Foreword: The birth of a good article requires you to constantly collect data and sort out ideas. This site has collected a wealth of model articles on the theme of nature reserves for you, which are only for reference. Welcome to read and collect.
Chapter 1: Model text for summary of nature reserves
Since the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, the first national park in the world, in 1872, the national park has been strictly protected and reasonably utilized natural The concept and measures of sustainable development of cultural resources have been widely recognized and vigorously developed in the world. All kinds of nature in China Protected area Scholars have long paid attention to such issues as overlapping spaces, duplication of protected objects, and confusion of protected objects. In recent years, China has gradually carried out the steps of building a national park. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to establish a national park system. Subsequently, 12 departments, including the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Land, Finance, Construction, Agriculture, Water Resources, Environmental Protection, Forestry, Tourism, Cultural Relics and Legal Affairs Office, joined hands with the Pilot Plan for Establishing a National Park System. Therefore, many scholars in China have also studied the concept, nature and function of national parks, management mode and development process, comparison and reference of other countries' experience, and problems existing in national park pilot projects in China, hoping to find a development mode suitable for national parks in China through research, so as to enrich the management mode of natural reserves in China, And then effectively protect and develop our natural and cultural heritage resources.
1、 Concept, nature and function of national parks
（1） Concept of National Park
The concept of "national park" rose from the early nature conservation movement in the United States and was proposed by the artist George Catlin in 1832. At present, there is no clear definition of the concept of national park in China. In the existing research, most scholars refer to the definition of the United States or IUCN for the concept of national parks. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) defines the national park as "a large natural or near natural area that protects large-scale ecological processes and their typical species and ecosystems, and has spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and tourist experience compatibility in terms of environment and culture". Some scholars have distinguished some existing natural reserves from the concept of national parks in China, and on this basis, pointed out that China's scenic spots are closest to the type of national parks defined by IUCN, but scenic spots are not equal to national parks. Zhu Liying is the representative of Chinese scholars in their research on the concept of national parks. They analyze the main concept types of national parks from the international and national levels, and put forward suggestions on the establishment of the concept of national parks in China. The suggestions include four aspects: clear system positioning, highlight resource advantages, advocate social welfare, and reasonably balance protection and utilization. In addition, there are some scholars who discuss the concept of national parks from the perspective of ecology and sustainable development strategy, and divide national parks into the category of ecotourism. Chen Yaohua and others put forward the ecological concept of national parks: national parks should have a complete ecosystem background and an ecological protection mechanism to eliminate external damage
（2） Nature and function of national parks
National parks have been proved to be a management model that can effectively achieve win-win results in ecological protection and development. The reason why it is different from other types of parks and reserves lies in its unique nature and functions. Most Chinese scholars take the United States National Park as the main research object, and then extend to the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa and other countries, as well as Taiwan in China, to study and analyze the nature and function of national parks. Early scholars concluded from the overall perspective that the main functions of national parks are: first, to protect one or more complete ecosystems for contemporary and future generations, and to maintain the ecological security of the land; Second, preserve the species gene pool and protect national strategic resources; The third is to exclude the mining methods or occupation behaviors that conflict with the protection objectives; Fourth, provide scientific, educational, recreational and sightseeing activities to meet the leisure needs of the public; Fifth, promote ecotourism and promote regional economic and social development. In recent years, scholars have divided it into three categories, namely, national, public welfare and nature of natural ecological protection. Especially, there are many discussions on national and public welfare, and early research mainly focused on natural ecological protection. In terms of national nature, some scholars proposed the role and significance of national nature in national parks. National parks, to some extent, represent the image of the country, and are of great significance in promoting the national image and spreading national culture. As mentioned in his article "The" National "and" People "Nature of the Central Governance Model of National Parks", only in the name of the country can we establish national authority, realize national ownership and reflect national values. Some scholars put forward the role and significance of national in national parks. In terms of public welfare, many articles mentioned "for the interests and entertainment of the people", and believed that the national park was a public good. At the same time, they advocated breaking away from the ticket economy and realizing the situation of sharing and protection by the whole people.
2、 Comparison and reference of experience of other countries or regions
Because the development of national parks in foreign countries is prior to that in China, and there have been relatively mature achievements in theory and practice. Therefore, many scholars in China hope to find out the experience and methods that can be used for reference from the experience and comparison of other developed countries in developing national parks. Among them, there are many case studies on national parks in developed countries, especially in the United States. At the same time, research on developing countries, such as Vietnam, has gradually increased. In terms of research methods, they adopted the following main research methods: historical comparative research, literature study and field investigation. Among them, research perspectives include political economic social environmental institutional tool perspective, tourism public management perspective, regional heritage protection perspective, etc. This kind of research on the origin and development of other national parks can be roughly divided into three categories: take a foreign national park as an example, mainly including the United States, New Zealand, Canada, Finland, Germany, etc; Summarize and compare the similarities and differences in the development of foreign countries; Compare foreign national parks with the protected areas in China that are now close to the national parks defined internationally; The research contents are divided into: the basic characteristics and management system of national parks, legislative system, operating mechanism, coordination of stakeholders, etc.
3、 Exploration on the Management and Development of National Parks in China
By comparing the experience of other countries and drawing on the experience of Chinese scholars, this paper puts forward their own suggestions on the management and development of national parks in China. The management and development of national parks in China can be divided into three stages: starting, development and rapid growth. In terms of management, national parks around the world closely combine the core concept of "equal emphasis on protection and utilization" with the actual situation of countries, forming three more common government governance models: central government governance, central and local co governance, and local governance. Among them, it is suggested to adopt the vertical management model of the United States, namely, the central government governance, which has many supporters, and establish a department similar to the United States National Park Service for direct jurisdiction. In addition, many scholars also mentioned that reference is not equal to copying, which needs to be combined with the actual situation of China. Some scholars also put forward different views. Zhong Shien believes that the American national park system has been magnified infinitely. Rather than establishing China's "national parks", it is better to establish a new era and new normal "protected area system". In addition, in recent years, more and more attention has been paid to legislative issues, and many scholars have put forward their own views on legislative issues. The premise of legislation is to define the concept of national parks, and the problem of legislative norms mainly comes from the contradiction of multi part management. In terms of development model, China has started partial pilot projects. On the one hand, some scholars believe that the pilot should be postponed or stopped, and the top-level design should be carried out again at the national level before planning for development; On the other hand, some scholars believe that local pilot projects can continue, but they need to establish new systems and legislation to ensure their healthy development; Some scholars proposed to cooperate with other countries. For example, Yu Jiangping proposed the international cooperation between Yunnan and ASEAN, and deeply analyzed the foundation and feasibility of this model.
4、 Problems and Countermeasures of National Park Pilot in China
Since the concept of national parks was introduced into China, China has been constantly exploring the road. Then the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed to establish a national park system, and then to the "Pilot Scheme for Establishing a National Park System", Chinese scholars have paid high attention to the application of the concept of national parks in practice and the problems existing in the pilot. Through induction, this paper finds many problems in the development of national parks in China at this stage. Among them, scholars mentioned the following points most: 1. China lacks comprehensive top-level design when setting up national parks: there are many temporary policies and measures. 2. The management system problem, because the rights and responsibilities of the national park are unclear, and the ownership and management rights are separated, resulting in contradictions. This disunity leads to management confusion; The separation of ownership and management makes profit more than public welfare. 3. At present, there is no national park to rely on. 4. Insufficient funds. 5. Balance of interests. In response to the above problems, scholars proposed corresponding countermeasures: first, clarify the definition of national parks, rationalize the management system, and establish a unified management organization. Secondly, we should ensure the sustainable development of national parks through legislation. Only when these two projects are completed first can the development of national parks be continuously improved. For the problems of insufficient funds and balanced distribution of interests, we can learn from foreign charitable donations and advocate citizen participation.
5、 Conclusion
Whether from the research of Chinese scholars on the development of national parks in other countries or on the development of national parks in China, the establishment, development and research of national parks are arduous and not achieved overnight. The literature shows that there are still many problems in the process of developing national parks in China, and also puts forward suggestions and countermeasures through case studies and analysis of foreign language studies. In general, the introduction and understanding of the concept of national parks in China still need to be further defined, the legislative system needs to be established and improved, and the construction, management and development model of the future national park system needs to be explored and empirically studied.
（1） Study existing problems
First, the lack of research methods, theories and research perspectives. Research methods mainly include historical comparative research, literature study and field investigation, while research theories are rarely involved. In terms of research perspective, there are mainly ecological protection perspective, political economic social environmental institutional tool perspective, tourism public management perspective, regional heritage protection perspective, etc. For an all inclusive national park concept, its research perspective is not limited to this. Second, the depth of research is not enough. Most of them stay in the surface phenomenon analysis, without studying the reasons behind the development law. For some articles that study the origin and current situation of the development of national parks at home and abroad, part of them mention the historical and socio-economic reasons. However, most of them did not delve into the internal causes and laws when talking about problems.
（2） Research prospect
Chapter 2: Model Text for Nature Reserve Summary
Abstract: Anxi Extreme Drought Desert National Nature Reserve is located in the northwest of Gansu Province, and its desert ecosystem is typical and representative in the entire ancient Mediterranean region. The production and life of the huge community population in the Reserve has brought great pressure to the management and protection of the Reserve. By implementing community co management and helping community development, we tried to fundamentally eliminate the threat of community development to the conservation of biodiversity in the Reserve, and summarized that there are problems in community co management, such as resource protection and utilization, benefit distribution, and adverse effects caused by intensified pressure on the community itself. In view of the problems, some suggestions on community co management were put forward, such as improving the community co management mechanism, strengthening the awareness of community environmental protection, actively introducing cooperative projects, improving the income education of community farmers, establishing and improving the ecological benefit compensation mechanism and project construction mechanism, implementing industrial structure adjustment, and developing ecological industries.
CLC No.: X36; S759.9 Document identification code: A
A nature reserve refers to an area set aside according to law for special protection and management of the land, land water bodies or sea areas where the protected objects such as representative natural ecosystems, natural concentrated distribution areas of rare and endangered species of wild animals and plants, and natural relics with special significance are located. The construction of nature reserves is an effective way to protect natural resources and biodiversity and promote the coordinated and sustainable development of man and nature [1]. In the community management of nature reserves, the contradiction between nature conservation and community development has always puzzled the managers and community residents of nature reserves. The production and life of residents in the area are closely related to the management of nature reserves and the further development of nature reserves. It can be said that community development is an important reference index to measure the management effectiveness of nature reserves [2]. However, from the current situation, there are still many contradictions between nature reserve management and community development, and there is a growing trend. Therefore, it is a serious challenge for every reserve manager to properly handle the coordinated development of the nature reserve and the local economy, as well as the relationship between the nature reserve and the local community.
Anxi Extreme Drought Desert National Nature Reserve, with an area of 0.8 × 106ha, is the tenth nature reserve in China (1991). The complex terrain determines that the area is rich in animal and plant resources. However, due to the large community area, large population, low level of economic development, and the production and living of residents, the surrounding ecological environment is deteriorating. Therefore, it has become an urgent problem to find out the problems existing between the management of protected areas and community development, formulate practical management countermeasures, correctly handle the relationship between protection and the production and life of community people, protect the regional ecological environment, and achieve sustainable development.
1 Overview of the study area
1.1 Basic Information of the Reserve
Anxi Extreme Drought Desert National Nature Reserve in Gansu was founded in 1987. It is a Gobi grassland type nature reserve. In 1992, it was approved by the State Council as a national nature reserve. In 1993, it was included in the first group of network members by the Chinese people and biosphere. In 1994, it was listed as an important protection site of desert ecosystem with international significance by the China Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan. The main protected objects are: vegetation types represented by the four deserts in Central Asia (Hetoucao, Paopaoji, Hongsha, Pearl); Endemic and endangered plants in central Asia and their habitats; Rare wild animals and plants and their breeding places and habitats; Historic sites and special geological landforms [3]. The reserve is located in Guazhou County at the west end of the Hexi Corridor, divided into two parts, north and south, with a total area of 800000 hectares. The south part is located in the south of Guazhou County, and the north part is located in the north of Guazhou County. The reserve is divided into core area, buffer area, and scientific experiment area according to its functions. The Administration Bureau of the Reserve is subordinate to the public institutions directly under the Provincial Environmental Protection Department. The Administration Bureau consists of four departments, namely, the Office, the Resource Protection Section, the Scientific Research and Development Section, and the Publicity and Education Section, as well as two main management and protection stations, Suoyang City and Liuyuan, and a police station. At present, there are 21 employees and 25 in-service employees, including 8 professional technicians, 4 with intermediate professional titles and 4 with primary professional titles.
Anxi Nature Reserve is located at the intersection of temperate deserts and warm temperate deserts in central Asia, extreme arid deserts and typical deserts. It is the junction of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and Mongolian Xinjiang deserts. Its desert vegetation is typical and representative in the entire ancient Mediterranean region. There are 362 species of plants belonging to 192 genera and 60 families in the Reserve, and 160 species of vertebrates belonging to 56 families and 26 orders, and 10 species of endemic species; 27 species listed in the National Key Wildlife List, including 8 species under national level I protection and 20 species under level II protection; 14 species listed in the International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Animals and Plants; 53 species of birds listed in the Sino Japanese Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats; There are 17 species of birds listed in the Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds and Their Habitats between China and Australia. There are 308 species of insects in the Reserve, belonging to 98 families and 13 orders. [4]
1.2 Basic information of the community
The Reserve involves one city and eight towns in surrounding communities (Suoyang Town, Sandaogou Town, Shahe Township, Bulongji Township, Shuangta Township, Yumen Changma Township, Subei Shibao Urban and Rural, Mazongshan Town, Hami City, Xinjiang). There are a total of 1504 households in 39 village groups in the community (excluding 1530 fixed households in Shuangta Township), and 5079 agricultural people (excluding 6918 people in Shuangta Township), accounting for 5.81% of the total rural population of 87400 in the county (2006 statistics). There are 3393 rural labor forces, accounting for 66.8% of the total agricultural population in the community, 1775 male labor forces, 1618 female labor forces, and the ratio of male labor forces to female labor forces is 1:1.1, accounting for 52.3% and 47.7% of the total labor forces, respectively. There are 585 farmers who are migrant workers, accounting for 11.5% of the total population; Of the 195 households surveyed, 35 were immigrants, accounting for 17.9% of the surveyed households.
The total cultivated land area of community farmers is 24107 mu (excluding 13000 mu of planting area in Shuangta Township), the per capita cultivated land is 4.75 mu, and 94.3 mu of abandoned land is due to difficulty in watering. The total planting area of community farmers in the Reserve is 24107 mu. Among them, 9286 mu is cotton, 6021 mu is wheat based grain, 2216 mu is corn and beer barley based feed crops, 833 mu is grass planting area (including multiple planting), 4983 mu is cumin, fennel and other economic crops, and 768 mu is other special planting areas such as seed production, eggplant and licorice.
1.3 Community people's awareness of nature reserves
According to the survey, 85% of the people think it is necessary, fully affirm the role of establishing nature reserves, and realize that by increasing protection, natural vegetation has been restored, sand hazards have been reduced, and the living environment has been improved. 45% of the farmers said they didn't care or thought that the reserve only refers to the grazing prohibition fence area, and they were not clear about other areas of the reserve; 80% of the farmers in the Reserve said they knew that, except for the farmers who graze in the community oasis, 32 households graze in the north and south, accounting for 2.1% of the total number of households. For these people, protection has hindered the development of animal husbandry. The contradiction between the nature reserve and the society is mainly manifested in the following aspects: resource utilization, ecological compensation, land ownership, resource management rights, zoning management (different functional areas of the nature reserve), production management, target management, ideological understanding and concepts.
2. The role of community co management in the Reserve
The core area and buffer zone of Anxi Nature Reserve are basically located in the no man's land far from the community, which has little impact on the production and life of farmers and herdsmen. Since the establishment of the Reserve, the traditional lifestyle of some farmers and herdsmen has been affected, the cost of survival has increased, and the income from relying on natural resources has been reduced to a certain extent by combating illegal firewood cutting, drug digging, and limiting grazing in the Reserve. However, the Reserve, through community assistance, provides services for the adjustment of community industrial structure, funds community development and production, and builds public welfare undertakings, to a certain extent, solves the community economic development of the Reserve, and effectively alleviates the contradiction between protection and utilization.
2.1 Community co management can mobilize social manpower to participate in natural protection
Community management is an effective means to protect nature and an important work of the Reserve. It establishes a relationship of mutual assistance, mutual benefit and coordinated development, improves community cadres and the masses' understanding of the purpose and significance of nature protection, causes leaders and the masses to attach great importance to it, wins support from all walks of life, and establishes the concept that everyone is responsible for nature protection, Stimulate their enthusiasm and sense of responsibility to actively participate in nature conservation, make everyone become a nature preserver, and form a good situation of national protection. Good community management is equivalent to adding guards and protection nets to the reserve [5].
2.2 Community co management can gather social financial resources to invest in natural protection
The implementation of community management can accept the participation of the state, collectives, individuals, enterprises, institutions, groups, organizations, etc. in the construction and management of the Reserve, absorb funds from all walks of life, expand financial resources, strengthen strength, and accelerate the construction and development of the Reserve.
3. Conflicts between nature reserves and communities
The conflicts between Anxi Nature Reserve and local communities are mainly reflected in three aspects: resource protection and utilization, benefit distribution, and adverse effects caused by the intensification of community pressure. To sum up, it is mainly reflected in the contradiction between nature conservation and community development.
3.1 Contradiction between resource protection and utilization
We generally implement mandatory protection for the management of resources in nature reserves. The protection of biodiversity in the area is based on the strict restriction of the traditional economic growth and development model, which will inevitably restrict the use of resources by local communities to a certain extent. Moreover, Anxi Nature Reserve is located in the economically backward and remote areas of Guazhou County, and the traditional production and life style of local communities is highly dependent on natural resources. After the establishment of the nature reserve, the traditional life style of local communities is restricted, and new alternative livelihoods have not been formed, resulting in a large number of illegal use of resources, It poses a threat to the protection of ecological environment and species resources, and becomes the main contradiction between nature reserves and communities.
3.2 Uneven benefit distribution
Due to the survival crisis and the demand for economic development, the communities around the nature reserves and even some management organizations have embarked on the road of developing and utilizing resources, increasing funding sources through various income generating ways. Local residents believe that the nature reserve management organization's behavior of restricting local communities to use resources and allowing their own development of resources to obtain benefits is unfair. This unfair benefit distribution mechanism will inevitably lead to confrontation and conflict between nature reserves and local communities.
3.3 The increasing pressure of the community itself aggravates the contradiction between the two
In recent years, with the increase of community population, the demand pressure on resources is increasing. Population and its needs are the basic driving force for resource development and economic growth, and play a role in promoting economic development to a certain extent. However, if they exceed the carrying capacity of resources and economic burden, they will become pressure, burden and even a destructive force. In the case of population growth without access to more arable land, plundering natural resources has become the preferred means to increase personal income. The ultimate result of resource depletion is the degradation of environmental quality, which makes the relationship between economy, population, resources and environment enter a double track vicious circle.
4. Countermeasures and suggestions for realizing the harmonious development of nature reserves and communities
The nature reserve is "based on protection, supported by science and technology, driven by reform, and aimed at sustainable development". How to dialectically handle the relationship between resource protection and community development is a new hotspot and also a difficulty in biodiversity conservation in nature reserves. It is the embodiment of the theme of ecological civilization and sustainable development in the field of biodiversity conservation. Survival is the first need of people. When people's survival is threatened, the destructive force is unstoppable. It is necessary to effectively protect the resources of the reserve and serve the economic development of the community. This is precisely in the nature conservation project, emphasizing the participation of the community and providing help for the development of the community. Community development cannot be separated from material and financial security, project and technical support, Otherwise, community development will be empty talk. Based on the above considerations and the reality of Anxi Nature Reserve, the following suggestions are proposed:
Chapter 3: Model Text for Nature Reserve Summary
1、 Work completion in 2019
In 2019, under the strong leadership of the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government and the strong support and guidance of the superior forestry authorities, the city's forestry work has always adhered to the working idea of "strengthening reform, optimizing ecology, strengthening industry, and benefiting people's livelihood", led by the Party building work, focused on the construction of work style, focused on ecological greening, and focused on resource protection, It has achieved the synchronous growth of "national green area, forest coverage and forest stock". The city's forest area has reached 164000 mu, the forest coverage rate has reached 24.32%, and the forest stock has reached 591000 cubic meters. It has achieved the dual drive and simultaneous progress of business work and party building work.
（1） Insist on giving priority to ecology, and steadily promote afforestation
1. Afforestation and greening were comprehensively promoted. This year, we have focused on the implementation of key afforestation and greening projects such as the afforestation of the central government, the Yangtze River shelter forest, and the consolidation of returning farmland to forests. We have mobilized the people to vigorously carry out afforestation on barren hills, planting trees on all sides and degraded forests, and repairing the damaged forests over the years. The city has completed more than 21.5 million yuan of afforestation and greening investment, including 4.76 million yuan of national project funds. 11086 mu of new forests, 20000 mu of forest tending and 654200 trees were planted voluntarily.
2. Steady progress was made in road greening. Coordinate the transportation, highway and other departments to increase the greening of provincial, municipal and township roads. Throughout the year, 29.3 kilometers of roads (including 15.7 kilometers of newly built roads) were planted, and the greening rate of the city's roads reached 98.4%. At the same time, according to the work deployment of the provincial and Changde municipal forestry bureaus, we carried out the basic data survey of the provincial ecological corridor, completed the creation of the basic database of the provincial ecological corridor, and consolidated the foundation for the pilot construction of the provincial ecological corridor.
3. The construction of green courtyard was orderly promoted. In order to fully cooperate with the city's rural residential environment renovation work, our bureau has carefully organized and planned the green courtyard construction work focusing on the roads in northern Hunan, and focusing on the green patches on both sides of the roads, farmers' courtyard greening, and road greening. To ensure the smooth progress of the work, our bureau organized technicians to carry out technical guidance in key towns (streets) and villages (communities) of green courtyard construction, assist towns (streets) to prepare green courtyard construction plans, and teach farmers to carry out afforestation, disease prevention and pest control. Up to now, 5651 green courtyard households planned to be built at the beginning of the year have been basically completed, 3 demonstration villages have been built, 100 green courtyard demonstration households have been built, and more than 85000 seedlings have been planted.
（2） Adhere to management and protection first, and strengthen resource management according to law
1. Carry out punishment and prevention simultaneously, and strengthen forest resource management. First, forest cutting management was strengthened. Fully implement the work of sinking the forest cutting license items, implement the supervision and management of each cutting before, during and after cutting, effectively control the over area, over time, illegal approval and other acts, and it is estimated that 140 forest cutting licenses will be issued throughout the year. Second, the comprehensive management of forest land was strengthened. We have completed the confirmation of the spot boundary of the 17800 mu public welfare forest map, carried out the annual updating of the forest supervision and forest resource management map, and now we have completed the field survey and the sorting of the office data, which are pending the approval of the superior competent department. Third, we strengthened the management of forest land requisition and occupation, took the initiative to do a good job of forest land occupation service for the construction of key projects in the city, and successively completed 7 approvals of forest land occupation for key projects such as Anci highway, Maolihu Botanical Garden, and Ronggui Chinese onion fruit in Baiyi Town, covering an area of 5.83 hectares. Fourth, self inspection and rectification of ecological environment problems in nature reserves were carried out. From January 15 to 17, self inspection on ecological and environmental issues was carried out in Maoli Lake National Wetland Park, Jiashan National Forest Park, Jiashan Provincial Scenic Spot and Lishui Estuary Maoli Lake Wetland Reserve, to verify the boundary and scope of nature reserves, and comprehensively investigate the violations of laws and regulations that damage natural resources in nature reserves, In addition, four forest related ecological and environmental problems in the nature reserve have been comprehensively rectified, which has entered the cancellation stage. At the end of October, we cooperated with the Natural Resources Bureau to carry out the inventory of illegal villas in the nature reserve. Fourth, the protection of wildlife has been strengthened. On the one hand, take the "Wetland Day", "Bird Love Week" and "Wildlife Protection Month" as platforms to strengthen the publicity of wildlife protection and further improve the awareness of the whole society on wildlife protection. On the other hand, we have employed legal advisers, set up an administrative law enforcement team, and led the law enforcement departments of forest public security, market supervision and administration bureau, natural resources bureau and other units to take joint law enforcement actions for many times. At the same time, we have carried out special law enforcement actions such as the "Hundred Day Special Action" for the protection of migratory birds, the "Heavenly Sword Action" for the protection of wild animals, and the "Spring Thunder" to crack down on indiscriminate mining Illegal hunting of wild animals. This year, 21 law enforcement inspections were carried out, 37 law enforcement officers (times), 16 vehicles (times) were dispatched, 3 large-scale law enforcement propaganda were carried out, more than 5000 leaflets were issued, and 13 forestry cases were handled, including 3 criminal cases and 10 administrative cases. We cracked down on and dealt with 11 suspects involved in various illegal cases, dismantled 3 Skynets, cleaned and inspected the wildlife market 6 times, cleaned and inspected all wildlife processing and operation sites in the city, confiscated 315 living trees, confiscated 105 dead birds, released more than 50 living birds, and released more than 70 kilograms of snakes, effectively protecting the safety of forest resources in our city.
2. The combination of monitoring and prevention has strengthened the prevention and control of forest diseases and pests. Carry out comprehensive monitoring on common diseases and pests in the city, and strengthen seedling quarantine. This year, the city has implemented 92100 mu of forest pests and diseases monitoring. It is estimated that more than 310 plant quarantine certificates will be issued throughout the year, and more than 3500 live trees will be transported and quarantined, about 8000 cubic meters. A general survey of pine wood nematode was carried out in spring and autumn, and 59200 mu of pine forests and pine products of all wood processing plants in the city were investigated. No harm of pine wood nematode was found in the city.
3. The combination of management and prevention has strengthened forest fire prevention. By adopting mobile publicity vehicles, news media, distribution of leaflets and other ways to increase the publicity of forest fire prevention work, enhance the public's awareness of fire prevention. The fire fighting team training was strengthened through on-site drills, training, knowledge lectures and other forms to improve the emergency response ability and practical experience of the team members. Carry out the "three bans" of banning artillery, burning paper money and burning straw, and strengthen fire source management. Through taking a series of measures, the city's forest fire prevention work has achieved remarkable results. Up to now, there has been no major forest fire in the city.
（3） Adhering to the principle of seeking progress while maintaining stability, the park construction has promoted new development
1. Construction of Jiashan National Forest Park. The forest road construction project of the core scenic spot of Ancient Datong was settled in our city, successfully applied for the Hunan Province Ecological Civilization Education Base, and completed the installation of garbage bins and outdoor speakers in the scenic spot. In view of the strong forest cutting problems in Yaoshan Scenic Spot, we improved the forest cutting management measures in Yaoshan Scenic Spot on the basis of research and extensive consultation, which is pending approval by relevant departments. The clearing of illegal villas was carried out, and the preparation of the forest management plan of the park was started, which laid a foundation for the future development of the park.
2. Construction of Maoli Lake National Wetland Park. Cooperating with the Maoli Lake National Wetland Park Management Office, we carried out the "two retreats and two demolitions" centralized remediation action of Maoli Lake, the construction and protection of water conservation forests, implemented the cutting prohibition and reduction projects around the lake, closed the mountains to cultivate forests, and carried out special law enforcement actions to clean up illegal villas and protect wild animals. In view of the strong response of forest farmers around the lake to the problem of forest cutting, we have improved the management method of forest cutting around the lake on the basis of research and extensive solicitation of opinions, which is pending the approval of relevant departments.
（4） Adhere to the overall situation and promote the central work as a whole
1. Optimize economic and environmental work. This year, we have always adhered to the focus on the hot spots and difficulties concerned by enterprises and the people, focused on the outstanding problems existing in the forestry sector in serving the economic and social development as the goal, and further improved the system for handling a series of issues and streamlined the procedures for the issuance of forest cutting licenses by strengthening group leadership, increasing publicity, and strengthening technical support, We will complete all service projects at one window, comprehensively promote the "one-stop" full service of forestry stations, truly facilitate the masses to handle affairs, and realize "let the masses run at most once". At the same time, in view of the problems that the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress fed back to our bureau in optimizing the economic environment, we rectified and explained the relevant problems on the basis of in-depth research at the grass-roots level, holding a mass forum, and soliciting opinions from deputies to the People's Congress, CPPCC members, government supervisors, and trade style assessors, Our work of optimizing the economic environment has been recognized by leaders at all levels.
2. Investment promotion. In the past year, the Bureau's Party Group has held several special meetings on investment promotion to convey the spirit of the meeting, study and deploy investment promotion work, set up a leading group for investment promotion with the director as the leader, and set up a small investment promotion team. In July and October this year, the Investment Promotion Team of the Bureau went to Jiangsu and other places for many times to carry out investment promotion activities. After many communications, docking and site visits with the person in charge of Jiangsu Yixing Aiteke Company, the two sides reached an agreement on investment in new flame retardant production projects in Tianjin. The framework agreement is initially scheduled to be signed in December.
3. Competition for capital and project. This year, our bureau actively reported to the provincial and Changde municipal forestry bureaus. From January to October, we successively introduced 23 key forestry projects such as the central financial afforestation subsidies and the Yangtze River shelterbelt, with 9.28 million yuan of funds in place. It is expected that about 10 million yuan will be in place throughout the year.
4. Poverty alleviation. All party members and cadres went down to the paired Swan Village and Yangbadang Village to carry out the "Poverty Alleviation" and theme party day activities. They went deep into the homes of 44 paired poverty-stricken households to visit, investigate, assist in the formulation of assistance measures, and carried out the "three delivery activities" of "delivering production materials, policies, and information" to send production materials worth 31000 yuan to the poverty-stricken households. Forestry projects such as Changfangforest, public welfare forest, and selection and employment of ecological forest rangers have been adopted to support poverty-stricken households in the city. Up to now, 574 poverty-stricken people have been subsidized, and the annual subsidy is expected to be more than 500000 yuan.
（5） Adhere to strict governance of the Party and build a solid and effective team
Over the past year, the Bureau's Party Leadership Group has unswervingly adhered to the principle of strict governance of the Party and comprehensively strengthened the construction of the cadre team. First, we carried out in-depth education on the theme of "never forget the original intention and keep the mission in mind", closely centering on the goal of "keeping the original intention, undertaking the mission, finding gaps, and grasping the implementation", and put learning education, investigation and research, examining problems, and rectification and implementation throughout the theme education. The activity takes the form of centralized learning, self learning, leadership class, writing experience, exchange and discussion to ensure the effect of the activity. The second is to actively cooperate with the inspection work. In mid September, the Third Inspection Group of the Municipal Party Committee carried out a special inspection of our bureau for a period of two months. The overall situation stood at the height of emphasizing politics, and the thought and action were highly unified. The inspection process was regarded as the process of finding gaps, finding problems, improving work, and promoting development. We carefully found deficiencies, in-depth analyzed the reasons, and effectively improved them, Ensure the orderly progress of patrol work. Third, strengthen the education and management of cadres. The conference on the construction of party conduct and integrity in the forestry system was held, and the "two simultaneities" heart to heart talk was carried out in depth, which enhanced the cadres' awareness of strictly governing the party and resisting corruption and corruption. We carried out in-depth special treatment of prominent problems, such as violations of the spirit of the eight central regulations, bureaucracy and formalism. A number of violations, such as office space, official reception, bus management, and cadres' style of work, were quickly rectified. 35 people were selected to participate in various training courses such as administrative case analysis, forest land change investigation, forest fire prevention, etc. The professional quality and comprehensive ability of cadres were further improved, and the working atmosphere of learning, discipline and dedication was initially formed.
2、 Work ideas for next year
The year 2020 is the end of the 13th Five Year Plan and the key year for deepening the reform of the forestry work in our city to reach a new level. We will closely focus on the work deployment of the superior municipal party committee and government and the superior competent department, adhere to the 20 word policy of "forest optimization, wetland quality improvement, industrial efficiency increase, urban greening, and management and protection excellence", truly work hard, reform and innovation, vigorously implement the five major projects, and constantly promote the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of our city's forestry work.
（1） Ecological greening project
In 2020, we will always focus on the goal of creating "green water and green mountains, blue sky and white clouds", and vigorously implement ecological greening projects such as the Yangtze River shelter forest, central financial subsidies for afforestation, and green channel construction. We will strive to complete 7000 mu of ecological afforestation, 20000 mu of forest tending, and 10 km of highway greening. By the end of 2020, we will ensure that the city's forest coverage rate will reach more than 24.34%, the forest land area will be stable at more than 164000 mu, and the highway greening rate, green courtyard demonstration village, and demonstration household construction coverage will grow steadily.
（2） Park construction project. Jiashan National Forest Park focuses on the preparation of the "14th Five Year Plan" forest management plan and the definition of stakes, strengthens the construction of functional supporting services, focuses on the implementation of the construction of the forest road in the core scenic area of Ancient Datong and the construction of the ecological civilization education base in Hunan Province, actively plans the construction of the hiking trails in the core scenic area of Ancient Datong in the park, and improves the introduction of forest cutting management measures in Yaoshan Scenic Area, Strengthen the management of forest resources, and strive for the park to be included in the general plate of urban construction and the cage of construction projects for protection and utilization facilities of national key national forest parks during the "14th Five Year Plan". The key point of the construction of Maoli Lake National Wetland Park is to assist in promoting the implementation of key projects, continue to promote the "two retreats and two demolitions" centralized remediation action of Maoli Lake, improve the introduction of forest harvesting methods around the lake, focus on establishing and improving the long-term mechanism of ecological environment protection of Maoli Lake, and steadily promote the quality improvement and transformation of forests around the lake.
（3） Resource protection project. Adhere to the principle of "one map of forest land" to manage forest land, strictly manage forest cutting, strictly check and approve the requisition and occupation of forest land, strictly investigate the illegal requisition and occupation of forest land, and comprehensively promote the protection of 34000 mu of natural forest, 17800 mu of ecological public welfare forest, and 17300 mu of Baiyun Mountain forest land. We will do a good job in approving the requisition and occupation of forest land for key projects such as the Tianjin Hong Kong New City and the Anci Expressway. Strengthen the forest fire prevention work, and strive to avoid forest fires with a fire area of more than 10 hectares. We will strengthen the construction of administrative law enforcement teams, crack down on illegal acts that damage forest resources, and ensure the safety of forest resources in our city.
Chapter 4: Model text for summary of nature reserves
**Since the direct administration of the Central Government, the tourism economy of our city has made great progress and has become a new growth point of the national economy. In the process of developing tourism economy, correctly understanding and handling the relationship between tourism development and environmental protection, and effectively protecting the ecological environment are important ways to implement the scientific concept of development and achieve sustainable development of tourism. In order to strengthen the protection of the tourism ecological environment, protect and improve the quality of the tourism ecological environment, and realize the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of the tourism economy, with the consent of the municipal government, the following opinions are put forward on further strengthening the protection of the tourism ecological environment.
1、 Unified understanding, promoting the coordinated development of tourism and ecological environment protection
（1） Establish the concept and goal of "environmental tourism". A good ecological environment is the most valuable tourism resource and an important foundation and prerequisite for the development of tourism. At present, the city's tourism industry is in the period of comprehensive development and construction, and ecological environment protection is facing severe challenges. Therefore, the tourism industry should firmly establish the concept and goal of "promoting tourism through environment", further unify understanding, implement the scientific development concept of people-oriented and sustainable development, correctly handle the relationship between tourism and the environment, human and nature, organically combine tourism development and ecological environment protection, and establish a positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection, Promote the development of tourism by protecting the ecological environment, and better protect and improve the ecological environment by developing tourism, so as to achieve the common improvement of economic, social and environmental benefits of tourism.
（2） Standardize tourism resources development activities. In the development of tourism resources, the main task and way to achieve sustainable development of tourism is to create a good ecological environment and sustainable use of resources, properly handle the relationship between the protection and use of various natural ecological and humanistic social landscapes, and take into account the current interests and long-term interests, local interests and overall interests. Administrative departments of tourism, environmental protection, construction, forestry, landscape architecture, etc. should unify their understanding, strengthen coordination and cooperation, guide and standardize tourism and its development, construction, operation and management, and implement tourism environmental protection.
（3） Actively carry out eco-tourism. Tourism is a resource-saving and environment-friendly industry. Ecotourism is a kind of tourism product that cares for nature, advocates nature and experiences nature. It is a kind of in-depth experience tourism activity, nature protection publicity activity and science popularization education activity. It should become an important part of environmental education, science popularization and spiritual civilization construction. To develop ecotourism, we must earnestly strengthen the protection of the ecological environment, adhere to the principle of eco-tourism development of resource conservation and environmental protection, systematically consider the development and operation of tourism products and the formulation of tourism routes from the perspective of ecological protection, minimize the pollution, loss and damage to the environment, and achieve green production and consumption of tourism.
2、 Do a good job in tourism ecological environment protection planning
（4） Ecological environment protection will be incorporated into various tourism plans at all levels. In the tourism development planning, the objectives, tasks and main measures of tourism ecological environment protection should be clearly defined, the carrying capacity of environment and resources for tourism development should be fully considered, and the reasonable development of tourism resources and the construction of tourism facilities should be coordinated with the natural landscape. The development and construction planning of various tourist areas should take ecological environment protection as an important part. The planning and design of tourism projects should take the engineering projects and management measures of ecological protection and pollution control as important contents.
（5） Strengthen the review, guidance and supervision of tourism planning. The compilation or revision of the tourism development plan and the development and construction plan of the tourist area shall seek the opinions of the local environmental protection and other relevant administrative departments. Where tourism is carried out in nature reserves, forest parks, geological parks and scenic spots, a special chapter on planning of ecological environment protection shall be set up, and the planning without environmental protection content or not in conformity with relevant regulations on environmental protection must be supplemented, revised and adjusted as required.
（6） In the preparation of the tourism development and construction plan, the environmental impact assessment should be carefully done in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Law. For the tourism planning of key ecological functional areas and nature reserves, special chapters or special reports on ecological environment impact should be set up. Evaluate the current situation of natural ecology involved in the planning, predict the changes in ecological structure and function, impact of protected objects and protection value caused by the project, and propose protection and restoration management plans. The administrative departments of planning, environmental protection and tourism should review, guide and supervise the environmental impact assessment in tourism planning.
（7） Supervise and guide the implementation of tourism ecological environment protection planning. After the tourism development planning, tourism area development and construction planning, and tourism project planning and design put forward clear requirements for ecological protection and pollution control, the tourism and environmental protection administrative departments should carefully supervise, inspect, and implement them.
3、 Effectively strengthen ecological environment protection in tourist areas
（8） The environmental protection department should strengthen the environmental supervision of tourism areas, strengthen the environmental management of tourism project construction and the construction of environmental infrastructure in tourism areas, urge the environmental assessment and monitoring agencies, and strictly review and check.
（9） The environmental protection department should improve the service level and quality, strengthen the supervision of the ecological environment of tourism areas and tourism projects, especially the environmental supervision during the development and construction of tourism areas and tourism projects, and prevent the intrusion of animal and plant resources and ecological damage caused by construction.
（10） It is strictly prohibited to approve new projects that seriously pollute the environment in tourist areas and surrounding areas. If the built project does not meet the environmental function requirements, it shall be closed, stopped, relocated and transferred within a time limit. For any new development and construction activities in tourist areas (spots), the site selection and location must conform to the urban and rural planning, the construction project should apply for the planning license according to the prescribed procedures, and the environmental impact assessment system and the "three simultaneities" system of simultaneous planning, design, construction and use of environmental protection projects and main projects must be strictly implemented. The treatment of sewage, smoke and dust, domestic garbage and noise in tourist areas must meet the national standards.
（11） Tourism areas and tourism projects should be developed, constructed, operated and managed in strict accordance with the needs of ecological protection. The scale of tourism development and construction and the scale of tourism activities shall not exceed the reasonable environmental capacity of the tourist area. The nature, layout, scale, volume, height, shape, materials, texture and color of the artificial scenic spots and service facilities in the tourist area, as well as the setting of billboards and signboards in the scenic area shall be coordinated with natural resources, landscape characteristics, local historical and cultural features, and energy conservation Light and ecological materials and equipment shall not be used to construct projects that threaten local species resources, reduce landscape compatibility or damage the landscape. In the scenic area, hotels, motor-driven sightseeing buses, sightseeing boats and other transportation vehicles should use clean energy, implement classified recycling of waste, and prohibit the sale of souvenirs made from various wild animals and plants.
（12） In the tourist areas, key tourist routes and their adjacent areas, it is forbidden to destroy forests and grass, pick wild plants indiscriminately, dig mountains and rocks, dig soil and sand, dump spoil, reclaim land from lakes, change the natural water system (or shoreline) and other acts that damage the ecology. For the sections that have caused serious ecological damage, they should be closed mainly for natural recovery. The construction of traffic roads in the tourist area shall not damage the vegetation landscape as much as possible. If it must be damaged, practical measures shall be taken to restore and remedy it. The excavation slope and fill slope must be effectively protected by engineering measures and vegetation measures. For tourist areas with many scenic spots and trails, the rotation rest system should be implemented for key tourist attractions and routes in the area according to local conditions. The greening of the scenic spot should focus on local adaptive species, and the introduction of alien species must be subject to risk assessment and tracking monitoring to prevent the introduction of alien invasive species. The fragile and sensitive ecological environment in the tourist area shall be strictly protected according to relevant requirements.
（13） For tourism development and construction in the experimental area of the nature reserve, it is necessary to draw up an ecotourism plan, predict the impact of tourism activities on the structure, functions, protected objects and values of the reserve, and propose protection plans and measures. It is necessary to follow the requirements of "tourism in the area and services outside the area", reasonably delimit functional zones, determine reasonable environmental tourist capacity, and reasonably design tourism areas and routes. The service facilities that really need to be built should be reported to the relevant functional departments of the state for approval if they are involved in national nature reserves, and to the relevant functional departments of the municipal government for approval if they are involved in municipal nature reserves. In the core area and buffer zone of the nature reserve, some important and sensitive ecological areas, such as important natural ecosystems with serious degradation, natural relics and endangered species distribution areas with important scientific value, water source protection areas, etc., tourism project development and tourism service facilities construction are prohibited. Strictly protect Jinyun Mountain, Gele Mountain, Tongluo Mountain, Nanshan Mountain and other green barriers and urban wetlands. The key areas should be designated as important ecological functional areas. The competent department of the scenic spot should strengthen the supervision of film and television shooting and large-scale recreational activities, and strictly prevent environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by film and television shooting and large-scale recreational activities.
（14） Vigorously strengthen the construction of environmental infrastructure and pollution prevention in tourist areas. Each tourist area should build facilities for smoke abatement and dust removal, sewage treatment and garbage collection, classification, cleaning and disposal according to local conditions to enhance the capacity of pollutant treatment and up to standard discharge; The use of clean energy and recyclable materials will not cause pollution and other adverse effects on the surrounding ecological environment and landscape.
（15） Control and harness environmental pollution in tourist areas. It is prohibited to construct industrial facilities that pollute the environment and projects that are harmful to the environment in tourist areas, key tourist routes and their adjacent areas; It is prohibited to burn straw, dead leaves, domestic garbage, etc. in the open air, control the use of pesticides, fertilizers and livestock and poultry breeding scale, and prevent non-point source pollution and livestock and poultry breeding pollution in tourist areas. For the construction of hotels, restaurants and other service facilities or projects, the discharge of pollutants shall meet the national or local discharge standards; If the pollutant discharge exceeds the national or local discharge standards, it shall be treated within a time limit. If it fails to meet the requirements within the time limit, it shall be moved or closed; Those who carry out illegal construction in tourist areas shall be investigated for responsibility according to law.
（16） Carry out ecological environment protection demonstration tourist attractions, as well as the creation of "green hotels", "green restaurants", "green scenic spots", "green management", etc., carry out ecological environment monitoring and environmental quality publicity system of tourist attractions, formulate environmental protection planning and environmental management system of scenic spots, standardize environmental management of scenic spots, Promote environmental protection in tourist areas.
4、 Strengthen the construction of laws, regulations and standards for tourism ecological environment protection, and actively promote ecological tourism
（17） The tourism and environmental protection departments should take the initiative to establish a joint coordination mechanism with the relevant departments of construction, forestry, culture, water conservancy, landscape architecture, land and other relevant departments, clarify the division of responsibilities, effectively strengthen environmental supervision over various tourism areas, tourism projects and tourism activities under their jurisdiction, urge tourism operators to strictly implement relevant national laws, regulations, standards and norms, and establish Improve the corresponding rules and regulations and assessment methods, and effectively prevent environmental pollution and ecological damage in tourism and its development and operation.
（18） It is necessary to further accelerate the formulation of standards and norms for tourism environmental protection and ecotourism, establish an evaluation index system for the ecological environment quality of tourist areas, standardize and guide the construction and operation of various tourist areas and tourism projects, and actively guide tourism enterprises to participate in the certification of the international environmental management system and the creation of the ecological environment protection demonstration tourist attractions in * * City, Accelerate the pace of the tourism ecological environment protection work in line with international standards.
（19） Actively develop eco-tourism on the basis of effective protection of the ecological environment. All districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) should seriously organize the tourism development of natural ecology such as mountains, forests, grasslands, lakes, rivers and caves, and humanistic and social ecology such as ethnic villages, ancient villages and towns, and specific communities, so as to better meet the people's tourism consumption needs such as vacation, study, inspection, and experience. The administrative departments in charge of tourism and environmental protection should actively support and encourage relevant departments and all sectors of society to invest in the development of natural and humanistic eco-tourism projects.
（20） The ecological environment protection of tourism, public environmental education and the promotion of local economic development will be organically combined. Guide tourism operators to strengthen ecological environment protection, ensure the integrity of the ecology and landscape of ecotourism destinations, and consciously abide by the cultural customs of tourism destinations. Tour guides must have certain knowledge of natural science and humanities, be familiar with and master environmental protection laws and policies, incorporate ecological environmental protection policies, regulations and scientific knowledge into tour guides' explanations, and consciously publicize environmental protection policies, regulations and scientific knowledge to tourists. The development of ecotourism should encourage the participation of local communities, protect local culture and the interests of local residents, so as to promote the protection of local communities and residents on the ecological environment.
（21） Strengthen the application of science and technology in the protection of tourism ecological environment. We should conscientiously summarize the successful practices in exploring ecotourism and in the development and production of tourism ecological toilet technology in recent years, encourage scientific research and technology promotion of tourism ecological environment protection, encourage scientific and technological innovation of relevant equipment and facilities, and vigorously promote advanced management methods, technologies and equipment, Continuously enhance the scientific and technological content and sustainable innovation ability of tourism ecological environment protection.
5、 Strengthen tourism ecological environment protection, publicity and education
Chapter 5: Model Text of Nature Reserve Summary
Completion of environmental protection objectives and tasks in the first half of the year
1 Construction project management
For six construction projects in ×× County, the EIA approval procedures were handled and the application registration was carried out; By carrying out actions to combat environmental violations, the three enterprises were issued with a notice of supplementary environmental assessment, the construction projects in 2007 were comprehensively verified, and the units that did not handle environmental assessment and registration were supplemented.
2 Pollution control
Through the gradual improvement of the central heating project, remarkable achievements have been made in pollution control in ×× Town. According to the statistics and analysis of the county environmental monitoring department, the air quality in the town where the county government is located has reached or better than Grade II for more than 80% of the days, Tsp should be controlled below 0.200 mg/m3, and efforts should be made to promote the use of clean energy. The transformation of catering service industry in ×× town was fully completed, and the utilization rate of fuel and gas briquette was 100%; The law enforcement inspection of drinking water sources was carried out twice to ensure the water quality safety of drinking water sources; The reduction targets of smoke, dust and water pollutants in the first half of the year have been completed; The preliminary work such as the site selection of the proposed medical waste treatment plant, domestic waste and sewage treatment plant is in the process of project establishment and operation.
In the first ten days of June, combined with the high school entrance examination, the environmental protection, industry and commerce, public security, cultural market management and other relevant units cooperated with each other to carry out centralized cleaning and remediation of the noise and dust pollution in the area under jurisdiction. It took 15 days to better control the noise environmental pollution, ban 12 outdoor barbecues, and clean up more than 20 outdoor stereos in the main streets and densely populated areas.
3 Environmental construction
Completed the demarcation and marking of six nature reserves and special law enforcement inspection; We have implemented the application work of the state-level beautiful township of ×× Town and the pilot project of the 10000 mu organic food base, and invited experts from the National Organic Food Certification Center to come to our county for on-site guidance. We have determined that Chengbei Community, the real estate community of Liangcai Community, is a municipal "quiet community", and continue to carry out green creation activities, A total of 8 green villages and towns, 2 green schools, green institutions, green communities and other construction work were determined to be carried out throughout the county.
4 Environmental supervision, management and monitoring
In the first half of the year, the municipal bureau completed the special rectification action to protect the environmental rights and interests of the people, carried out special inspection on the key pollution actions in the county and pollution enterprises in the river basin, and reported the investigation and treatment in a timely manner; The law enforcement personnel were trained in the Administrative License Law and other laws and regulations, completed the routine monitoring task of water, gas and acoustic environment quality in the first half of the year according to the annual monitoring plan, and reported the water quality data and rate of attainment of the water source as required; Work summary and briefing reports are submitted online, and 2 work updates are submitted online every month.
5 Environmental work
For the first visit to the first letter, we were able to put forward handling suggestions and reply to ourselves within 2 working days, with a completion rate of 98%. We strengthened the supervision and management of environmental work, established a reception day for environmental leaders, and effectively solved the environmental pollution problem for the masses. In the first half of the year, there was no collective duplication and petitions bypassing the level.
6 Sewage charges
In the process of charging, we should make the charging standard policy public and strictly implement the charging procedures. In the first half of the year, we should seize the time, focus on the collection step by step, and complete the pollutant discharge charge of 167000 yuan, reaching the goal of more than half the time and more than half the task.
7 Law Enforcement Responsibility System
We increased environmental education for all people, established a base for environmental education for all people, carried out preparatory work and training for environmental education for all people, carried out a series of activities to love our home and protect the earth on the "4.22" Earth Day, and carried out a variety of publicity activities on the occasion of the "6.5" World Environment Day. The main leaders of the four major groups of the county came to the pollution scene to issue leaflets in person, A series of propaganda films were broadcast by news media such as radio and television. All primary and secondary schools in the county carried out commemorative activities in various situations, such as thematic class meetings, paintings, art performances, etc. The Women's Federation of the Communist Youth League County Committee and the County Women's Federation organized more than 500 people to go out on the streets to clean up white garbage.
8 Fully implement the open government affairs, conscientiously implement the "six systems", and formulate the implementation plan for the "best and worst" unit appraisal activities of "rectifying the work style and political conduct and optimizing the economic development environment"; Establish an advanced model of environmental protection system and call on all system staff to learn from it.
II Existing problems
Summarizing the environmental protection work in the first half of the year, under the strong guidance of the municipal bureau and the joint efforts of the overall staff, we were able to better complete the work in the first half of the year, and creatively carried out some work and made some achievements. However, through this self inspection activity, it also reflects the problems existing in our bureau, which are mainly manifested in the insufficient efforts of environmental protection publicity and education, and the popularization rate of environmental education has increased.
The professional quality of environmental protection practitioners needs to be further improved, and we will improve the above deficiencies in future work to better complete the annual task objectives.
Work plan for the third and second half of the year
1 Promote the orderly implementation of environmental education for all people, strengthen environmental law enforcement, focus on the rectification of environmental violations, promote green creation, and promote the construction of circular economy in the organic food industry.
2 Strictly control the "three simultaneities" of construction projects, put an end to the emergence of small enterprises in the "Tenth Five Year Plan", strengthen the handling of "ten practical matters", and comprehensively promote the construction of environmentally beautiful villages and towns.
Chapter 6: Model Text of Nature Reserve Summary
[Key words] Small towns; Ecological concept; Detailed planning
[abstract] now in small towns in the process of the planning of the natural and cultural resources of serious erosion, and positioning chaos and their outstanding problems. The overall plan needs to protect the natural ecology, increase the urban green space system and its own characteristics, planning and landscape ecological planning, etc, so as to achieve the purpose of the course of town construction.
[key words] small towns; Ecological idea; Detailed planning
CLC No.: S891+. 5 Document ID No.: A Article No.:
After entering the new century, "small town planning" is absolutely a symbol word of the great process of domestic socialist development. Due to the acceleration of economic globalization and the vigorous expansion of urban area, China has been in a special stage of high modernization and rapid progress. As far as the development of urban modernization is concerned, the planning of small towns has become extremely critical and must be given sufficient attention. The slogan of "Great Development of Small Towns" was formulated at the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee in 1994, and the 16th CPC National Congress further took "accelerating the process of urbanization, building a well-off society in an all-round way, and taking the path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics" as the strategic goal. It can be seen that the active and orderly development of small towns is not only the need to accelerate the process of urbanization, but also has become an important part of China's national development strategy.
1、 Overview of ecological characteristics in small town planning
To interpret the concept of City Ecology from a macro perspective, that is, to fully understand the ethical concepts generated by the relationship between man and nature, which is a new social concept of harmony and unity of humanity, ecology and society based on the theory of natural biology, and a new way of production and life that effectively uses environmental resources to achieve sustainable development. In a narrow sense, it is to carry out urban design according to ecological principles and establish an efficient, harmonious, healthy and sustainable human settlement environment.
In the United States, activities and programs related to urban planning organized by non-governmental organizations came into being at the end of last century, such as New York, Texas, California, New Jersey and Miami. The plan result of these planning activities and scheme formulation is to create a harmonious and happy community, and finally realize that the congestion and overstaffing in the commercial city will no longer appear in the lives of residents. In the mid-19th century, the United States carried out a park movement (The city Park Movemem). G.P. March, based on his understanding of the interdependence between man and nature, animals and plants, advocated that man and nature should coexist in harmony. This theory was first put into practice in the United States, and many cities carried out a campaign to protect nature and build park systems.
2、 The Present Situation and Problems of Ecological Development in Current Small Town Planning
（1） The guiding ideology model of planning and construction follows the trend blindly
The planning idea of small towns has no purpose to follow the planning mode of big cities, which leads to blind thinking about fast, big, good, useful and excellent construction. Finally, the existing ecosystem of towns is seriously damaged, the planning work is disorganized, and all towns are built in the same way, making the characteristics of small towns gradually disappear. The construction concept follows the model of big cities, such as urban regional division and traffic layout. It takes the national traffic trunk line as the axis of development, and the motor vehicle model as the advanced symbol. As a result, some small towns have shouldered excessive traffic pressure, but there is no mature city peripheral diversion system.
（2） The ecological development foundation and consciousness of small town planning are backward
Putting objective economic interests in the first place, while ignoring the basic environmental transformation, transportation facilities replacement and ecosystem balance, the lack of effective ecological supervision - the ideological transformation between infrastructure development, which will lead to more difficult environmental maintenance under the influence of objective factors. Therefore, various environmental hazards from motor vehicles were quickly concentrated, such as the main road passing through the city, causing serious noise and exhaust pollution, and posing a great threat to the personal safety of urban residents.
（3） The landscape planning is seriously insufficient and natural resources are damaged
Now in big cities, people have begun to realize the significance of landscape planning, integrate the concept of environmental balance in the construction process of evolution first, and realize the internal desire of people to enjoy the landscape gradually. However, as far as small town planning is concerned, the landscape part is often ignored, and the connection between the landscape and living environment of towns and villages is cut off by the urban planning, which will reduce the enjoyment of people's characteristic life in small towns. In addition, the natural environment has been destroyed in the urban planning, the natural environment and the artificial landscape can not be properly connected, the natural landscape has been erased, the mountains and forests around the town have been cut down indiscriminately, the natural rivers have been improperly intercepted, the river surface and banks have been solidified at will, and some mountains and wetlands with important ecological value have been leveled or filled, Some natural green channels connecting urban and rural areas have been damaged due to improper human development, and have lost their functions and values as permanent biological habitats and natural reserves of urban remnants.
3、 Countermeasures for the development of ecological characteristics in the planning of small towns
(1) Realize "green construction"
The purpose of "green construction" is to avoid damaging the environment as much as possible in the process of urban planning, scientifically use land resources, water resources, forest resources, etc., develop purposefully and directionally, and complete scientific planning on natural energy and resources. The most acceptable natural area in the urban living space is green ecology, which is also the key in the planning of small towns. The starting point of green ecological network planning is to create a green ecosystem of different types, nature and scale to cooperate and function with each other, so as to form a stable and lasting green ecosystem and complete life network.
(2) Rationally optimize the ecological layout
Ensure that the original balanced and stable ecosystem, beautiful lakes and mountains, and pure and natural pastoral scenery of small and medium-sized towns in the process are not disturbed. Implement the division of environmental grade areas, and consider and screen urban space. Living area, economic area, agricultural area and factory area are the basic functional areas that small towns must have; Some towns also have administrative districts, commercial districts, cultural and educational districts, recuperation areas, etc. The division of urban functional areas does not mean the mechanical and absolute division of urban land.
(3) Pay attention to the protection of ecological landscape
In the process of implementing the small town planning scheme, the most fundamental thing is to carry out a comprehensive study on the overall environment it has, emphasize the characteristics of small towns, improve the inheritance of local culture and the preservation of customs, and put the construction of trees and forests at the top of the planning; Building a diversity of animals and plants is also the key to ecological greening activities, in which the near natural plant configuration mode should be emphasized. In short, only by expanding the scale and quantity of greening, can the ecological function of green space be brought into play, and can biodiversity, especially the diversity of habitats and ecosystems, be protected and increased
4、 Summary
The causes of problems and deficiencies in the practical application of ecological planning concepts in small town planning; The phenomenon of mutual promotion and influence between the overall development plan of small towns and their planning goals is conducive to the forward development of small towns, which is not only the key to improving the modernization process, but also the key factor for the forward development of domestic socialism. However, with the development of small towns, the ecological problems can not be ignored. In the process of development, natural resources and human resources have been destroyed, the original landscape, pastoral flavor and traditional style of small towns have been discarded, and their own style characteristics, historical origins, cultural background, customs and customs have been ignored, resulting in similar nature of small towns without characteristics. In the planning of small towns, the environment must be put first, and the environmental problems arising in the planning process must be dealt with in time. The planning of towns must be organically combined with the balance of the natural ecosystem.
reference
[1] State Environmental Protection Administration, Ministry of Construction. Guidelines for the Preparation of Environmental Planning for Small Towns (Trial)
[2] Ye Wenhu, Quanchuan. Review of the UN Sustainable Development Indicator System: China's Population, Resources and Environment, Vol. 7, Issue 3, 1997.
[3] Liu Zeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Discussion on standards and evaluation index system of modern ecological city construction: science of science and management of science and technology, 2001, 22 (4).
Chapter 7: Summary Model of Nature Reserves
1. Achievements of China's forestry ecological environment protection
Since the implementation of forest resource protection in 1998, China has achieved remarkable results in the work of returning farmland to forests, coastal shelter forest construction and nature reserve construction. At present, the conservation area of artificial forests in China ranks first in the world, and the annual value of forest area, forest stock, forest quality and forest ecological service function continues to grow. In 2005, China began to implement wetland protection and restoration projects, which has gradually improved the wetland ecosystem in China. Wetlands in some areas have been greatly improved, and the vegetation coverage of sandy land has also increased year after year. At the same time, the species of desert plants have also been increased to a certain extent. In addition, China has also carried out a series of forestry ecological environment protection projects and construction projects, and successfully built many good ecological barriers. According to the results of the eighth national forest resource inventory, China's forest area is about 208 million hectares, the forest coverage rate has reached 21.63%, the forest stock volume is about 15.137 billion cubic meters, the forest stock volume per hectare is about 89.79 cubic meters, and the total carbon storage of forest vegetation is about 8.427 billion tons.
These figures all illustrate the achievements made in the protection of forestry ecological environment in China.
2. Problems in China's forestry ecological environment protection
Although China has made great achievements in the protection of forestry ecological environment in recent years due to the efforts of the government and people, the construction of forestry ecological environment in China is still relatively weak due to the influence of climate, geographical environment, technology and other factors, which is far from the developed countries. To be specific, the problems existing in the forestry ecological environment protection in China are mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1) The excessive logging of forestry resources has led to serious water and soil loss in China, which has reached about 37.2% of the land area, thus causing the continuous aggravation of desertification in China, which has seriously threatened the safety of people's lives and property; 2) The problem of land desertification and rocky desertification in some areas of China is very prominent, which leads to frequent sandstorms. However, due to the restrictions of ecology and technology, it is very difficult to control these desertification and rocky desertification lands, and the current control effect is not very obvious; 3) Although the government has introduced a series of policies and systems in order to protect the forestry ecological environment, such as the voucher cutting forest system, the forest cutting quota management system and the annual timber production plan management system, the phenomenon of deforestation, unlicensed logging and over quota logging is still common in China; 4) In China, the phenomenon of mud and silt in wetlands is still serious, and many endangered animals have gradually disappeared, and the ecological balance has been seriously damaged; 5) In China, the per capita forest area is small, and the forest quality and species diversity are also low, so it is difficult for the forest to play its role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. In view of this, China must further strengthen the importance of forestry ecological environment protection, constantly establish and improve relevant policies and regulations, strengthen law enforcement, and actively explore measures for forestry ecological environment protection.
3. How to do well in the protection of forestry ecological environment
3.1 Clarify basic ideas
With the arrival of the new era, China's forestry ecological environment protection work should aim at promoting population development, resource development and economic construction, aim at improving ecological environment protection and people's production and life, follow the basic strategy of sustainable development, adhere to the people-oriented development concept, adhere to regional breakthroughs, focus on water and soil loss Land desertification and rocky desertification control, vigorously promote afforestation, protect and rescue endangered species, and find ways to enhance the adaptability of forests to climate change. The government should correctly handle the relationship between forest ecological environment protection and construction, the relationship between key points and general points, the relationship between points and areas, and the relationship between connotation and extension, constantly strengthen the protection of ecologically important areas and ecologically fragile areas, further carry out ecological construction on the basis of existing achievements, and rationally use forest resources, Try to achieve a harmonious win-win situation of economic and ecological benefits. In the construction of forestry ecological environment protection, priority should be given to the key points before the general ones, that is, the places with serious ecological environment damage should be treated first, and efforts should be made to build forest and grass vegetation to increase the green area. In general, we should further strengthen the protection of natural resources such as the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and constantly enhance the ecological efficiency of forests while greening; At the same time, we should pay close attention to the construction of forest parks and wetland protection, make full use of abandoned industrial and mining land for greening, and try to increase the forest area.
3.2 Focus on work
At present, there are more than 20 key ecological functional areas and key protected areas in China, which are the key points of China's forestry ecological environment protection and construction. At present, the key control projects include the ecological shielding system of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the construction of shelter forests in the northeast, the control of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, and the control of soil erosion in the hilly and mountainous areas in the south. According to the actual situation in China, forestry ecological environment protection should be driven by key projects, and the original low-quality and inefficient forests should be fully transformed. The government and relevant departments must invest more relevant science and technology, and rely on scattered materials and labor force to realize the organic combination of artificial measures and natural measures, so as to gradually restore the diversity of forest and grass vegetation and biological species.
At the same time, it is also necessary to optimize cultivation technology, constantly improve the economic benefits brought by forestry ecological environment protection, link this work with people's livelihood construction, and realize the effective combination of ecology and economy.
3.3 Improve relevant systems
If you want to do a good job in the protection of forestry ecological environment, you must have a series of sound management policies and systems. Therefore, the current government and forestry departments must, on the basis of existing policies and systems, according to the actual national conditions and regional factors, sum up past experience, learn from foreign ideas, constantly improve the forestry ecological environment protection and management system, strengthen law enforcement, vigorously combat deforestation and other acts that damage the forestry ecological environment, and ensure the orderly development of forestry ecological environment protection.
4 Conclusion
To sum up, with the rapid development of economy and science and technology, China's forestry ecological environment protection has seen an unprecedented situation. In order to further promote this work and make China's forestry sustainable development, the government, relevant departments and people must pay attention to the protection and construction of forestry ecological environment, strengthen the concept of forestry ecological environment protection, and strengthen the beautification Green environment awareness, and constantly learn relevant knowledge and technology, and have the courage to fight against acts that damage the ecological environment.
Only in this way can we build our country into a better place.
[References]
[1] Zhang Jinbo. How to Protect Forestry Ecological Environment [J]. Agriculture and Technology, 2015
[2] Bai Jinrui, Zhao Guangjie. Discussion on How to Do Well in Ecological Protection and Construction in Forestry in the New Era [J]. Friends of Farmers Getting Rich, 2014
[3] Rather. On Forestry Ecological Environment Construction and Its Sustainable Development [J]. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information, 2014
[4] Sonandegi. China Water Tower, the Source of Rivers - My Opinion on Protecting Forestry Ecological Environment [J]. Agriculture and Technology, 2013
Chapter 8: Summary Model of Nature Reserves
Key words: greenway; Planning and design; Regional characteristics; Foshan New Town
1 Greenway Overview
1.1 Greenway concept
The "greenway" originates from the English word "greenway", which is disassembled from "greenbelt" and "parkway". Green means natural existence, including natural or semi natural environment; "Way" means passageway, including living corridors for animals and people.
Quote Charles E. Little's Greenway for American Definition in: Greenway is a linear open space built along natural corridors such as riverside, valley and ridge lines, or along artificial corridors such as abandoned railway lines, ditches and scenic roads used for recreational activities, including all natural landscape lines and artificial landscape lines accessible to pedestrians and cyclists. It is an open space connecting parks, nature reserves, scenic spots, historic sites and other high-density residential areas [1].
In the United States, the development of greenways can be roughly divided into five stages: the first stage is from 1860 to 1900, the early greenways, such as Boston Park System; The second stage was from 1900 to 1945, mainly greenways planned by landscape architects, such as Parkway of National Park Service (NPS); The third stage is the 1960-1970 generation, the greenway planning under the ecological influence; The fourth stage was from 1980 to 1990, during which the greenway movement emerged, emphasizing the diversified recreational needs and accessibility of greenways. The fifth stage is from the 1990s to now, and the greenway has been in full swing in theory and practice [2].
The first real greenway in the world was built in 1867, which is the greenway system of Boston Park in the United States designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The greenway system of the park connects green space and various open spaces through the boulevard, just like a jade necklace around the city, so it is also called Boston Jade Necklace (Figure 1, 2).
Recognizing the great value of greenway network in environmental protection, economic interests and aesthetics, American states began to try to connect various green spaces from the middle of the 20th century. The concept of "greenway" came into being in the 1970s, but it was formally put forward in the report of the U.S. Presidential Commission in 1987. The report made a prospect for the United States in the 21st century: "a vibrant greenway network... allows residents to freely enter the open space near their homes, thus connecting the rural and urban spaces of the entire United States in the landscape... like a huge circular system, extending all the way to cities and villages". Since then, the concept of greenway has been widely accepted.
1.2 Theoretical research and practice of domestic greenways
The first systematic introduction of greenways in China was the 1992 Introduction to American Greenways, in which "greenways" were directly used as the translation of "greenways" [3]. Zhang Wen and Fan Wenjie were the first to interpret this concept in detail in their article Green Passage and Its Functions in Cities, which introduced the "greenway" that has been put forward internationally for a long time [4]. This article translated "greenway" into "green passage", and the "greenway" and "green passage" are widely used in domestic follow-up research.
After more than ten years of relevant research, the domestic greenway research has gradually become mature, and a large number of relevant theoretical studies and practical cases have emerged. At present, domestic greenway related research mainly focuses on three aspects, including introduction of foreign greenway theory, introduction of foreign greenway practice cases, and introduction of domestic greenway theory and practice [5]. The domestic research on greenway theory mainly includes: ① Professor Yu Kongjian's research on the ecological and cultural protection functions of greenways from the perspective of landscape ecology and cultural heritage; ② Professor Liu Binyi studied the ecological and recreational functions of greenways from the perspective of green space system and green space ecological network; ③ Professor Jin Yunfeng studied the integration of greenway planning into urban and rural planning system in China, especially into the legal planning and practice of urban green space system [6]; ④ Professor Wu Bihu's theoretical research on "recreational belt around the city"; ⑤ Professor Yu Qing studied the tourism development function of regional greenways from the perspective of scenic roads.
In practice, before the practice of the greenway network in the Pearl River Delta, the practice of domestic greenways still remained at the stage of using the greenway theory and discussing the planning and design methods, without substantive practical results. With the success of the Pearl River Delta greenway network practice, this situation has been greatly improved. Many cities in China have or are planning to build greenway networks. For example, Jiaxing's ecological greenway network of "two rings, eight radiations and three connections"; Wuxi's greenway network system of "three rings, three belts, eight waterfront and sixteen roads".
At present, the most concerned and successful project is the construction of Guangdong Pearl River Delta greenway network. 2372km of provincial greenway network in the Pearl River Delta is under construction or has been completed, and 8 provincial greenways are planned to be built on this basis, making the total length of provincial greenways reach 8200km. The case studied in this paper is the Foshan Dongping New Town Greenway between Guangdong Provincial Greenways 4 and 6, which is an urban greenway connecting two provincial greenways.
1.3 Research significance
In recent years, the rapid urbanization characterized by the traditional growth mode and the disorderly expansion of non-agricultural construction land have had a serious impact on the urban ecological environment. The resulting series of environmental degradation problems prompted government officials and experts and scholars to reflect on this extensive growth mode and try to find a way to solve the problem. Greenway construction is one of the attempts of the city to reverse this dilemma in this context. At present, although many cities in China have proposed greenway construction plans, they lack systematic and perfect practical experience and theoretical summary. The practice of the greenway in Foshan New City provides a certain reference for the induction and refinement of planning and design methods.
2 Case analysis of greenway planning in Foshan New City
2.1 Project and Base Overview
The planned area of Foshan New Town is about 31km, which is listed as one of the nine community greenway demonstration areas in Foshan. In the construction planning of Foshan greenway network, greenways are divided into provincial greenways, urban greenways and community greenways according to different target functions. Foshan New Town Greenway is an urban greenway connecting No. 4 and No. 6 provincial greenways, which mainly plays the role of connecting provincial greenways and enriching the internal greenway network of the New Town (Figure 3).
2.2 Planning and design strategy analysis
① Before the practice of greenways in the Pearl River Delta, there was basically no domestic experience in the construction of greenways. Therefore, a new planning and design method should be explored on the basis of comprehensive and systematic analysis.
② Dongping New Town is located in the central cluster of Foshan "2+5" cluster, which is the key construction area of Foshan during the 12th Five Year Plan. Due to the rapid progress of urbanization in the region, the possibility of traditional culture and traditional landscape features being swallowed up by modern fast consuming culture is gradually increasing. How to protect and reflect regional culture in greenway planning and design will also be an important issue.
③ The current land use relationship in the planning area is complex, and the land fragmentation is high. The greenway is a green network system with high systematic requirements. Therefore, coordinating various land uses along the greenway in the planning and ensuring the connectivity of the greenway is a key point of this work.
④ A large number of industrial land and storage land in the planning area have seriously restricted the overall improvement of the new town environment. With the development of the new city, these lands will inevitably change the nature of the land, but the problems left over from the original industrial activities, such as poor soil, water pollution, and lack of vegetation, will inevitably affect the layout of the greenway system.
⑤ There are many transit traffic in and around the planning area, which is easy to separate the greenway network. How to deal with the relationship between greenways and roads is another problem that needs to be properly solved.
⑥ The natural conditions in the planning area are generally good. Dongping Waterway passes through the city, Dongping Waterbank is rich in vegetation resources, and the water system in the area is densely covered with fish ponds. A number of large-scale public buildings and green spaces, such as Shijilian Stadium and Sports Park, have been built in the area, so it has a certain environmental foundation. However, the natural environment around the village is severely damaged in some areas, such as the factory reservoir area.
2.3 Solutions
Since there are few greenway practice cases in China, the project team analyzed and summarized several urban greenway cases in Europe, America and Japan based on the idea that stones from other mountains can be used to attack jade. It mainly includes the Boston Park system in the United States (Figure 4), the greenway system in the Denver metropolitan area in the United States (Figure 5), the Houston corridor planning in the United States, the southeast green chain in London, the greenway system in Ruhr, Germany, the Yokohama greenway in Japan (Figure 6), and the Qiyu greenway in Japan (Figure 7).
After studying several successful greenway cases in the United States, it is found that the urban greenway construction practice in the United States places the recreational function in a more important position, mainly providing places for citizens to take leisure exercises and be close to water and nature, while also taking into account the ecological, recreational, social and cultural functions.
The construction of green chain greenway in southeast London focuses on connecting all kinds of natural and cultural resources, including parks, wetlands, recreation parks, historic sites, and various public buildings. Through the construction of green space, unreasonable construction activities have been controlled, and the public open space in London has been effectively protected and improved. The routes of the Southeast London Green Chain and public transport routes are intertwined with each other and have good accessibility. You can easily enter the Green Chain by bus or subway. The internal identification system of the green chain is also very perfect, and people can clarify the direction or avoid danger according to the signs [7].
The greenway practice in Ruhr, Germany, focuses on the regeneration and restoration of brownfield and the restoration of regional plant communities and species.
The greenways in Yokohama and Saitama, Japan, are mainly constructed based on urban rivers, focusing on the protection and utilization of the waterfront environment and the waterfront recreation function.
On the premise of comprehensive study of foreign greenway cases, the goal of this planning and design is determined as "dynamic water city, ecological green city, fragrance flower city". The basic principles of the planning and design are defined, including: the principle of localization, the principle of ecology, the principle of connectivity, the principle of diversity, the principle of humanization, the principle of moderation, the principle of coordination, and the principle of unity.
2.4 Greenway planning and design method
① In view of the cultural deficiencies brought about by rapid urbanization, the planning proposes to fully tap and highlight the humanistic characteristics of the base, respect local customs and national landscape characteristics, and display local customs based on the effective protection of local historical and cultural relics.
② In combination with the characteristics of existing water system, terrain, vegetation and other natural resources, the greenway should be evenly distributed in the planning area as far as possible, providing conditions for the restoration of biological species and the improvement of ecological environment in the region.
③ Connect the green corridors in the planning area to form a stable network system and improve its anti-interference ability. Greenway nodes and paths shall be optimized to strengthen the communication and connection among natural, historical and cultural nodes.
④ Build greenways and nodes with various functions and forms according to the needs of people of different occupations, ages and cultural levels. The value of various greenways is reflected through the classification of greenways and the differences in the later management methods.
⑤ The traffic on the greenway in the area is mainly slow traffic such as walking, bicycles, sightseeing buses and cruise ships. Meanwhile, the identification system, lighting system, information system and emergency rescue system of the greenway are improved to ensure the safety of tourists.
⑥ The greenway route selection fully considers various constraints, including natural ecology, geographical climate, economic development and land ownership, and reasonably controls the development scale and construction amount to achieve high-quality construction goals.
⑦ The planning should integrate ecological environment, policy elements, urban layout, local will and other factors, coordinate the needs of all parties, comprehensively determine the planning scheme, and formulate overall and phased development goals.
⑧ Finally, we should unify planning ideas and working methods, firmly implement planning principles, reasonably plan and set up various greenways and related supporting facilities, and form a well connected and systematic greenway network system.
3 Conclusion
In the context of rapid urbanization, greenways can play their economic and ecological effects, provide comfort and shade places for urban residents, promote physical and mental health, reduce health costs, and provide a carrier for the protection and display of cultural resources with regional characteristics. This requires us to think about and solve problems from the perspective of coordinated development of human and nature, respect regional culture, pay attention to the protection and restoration of ecological environment in the process of greenway route selection planning and design, summarize regional planning and design methods, and implement them in all activities of greenway planning, construction and later management, Finally, a natural and harmonious ecological civilization greenway network will be built.
(Received: December 14, 2013)
reference
[1]Charles E. Little. Greenway for American [M]. JHU Press,1995.5.
[2] Jin Yunfeng, Zhou Xu Discussion on urban level greenway system planning mode [J]. Modern City Research, 2011 (3): 33-37
[3] Ye Shengdong Introduction to American Greenways [J]. Foreign Urban Planning, 1992 (3): 44-47
[4] Zhang Wen, Fan Wenjie Green Passages and Their Functions in Cities [J]. Foreign Urban Planning, 2000 (3): 40-42
[5] Hu Jianshuang, Dai Fei Research Progress of Greenway in China [J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2010 (12): 88
[6] Jin Yunfeng, Zhou Conghui The theoretical practice of greenway planning and its countermeasures in China's urban planning integration [J]. Modern City Research, 2012 (3): 4-12
[7] Zhang Yunbin, Wu Renwei The Theory and Practice of Greenway Construction in Europe [J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2007 (8). 36-37
Chapter 9: Summary Model of Nature Reserves
[Key words]: greenway construction; development; Functional benefit; Shenzhen Greenway
【 abstract 】 : green way construction after more than a century of development of the theory and the practice after, gradually matured and mature, and become the world city building green one of the principal means of space. This paper introduces the definition, the world of the present situation of the development and green way, and based on this, this paper introduces the development of shenzhen green way with characteristics, summarizes the green of the way the benefits, environmental changes, etc.
【 key words 】 : green way construction; Development; Function benefit; Shenzhen green way
CLC No.: X324 Document ID No.: A Article No.:
Background of greenway construction
In the three decades of reform and opening up, the economy of Guangdong Province has developed rapidly, accompanied by the shortage of resources and the deterioration of the environment, the disorderly spread of urban construction, and the decline of the quality of life. In order to change the development model, improve the living environment, actively promote the implementation of the reform and development plan. The greenway is a concept introduced into China in recent years. It is the intersection of landscape design, landscape ecology, urban planning and other disciplines, and has become one of the main means for cities to create green space. Clear definition and understanding of the current situation and development of greenways in the world are of great practical significance for guiding the construction of greenways.
1.1 Concept of greenway
The meaning of greenway is very broad, and there are different concepts under different environments and conditions. Charles Little is quoted here Definition: Greenway is a linear open space built along natural corridors such as riverside and ridge lines, or along artificial corridors such as abandoned railway lines, ditches and scenic roads used for recreational activities, including all natural landscape lines and artificial landscape lines accessible to pedestrians and cyclists. It is an open space connecting parks, nature reserves, scenic spots, historic sites and other high-density residential areas. From the local level, it refers to some strip or linear parks that are considered as parkways or greenbelts [1].
1.2 Greenway development
Although the concept of greenway in China has only been known in recent years, it has become the focus of attention and research, and is the core content of open space planning. However, as far as the world is concerned, it has become an indispensable part of landscape planning a century ago. The United States is the country with the earliest and richest experience in greenway construction, while several other countries, such as Germany, Singapore, Japan, have also gradually improved and matured their greenway construction. The development history of greenways includes the following five stages:
The real first greenway in the world is the greenway system of Boston Park in the United States designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1867. Charles Eliot expanded this idea and extended the greenway, forming the early greenway planning.
In the second stage, Olmsted Brothers, Eliot Ò and Henry Wright were mainly engaged in. These planners integrated the concept of landscape design into the greenway planning and completed some representative greenway planning, such as Blue Bridge Park.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the vigorous development of environmental protection movement affected the development of greenway planning, during which three greenway research centers were formed.
The fourth stage is to formally name the greenway movement. Little gave the definition of greenway for the first time.
The fifth stage refers to the rapid development of the greenway movement from the 1990s to the present, and the greenway projects have also been established around the world, making great progress both in theory and practice.
1.3 Greenway status in China
At present, domestic research on greenways mostly stays at the level of introducing foreign concepts, and there are not many practical applications of greenway theory in China. The practice of greenway construction in China mainly includes land greening and urban green space system planning. Among them, Guangdong Province, as a major economic province in China, has taken the lead in the construction and development of China's greenway system. At present, some cities in the Pearl River Delta have explored the construction of greenways on a small scale in some areas to varying degrees. According to the Outline of the Overall Planning of the Greenway Network in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong has built six regional greenways with a total length of about 1678 kilometers in the Pearl River Delta in about three years from 2010, These practical experiences provide practical reference objects for the construction of greenway network in China.
Functions of greenway
Ecological and environmental protection, improving public health
The ecological and environmental protection benefits brought by the greenway are mainly shown as follows: ① The greenway has the functions of consolidating soil, purifying air, and cleaning water, and to a certain extent, it maintains the ecological balance of nature; ② The greenway provides the residents with footpaths and bicycle lanes, which can enable them to exercise in a relatively healthier environment and improve their health; ③ Through the establishment of pedestrian walkway system, the greenway has greatly increased the number of pedestrians and effectively reduced the use of motor vehicles.
Provide green recreational places
The landscape in the greenway and its humanistic atmosphere attract people's attention. More and more people choose to walk and run with their family or friends. The greenway brings people a healthy and comfortable life, increases the opportunities for leisure and entertainment, and greatly improves people's quality of life.
Drive social and economic development
The construction of greenways has also driven the development of regional economy. First of all, the construction of greenway adds color to the city. Its aesthetic function and landscape design can effectively promote the development of tourism and increase the income of tourism; Secondly, the use of greenways has improved people's health, reduced the incidence of diabetes, cancer, etc., and reduced medical expenses.
The Distribution and Characteristics of Shenzhen Greenway
Greenway planning and design from the perspective of low-carbon ecology. The detailed planning of the greenway in the special zone is based on the low-carbon ecological concept, adheres to the principles of ecology, humanity, localization and facilitation, and adheres to the planning and construction based on local conditions, the use of green materials, and the embodiment of humanistic care, which is reflected in: the detailed route selection of greenways based on local conditions; Greenway ecological layout combining "point, line and side"; Green service facilities with humanized configuration; The green corridor planning with the coexistence of local and characteristic landscape.
According to the Outline, the regional greenways in Shenzhen include No. 2 regional greenways and No. 5 regional greenways, with a total length of about 300 kilometers. Among them, the greenway in Area 2 is about 233 km long, the greenway in Area 5 is about 68.5 km long, and the greenway in Dayun branch line is about 30.5 km long. Its distribution is shown in Table 1, and its type statistics are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 Statistics of regional greenways in Shenzhen
Table 2 Statistical Table of Regional Greenway Types
Figure 1 Map of Shenzhen Greenway
During the construction of Shenzhen greenway, Shenzhen greenway was designed on the basis of ecological priority and fully combined with the topographic characteristics of Shenzhen. Its characteristics include the following three points.
