reserves, it is extremely urgent to establish a complete protection and management team of nature reserves. The second is to improve the work coordination mechanism. The protection of nature reserves is a systematic project with wide coverage, strong sociality and large scale. It involves many government departments and industries, and relates to various interests. It requires the joint efforts of all departments and the whole society. Therefore, we should adhere to the scientific concept of development and the correct concept of political achievements, adhere to the coordination of economic development and ecological protection, and strictly implement unified management, legal management, and scientific management. The third is to establish and improve the resource monitoring network system of nature reserves. Strengthen the work of the national wildlife epidemic focus and disease monitoring station, grasp the change trends and development trends of various nature reserves through the operation of the monitoring network, regularly provide monitoring data and monitoring reports, and provide decision-making basis for the superior departments.
3.4 In terms of resource protection, we should adhere to the rule of law and crack down on all kinds of illegal acts that damage nature reserves
Establish a system of joint law enforcement and law enforcement supervision, vigorously improve management capacity and level, and strictly approve and supervise the implementation of natural reserve protection and resource utilization projects. In view of illegal activities such as poaching and poaching within the nature reserves of our city, we will strengthen the law enforcement of nature reserves protection, deal with all kinds of illegal and disciplinary cases according to law, and crack down on illegal and criminal activities of wanton occupation and illegal destruction of nature reserves through legal and economic means. At the same time, we will effectively strengthen resource supervision, give full play to the role of media and the whole society in public opinion supervision, strengthen management, supervision and coordination, maintain a good order in nature reserve protection and rational use of resources, and mobilize all forces to jointly do a good job in nature reserve protection.
3 · 5 In terms of project construction, we should gradually promote the construction of nature reserve restoration projects and comprehensive treatment projects
The nature reserve protection project is a powerful measure and an important guarantee for the protection of nature reserves. On the basis of comprehensive planning for the protection, recovery, rational utilization, eco-tourism construction and forest park construction of nature reserves, some important nature reserve recovery and protection projects should be focused on protection and construction. Take measures such as restoring forest vegetation, transforming wildlife habitat, carrying out monitoring of wildlife epidemic sources and diseases, and gradually promote the restoration and management of nature reserves. Key projects such as patrol road works in nature reserves, construction of monitoring stations, improvement of wildlife habitat, etc. will be implemented. The methods of systematic engineering and comprehensive management shall be adopted to ensure the implementation and completion of the protection objectives and tasks of nature reserves on schedule. Through the implementation of the restoration and protection project of the nature reserve, the functions and benefits of the ecosystem of the nature reserve will be brought into full play, and the sustainable use of resources in the nature reserve will be realized.
3.6 In terms of scientific planning, it is necessary to establish and improve the planning system for the construction and development of nature reserves based on reality
In view of the current ecological status of Jingdezhen Nature Reserve, professional personnel were organized to revise and improve the Overall Development Plan of Jingdezhen Nature Reserve on the basis of in-depth investigation, multi listening to opinions and extensive collection of data, and comprehensively completed the Development Plan of National Nature Reserve and Provincial Nature Reserve and the National Forest Park Plan of the city And the preparation, review and approval of various special plans. For the projects that have been reported to the superior department, it is necessary to strive for and organize the implementation of the projects.
3 · 7 In terms of investment guarantee, we should adhere to the development idea of government investment oriented and multi-channel investment attraction construction
The nature reserve protection is a cross sectoral, multidisciplinary and comprehensive systematic project, so its investment is also characterized by multi-channel, diversified and multi-level. It is necessary to establish a multi-level and multi-channel investment mechanism for nature reserve protection with national investment, local investment and the concerted efforts of all sectors of society. Government investment should be the main source of funds for nature reserve protection. Local government finance should incorporate nature reserve protection into the national economic and social development plan, and actively seek financial support from the state, autonomous regions and superior departments for our city's nature reserves to ensure the implementation of nature reserve protection projects. At the same time, it is also necessary to extensively seek assistance from all parties, encourage various social investment entities to invest in nature reserve protection, standardize the use of social fund-raising, personal donations and other ways to attract social funds, establish an investment mechanism for the whole society to participate in nature reserve protection, and provide strong investment guarantee for nature reserve protection.
Chapter 4: Model of Nature Protection System
[Key words] National Ocean Park; Marine ecological civilization construction; ocean resources
[CLC No.] F59199 [Document Identification Code] A [Article No.]
2095-3283（2013）04-0105-03
Fund Project: General Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of Education Department of Liaoning Province (W2012229); Outstanding Talents Support Program of Liaoning University of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (2012XJYQ01).
National Ocean Park is a geographical area designated by the central government and strictly protected by law, which has one or more ecosystems and a certain area (mainly including seashore, bay, island and its surrounding waters) that maintain a natural state or are moderately developed; This area is a specific regional space designed to protect the marine natural ecosystem, marine mineral deposits, marine landscapes, historical and cultural heritage, etc., for national recreation and entertainment, scientific research and environmental education.
1、 Construction Background of National Ocean Park in China
（1） International background analysis
The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and many other countries have established national marine parks, of which Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, with a total area of 350000 km2, effectively protects the marine ecosystem, attracts more than 2 million world tourists every year, and can bring Australia $4.5 billion in income. On the premise of not affecting the protection objectives, the marine protected areas in the United States, especially the national coastal parks, have played a positive role in promoting the socio-economic development. According to statistics, coastal tourism has become a huge driving force for the development of the U.S. national economy, second only to marine transportation. On average, 200 million people go to the seaside for leisure and vacation every year, bringing economic effects of nearly 10 billion dollars to local communities.
（2） Analysis of domestic background
There are many national geological parks, national forest parks, national mine parks, national wetland parks, and national urban wetland parks on land in China, but the first batch of national marine parks was officially announced by the State Oceanic Administration in May 2011. At present, the main form of marine resources and environment protection in China is still natural reserves. China is a vast country with abundant resources. It spans the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones from south to north. The climate is quite different, and it has 320000 km of mainland coastline and island coastline. 6961 islands (excluding Hainan Island, Taiwan Island and 224 islands in Taiwan, 183 islands in Hong Kong and 3 islands in Macao) are distributed in a 3.2 million km2 wide ocean space, It also has rich marine resources and distinctive marine landscapes.
From the establishment of the first nature reserve in 1956, the Dinghushan National Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, to today, China has established a huge system of nature reserves. According to the 2009 China Environmental Status Bulletin, by the end of 2009, China had established 2541 nature reserves at all levels, with a total area of about 1.47 million km2, which has reached 147% of the total land area, There are 319 national nature reserves.
However, China still has insufficient attention to the nature protection of marine areas. At present, China has only 170 marine reserves of all kinds, and 32 national marine nature reserves, accounting for 669% and 1003% of the total number of natural reserves and national nature reserves respectively, of which only 16 are national marine special reserves. Compared with the sea area under the jurisdiction of China, the area of marine reserves only accounts for 112%, The network of marine protected areas effectively covering China's typical marine ecosystem is far from being formed, and the construction and management of marine protected areas have a long way to go.
In addition, there are obvious defects in the distribution and types of marine protected areas in China. Among the 32 known national protected areas, the marine nature reserves with marine, coastal ecosystem and wildlife as the main protected objects account for about 875%, while the sum of other types of marine nature reserves accounts for only 125%. These established marine nature reserves mostly protect the wild animals and plants in coral reefs, mangroves, islands and estuarine wetland ecosystems, but ignore the protection of biodiversity and non biological resources. Moreover, most of these marine nature reserves are natural extensions of land nature reserves to the sea, far from representing the huge marine ecosystem, biodiversity and non biological resources that span three climatic zones in China. At the same time, the gathering of sites for national marine nature reserves cannot be ignored. Among the existing 32 national marine nature reserves, 9 are distributed in the Bohai Sea alone, and 10 are distributed from Guangdong to Hainan. However, from the Yellow Sea to the East China Sea, including Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang There are only 13 marine nature reserves distributed along the long coastline of these five provinces in Fujian. The current situation has led to the uneven distribution of marine protected areas, and the phenomenon of repeated construction of marine protected areas is more serious. As a result, the originally scarce construction funds have become even worse. What is more serious is that the marine resources that should be focused on protection have not received due attention.
It must be pointed out that at present, China's policy on protected areas mainly focuses on the impact of local community production activities on the ecological environment of the protected areas, and little consideration is given to the socio-economic impact of the establishment of protected areas on communities. In many cases, natural reserves mechanically separate ecological protection from resource development, recreation and entertainment, and other activities, It does not provide more solutions to solve the contradiction between protection and development, which to some extent restricts the process of regional development and utilization of superior resources and economic development, leading to the increasingly prominent contradiction between protection and development, and affecting the enthusiasm of local construction of natural reserves, thus affecting the effect of ecological protection.
In addition, among the existing 208 national scenic spots, 710 national forest parks and 182 national geological parks in China, the land category accounts for a large proportion, while the marine category accounts for a small proportion. Taking national scenic spots as an example, there are only 10 coastal islands, accounting for 48.1% of the total. The lack of systematic tourism development and utilization in marine areas cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of China's tourism industry. It is worth noting that these national key scenic spots still focus on carrying out tourism projects, while the ecological protection function is seriously missing, resulting in the imbalance between protection and development, and unable to play an effective role in protecting and maintaining the natural ecosystem.
2、 Construction purpose of national ocean parks in China
According to the different nature and management purposes of various types of protected areas, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) classifies a wide range of protected areas around the world into six categories, namely: I strict protected areas; II Ecological protection and recreation area; III Natural feature reserve; IV Protected areas through activity management; V Land and marine landscape protection and recreation areas; VI Ecological system sustainable utilization area, etc. It is easy to see from the classification of nature reserves that different types of nature reserves have different management objectives, some of which focus on natural ecosystem protection, such as Ia/Ib/IV/VI nature reserves; Some are protected in combination with public recreational activities, such as Class II/III/V protected areas (see Table 1).
In the IUCN classification system, the scenic spots and nature reserves mentioned above basically belong to categories I, IV and V. These forms of protection often fail to coordinate the objectives of ecological protection and economic development. In view of this, we should coordinate the existing two systems of nature reserves and scenic spots, establish China's national marine park system on the basis of drawing on relevant international experience, perfectly combine ecological environment protection and resource utilization, and embark on a new path of sustainable use of the sea. By comparing the relationship among national marine parks, scenic spots and nature reserves (Figure 1), it can be found that the establishment of a national marine park system integrating protection and development in China is of great practical significance and an important direction for the development of marine reserves in the future.
Figure 1 National Ocean Park, Scenic Spots and
The relationship between the three in nature reserves
As an important part of the national ecological civilization construction, the construction of marine ecological civilization is not only related to the healthy development of marine undertakings, but also an important guarantee for the realization of China's comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development. China is in the most critical stage of "accelerating the transformation of economic development mode". The Twelfth Five Year Plan Outline for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China specifically points out that "scientific planning of marine economic development, rational development and utilization of marine resources, and active development of coastal tourism. We should formulate and implement the plan of marine main functional areas, and optimize the spatial layout of marine economy. We will strengthen overall planning and coordination and improve the marine management system. Strengthen the management of sea areas and islands, promote the protection and utilization of islands, and support the development of remote islands. We will coordinate the protection of the marine environment and the prevention and control of land-based pollution, and strengthen the protection and restoration of the marine ecosystem. We will control the overexploitation of offshore resources, improve the marine disaster prevention and mitigation system, improve laws, regulations and policies related to the sea, strengthen marine law enforcement, and maintain the order of marine resources development. We will ensure the safety of maritime transport corridors and safeguard China's maritime rights and interests. "
Island Protection Law of the People's Republic of China "The State Council, relevant departments of the State Council, and the people's governments of coastal provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, according to the need to protect the natural resources, natural landscapes, and historical and cultural relics of islands, approve the establishment of marine nature reserves or special marine reserves for islands with special protection value and their surrounding waters according to law."
The Declaration on Marine Protected Areas of the State Oceanic Administration also specifically pointed out: "Continue to vigorously promote the construction of marine protected areas, and strive to achieve the planning goals of making the area of marine protected areas reach 3% and 5% of the sea area under China's jurisdiction by 2015 and 2020 respectively; Establish a network system of marine protected areas with diverse types, reasonable layout, perfect functions, powerful management and effective protection, so that China's important marine ecosystems, rare and endangered species, marine natural historic sites and natural landscapes can be effectively protected; We will continue to treat the ocean with human wisdom, care for the ocean with human emotion, make every effort to build marine ecological civilization, and keep the blue world alive forever. "
The Measures for the Administration of Special Marine Protected Areas promulgated in 2010 further pointed out that "according to the geographical location, resource and environment conditions, marine development and utilization status and the needs of social and economic development of special marine protected areas, special marine protected areas can be divided into marine special geographical conditions protection areas, marine ecological protection areas, marine parks, marine resources protection areas and other types. In order to protect the marine ecology and historical and cultural values, and give play to its eco-tourism function, marine parks are established in special marine ecological landscapes, historical and cultural relics, unique geological and geomorphological landscapes and surrounding waters. "
3、 Construction Status of National Ocean Park in China
Since the State Oceanic Administration announced the list of the first batch of national marine parks on May 19, 2011, the State Oceanic Administration approved the establishment of a number of national marine parks on January 7, 2013. Up to now, China has 18 national marine parks, namely: Guangdong Hailing Island National Marine Park, Guangdong Techeng Island National Marine Park, Guangxi Qinzhou Maowei Sea National Marine Park Fujian Xiamen National Marine Park, Jiangsu Lianyungang Haizhou Bay National Marine Park, Shandong Liugong Island National Marine Park, Shandong Rizhao National Marine Park, Jiangsu Haimen Oyster Aphid Mountain National Marine Park, Shandong Mountain National Marine Park, Shandong Changdao National Marine Park, Jiangsu Xiaoyangkou National Marine Park, Zhejiang Dongtou National Marine Park Fujian Fuyao Islands National Marine Park, Fujian Changle National Marine Park, Fujian Meizhou Island National Marine Park, Fujian Chengzhou Island National Marine Park, Guangdong Leizhou Wushi National Marine Park, and Guangxi Weizhou Island Coral Reef National Marine Park. In addition, Zhejiang Yushan Archipelago National Marine Special Protection Zone is attached with a national marine park sign. So far, China's national marine park system has been initially completed, becoming an important part of China's marine protected area network, which will make positive contributions to building a marine power and creating a beautiful ocean.
[References]
[1] Chen Jianmin, Xu Yiji Oceanography [M] Beijing: University of Petroleum Press, 2003
[2] Chen Qingchao Protection of Marine Biodiversity in China [M] Beijing: China Forestry Press, 2005
[3]J Tonge，SAMooreImportance-satisfaction analysis for marine-park hinterlands：A Western Australian casestudy[J]Tourism Management， 2007（28）：768-776
[4] Wang Heng, Li Yuezheng, Xing Juanjuan Research Progress and Enlightenment of Overseas National Ocean Parks [J] Economic Geography, 2011, 31 (4): 673-679
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Chapter 5: Model of Nature Protection System
Key words: ecological protection priority; Uninhabited island; Ecosystem management
CLC No.: D922.68
Document ID: A
Article No.: 1001-8204 (2015) 03-0047-05
With the promotion of China's ecological civilization strategy, the construction of the legal security system of ecological civilization is also constantly improving, and the corresponding legislative ideas, values and principles also require changes. For this reason, China's Environmental Protection Law and Island Protection Law have established the principle of "protection priority", but how to interpret the connotation of the principle of "protection priority"? Legislators and theorists have no specific interpretation. As for the relationship between ecological protection and economic development, theorists are using the "labeling" terms of ecological civilization construction, such as "ecological priority", "environmental priority" or "ecological protection priority" to define the relationship between the two, but are these terms the same? What are the differences and connections in its meaning? Which is more scientific? Is "protection priority" equal to "ecological protection priority"? For such problems, there are few systematic and sufficient arguments in the theoretical circle at present, even if there are superficial opinions. Therefore, theoretically exploring the basic connotation of the above terms and the differences between them is of great significance for law-abiding, law-abiding and law enforcement. On the basis of analyzing and sorting out these basic terms, this paper chooses to use "ecological protection first", and attempts to conduct a multidisciplinary and systematic discussion from the perspective of ecological protection of uninhabited islands from its meaning, concept, value, etc.
1、 Sorting and selection of terms
（1） "Protection first"
Article 5 of the Environmental Protection Law stipulates that "environmental protection shall adhere to the principles of preferential protection, prevention first, comprehensive treatment, public participation, and responsibility for damage." Article 3 of the Island Protection Law stipulates that "the same family shall implement the principles of scientific planning, protection priority, reasonable development, and sustainable use of islands." There is no official explanation on how to define "protection priority", Some scholars have given the following explanations: "First, protection takes precedence over development and utilization in relation to development and utilization, which generally refers to nature reserves, scenic spots and other areas that need special protection; second, protection takes precedence over pollution control in relation to pollution control. Protect the unpolluted first, and then treat them if conditions permit;"; Third, protection takes precedence over recovery and improvement over recovery and improvement. " From the perspective of practical operation, "protection priority" should be aimed at the first situation.
According to the logic of this interpretation, we can infer as follows: First, the "priority of protection" in the Island Protection Law only applies to the specially protected "islands with special use or special protection value, such as the islands where the territorial sea base points are located, islands for national defense purposes, and islands in marine nature reserves"; Second, for non resident islands that can be used for business, the principle of adjustment is "reasonable development". The core of "reasonable development" is how to grasp the "degree" of reasonable development, and how to determine the measurement standard? This involves the ecological threshold of the utilization object. At present, this is a worldwide scientific problem, and the ecological carrying capacity of each utilization object has its uniqueness and uncertainty. According to the current level of ecological cognition, how easy is it to define the "degree" of reasonable development with this uncertainty principle? The result is still the reissue of the model of land single resource element utilization efficiency, and its legislative idea is still the continuation of "economic rationality". The result of utilization will be the cost of ecological environment degradation or even deterioration under the guidance of economic interests; Third, the reasons for this ecological cost are: the implicit and abstract representational language of "protection first" not only allows different social subjects to have different preferences, but also leads to unprovoked speculation, controversy and even confusion; For the "rational" users, the ambiguous "protection priority" will never balance or coordinate with "reasonable development" without the constraint of mandatory norms; For managers, supervision and management can never resist the temptation of "rent-seeking" interests behind management.
In short, the principle of "protection priority" is not the complete principle to solve the relationship between ecological protection and economic development. The principle of integrity in dealing with the relationship between the two should be: when ecological protection and economic development cannot be balanced or the contradiction cannot be reconciled objectively, ecological protection should be given priority to consideration, that is, all activities should give way to the priority maintenance of ecological balance, which is the priority of ecological protection, and "protection priority" is not "ecological protection priority".
（2） Discrimination and selection of "ecological protection priority"
Ecological protection is the abbreviation of ecosystem protection. It is the application and deduction of ecosystem theory and management practice of ecological principles in the field of social sciences. For "ecological protection priority", some scholars call it "ecosystem priority", "ecological priority", "environmental priority", "environmental protection priority", etc. Although the basic meaning of the above terms is emphasized: in the process of social and economic development, once the contradiction between economic development and ecological interests needs cannot be reconciled, priority should be given to the ecological environment, and ecological interests should be taken as the basic criterion to guide and adjust the relationship between man and nature. This may be a basic summary of the most common characteristics of the above terms, but this paper chooses to use "ecological protection priority", in addition to the common characteristics of similar terms, mainly because of the requirements of the sustainability of ecosystems and the vulnerability of the uninhabited island ecosystem itself.
First, the basic category of "ecological protection priority" is the ecosystem, and priority to maintaining the balance and stability of the ecosystem is the basis for the system to generate all benefits. The ecosystem lies in its integrity and systematicness, and every whole is a complete system. Each component or element in the system is interdependent, interacted and restricted to form a whole. If any component is changed, it will inevitably have direct or indirect impact on other parts or even the whole. The balance of the ecosystem of uninhabited islands is a dynamic balance. Maintaining the balance of the ecosystem is conditional and limited. If the disturbance to the system exceeds its ecological threshold, it will lead to the imbalance of its ecological structure, functional degradation and even collapse.
Second, the overall ecosystem of uninhabited islands has priority over its individual ecosystem. Man and nature are in the global ecosystem community. Human economic system depends on the natural economic system to survive, that is to say, the ecosystem is the life support system of human beings. Human beings rely on various ecological functions and ecological services provided by the ecosystem to maintain their life, This kind of survival is reflected in the ecosystem as "the ecosystem condenses life into separate individuals, and casts them a wise way of survival through their environment". In a balanced and stable ecosystem, "all individuals are expanding themselves to the maximum, and are not restricted by any other force to promote the ecosystem. In fact, all members of the ecosystem have enough but limited living space The system forces individuals to cooperate with each other, and all individuals are inextricably linked together. The ecological integrity of uninhabited islands is not only reflected in their isolated existence as carriers of natural resources grassland, forest, mineral resources, etc., but also in the fact that their overall resource value is a unified system composed of islands and their surrounding waters. Due to its poor ecosystem stability and fragile ecological environment, any destruction of island resources or loss of species may have an irreversible impact on its overall ecosystem. Therefore, the overall maintenance of island ecosystems is far more important than the economic value of its resource elements.
Third, the monitoring and assessment of the ecosystem of uninhabited islands takes precedence over any resource element or protection or use. Any natural resources, like the ecosystem on which human beings depend, are individuals constituting the whole ecosystem. Any human activity on resources, including living resources and non living resources, will have an impact on the ecosystem on which they depend. Therefore, before the utilization of non resident island resources, the ecosystem on which they depend must be monitored and evaluated by corresponding technical means, and the structural balance of the system and the health of ecological function services must be investigated. If the system is healthy and meets the utilization requirements, So as to determine the maximum sustainable utilization amount; If the ecological characteristics of resources are fragile, ecological protection or restoration is required. Therefore, the protection or utilization of uninhabited island resources is determined by the objective characteristics of the ecosystem on which resources depend. In this sense, the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems take precedence over the protection or use of any island resources.
Fourth, the "priority of ecological protection" of uninhabited islands must abandon the narrow thinking path that usually starts from the environment or prevention, or governance or relief. For example, environmental priority "prohibits the existing environment from being damaged more severely" environmental protection priority "means more prevention, and no matter how perfect the prevention is, it cannot completely avoid the occurrence of damage. Damage to the environment itself will inevitably occur from time to time, so the relief of pure environmental damage becomes essential" "In dealing with the relationship between economic growth and ecological environment protection, establish the legal status of priority for ecological environment protection." The above viewpoints of prevention, relief, or governance all reflect the commonness of ecological environment protection. There is no substantive difference in their connotations, but from one side they reflect a customary thinking method in the field of environmental law, When it comes to environmental issues, we always start from the contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection in a general way, absolutely oppose the two, and establish the priority of environmental protection. In fact, not all economic growth conflicts with the ecological environment in the process of social and economic development, nor are they always in a state of conflict. From the perspective of China's land space planning, some areas with good ecological environment and suitable for economic development still need to develop economic productivity; Only for those areas with unique and fragile ecological environment, development and utilization shall be prohibited or restricted, and ecological compensation or ecological restoration shall be implemented. The purpose of advocating ecological priority is not to protect for ecological protection, but to implement protection for more sustainable use. According to the natural characteristics of uninhabited islands, the principles of different levels of planning, classified protection and appropriate utilization are adopted. The sustainable utilization of their ecosystems requires that the island system be protected or restored as necessary in combination with the predictable or slightly predictable risks or uncertainties that the behavior itself may generate to the island system.
Fifth, the ecological vulnerability of uninhabited islands determines that priority must be given to their protection. The natural ecological attributes of uninhabited islands are different from those of land and inhabited islands. Their ecological vulnerability has its unique inherent vulnerability and special vulnerability characteristics. These unique natural attributes determine that the resource utilization and protection of uninhabited islands are different from those of land and sea resources. As a result, land "pollutes first and then governs" The development path of is not suitable for the ecological vulnerability of uninhabited islands. Among the multiple values of uninhabited islands, their ecological characteristics determine that the dominant value of their legislative protection is ecological value, which is also the essential requirement of ecological rationality.
To sum up, the research path of this paper takes the ecosystem management framework as the logical starting point, and the overall resource system of Wu resident islands as the object. According to its overall system characteristics, its use must be based on the premise of ecological balance maintenance. In this sense, the inherent characteristics of non resident islands decide to adopt the principle of "ecological protection first".
2、 A multidisciplinary interpretation of "ecological protection priority"
（1） Ecological interpretation and analysis
Ecologists have systematically explained the priority of ecological protection mainly from the perspective of ecological principles. Some scholars advocate the concept of ecological integrity, and believe that in the global community of cattle and animals, the community of cattle and animals is the basic survival unit, and its integrity and stability are of primary importance to the survival of individuals in the unit. The integrity and stability of the biological "community" deduces the continuous selection of system individuals, which is a strange and graceful "priority" of the ecosystem. Individual goodness and "rights" are placed in such a system, and the meaning of the biological system promotes the prosperity of these individuals in its own way. When human beings enter the natural stage, they should follow the nature in this respect. "Some scholars also proposed that the balance of the natural economic system should take precedence over the socio-economic system. They believed that in the context of the relationship between the natural economic system and the socio-economic system, in order to obtain economic benefits from the natural economic system, priority must be given to maintaining the balance and stability of the natural ecosystem. Therefore, Experts warned: "We must be cautious when we manipulate Bairan in an abnormal and strange rhythm in a new way." Another scholar, Feng Zhang Bairan, believes that the value of ecological rationality is superior to or broader than the value of economic rationality, and that the legitimacy of ecological rationality over economic rationality lies in its maintenance of harmony, stability and beauty of the biological community, while wrong things are the opposite.
Ecological scholars' understanding and interpretation of ecological protection priority have not clearly defined the concept of ecological protection priority, but have explained it from all aspects of ecology. Its main characteristics are: first, the biological system promotes the selective adaptation of individuals, and limits their individual adaptation. Evolutionary and mature ecosystems are characterized by a variety of complex A reasonable and perfect way to promote the breeding and development of individuals to the maximum extent; Second, the ecological theoretical model requires human beings to learn how to extract ecological capital interest from the natural economic system without destroying or sustainable benefiting the ecological fixed capital.
（2） Legal Interpretation and Analysis
For the priority of ecological protection, scholars have different titles and understandings. Some scholars defined the category of "priority of ecological protection" in the relationship between economic growth and the demand and competition of ecological interests, advocated a value principle and development model of the sustainable development thought of "harmony between nature and man" and more humanistic care, and emphasized that the protection of ecological interests takes priority in social and economic development; Some scholars also put forward that the principle of "ecological priority" is the basic principle of the Environmental Protection Law, emphasizing that the principle of "ecological priority" is the evolution of the principle of ecological student rationality, "The ecological rationality of human economic activities takes precedence over the rationality of economy and technology, which is embodied in the priority of ecological laws, ecological capital and ecological benefits. Its core is to establish a cattle priority economy, that is, a green economy based on the preservation and proliferation of ecological capital, and to pursue the maximization of green benefits including ecological, economic and social benefits, that is, green Maximizing economic benefits "; Some scholars also summarized it as "the principle of conservation and preservation", thinking that the purpose of conservation is to keep the natural environment elements in a state that can be continuously used by human beings, while the purpose of conservation is to keep the ecosystem, other historical or cultural sites in nature in a primitive state. Under the principle of conservation, humans can make non exploitative or non productive use of nature and ecology; Under the principle of conservation, humans are not allowed to make general use of nature and ecology except for scientific research; Some scholars expressed the principle of "environmental protection first", claiming that any human activity should give priority to the good environmental interests needed to meet people's survival, and respect the interests of all members of the biological community, including humans, without damage.
To sum up, scholars have symbolically expressed the concept of "giving priority to ecological protection" on the side of Xiao Tong, but none has a clear, systematic and complete definition. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, the theorists generally believe that when there is a conflict between economy and ecology, ecology should be given priority, but the problem is: when there is a conflict between the two, the ecological environment has been or is potentially polluted or damaged, how to reflect the priority of ecological protection? Secondly, starting from the practical application of ecological principles in environmental law discipline, economic activities should give priority to following ecological laws to maintain the sustainable use of ecology. This understanding of ecological priority reflects the general understanding of the current academic and political circles, reflects the improvement of people's cognitive ability of ecological civilization society to a certain extent, and has a certain role in promoting ecological protection. However, this understanding of ecological civilization only stays on the surface of the problem, superficial and empty, and does not touch the essence and essence of ecological problems at all. This kind of economic growth favored by economic rationality, which has always been based on the legitimacy of the supremacy of human consumption, is based on the excessive use or misuse of natural resources and widespread pollution. The original environmental and resource laws and law enforcement have always recognized that economic interests have priority over ecological interests, which has been proved by social practice. Therefore, Instead, a set of economic rational rules of environmental law has become a legal tool of economic hegemony. What is the value and significance of this environmental system or decision-making that does not reflect ecological rationality for ecological protection?
3、 Rethinking of "giving priority to ecological protection"
Through the above statement, comparison and analysis, the priority of ecological protection is to abandon the measurement of how to protect our threatened living environment based on human economic rationality. This idea of solving the contradiction between man and nature will not bring the expected results. We must start from the structural logic of the ecosystem itself, find its internal operating mechanism and law, and enjoy the value of natural resources and ecological function services on the premise of following it and satisfying its balanced operation. For this reason, this paper believes that priority of ecological protection is based on ecological theory, taking ecosystem principle as the logical starting point, and taking ecosystem management as the practice path; With understanding the ecological operation law of the ecosystem itself as a prerequisite and basic means or tool, explore how human activities affect the ecosystem and the degree of interference, so as to obtain scientific information on the maximum carrying capacity of the ecosystem, so as to make decisions to constrain or regulate human behavior and make it follow the balanced management mechanism of the ecosystem, So that human beings can obtain the maximum sustainable ecological benefits and get along with nature in harmony.
Chapter 6: Model of Nature Protection System
Abstract: The main purpose of constructing nature reserves is to protect representative and damaged ecosystems, maintain biodiversity and biological resources, provide a better ecological environment for human survival and development, and realize the sustainable development of human civilization and social economy. It can be seen that the construction and management of nature reserves is an inevitable requirement for the comprehensive implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development, and an important measure to promote the harmonious development of human and nature. However, there are still many problems in the process of construction and management of nature reserves, such as the management system to be improved, lack of unified planning, weak legal awareness, and low capital investment. Only by solving these problems can we better improve the effect of construction and management of nature reserves.
Key words: nature reserves; Construction management; problem analysis
1、 Connotation of construction and management of nature reserves
There are three kinds of nature reserves in China, namely nature reserves, forest parks and scenic spots. The three have their own characteristics, advantages and complements each other, forming a relatively complete nature reserve system. Among them, nature reserves are mainly absolute protection. Compared with scenic spots and forest parks, nature reserves have the strongest naturalness and irreplaceable comprehensive protection function in ecological environment protection. Specifically, the significance of strengthening the construction and management of nature reserves is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, permanent protection of various important natural ecosystems is the foundation of ecological protection. Secondly, protect the integrity, stability and continuity of human life support system, reduce the probability of extreme climate and natural disasters, and achieve sustainable human development; Protect biological and natural diversity, protect the safety of the life material industry and the productivity of the ecosystem, and protect the genetic diversity of storage. Finally, it will provide more opportunities for humans to improve species, provide more opportunities for human scientific research, regulate wild species, and provide more opportunities for ecosystem restoration and reconstruction, tourism, and improving environmental space.
2、 Problems in the construction and management of nature reserves
It can be seen from the above that the construction and management of nature reserves have important practical significance, but there are still many problems in the actual work, mainly in the following aspects:
（1） The management system needs to be improved
Strong management awareness and perfect management system are important prerequisites to ensure the construction and management effect of nature reserves. However, in fact, many nature reserves in China lack a complete and operable management system due to uneven management quality, which directly affects the management effect of nature reserves. Some nature reserves are managed by multiple departments at the same time, with different opinions, and even some management concepts conflict with each other; The management organization needs to be improved. The lack of effective management means in the specific management process, coupled with insufficient publicity and people's weak concept of the rule of law, has led to the repeated prohibition of poaching by criminals, resulting in the waste and loss of biological resources.
（2） Lack of unified planning
Many government departments and functional departments lack a unified and scientific plan for the layout of nature reserves, which not only fails to divide some specific reserves in time, but also has two problems in the planning and management of nature reserves. First, the proportion of national nature reserves is too large. Generally, the higher the level of protected areas, the more support they will receive from the national government. Most of China's nature reserves are national, accounting for 65.66% of the total area of protected areas. The increase in the area under management will inevitably lead to the lack of management resources. On the other hand, the number of protected areas in densely populated areas is small. The population in the plain areas of China is concentrated, and the environmental pressure is increasing day by day. The population density is high, but the coverage rate of nature reserves is low. The environmental load of human activities is large, which aggravates the impact of human activities on the ecological environment.
（3） Inadequate investment in construction funds
As mentioned above, the proportion of national nature reserves in protected areas is too high, which directly leads to the shortage of management resources, and the government's investment in construction funds can not meet the actual management needs. Due to the lack of corresponding construction funds, the organization of law implementation is far from enough, relying on the self raised management funds of nature reserves; In particular, the lack of housing, transportation, communication, patrol and other infrastructure in the nature reserve will have a serious impact on the normal construction and protection of the nature reserve, thus affecting the management effect of the nature reserve.
3、 Strategies for strengthening the construction and management of nature reserves
In view of the above problems, the construction management of nature reserves can be strengthened from the following aspects:
（1） Increase financial support for the Reserve
Since China has not yet formed a long-term mechanism for the protection of nature reserves, government investment is limited, scientific and technological support is also relatively weak, and the protection awareness of the vast majority of people in nature reserves is relatively weak, which affects the protection effect of nature reserves. In response to this problem, the state and government should increase support for nature reserves from the government, funds, science and technology, law and other aspects, and financial support is the top priority. The local people's government where the nature reserve is located arranges the funds needed for the nature reserve, while the state gives appropriate financial subsidies to the national nature reserve, makes a scientific financial budget according to the development plan of the nature reserve, implements the construction funds of the nature reserve, and gradually establishes a diversified input mechanism, that is, focusing on the input of local governments The reserve is self raised, supplemented by donations from domestic and foreign enterprises and organizations, and properly applies for national fund subsidies to continuously expand the source of funds, so as to lay a solid foundation for the construction and management of natural reserves.
（2） Strengthening legal system construction
Fully promote the construction of laws and regulations in nature reserves. Forestry departments and government departments should actively cooperate with the relevant work of national functional departments to implement the management conditions and methods of nature reserves; Strengthen the publicity and education of laws and regulations, mark the boundaries of nature reserves and make announcements, which can serve as a warning; Only by forming good communication and cooperation relations among relevant departments can the management of nature reserves effectively carry out propaganda in the place where the nature reserves are located, expand social influence, improve the environmental awareness of the whole people, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of people from all walks of life to participate in the protection, construction and management of nature reserves, and jointly accomplish this benefit in the contemporary It is a great cause that has made great contributions in the future.
（3） Improve management organization
A sound administrative department of nature reserves with strong implementation ability is an important factor to ensure the construction and management effect of nature reserves. According to relevant national policies and regulations, nature reserves belong to public institutions, and corresponding special administrative institutions should be established. Select management personnel with professional counterparts and high comprehensive quality to engage in the management of nature reserves, and improve the overall quality of the management team; Establish a complete set of nature protection management mechanism in the nature reserve, clarify the responsibilities and powers of each link, so as to ensure the effectiveness of each management.
In a word, the construction and management of nature reserves is an important basis for the sustainable development of human society. In practical work, we should recognize the problems in management, strengthen investigation, research and practice, optimize the ecological environment, and realize the sustainable and coordinated development of human environment and economy.
reference:
Chapter 7: Model of Nature Protection System
Observations over the past 50 years have shown that the ecological environment of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is in the process of continuous and comprehensive degradation, such as grassland degradation, land desertification, water and soil loss, shrinking lakes and wetlands, and reduction of biological resources. For this reason, the state has established nature reserves on the plateau in recent years as an important measure for ecological environment protection. At present, the established nature reserves account for 34.5% of the total land area of the region, ranking first in the country; The nature reserves established in Qinghai Province cover an area of 218000 square kilometers, accounting for 30.38% of the provincial area. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau has a large area of ecologically fragile areas. It is obviously of little significance to imitate the eastern region to establish small reserves, but the establishment of a large area of nature reserves, which strictly protects the ecologically fragile areas accounting for two-thirds of the plateau, conflicts with the implementation of the overall "leapfrog development strategy". Under the big strategy of catching up with and surpassing development, nature conservation has to face contradictory choices: as a nature reserve, environmental protection measures should be implemented; as a development zone, large investment, development and construction must be implemented according to the mainstream development concept. In the current predicament, the nature reserves that have been implemented since the 1990s obviously haven't found a suitable solution, and the frequency of human economic activities in nature reserves is becoming more and more frequent. The nature reserve covers a large area and spans the living areas of residents. The nature reserve overlaps with tourist scenic spots, local administrative counties and cities, township residential areas, and production and development zones, with unclear boundaries. In fact, it does not play a protective role. Some nature reserves are not worthy of the name, but actually become tourist scenic spots and animal husbandry and farming areas; Projects and traffic lines for developing underground and ground resources in the Reserve can be seen everywhere [2].
The national cultural heritage in the plateau nature reserve is an important part of the Chinese national cultural heritage. In the new century, the central government has increased the protection and inheritance of the cultural heritage of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Religious temples, historic and cultural cities, and various intangible cultural heritage projects have been supported and protected by governments at all levels. However, the environmental and cultural protection project led by the government has exposed defects in the system design during the implementation, that is, the traditional culture of plateau ethnic groups and the protection of plateau ecological environment are regarded as irrelevant or even antagonistic, environmental protection and cultural protection are regarded as the main behaviors of the government, and the local people only play an auxiliary role; Moreover, they believe that the outdated local culture and backward ideas are obstacles to modernization. In practical work, some people advocate the implementation of the "cultural substitution strategy": implant a commercial civilization with the supremacy of interests in nature reserves, and then transform the outdated culture of ethnic minorities to replace the traditional way of livelihood and cultural heritage. Although environmental protection and cultural issues in nature reserves are different from each other in two fields, they have commonalities: the implementation of economic catch-up and cultural substitution strategies has led to the decline of national culture; The decline of national culture has accelerated the degradation of the ecological environment. Economy, culture and environment are interdependent and mutually conditional. How to deal with the leap forward development, the inheritance of traditional ethnic cultures and the protection of the ecological environment is a problem that has not yet been well solved: there is a lack of respect for the traditional ethnic cultures on the plateau and the autonomy of ethnic regions in both ecological environment protection and cultural heritage protection, so the general strategic understanding of the construction of ecological civilization on the plateau is not clear, The implementation was not in place.
2、 The top-level design of ecological environment protection and national culture inheritance
The general strategy of ecological civilization construction proposed by the 10th CPC Central Committee and the requirements of "accelerating the establishment of ecological civilization system and ecological environment protection system and mechanism" proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. It shows that the construction of ecological civilization must take system construction as the key link, improve and innovate the system of environmental protection and cultural inheritance through top-level design and partial breakthrough. In ethnic minority areas, the "top-level design" of this institutional mechanism must take the system of regional ethnic autonomy as the framework, and ensure the rights of the people of all ethnic groups to protect the environment, cultural heritage and ensure people's livelihood as the starting point, to promote the sustainable, orderly and healthy progress of ecological civilization construction in ethnic minority areas on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Ecological environment protection and ethnic culture inheritance are a unified systematic project, and they are two aspects of one thing. First, ethnic culture inheritance and ecological environment protection on the plateau are a whole. Its various components are interdependent and mutually conditional, and together constitute the overall operation mode. Therefore, the protection of cultural landscape, cultural resources and ecological environment should be regarded as a unified whole. Secondly, the inheritance of national culture is the premise of protecting the natural ecological environment. Inherit and carry forward the ecological ethics spirit of Tibetan traditional culture, such as advocating to protect nature, cherish the environment, and protect biodiversity; Advocate the harmony between people and society, and emphasize the values of unity, tolerance, modesty, tolerance and fraternity; Pursue a frugal, simple and natural lifestyle. It should become a powerful factor in protecting and building the plateau ecological environment. In order to ensure the implementation of the above objectives and tasks, corresponding measures must be taken.
1. Development strategy selection: define the strategy of "establishing a province (region) ecologically". The basic idea and strategic orientation of development proposed at the fifth central working forum in January 2010 are to make it an important national security barrier, an important ecological security barrier, an important strategic resource reserve base, an important plateau featured agricultural product base, an important cultural protection area with Chinese national characteristics An important world tourist destination. "Adhere to ecological protection as the foundation of ecological civilization, put a resource-saving and environment-friendly society in the prominent position of development, and follow the principles of protection priority, comprehensive treatment, adaptation to local conditions, and highlighting key points, coordinate ecological environment protection and economic development, social progress, improve people's livelihood, promote coordinated development of ecological protection and economic construction, optimize the environment, and improve people's livelihood It is good to improve synchronously and realize a virtuous circle of the ecosystem. " This is the first time to clearly put forward the extreme importance of the construction of ecological security barriers and cultural protection areas with Chinese national characteristics, and raise environmental protection and cultural inheritance to the strategic height of national security. This understanding is very important for the development of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. It shows our government's belief in protecting the plateau ecological environment and inheriting the plateau ethnic culture. Therefore, the construction of ecological civilization is the primary task for the development of the plateau. All provinces and autonomous regions on the plateau should take the construction of ecological civilization as the foundation and core strategy of the province.
2. Institutional and legal construction: relying on and improving the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that: adhere to the people-oriented principle and respect the dominant position of the people. The system of regional ethnic autonomy guarantees the democratic autonomy rights of the people of all ethnic groups in the plateau, the main body of ecological civilization construction, and provides broad space for the people to independently protect their living environment and national culture. To implement the Law on Regional National Autonomy means proceeding from the reality of Tibet, respecting the natural environment of the plateau and the way of life of the local people. The protection of ecological environment and traditional national culture and the guarantee of people's livelihood are the main tasks, the basic survival guarantee and happiness of the people are the first, and the achievement projects of seeking quick success, destroying the environment and wasting resources are minimized. It is necessary to improve the system of regional national autonomy, formulate specific autonomous regulations of autonomous regions and autonomous prefectures, and ensure the rights of people of all ethnic groups to participate in environmental protection and cultural inheritance through specific legal procedures.
3. Experience: The practice of international nature cultural protection area construction From the theoretical demonstration of world nature reserves, the protection of cultural heritage and natural heritage is an integrated project. The nature reserve itself includes natural ecological environment and cultural ecological protection. These two aspects are interdependent, integrated and unified. The Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted at the 17th session of the UNESCO General Conference in 1972, points out that the protection of cultural and natural heritage has a common status and importance; World cultural and natural heritage often overlap, and their protection should be common. In recent years, China's relevant laws and regulations and protection institutions have paid full attention to the integration of natural protection and cultural protection, and paid attention to the dual protection of natural ecology and cultural ecology. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves The nature reserve is defined as "a certain area of land, land water body or sea area for special protection and management in accordance with the law for representative natural landscape areas with scientific, economic, cultural, entertainment and other values, important ecosystems, natural concentrated distribution areas of rare and endangered animal and plant species, natural relics with special significance and other protection objects" In addition to establishing nature reserves, China has also established forest parks, scenic spots, ethnic cultural reserves, ecological museums and other natural and cultural reserves or reserves. In each nature reserve, the natural environment is the basis for the survival of ecological culture, while ecological culture maintains the regional natural ecological environment; Natural landscape is the foundation and source of culture, while cultural landscape enhances and embellishes natural landscape. Thus, the nature reserve will form a distinctive ecological cultural reserve with "historical memory, cultural context, regional style and ethnic characteristics", become the permanent home of all ethnic groups on the plateau, and give people a sense of pride, security and belonging.
3、 Integration of landscape environment and national culture: planning with ecological culture concept
The plateau natural cultural complex system is a multi-level spatial system. To establish a nature culture complex system is to carry out a systematic ecological overall design based on the need of ecological civilization construction. Based on the harmonious coexistence of mountain and water environment and national culture, we should reasonably plan the scale of nature reserves and urban and rural development layout, build an environmental space where the mountain and water culture system is coordinated, and implement ecological integration and dynamic balance between the natural environment and national culture.
1. Construction of nature reserves - the nature reserves established by a country with an integrated ethnic and cultural heritage on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau have reached nearly a quarter of the land area of the plateau. In the nature reserves of plateau grassland, forest and desert areas, the core area, buffer area and experimental area are divided; In these three types of areas, there are corresponding belief culture, religious culture, settlement culture, livelihood culture and living cultural heritage preservation. The ethnic cultural ecological zone overlaps with the core area, buffer area and experimental area of the nature reserve, and the ethnic culture is often formed based on the natural ecological region and overlaps with the natural ecological region. The core protection area in the natural ecological protection area and the plateau ethnic holy mountain and water protection area overlap or are generally consistent in the region; The Tibetan people have created exquisite tangible cultural heritage and cultural landscape based on the natural environment for thousands of years. Cultural heritage and cultural landscape are mostly distributed in the edge of ecological security conservation areas and nature reserves, which are buffer zones or transitional areas in the core area; The whole world in Tibetan traditional religious culture is divided into secular world and sacred world. The wilderness is a wilderness no man's land for laymen, while for religious believers, the holy mountains and waters in the wilderness are the living places of gods; Manidui, pagoda, celestial burial platform and oboo built in the wilderness are symbols of faith and longing for holiness. The core area of the nature reserve is unified with the holy mountain and holy water area of the Tibetan people. Protecting the local environment and culture is the right of plateau people and the obligation of the government. Both tourists and developers should understand the belief rules of plateau people. It is better to be far than near. The holy mountains, holy lakes, temple shaped Buddhas, and living Buddhas on earth should only be revered from a distance, mysterious and sacred, or perceived from a distance, rather than necessarily climbing the top of the holy mountains or drilling into the lake to see what is going on. The local Mongolian and Tibetan nomads worship mountains and lakes from afar, and strictly protect and taboo the mountains and lakes themselves, so they can not be polluted or developed. It is better to watch than to move. Grasslands, snow mountains, glaciers and deserts in nature reserves should be protected. Tourists and poachers are not allowed to enter the nature reserves at will, nor can they become livestock breeding areas. Yachts should never appear in Qinghai Lake and Namtsuo. It is better to be true than false. Plateau natural scenery and ethnic cultural landscape are the main part of plateau tourism. Therefore, it is not suitable to engage in artificial architectural landscape and change water to move mountains [4].
2. The key points of the harmonious construction of mountains, rivers and ecological cities on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau are: First, respect the regional natural differences, and build an urban pattern that adapts to the plateau environment under the guidance of ecological human settlements. In December 2013, the Central Urban Work Conference pointed out that urban construction should adhere to ecological civilization, focus on promoting green development, circular development and low-carbon development, minimize interference and damage to nature, and save and intensively use land, water, energy and other resources. Historically, the plateau high and cold desert area was sparsely populated, and small and medium-sized cities were generally located in the traffic arteries of river valleys. Today's urban construction should respect the natural reserve area, fully protect the greening, water body and wetland, and urban buildings should not occupy the water source of the field, let alone remove mountains, destroy forests, take soil, fill rivers and fill wetlands; Secondly, we should inherit culture and develop beautiful towns with historical memory, regional characteristics and national characteristics; Third, it is necessary to reflect the concept of respecting nature, conforming to nature, and the integration of nature and man. Relying on the existing landscape and other unique scenery, "let the city integrate into nature, so that residents can see mountains, water, and nostalgia". The key aspects of "ecological city" are: (1) urban public facilities can be reconstructed by making full use of natural ecological factors, without destroying and rebuilding; Urban green space can be constructed by using natural forests, rivers and wetlands without destroying and reconstructing man-made landscapes. (2) Ecological cities should protect historical and cultural ecology. Most of the existing cities in Tibet have rich ethnic historical and cultural characteristics. The urban planning should be carried out around the characteristic culture of the region, and the traditional Tibetan palaces, temples and ethnic buildings should be preserved as far as possible, so as to reflect the characteristics of Tibetan ethnic culture in the new buildings and make the city a unique cultural landscape on the plateau. (3) The urban buildings reflect the cultural characteristics of the Tibetan nationality, limit the floor height, and prohibit the construction of high-rise and super high-rise buildings; Housing must ensure high quality and long life; Attach great importance to ecological security, expand the proportion of green ecological spaces such as forests, lakes and wetlands, enhance water conservation capacity and environmental capacity, and take an intensive, intelligent, green and low-carbon new urbanization path;
3. Harmony between landscape and countryside The farming area of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is distributed in river basins: one river and two river basins in Qinghai, Hehuang basin in Qinghai, three river basins in Sichuan, etc. The rural landscape has been formed in the agricultural area during its historical development. That is, there is a complex system of villages and farmland. The coordinated system structure is composed of villages and towns, villages and farmland, villages and natural environment, etc. The construction of the landscape rural ecological complex system should carry out the overall ecological design, take the regional ecosystem health as the goal, take the water system and road network as the skeleton, take various natural elements as the matrix, and take the ecological carrying capacity as the constraint, maintain the field of nature reserves, curb the disorderly spread of urban and rural areas, and implement the natural integration and dynamic balance between urban and rural areas: First, The rural environment construction should first make the living environment significantly improved, the living standard continuously improved, the people's livelihood further improved, and the public service system further improved. Secondly, to protect the local culture of ethnic villages, we should maintain the architectural style of ethnic villages and the rural style that is in harmony with nature, pay attention to preserving the original style of villages, carefully cut down trees, do not fill lakes, and do not demolish houses, and try to improve the living conditions of residents in the original village form; Third, implement "rural landscape planning combining ecological land". In the traditional river valley, the mountaintop and hillside are generally natural grasslands, while the foot of the mountain is distributed alternately with grassland and farmland, and the grassland area is slightly larger than the farmland area; The flat land in the river valley is a large area of farmland. General farmland planting, grassland grazing, and mutual use of agriculture and animal husbandry. This distribution not only makes the visual landscape biodiversity, but also makes agriculture and animal husbandry cross each other and operate in a three-dimensional way, which has the typical characteristics of ecological agriculture. The Tibetan agricultural development should inherit this fine tradition. According to different regions, the layout of forest, shrub, grass and farmland is formed.
Chapter 8: Model of Nature Protection System
1 Distribution of nature reserves in Guangdong Province The geographical location of Guangdong Province is unique. The total area of nature reserves in Guangdong Province is 1071500 hm2, including five national nature reserves of 97800 hm2, 42 provincial nature reserves of 441200 hm2, and nearly 2000 city and county level nature reserves of about 500000 hm2. A nature reserve system with complete protection types, reasonable layout, scientific management, and significant ecological and social benefits has been initially formed, with national nature reserves as the core, provincial nature reserves as the network, and municipal and county level nature reserves and nature reserves as the channels. With the continuous development of economy and the macro-control of national policies, the nature reserves in Guangdong Province have developed rapidly. With the advantage of the Tropic of Cancer traversing the central part of Guangdong Province, the south subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Guangdong Province has been praised by many foreign experts and scholars as an oasis on the Tropic of Cancer desert belt. According to the existing statistics, there are 7055 species of vascular plants in 1645 genera, 280 families in Guangdong Province, 9 species of wild plants listed in the national first level key protection, and 45 species (categories) listed in the second level key protection; There are more than 770 kinds of wild vertebrates. There are 19 kinds of terrestrial wild animals listed in the national first level key protection and 94 kinds of second level key protection. By 2012, after 10 years of implementation of the proposal, the province has built 300 new nature reserves on the basis of the original 60 nature reserves, bringing the total number of nature reserves in the province to 360 (including 265 forestry systems), and the land management and protection area is 1.236 million hm2, which is 6 times of that before the implementation of the proposal and nearly 2 times of the planning goal of the proposal. Among the 360 nature reserves built in the province, there are 11 at the national level, 66 at the provincial level, and 283 at the municipal and county levels. There is a certain gap with the target level of 7.2% of the land area of natural reserves in Guangdong Province, and it is far below the current national average of 14.8%. At present, there are Nanling National Nature Reserve, Chebaling National Nature Reserve, Danxia Mountain National Nature Reserve, Dinghu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Xiangtou Mountain National Nature Reserve, Pearl River Estuary Chinese White Dolphin National Nature Reserve, Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve Nine national nature reserves, including Futian National Nature Reserve in Neilingding Island and Huidong Port Turtle National Nature Reserve, cover an area of 1.747 × 105hm2. There are 50 provincial nature reserves, including Gudou Mountain, Shangchuan Island Macaque and Heishiding, with a total area of 6.945 × 105 hm2, and the city and county level nature reserves reach 8.125 × 105 hm2. In general, the management level of national nature reserves in Guangdong nature reserves is high, the management level of provincial nature reserves is medium, and the management level of city and county nature reserves is low; The management level of forest ecosystem type nature reserves is relatively high; The management level of wetland and wildlife ecosystem type reserves is relatively low. 2 Current situation of ecotourism in nature reserves in Guangdong Province 2.1 A large number of wetland resources and diverse landscape resources Guangdong Province is rich in wetland resources, and its wetland area is among the best in the country. Abundant freshwater resources have created a large number of freshwater wetlands in Guangdong; Guangdong's long coastline, vast beaches and shallow seas have become an important tourist resource; Guangdong has a large area of salt marshes. Paddy fields and fish ponds all over the province, especially in the Pearl River Delta, are known as "Lingnan River", and together with the "Jiangnan Water Town" in the Yangtze River Delta, they are known as China's main rivers and lakes. Through the implementation of the resolution of the Provincial People's Congress on accelerating the construction of natural reserves in Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province has initially established a network system of natural reserves with reasonable layout, complete types and complete facilities, so that different protected objects, different ecological types, different geographical regions and different economic regions can be protected, thus protecting the rich natural landscape resources in Guangdong Province. 2.2 Favorable policies for the development of natural reserves in Guangdong Province supported by good policies and measures and with huge potential market demand can be summarized as follows: first, policies and measures to collect resources protection and management fees. Visitors or scientific researchers who enter the nature reserve can charge a certain fee for resource protection and management, which is the source of funds for the nature reserve. The second is the tax exemption policy. Third, there should be a management and protection mechanism. At present, the national and provincial nature reserves in Guangdong Province have been identified as institutions at the level of head office and institutions at the level of deputy head office. Fourth, staffing. The office has a certain number of staff for national and provincial nature reserves, and some cities and counties have also allocated staff for city and county level nature reserves. Fifth, personnel expenditure. Sixth, investment in infrastructure construction. The rapid development of industrialization and urbanization has brought a series of problems to Guangdong Province, such as population density, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, ecological environment and so on, which directly or indirectly endanger people's health. Therefore, "green travel" has quietly become a contemporary urban lifestyle. However, while carrying out ecotourism and potential market demand in nature reserves, it also pays attention to strengthening the monitoring and regulation of the development behavior of investment business tourism. 3 Existing problems 3.1 The awareness of ecotourism needs to be improved. At present, many nature reserves are under management. There is a lack of awareness of ecotourism. I do not know what is "ecotourism", but simply understand it as "ecology+tourism". I even believe that the development of ecotourism will inevitably destroy nature reserves. Therefore, in order to develop eco-tourism, the enthusiasm is not high, and a considerable number of managers hold a wait-and-see attitude in the development of eco-tourism, lack of initiative and enthusiasm, leading to more passive management. 3.2 Ecotourism planning needs to be strengthened. The overall planning of ecotourism is an important prerequisite for the success and sustainable development of ecotourism in nature reserves. In recent years, according to the survey results, the eco-tourism planning of Guangdong Province is not ideal. In addition to a few nature reserves such as Chebaling and Luofu Mountain, the province has carried out some eco-tourism planning, others are still in blind development. This phenomenon may lead to uncontrolled tourism activities and waste of tourism resources. Even some nature reserves carry out ecotourism activities in the area, and man-made landscapes and facilities are in chaos. The lack of protection for natural landscapes and the environment has led to serious pollution. 3.3 The land ownership and interest relationship need to be coordinated. According to the Regulations on Nature Reserves and the Measures for the Administration of Forest and Wildlife Type Nature Reserves, other natural areas that need special protection can be established with the approval of the State Council or the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, but there is no specific provision on land ownership. Most of the newly built nature reserves in Guangdong Province are state-owned, while others are collective. The issuance of forest right certificates is also different, which creates congenital constraints on the management and operation of nature reserves. The income distribution of eco-tourism between nature reserves and local people needs to be further coordinated. Most of the nature reserves are inhabited by people inside and outside, and their production and life are connected with the nature reserves to varying degrees. However, the protection mechanism of the nature reserves restricts the local residents who "depend on the mountain to eat the mountain" to a certain extent, which makes the residents of the nature reserves, driven by their interests, often take some illegal means to destroy the resources of the nature reserves for their interests. If the villagers in the nature reserve are completely moved out, there will be a lack of funds and new resettlement sites. This brings new problems to the resource protection and eco-tourism development of nature reserves# P # Page title # e # 3.4 The infrastructure conditions are weak. The nature reserves with low tourism and cultural taste are generally located in remote areas. The economy is underdeveloped. The road traffic, power and communication facilities are still relatively backward. The infrastructure construction, service and reception facilities of ecotourism are far from meeting the needs of tourists. In addition, because most of the staff in nature reserves are transferred from state-owned forest farms, there is no change in concept from traditional forestry dominated by wood production to modern forestry dominated by nature conservation. The existing staff rarely receive professional and technical training in nature reserves. They have no clear understanding of the main responsibilities of nature reserves, and their professional level is difficult to improve. In the development of tourism resources in nature reserves, there are still some problems, such as insufficient development of tourism products, low cultural taste and convergence of regional characteristics. Most nature reserves are limited to building simple tourism facilities, carrying out forest bathing, mountaineering and other tourism activities, with single content and lack of high-quality products. Some nature reserves have a single form of organization to carry out ecotourism, lack of features of natural scenic spots, and insufficient exploration of cultural connotation. The humanistic scenic spots in the scenic spots are pale, which reduces the attraction to tourists. In addition, the publicity and promotion are not effective, so the popularity is not high, and the overall advantages are not played. 4 Countermeasures and Suggestions With the completion of the proposal on nature reserves, Guangdong nature reserves will enter a new stage of development, so we should further improve our understanding, clarify our thinking and clarify the direction. On the basis of conscientiously summarizing the implementation of the nature protection proposal, we should strengthen experience exchange, take effective measures, strengthen the protection of biodiversity, promote the harmonious development of communities as the goal, and take the promotion of the construction of the nature reserve demonstration province as the starting point, strengthen capacity building, improve infrastructure, innovate management mechanisms, and strive to achieve the standardization of the protection management system and infrastructure, Digitization of scientific research monitoring, publicity and education, and creation of harmony in nature reserves. 4.1 Raise awareness and strengthen leadership of most nature reserves in Guangdong Province in economically underdeveloped northern and eastern and western regions. Therefore, governments at all levels should further strengthen leadership, implement the scientific outlook on development, build ecological civilization, achieve harmonious development between man and nature, establish long-term effective support measures, issue preferential policies conducive to the development of nature reserves, and actively develop nature reserves to consolidate and improve community management in the process of solving outstanding problems. Further rationalize the management system of nature reserves, strengthen the construction of management team, and build a number of demonstration nature reserves by building a demonstration province of nature reserves, making them the window of ecological civilization in Guangdong Province. 4.2 According to laws and regulations, protect the First Nature Reserve to carry out ecotourism, and its natural resource management function cannot be weakened or transferred; No tourism facilities should be built in the core area; The right to the ticket of the nature reserve cannot be transferred or transferred. Therefore, ecotourism in nature reserves is carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the functional zoning of nature reserves in the "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserves" and the relevant provisions of the "Measures for the Management of Forest and Wildlife Nature Reserves" on the tourism development of nature reserves, and ecological safety in nature reserves is put first, Do not sacrifice ecology for immediate economic benefits. Strictly evaluate the tourism activities and strictly control the projects that may cause damage to resources and environment; At the same time, we should control the number of tourists and the intensity of development, scientifically determine the carrying capacity of the tourism environment, and prevent the influx of tourists from damaging the nature reserve. The nature reserve is an important means for the management organization of the nature reserve to implement the unified management of resources, and it also effectively protects the important economic source of the management of the nature reserve, which cannot be transferred. 4.3 Properly handle the relationship of rights and interests, maintain the stable development of nature reserves, actively promote local legislation, and earnestly safeguard the stability of nature reserves and the legitimate rights and interests of residents in surrounding communities. In combination with the current reform of the collective forest rights system, effective measures should be taken to stabilize the management and protection of collective forests in nature reserves, encourage and guide the owners of collective forest rights to sign legally effective management and protection agreements with the management and protection agencies of nature reserves, and properly mediate disputes over forest ownership. 4.4 Focusing on creating high-quality products, cultivating talent characteristics is the soul of tourism, and culture is the foundation of tourism. The biggest difference between ecotourism and traditional mass tourism is that it pursues harmony between man and nature, and takes the green road of coexistence and prosperity between man and nature. With the development of urbanization, returning to nature from the tension and noise of man-made "urban desert" has become a lifestyle and enjoyment advocated by modern people. The development of ecotourism in nature reserves just meets the trend of this era and social development. Therefore, the cultivation and excavation of green culture and natural culture is the key to creating eco-tourism featured products in nature reserves. When carrying out eco-tourism development, each nature reserve should bear the green flag, plan a series of activities and introduce relevant measures to create eco-tourism green products, create a green atmosphere and highlight green brands. According to its own resource advantages, we will deeply explore the characteristics of ecotourism in nature reserves, develop ecotourism products with monopoly advantages that are completely different from other tourism destinations, and strive to achieve "one zone, one product" to ensure market competitive advantage. 5 Conclusion Ecotourism in nature reserves involves forestry, tourism, environmental protection, biology, geography, history and many other disciplines. To carry out scientific planning, operation and management, and develop high-grade and high-grade eco-tourism projects and products, a number of talents in environmental protection, management, tourism, services and other aspects are needed. Therefore, strengthening the introduction, training and improvement of talents is the key to the healthy development of ecotourism in nature reserves. All nature reserves should follow the principle of "respecting history, taking care of the current situation, and focusing on the future", reasonably allocate the leadership and improve the internal management system. Actively absorb excellent and applicable talents to enrich the management team, improve the management quality, and establish a recruitment mechanism of "willing to come, staying, and doing well". We should strengthen efforts to train professionals, strengthen cooperation and exchanges with nature reserves inside and outside the province, and establish a personnel training system. On the one hand, by inviting well-known experts, scholars and leaders of nature reserves with excellent management or seeking the support of the World Nature (Hong Kong) Foundation, we can regularly hold lectures or training courses to systematically train the principals and key personnel of nature reserves, and encourage the staff of nature reserves to participate in various types of skills training and academic education, So as to improve the quality and professional level of the personnel in the nature reserve. On the other hand, special training should be carried out for tour guides entering the nature reserves to make them have environmental protection knowledge and vivid interpretation ability and enhance their sense of responsibility. In addition, it is also necessary to strengthen the education of environmental protection knowledge for ordinary people in local communities, promote the organic combination of eco-tourism environmental protection concepts and local culture and customs, strengthen the ability training of community practitioners, and improve the quality and service quality of eco-tourism practitioners.
Chapter 9: Model of Nature Protection System
Key words: heritage corridor; Protection planning; Ecological infrastructure; the grand canal
Among the rich cultural heritage treasure houses in China, linear cultural landscape heritage has a unique and important position, but this important heritage category has not attracted enough attention in China at present. At present, China's heritage protection system does not include the content of regional strategy. The disadvantages of this system due to the lack of this part have been highlighted in the protection of some important linear cultural heritage, including the Grand Canal.
Heritage corridor is a regional heritage protection strategy originated in the United States. At the same time, there are similar protection measures in other countries. This paper believes that paying attention to the protection of heritage corridors can provide new ideas for heritage protection in China, including the Grand Canal.
1 Historical trend of regionalization of heritage protection
In the field of historical protection, attention to the historical environment began very early. As early as 1931, the Athens Charter, adopted by the International Intelligence Cooperation, proposed that "we should focus on protecting its picturesque features". The 1964 Venice Charter further proposed to protect the "urban or rural environment". With the addition of urban planning discipline to the field of heritage protection, people begin to understand cultural heritage protection in a broader context. The formulation of important documents such as the Machu Picchu Charter, the Nairobi Proposal, and the Washington Charter shows that the protection scope of cultural heritage has actually expanded to the whole historical town.
The trend of regionalization of heritage protection is to combine natural and cultural heritage. As early as 1968, the United States held the White House Conference on "World Heritage Protection", calling for the protection of the world's natural scenic spots and cultural heritage, which is one of the earliest documents officially published on the integration of culture and natural heritage. In 1972, UNESCO formulated the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, formally protecting natural heritage and cultural heritage together as heritage of universal value. The combination of natural and cultural heritage is the prominent feature of this authoritative convention. There is an article in the Convention, "the common works of man and nature", which was later separately included in the category of heritage sites as "cultural landscape". At the World Heritage Conference in 1984, people discussed this issue. Many experts believe that in today's world, pure natural land is very rare, more natural land under the influence of people, that is, areas where people and nature coexist. A considerable part of these areas have important value.
In this context, many western countries have carried out regional heritage protection. Take France as an example. In 1983, France formulated the Law on the Protection of Architecture and Urban Heritage to protect cultural heritage, including architecture and cities. In 1993, on the basis of this law, the Law on the Protection of Architecture, Urban and Scenic Heritage was further improved and formulated, which put forward the concept of architecture, urban and scenic heritage protection areas, and protected areas including buildings, natural scenery and pastoral scenery.
At the same time, in China, the study of the canal as an industrial cultural heritage has also attracted increasing attention. The Industrial Heritage Protection Committee (TICCIH) organized a special study (1996) for this purpose, and formed a report to submit to ICOMOS.
Cultural routes across regions and even countries, as a form of heritage, are coming into people's view because of the concept of "communication and dialogue" they advocate. In 1993, Santiago de Kampostra pilgrimage road in Spain was included in the list of world cultural heritage. In 1994, with the help of the Spanish government, an expert seminar on world cultural heritage was held in Madrid. At present, ICO-MOS has a special organization CIlC (The ICOMOS Inter national Scientific Committee on Cultural Routes) responsible for the research and management of cultural route heritage.
Heritage corridors, mainly developed in the United States, are a method adopted in the process of heritage conservation regionalization. This method emphasizes the cultural significance and natural value of heritage in protection, and emphasizes the simultaneous development of cultural heritage protection and natural protection. It is a multi-objective protection planning method that pursues the multi win of heritage protection, regional revitalization, residents' leisure and physical and mental regeneration, cultural tourism and education.
II. Green Passage and Heritage Corridor
The emergence of heritage corridors is closely related to the development and maturity of green corridors. Greenways have a long history of development in the United States. The concept was first proposed by Whyte in the 1950s, and was officially used for the first time at the Presidential Commission on Outdoor Space in 1987. The committee recognized that 80% of the people in the United States will live in the city center within a few years, away from nature, so it advocated introducing nature into cities to facilitate citizens' recreation. The Conservation Fund launched the U.S. Greenway Program in the same year. There are 600 greenways that have been developed or are under construction.
Different researchers have different definitions of green channel. Little believes that the green channel is a corridor that can improve environmental quality and provide outdoor entertainment. It includes five basic types: urban riverside green channel; Recreational green channel characterized by roads; Ecological important corridor green channel; Green passage of scenic or historical routes; Integrated green channel system or network. It can be considered that the green channel is a green landscape corridor connecting open space, natural reserves and landscape elements. It has many meanings such as recreation, ecology and aesthetics. The fourth type of Little green channel is mainly heritage corridor.
The heritage corridor is the product of the combination of the green channel and the regionalization of heritage protection. It is a linear cultural landscape in which people and nature coexist. The long-term development has formed a "common work of people and nature". Although its value may not be prominent in the World Heritage List, it has cultural significance because it represents the movement route of early human beings and reflects the development process of a local culture. In general, heritage corridors are "linear landscapes with a collection of special cultural resources, usually with obvious economic centers, booming tourism, adaptive reuse of old buildings, entertainment and environmental improvement."
The heritage corridor is first of all a linear heritage area. It puts cultural significance in the first place, which can be rivers and valleys, canals, roads and railway lines, or it can refer to a linear corridor with certain historical significance that can connect individual heritage sites. It adopts the concept of region rather than local point for heritage protection. It is also a comprehensive protection measure, which combines nature, economy, history and culture, and is a multi-objective protection system.
Heritage corridors on a certain scale can also become strategic ecological infrastructure. The heritage corridor not only protects the linear heritage areas with cultural significance, but also restores and protects the ecological environment in the area through appropriate ecological restoration measures and tourism development means, making some dot shaped heritage that was originally lacking vitality rejuvenate and become a part of modern life, providing recreation, leisure Education and other ecological services. This is particularly important for those regions with backward economic development and serious human land relationship crisis.
In addition to emphasizing the landscape ecological process and factors such as land cover, wildlife, habitat and suitability, the conservation planning of heritage corridors, like the general greenway planning, pays more attention to the protection of cultural factors and the organization of tourism development. In terms of cultural factors, it emphasizes the protection of vegetation with historical significance, such as ancient and famous trees, as well as the contrast of historical atmosphere.
III. Necessity of building heritage corridors in China
1. Problem Analysis -- Viewing China's Cultural Heritage Protection System from the Protection of the Grand Canal
At present, as an important human engineering heritage and heritage corridor, the protection of the Grand Canal is basically out of control. The essential reason for the current situation of the protection of the Grand Canal is the problems existing in the protection system of China's cultural heritage.
At present, the main legal basis for the protection of cultural heritage in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, followed by some regulations promulgated by the State Council and local regulations formulated by local governments. In these regulations, the protection of historical and cultural heritage involves three levels: historic and cultural cities, historic and cultural blocks and towns, and cultural relics protection units. The latter is for single cultural heritage, while the former two are for historic blocks and historic and cultural cities. This architecture does not actually involve regional heritage protection. It is obviously inappropriate to treat cultural heritage such as the Grand Canal, which is thousands of kilometers long and very valuable, as a cultural relic protection unit, let alone as a historical and cultural block or a famous historical and cultural city. In fact, there is no such heritage status in the current formal framework of cultural heritage protection.
At present, the protection of the Grand Canal is only sectional, and the local government, for the purpose of tourism development, carries out landscape consolidation on individual river sections. Such protection is obviously not enough for the protection of cultural heritage like the Grand Canal. If we want to fundamentally protect cultural heritage like the Grand Canal, we still need to introduce a heritage corridor type regional protection system, treat it as a whole, formulate corresponding protection plans, reform relevant protection structures, and ultimately achieve multi goal and win-win protection.
2. Necessity of building heritage corridors in China
(1) To protect and expand a large number of valuable linear cultural landscape heritage
Among the numerous historical and cultural heritage in China, linear cultural landscape heritage or quasi linear cultural landscape heritage is a very rich category. Among these heritages are the world famous Silk Road, the Grand Canal, and a large number of linear cultural heritages, such as Jianmen Shu Road, which play an important role in regional cultural history. However, a large number of protection of this linear cultural landscape has not yet attracted enough attention. To protect this linear cultural landscape, we need to build heritage corridors in China.
(2) To build forward-looking ecological infrastructure
Under the background of heavy population and poor land resources, China's rapid urbanization process can be said to be in peril. Just as the sustainability of regional and urban development depends on forward-looking and efficient municipal infrastructure construction (road system, water supply and drainage system, etc.), the sustainability of regional and urban environment also depends on the construction of ecological infrastructure. Ecological infrastructure is the natural system on which regions and cities depend, and the basis on which regions and cities can continuously obtain natural services (Na ture's Services). These services include the provision of fresh air, food, sports, leisure and entertainment, safe shelter, aesthetics and education, etc. It not only includes the concept of customary urban green space system, but also includes all urban green space systems, forestry and agricultural systems, and nature reserves that can provide the above natural services. Heritage corridors are one of the components of ecological infrastructure and will undoubtedly play an important role in this regard.
(3) To further develop cultural tourism
The construction of heritage corridors will make the original scattered cultural heritage into a regional whole. Through systematic interpretation and tour organization, it can promote the development of tourism, which has been confirmed by a large number of facts. Tourism brought by many heritage corridors in the United States has become one of the highlights of the local economy. The construction of heritage corridors in China will certainly make a large number of cultural heritage glow and promote the development of cultural tourism.
To sum up, it is not only necessary but also urgent to build heritage corridors in China. How to carry out the conservation planning of heritage corridors in China? This paper briefly discusses the Grand Canal as an example.
A brief discussion on the theory and method of the conservation planning of the four heritage corridors -- the preliminary theoretical framework of the overall conservation research of the Grand Canal
1. The theoretical basis of heritage corridor construction -- the value of the Grand Canal
(1) The cultural significance of the Grand Canal
The Grand Canal starts from Beijing, the capital of China, in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south. It is the longest artificial canal in the world. It was excavated in the 5th century BC (the end of the Spring and Autumn Period) when the Chinese feudal dynasty was about to become strong in the 7th century (Sui Dynasty), and it was connected with the 13th century (Yuan Dynasty) when the minority nationalities ruled. In the long feudal era of China, it has always been an important strategic north-south material transportation channel, and plays an important ecological service function as the regional water system skeleton, which is one of the main factors in the formation of many cities in the region.
The Grand Canal is an important record, witness and carrier of the history of economic and cultural exchanges between North and South China and the history of regional social, cultural and economic development. Its cultural significance is not only reflected in the cultural significance of the various heritage elements constituting the canal, but also reflected in the cultural significance of the Grand Canal cultural route as a whole. Its value carrier includes not only the substantial cultural heritage, but also the intangible cultural heritage that forms the cultural route of the canal.
(2) Contemporary regional landscape ecological strategic significance of the Grand Canal
The contemporary landscape ecological strategic significance of the Grand Canal is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, it is a semi natural ecosystem that has extensive influence on the regional ecological structure; Second, it is an important part of the urban and rural ecological infrastructure in the canal area; Third, the Grand Canal has abundant wetland ecosystems, which have important landscape ecological strategic significance.
2. Analysis and Solution of Problems -- A Preliminary Theoretical Framework for the Study of the Overall Protection of the Grand Canal
(1) Analyzing problems -- challenges and opportunities faced by the Grand Canal
The challenges and opportunities faced by the Grand Canal mainly lie in two aspects: on the one hand, the challenges and opportunities brought by the urbanization process, and on the other hand, the challenges and opportunities brought by the South to North Water Transfer Project.
As far as the impact of rapid urbanization is concerned, it mainly includes the adverse impact of rapid urbanization on heritage corridor protection. Including the influence on the heritage elements that make up the canal and the composition itself, the influence on its historical environment and the influence on the historical spatial relationship of each element; At the same time, it also includes the impact on the canal landscape ecosystem, including the impact on farmland as the landscape matrix, the impact on the function and landscape structure of the canal and its tributary corridors, and the impact on the regional landscape pattern. The opportunity is the leisure needs of urban and rural residents brought by the rapid economic development. These needs and economic development itself will promote the investment in heritage protection, providing favorable opportunities for the protection of the Grand Canal heritage corridor.
While the South to North Water Diversion Project brings great challenges to the Grand Canal, it also brings opportunities for protection. Large scale water transfer makes it possible to build an efficient and forward-looking heritage corridor, which not only has the opportunity to carry out systematic ecological restoration in areas with water cut off and ecological function paralysis, but also has the possibility to systematically protect the Grand Canal as a heritage corridor.
(2) Solving the problem -- the overall protection strategy of the Grand Canal
On the basis of necessary research on historical geography, architecture, urban planning and landscape ecology (see Table 1 for the theoretical framework of the research), the overall protection strategy of the Grand Canal is proposed, and specific implementation strategies and guidelines are formulated at the following two levels.
The first level is the protection strategy of heritage corridors on a macro scale, including the delimitation of heritage corridors, the identification of various heritage elements in the corridor area, and the reconstruction of the spatial relationship of heritage elements in the corridor; At the same time, the overall protection strategy of cultural heritage involved shall be formulated, including cultural heritage, historical blocks and historic and cultural cities that have been listed or not listed in the cultural relics protection units. The key problem to be solved at this level is the recognition and evaluation of the value of the canal cultural route, which is the basis for the reconstruction of the historical spatial relationship of the canal's various heritage elements, that is, the identification and determination of the canal cultural route.
The second level is the protection design guidelines of heritage element scale, including the development of the design guidelines for the protection of individual and group cultural heritage directly involved, and the design guidelines for section protection, bank protection, and walkway design in combination with specific canals. The key problem to be solved at this level is the value recognition and evaluation of various heritage elements.
5 Conclusion
Today, online cultural landscape heritage is increasingly concerned, while similar heritage in China is far from being paid attention to. It is undoubtedly very meaningful to learn from the heritage corridor, which is a heritage protection idea and method that combines historical and natural conservation, to improve and build China's heritage protection system, and to protect the rich linear cultural landscape heritage represented by the Grand Canal.
reference
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