Summary and Selection of Nature Reserves (9 articles)

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Summary of nature reserves

Chapter 1: Model text for summary of nature reserves

International Biodiversity Day summary one

May 22 is the International Biodiversity Day established by the United Nations. The xx anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity is also the xx anniversary of China's accession to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The theme of this year's International Biodiversity Day is "Commemorating the 25th anniversary of biodiversity action". In accordance with the deployment requirements of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, in order to solidly carry out the special publicity activities of our province, enhance the public awareness of biodiversity protection, promote the whole society to pay attention to and participate in biodiversity protection, the relevant matters are notified as follows:

1、 Strengthen the publicity and implementation of laws, regulations and policies, and enhance the public's awareness of biodiversity conservation

Municipal environmental protection bureaus should organize national level natural The competent departments and management organizations of nature reserves and provincial nature reserves shall conscientiously perform their management responsibilities for nature reserves and earnestly publicize the Regulations on Nature Reserves and other relevant laws and regulations; Focusing on the special action of "Green Shield 20xx" nature reserve for supervision and inspection, strengthen the publicity and report of the special action, set up a reporting telephone and mailbox, encourage the public to consciously participate in the special action, supervise the special action, and ensure that the special action achieves solid results; Increase the exposure of typical illegal cases to make those who damage the ecological environment pay the price; Through publicity and participation, we will comprehensively promote the public's ecological civilization concepts of respecting nature, conforming to nature, protecting nature and green water and green mountains are golden mountains and silver mountains, and strive to create a good atmosphere for the whole society to participate in biodiversity conservation extensively.

2、 Strengthen publicity of popular science knowledge and protection achievements, and guide green consumption mode

The environmental protection bureaus of each city should give full play to the advantages of science popularization and education facilities such as nature reserves, wetland museums, ecological museums, bird exhibition halls, etc. through new media such as websites, and in the form of words, pictures, videos, etc., and hold biodiversity exhibitions to show the achievements of local biodiversity conservation, so that people can walk into and get close to nature, Feel the beautiful living environment brought by nature protection. Strengthen the publicity of environmental protection science popularization base, regard garbage incineration, sewage treatment, constructed wetland water quality purification projects closely related to life as important publicity bases, popularize environmental protection knowledge, enhance the consciousness of the whole society to participate in and support environmental protection work, and take the low-carbon green consumption road.

3、 Job requirements

The municipal environmental protection bureaus should adhere to the principle of thrifty activities, attach great importance to them, make careful arrangements, strengthen coordination, and earnestly carry out the special publicity activities of "5.22 International Biodiversity Day" in 20xx according to the local actual conditions. All activities should be fully launched before May 20; From May 20 to 22, the municipal environmental protection bureaus and the management agencies of national nature reserves are requested to submit the publicity information of biodiversity day to our department every day, including text, pictures, videos, etc; On May 25, the municipal environmental protection bureaus reported the work summary of the publicity activities to the Watershed Division of our Department.

International Biodiversity Day Activity Summary 2

Biodiversity is the result of billions of years of development and evolution of life on the earth, and is the material basis for human survival. In order to commemorate the International Biodiversity Day, improve teachers and students' understanding of biodiversity, popularize biological knowledge, let more students understand the current situation of biodiversity, and arouse everyone's love for the Earth family. In combination with the actual teaching situation of our school, a variety of activities were carried out around the theme of this year's International Biodiversity Day.

The summary is as follows:

1、 Attach great importance to and integrate forces. After receiving the notice, our school set up a leading group in a timely manner, attached great importance to the publicity of the "5.22 International Biodiversity Day", and incorporated it into the teaching activity plans of various subjects for overall arrangement and planning in advance. We have formulated the education and teaching program of publicity activities with our own characteristics.

2、 Close to reality and enhance the effect. In order to raise people's awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation, in line with the purpose of promoting environmental awareness and biodiversity, around the theme of the International Biodiversity Day in XX, and in combination with the actual situation of our school, publicity activities are carried out close to students' learning and life, and the actual effect and radiation effect of publicity and education activities are effectively enhanced. Our school has carried out the following activities: 1. The game of reading maps and recognizing animals and plants for junior students 2. The newspaper reading contest for senior students 3. The activity of visiting the campus to know plants.

3、 Summarize experience and exchange results. Biodiversity is the foundation of sustainable development. The protection of biodiversity and ecosystems will help economic development, poverty eradication, water and soil conservation and pollution control. Through a series of activities, teachers and students have improved their understanding of biodiversity, popularized biological knowledge, made more students understand the current situation of biodiversity, and aroused everyone's love for the Earth family.

International Biodiversity Day Activity Summary 3

May 22 is the International Biodiversity Day established by the United Nations. In order to further implement the relevant provisions of the International Convention for the Protection of Biological Diversity and strengthen the protection of biological species resources in our city, according to the requirements of the Notice of Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Department on Carrying out the Special Publicity Activities of 20xx "International Biodiversity Day", the municipal and county (district) environmental protection departments of our city closely focus on "biodiversity and sustainable tourism" Thematic publicity activities were carried out to promote the concept of environmental protection and advocate sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

Biodiversity is the result of billions of years of development and evolution of life on the earth, and is the material basis for human survival. In order to improve the general public's understanding of biodiversity, popularize biological knowledge, let more people understand the current situation of biodiversity, and improve the awareness of all sectors of society on the protection of the ecological environment. In combination with the actual environmental protection work in our city, on May 22, the city and county (district) environmental protection departments carried out a variety of special publicity activities through various forms and channels. First, organize the staff to watch the propaganda film of biological protection, and carry out a quiz contest on biological diversity; Second, publicize biodiversity information in the bulletin board, LED electronic screen and qq group of the unit, so that the majority of employees can learn more about biodiversity knowledge after work; Third, organize staff to carry out publicity activities in the areas where the flow of people is concentrated. Through the introduction of the unique cycads in Panzhihua and the situation of endangered domestic animals and plants on the publicity display board, more than 20xx copies of biodiversity and environmental protection materials were distributed to make more citizens realize that maintaining biodiversity is to protect our own living environment and protect the earth family, which is tantamount to loving ourselves.

Through this publicity, the environmental protection staff and the general public have a clearer understanding of the species and current situation of biology, the necessity and urgency of biological protection in China and the world at present, the environmental protection awareness of the masses has been improved, and the work enthusiasm of the staff has been strengthened.

International Biodiversity Day Activity Summary 4

May 22 is the International Biodiversity Day established by the United Nations. In order to further implement the relevant provisions of the International Convention for the Protection of Biological Diversity and strengthen the protection of biological species resources in our city, according to the requirements of the Notice of Sichuan Provincial Environmental Protection Department on Carrying out the Special Publicity Activities of "International Biodiversity Day", the municipal and county (district) environmental protection departments of our city closely focus on "biodiversity and sustainable tourism" Thematic publicity activities were carried out to promote the concept of environmental protection and advocate sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

Chapter 2: Model Text for Nature Reserve Summary

Taking the chapter of environmental protection planning in Huangshan city master plan as an example, this paper puts forward the main contents of environmental protection planning in urban planning, and expounds the important role of environmental protection planning in urban planning.

1. Causes of urban environmental problems and their relationship with planning

1.1 Causes of urban environmental problems

At present, environmental problems have become an important factor restricting the economic and social development of cities. From a phenomenal point of view, the urban environmental problems are mainly manifested in the decline in the quality of life caused by crowded living and few parks and green spaces. This continued decline in quality eventually led to the decline of the city. In essence, these are all caused by the cognitive bias towards urban planning in the process of urban development, especially the research on environmental protection issues in the field of urban planning has not attracted sufficient attention, and cities are often planned unilaterally according to the "population nature scale layout" model.

1.2 Relationship between urban planning and environmental protection

China promulgated and implemented the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China on December 26, 1989 to protect and improve the living environment and ecological environment. The core of urban planning is to solve a space environment problem. It is the carrier of politics, economy, society and culture, and also a link between nature and man. The purpose of urban planning is to make man and nature develop harmoniously, that is, to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, environmental protection is particularly important in urban development. Urban planning has an important impact on the environment. At the beginning of planning and decision-making, it is very important to take comprehensive consideration of environmental protection. Comprehensive planning and reasonable layout are an important force for environmental protection in China, and are also strategic measures to prevent pollution. Nature is a multi-layer system, and its occurrence and development follow certain natural laws. We can only develop and utilize it scientifically and in a planned way, Only in this way can we truly become the master of nature and transform the original environment into a living environment suitable for the development of human society.

Another development trend of the legal system of urban planning is to unify urban planning and environmental protection, seeking to realize the unification of land use and environmental protection at each stage of the planning process. The Urban and Rural Planning Law, implemented on January 1, 2008, also specifies that environmental protection planning is a necessary part of urban and rural planning.

2. Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, environmental protection is combined with urban planning

The urban development plan shall be formulated based on the urban environmental capacity and resource carrying capacity. Starting from the whole region, the coordinated development of towns and villages should be considered as a whole; The rational division of urban functions, rational distribution of industry and urban transportation are the primary planning objectives.

Improve the construction and operation of urban environmental infrastructure, and actively promote market-oriented operation mechanism. Urban environmental infrastructure refers to the infrastructure closely related to environmental protection, which is an important means of urban environmental protection. While continuing to play the leading role of the government, we should pay attention to the role of the market mechanism, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, and actively promote investment diversification, equity shareholding, market-oriented operation and professional service.

Implement the urban environmental and ecological protection strategy of urban-rural integration. Urban ecological planning is also an important part of urban environmental protection planning. Urban construction should follow the principle of laying equal stress on development and utilization as well as protection and restoration to prevent soil erosion and damage to urban ecology.

We will continue to deepen comprehensive improvement of the urban environment. The "quantitative assessment system for comprehensive improvement of urban environment" will be taken as the basic means to improve the capacity of urban sustainable development and comprehensively strengthen the comprehensive improvement of urban environment.

3. Case of Huangshan City's Overall Urban Planning Embodying Environmental Protection

The overall urban planning of Huangshan City aims at building an international tourism and ecological city. In the urban development planning, it adheres to the principle of people-oriented, natural harmony and sustainable development, takes industrial structure adjustment and economic development as the driving force, focuses on ecological environment protection and construction, and maintains the development of urban and rural and regional ecological environment towards greening, purification and beautification of ecological landscape, Establish a stable and sustainable ecological support system; Carry forward traditional culture, advocate ecological civilization, and establish a safe and orderly ecological social system.

3.1 Verify the planned population through the analysis of resource carrying capacity and environmental capacity

The indicators of resource and environment carrying capacity include water environment capacity, atmospheric environment capacity, land carrying capacity, traffic carrying capacity and energy, total resources and utilization intensity, etc; These indicators are the basis for the economic development of the planning area and can directly reflect the sustainable development capacity of the planning area. According to the plan, the urban population within the environmental carrying range is obtained through the specific analysis of water resources carrying capacity, land resources carrying capacity and ecological suitability, and environmental capacity and total amount control, and the water resources guarantee measures are defined. The land use scale and utilization mode, as well as the urban industry, service industry, residential water use indicators and sewage discharge indicators in the pollution receiving areas need to be properly controlled.

3.2 Environmental impact analysis of planning and layout

1) Planning spatial structure is conducive to environmental protection. In the overall structural layout, the land ecological suitability and coordination with surrounding cities are fully considered, and the "multi center cluster" layout structure of the central urban area is proposed. The network green space and open space system will be constructed by using natural conditions such as scenic spots, rivers, mountains and forests as the main content of the overall layout, which fully reflects the mountains, forests, cities, fields The ecological environment characteristics and ecological landscape characteristics of coexistence of water divide the green space into different types and put forward the key points of control accordingly, which builds the layout foundation of the ecological city construction of Huangshan City as a whole and reflects the overall idea of sustainable development.

2) The adjustment of land use functions is conducive to environmental protection. In the overall planning, industrial relocation and industrial structure adjustment are proposed in the industrial layout, which has reduced the total amount of pollutants discharged in the central urban area, especially industrial dust, wastewater and so2, and has played a supporting role in improving the living environment and building an ecological city. The relocation of heavily polluting enterprises to the region, due to its large environmental capacity, strong pollutant diffusion capacity and relatively light pollution, has laid a good industrial foundation for the construction of an ecological city and laid an ecological foundation for the development of the industry.

3.3 Zoning control meets the needs of sustainable development

Zoning control is conducive to the rational use of land, the protection of ecological environment and the realization of sustainable development. The overall urban planning of Huangshan City integrates many factors, such as natural resources, engineering geological conditions, ecological suitability, cultural relics protection, etc., and in principle delimits the prohibited construction areas, restricted construction areas, and suitable construction areas within the scope of the city, and proposes the city space control measures and division of powers. On this basis, further clearly delineate the central urban area and the prohibited, restricted and suitable construction areas of cities and towns in the city.

3.4 Comprehensive improvement measures for urban environment

Through the analysis of the current situation of water resources, atmospheric environment, acoustic environment and solid waste, the prevention and control objectives are proposed, and specific environmental protection measures are defined. The planning takes full account of the engineering water shortage factors in Huangshan City, and starts from two aspects of source opening and expenditure reduction. Through the construction of reservoirs and reuse of reclaimed water, both source opening and expenditure reduction are carried out, and the overall water resources are increased through circular economy. It is proposed to strengthen the construction of urban expressways and other major traffic roads, give priority to the development of public transport, timely develop light rail transit, and guide residents to travel reasonably in combination with the development of various clusters, so as to alleviate the traffic congestion, noise and atmospheric environmental pollution problems caused by the rapid growth of private cars, which generally meets the basic requirements of building an ecological city.

4 Conclusion

The problems of urban planning and environmental protection are all related to "people". In the planning, we should adhere to the people-oriented scientific development concept of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, correctly handle the relationship between population, resources and environment, improve the ecological environment, improve the efficiency of resource utilization, coordinate the relationship between man and nature, and achieve the harmonious and sustainable development of time and space, history and geography, and city and environment.

reference

[1] Wu Jiahua. Outline of Environmental History [m]. Beijing: China Architecture Press, 1999

[2] Qu Geping. Developing circular economy is a major trend in the 21st century [j]. Development and innovation of electromechanical products, 2001, 6

[3] Dong Jianhong. History of Chinese Urban Construction [m]. Beijing: China Architecture Press, 2004

[4] Shen Yulin. History of Foreign Urban Construction [m]. Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 1989

[5] Yan Luming. Human development and living environment [m]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2001

[6] Cao Mingde, Huang Xisheng, Environmental Resources Law [m], Beijing: CITIC Press, 2004

[7] Cai Shouqiu. A Course of Environmental and Resource Law [m]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2000

Chapter 3: Model Text for Nature Reserve Summary

II Principles of classification of nature reserves in China

III Criteria for classification of nature reserves in China

4、 Discussion

5、 Conclusion

On the basis of summarizing the research progress of the classification of nature reserves at home and abroad, and according to the actual situation of the construction and management of nature reserves in China, the basic principles of the classification of nature reserves in China are put forward. On the basis of this principle, the criteria for the classification of nature reserves in China are studied and formulated. The standard defines and divides Chinese nature reserves into three categories and nine types, namely:

1. Natural ecosystem nature reserves, including five types of ecosystems, including forests, grasslands and meadows, deserts, inland wetlands and waters, oceans and coasts;

2. Wildlife nature reserves, including wild animals and wild plants;

3. Natural heritage nature reserves include geological heritage and paleontological heritage.

At the same time, the classification system structure, the category of nature reserves and the feasibility of this standard are discussed in detail.

Key words: nature reserves; reserve; national park; Type; Classification criteria.

I Background of classification of nature reserves

The establishment of nature reserves is an important means to protect the natural environment and natural resources, maintain ecological balance and biodiversity. According to statistics, by 1991, 8490 protected areas of various types had been built in the world, with an area of 7.74 million square kilometers, accounting for 5.2% of the global land area [1]. The construction of nature reserves in China has made great progress in the past ten years. By the end of 1991, the total number of nature reserves in China had reached 708, with a land area of 53.18 million hectares, accounting for 5.5% of the land area [2]. The construction and management of nature reserves has become an important cause in social development and people's life. However, nature reserves are not only numerous, but also complex in type. They must be classified according to a unified standard for management. Since the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, the first nature reserve in the world, in 1872, the construction of the reserve has gone through more than 100 years of development, but the naming of the reserve has not been unified. It was not until the 10th IUCN Congress held in New Delhi in 1969 that the definition of "national park" was accepted. However, due to the lack of strict use standards and differences in nature, this definition is not applicable to other types of protected areas. Moreover, the use of the term "national park" caused more confusion about the concept of protected areas around the world, which led to the adoption of a proposal at the Second World Congress of National Parks held in 1972, requiring IUCN to define the establishment objectives of protected areas and develop appropriate classification standards for protected areas. The IUCN National Parks and Protected Areas Committee established the "Standards and Terminology Committee" for this purpose. The Committee completed a report in 1978, dividing the protected areas into 10 types. That is:

1. Scientific reserves/strict nature reserves;

2. National parks;

3. Natural memorial/natural scenery;

4. Managed nature reserves/wildlife sanctuaries;

5. Protective land (or marine) landscape reserve;

6. Resource reserve;

7. Natural biological area/anthropological reserve;

8. Multi purpose management area/managed resource area;

Chapter 4: Model text for summary of nature reserves

By the end of *, China has established 2531 nature reserves of various types, with a total area of 1.52 million square kilometers, accounting for 15.2% of the land area. It has played an extremely important role in protecting natural resources and biodiversity, and maintaining the ecological security of the land. Next, I would like to make some comments on the review of national nature reserves and the development and management of national nature reserves.

1、 Ensure quality and steadily develop national nature reserves

National nature reserves are the essence of nature reserves. At present, China has built 303 national nature reserves, accounting for 62% of the total area of the reserves and 10% of the land area. In addition to the 10 protected areas that have passed the review but have not yet been submitted for approval and the batch of protected areas that we have just passed the review, the area of national protected areas has accounted for a high proportion. After all, China is a developing country. Development is the absolute principle, the first essence and the key to solving all problems. The "*" National Economic and Social Development Plan outlines the national nature reserves as prohibited development zones, and relevant departments are also studying and formulating the main function zoning and related policies. Therefore, we must take overall consideration, actively and carefully when establishing national nature reserves in the future. We should not only establish nature reserves in areas that really need protection and strictly protect them, but also not separate from the national conditions and set aside too many too large prohibited development zones, which will affect the local economic and social development. Of course, we must also be soberly aware that in recent years, unreasonable development and construction activities have caused great pressure on nature reserves, and the phenomenon of encroaching, destroying or even canceling nature reserves has occurred from time to time. Only by establishing national level reserves can we prevent such impacts according to law. From the statistical analysis in recent years, it can be seen that although the enthusiasm of local authorities to declare national protected areas is still high, the development speed of the entire nature reserve is declining rapidly. Some places are afraid of affecting development and are unwilling to establish nature reserves. Therefore, we also need to protect the enthusiasm of local nature reserves. After all, the establishment of nature reserves is to protect the ecological environment rather than damage it. In the future, in terms of the development strategy of national nature reserves, we must correctly handle the relationship between protection and development, quantity and quality, and between the reserves and surrounding communities, adhere to standards, ensure quality, and steadily promote the healthy development of national nature reserves.

2、 Overall planning to optimize the spatial layout of national nature reserves

At present, the establishment of national nature reserves is based on a bottom-up declaration, review and approval system. Due to the lack of macro guidance, some regional national nature reserves are too dense, and some areas that need to be protected through the establishment of national nature reserves have not been established due to the lack of local or departmental declaration. In addition, national protected areas are basically built according to the boundaries of administrative regions, not including the entire ecological region. The natural resources and ecological environment of some national protected areas have changed, and their scope and functional zoning need to be adjusted. In general, the spatial distribution and structure of national nature reserves are not yet reasonable. Therefore, it is necessary to organize the investigation and evaluation of the scope and functional zoning of national nature reserves, and carry out the research on the spatial pattern of nature reserves. We have completed the preparation of the National Nature Reserve Development Plan. Due to some different opinions from individual departments, we have not yet submitted it to the State Council for approval. The next step is to continue coordination and communication, and strive to report to the State Council for approval as soon as possible to guide the development of national nature reserves. On the basis of investigation and in combination with economic and social development planning, approve the construction of national nature reserves; The existing nature reserves should be systematically integrated according to the natural geographical units such as river basins and mountains to reduce repeated construction; Through the establishment of ecological corridors, the relatively concentrated but not integrated protected areas should be connected; On the basis of careful research and full demonstration, the scope and functional zoning of unscientific nature reserves should be properly adjusted. It is hoped that through these measures, the structure of national protected areas can be further optimized, the functions can be further improved, and the effect can be further improved.

3、 Carry out assessment to improve the management level of national nature reserves

It is an important supervision and management measure to assess the construction and management of national nature reserves. Assessment and evaluation can confirm achievements and experience, find problems and gaps, promote rectification and management, and improve the effectiveness of protection* In, the Ministry of Environmental Protection launched a national nature reserve assessment pilot project in Liaoning Province to study the assessment indicators and mechanisms. This year, seven departments including the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the State Forestry Administration, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Water Resources, the State Oceanic Administration and the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly carried out the management assessment of national nature reserves in six provinces and one city in East China. Through the assessment, we have basically understood the current situation and main problems of the construction and management of nature reserves in East China, the most economically developed region in China, and put forward many specific suggestions and recommendations, which has promoted the management of nature reserves and improved the understanding of local governments and relevant departments on the work of nature reserves. According to the assessment results of all provinces and cities, the management level of national nature reserves in Fujian, Shanghai and Zhejiang provinces and cities is generally good, while that in other provinces is slightly worse. The assessment will be reported to the State Council, and the results will also be published in the media. With regard to the assessment of nature reserves, we lack experience, especially in terms of standards, methods and mechanisms. How can we achieve the effect and purpose of the assessment without stirring up the masses and increasing the burden on the local and protected areas? Please also ask the judges to actively help us to make suggestions and support us to do this work together.

4、 Deepen reform and improve the review mechanism of national nature reserves

Chapter 5: Model Text of Nature Reserve Summary

Key words: forest land; resources; Structure; protect

CLC No.: S757 Document ID No.: A DOI No.: 10.14025/ki.jlny.2015.20064

Forest land is an important natural resource and strategic resource of the country. It is the foundation of forest survival and development, and the material basis of wildlife habitat and biodiversity protection. Strengthening the management of forest land protection and utilization, and improving the carrying capacity of forest resources have become the primary task of coping with climate change, developing modern forestry, ensuring land ecological security, coordinating the harmony between man and nature, and promoting the construction of ecological civilization.

1 Overview of natural resources in Fengcheng City

1.1 Geographic location

Fengcheng City is located in the east of Liaoning Province. 123 ° 32 ′~124 ° 32 ′ E, 40 ° 02 ′~41 ° 06 ′ N. It is adjacent to Benxi Manchu Autonomous County in the north, Zhen'an District of Dandong City and Donggang City in the south, Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County in the east, Liaoyang County and Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County in the west. It is 60000 meters away from Dandong downtown in the south and 217000 meters away from Shenyang in the north. The total area is 5513 square kilometers.

1.2 Landform

The north of Fengcheng is a middle and low mountain erosion tectonic terrain with an altitude of more than 1000 meters. The overall trend of the mountain ranges is from northeast to southwest. The whole city is dominated by low mountains and hills, with middle mountains standing in between. It is a mountainous area, and belt plains are distributed along rivers and valleys.

1.3 Climate

Fengcheng City has a continental humid monsoon climate in the middle temperate zone, with four distinct seasons. It is cold, cool and humid. Drought and less waterlogging in spring (March to May); Summer (June to August) is hot and humid, rainy and hot in the same season, with concentrated rainfall; In autumn (September November), the weather is changeable; Winter (December to February) is long, cold and little snow; The frost free period throughout the year is short, about 138~173 days. The annual average temperature is 7.9 ℃, the average maximum temperature is 14.0 ℃, and the average minimum temperature is 2.6 ℃. The average annual precipitation is 979.2 mm, and the average annual sunshine hours are 2385.6 hours.

1.4 Water resources

Fengcheng has more than 270 large and small rivers such as Love River, Dayang River and Caohe River, and 2242 small and medium-sized rivers with a total length of 4.395 million meters. The total water resources are 3.364 billion cubic meters per year, with a per capita occupancy of 5831 cubic meters, accounting for 5.5% of the surface water resources in Liaoning Province. The total available water is 2.090 billion cubic meters, including 1.916 billion cubic meters of surface water and 174 million cubic meters of groundwater. The water quality is pure calcium carbonate high-quality drinking water, which is ideal for brewing and light industry. Five places of underground hot water have been found, and the water contains 28 kinds of elements, which have significant effects on arthritis, skin diseases and other diseases. The hydropower reserves reach 240000 kilowatts, accounting for 1/4 of the province. There are 5 underground hot springs with a daily output of more than 5000 tons.

1.5 Natural resources

Fengcheng's natural profile is "eight mountains, half water, half farmland, half roads and manors". The total cultivated land area of the city is 938000 mu, and the per capita cultivated land is 1.6 mu; There are many mountains and forests in Fengcheng, and there are many wild resources. There are 998 species of higher plants belonging to 81 families, 404 genera (including 52 species of wild fruits belonging to 13 families, 20 genera), 28 species of mammals belonging to 14 families, and 162 species of birds belonging to 39 families.

There are 620 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials, such as ginseng, asarum, gastrodia elata, gentian, etc; There are dozens of edible fungi such as agaric and hazelnut mushroom; There are dozens of wild vegetables, dried fresh fruits such as Chinese chestnuts and walnuts, and rare animals and plants such as Magnolia grandiflora and giant salamander.

Rich in mineral resources, 59 kinds of metal and non-metallic mineral deposits such as coal, iron, gold, copper, boron, etc. have been found, one of which is placer gold and vein gold with large reserves and wide distribution. It has been mined for more than 200 years. In 1989, it was listed as one of the key gold production areas in China. In 2010, new mineral resources were found, and the preliminarily proved reserves of gold resources were 20.5 tons, belonging to large gold mines; The reserves of boron ore account for 63% of the total reserves of solid boron ore in China, and the reserves of Wengquangou boron ore in Liujiahe rank first in China; The reserves of andalusite rank first in Asia and third in the world. "Dandong Green", "Phoenix Green" and other marble products are praised as "the crown of marble" by Southeast Asian countries ("Dandong Green" marble is selected for part of the decoration of the memorial hall). There are more than ten varieties of granite plates, which have entered the international market.

2 Current situation of forest land resources protection and utilization

2.1 Forest land area

According to the result of forest land boundary, the forest land area of the city is 413604.6 hectares, accounting for 74.99% of the total area of the city. The forest stock is 19506343 cubic meters, and the forest coverage rate is 71.7%. There are 394868.7 hectares of forest land, accounting for 95.47% of the total area of forest land, 562.9 hectares of open forest land, accounting for 0.14%, 1055.8 hectares of shrubbery land (324 hectares of other specified shrubbery), accounting for 0.26%, 10720.5 hectares of uncultivated forest land, accounting for 2.59%, 76 hectares of nursery land, accounting for 0.02%, 3649 hectares of forest land without standing trees, accounting for 0.88%, 2590.1 hectares of suitable forest land, accounting for 0.62%, and 81.6 hectares of auxiliary production forest land, Accounting for 0.02%. See Table 1 for the area of each category.

2.2 Forest land structure

2.2.1 Origin According to the different ways of forest formation, the city is divided into artificial forests and natural forests. Among them, the natural forest area is 305737.9 hectares, accounting for 73.92% of the total forest land area; The area of plantation is 101470 hectares, accounting for 24.53% of the total forest land area. See Table 2.

2.2.2 The public welfare forest land and commercial forest land are classified into public welfare forest land and commercial forest land according to the different utilization of forest leading functions and the requirements of the Measures for the Delimitation of Key Public Welfare Forest Areas (Lin Cefa [2004] No. 94) issued by the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Finance. The public welfare forest land is counted according to the key public welfare forest land and the general public welfare forest land, and the commercial forest land is counted according to the key commercial forest land and the general commercial forest land. The public welfare forest land accounts for 44.65% of the total forest land area of the city, and the commercial forest land accounts for 55.35% of the total forest land area of the city, including 76313.8 hectares of key public welfare forest land (all national public welfare forest land), accounting for 18.45% of the total forest land area, and 12.17% of key commercial forest land. See Table 3 for details.

Table 3 Statistical Table of Public Welfare Forest Land and Commercial Forest Land Unit: hectare,%

3 Problems in forest land protection

3.1 The quality of forest land is not high, the productivity is low, and the structure is unreasonable

Forest fire, forest pests and diseases are serious threats, and forest ecological functions are fragile. Among the existing forests in the city, there are many sparse forests and low yield forests, and the growth of trees is low. The average storage per unit area of arbor forests is 66.23 m3/ha, slightly higher than the average level of Liaoning Province of 59.1 m3/ha, and lower than the national average of 85.9 m3/ha. The annual growth per unit area is 1/5 less than the national average. Forest type structure and forest age structure reflect the utilization status of forest land. The reasonable distribution of forest type structure and forest age structure can give full play to the utilization efficiency of forest land. Fengcheng City is basically reasonable in the two system structures of ecological public welfare forest and commercial forest, but the proportion between protective forest and special forest is not coordinated enough, the proportion of protective forest is high, and the proportion of special forest is low. In terms of age structure, the dominant tree species age group of Fengcheng arbor forest is mainly young and middle aged trees, accounting for 77.7% of the arbor forest area; The total area of near mature forest, mature forest and over mature forest only accounts for 22.3% of the area of arbor forest.

3.2 The loss of forest land resources still exists, and the awareness of forest land protection needs to be improved

3.2.1 The demand of economic development for forest land is on the rise year by year. With the increase of population and the rapid development of economy, various construction land is increasing rapidly. The management of forest land is not paid enough attention to, and is not recognized enough. Forest land is not treated as important as cultivated land. The demand of economic development for forest land is on the rise year by year, It also puts forward higher requirements for forest land protection.

3.2.2 Deforestation and land reclamation, disorderly occupation of forest land and "small-scale land reclamation" occupation of forest land are on the rise. Due to the lack of awareness of forest land protection and utilization, with the implementation of preferential agricultural policies such as the cancellation of agricultural taxes and direct subsidies for grain planting by the state, and the increase of grain prices year by year, while stimulating farmers' enthusiasm for farming, deforestation and land reclamation are also encouraged, and deforestation and land reclamation are on the rise year by year in some areas, As a result, the forest ecology in some areas of Fengcheng City has been seriously damaged.

3.3 The management of forest land resources is difficult, and relevant management systems and measures need to be improved

3.3.1 The operation mechanism of examining and approving the occupation and expropriation of forest land is not perfect. The forestry and land departments are the functional agencies responsible for examining and approving the occupation and expropriation of land (forest land). However, in the process of implementation, there is a problem of uncoordinated departmental administrative actions. Taking the issue of expropriation of forest land for mining as an example, the land department can apply for a mining certificate for the mining land user without the preliminary review opinions of the forestry department. The forestry department has always been unable to play the role of pre audit in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations.

3.3.2 The law enforcement "scale" of the department is inconsistent, and "small-scale reclamation" belongs to the forest land illegally occupied, which should have been stopped according to law and returned to the forest land for ecological construction. However, the land department takes "small-scale land reclamation" as a backup resource to supplement cultivated land, which makes it difficult to completely curb deforestation and land reclamation.

3.4 Insufficient forestry capital investment, and lack of standardization of forest ownership and forest land use right transfer

3.4.1 The forestry capital investment is insufficient, the effect of forest land protection and utilization is not good, the cultivation and production cycle of forest resources is long, the economic benefit is low, and the enthusiasm of investing in forestry and protecting forest land is not high. In recent years, although the investment of governments at all levels in forestry has increased significantly, the annual investment in forestry has been lower than the provincial government's requirement of accounting for 1% of local financial expenditure. In addition, there are many historical debts, the forestry sector is in debt for afforestation, and the economic burden is heavy. It is difficult to protect and utilize the forest land.

3.4.2 The transfer of forest ownership and forest land use right is not standardized. With the continuous development of the market economy, it is a general trend for trees and forest land to enter the market as production factors. However, in the process of actual operation of the transfer, the transfer of forest rights is not standardized due to the lack of standardized laws and regulations.

3.5 Lack of scientific guidance in forest land protection and utilization

Forest land resources are non renewable resources, but for a long time, there has been no unified planning, so the medium and long-term forest land protection and utilization work lacks scientific guidance and regional overall arrangement, and the measures taken lack effective pertinence. At present, we must take the scientific concept of development as the guide, formulate the city's forest land protection and utilization plan according to law, scientifically and reasonably determine the size, structure and layout of the city's forest land, determine the time sequence of forest land protection and utilization in the future, ensure the sustainable development and ecological security of forestry, and realize the organic unity of ecological, social and economic benefits.

4 Effect of forest land protection and utilization

4.1 Sustained growth of land greening area and forest resources

Through the implementation of multiple measures of forest land protection and utilization planning, the existing forest resources have been protected and the forest quality has been improved through closing mountains and prohibiting grazing, transforming low yield and low efficiency forests, strengthening the prevention and control of pests and diseases, and strengthening the management and protection of forest resources; Forest reserve resources have been increased through afforestation of suitable forest land and non standing forest land. It has successfully realized the transition from no forest to forest land, and the forest reserve has reached 394800 hectares since 2010.

4.2 Forest land resources in important ecological locations are effectively protected

Fengcheng City has always attached great importance to the protection of forests and forest land resources. Public welfare forests are managed according to the protection level, and logging is prohibited for special protection and key protection public welfare forests. Generally protected public welfare forests are restricted from logging. Natural forests are prohibited from commercial logging according to the requirements of provincial government documents, providing strong support for the protection of forest land resources. The protection of public welfare forests has achieved remarkable results, The forests in important locations have been effectively protected, and the ecological functions of forests have been improved year by year.

4.3 Coastal shelter forest project

The coastal protection forest project of Fengcheng City has been constructed since 2008, with 28000 mu of barren mountain afforestation area and 150000 mu of mountain closure for afforestation. In 2008, 5000 mu of barren hills were afforested; In 2009, 15000 mu of barren hills were forested; In 2010, 3000 mu of barren hills were afforested and 120000 mu were closed for afforestation; In 2011, the afforestation area of barren hills was 5000 mu, and 30000 mu was closed for afforestation. The afforestation species are mainly Korean pine and larch. The central budget invested 14.6 million yuan, including 4.1 million yuan for afforestation in barren mountains and 10.5 million yuan for afforestation in closed mountains.

4.4 Village greening project

Since 2006, Fengcheng City has started the village greening project, cooperated with the highway and water conservancy departments, greening 180 villages and 50 schools, greening nearly 1000 kilometers of village roads, investing a total of more than 1 million green seedlings and nearly 5 million yuan in greening funds. 25 villages and 3 schools were awarded the honorary title of provincial model villages (schools). In 2007 and 2010, Fengcheng City was awarded the honorary title of "Model County (City, District) of Greening in Liaoning Province" and "Advanced County (City, District) of Greening in Liaoning Province" respectively.

4.5 Green channel project

In accordance with the implementation requirements of the "Green Plan for Visible Faced Mountains on Both Sides of Fengcheng Expressway", the municipal government has carried out afforestation and greening work on the visible mountains on both sides of "Shen Dan Expressway", "Dantong Expressway", Line 304, Bao Huang Line, Yan Tu Line and other highways since 2008, mainly focusing on 5-6-year-old Korean pine, and has completed a total of 15000 mu of afforestation of visible face mountains, The investment in afforestation is nearly 12 million yuan. From 2012 to 2015, the afforestation area was 20000 mu, with an investment of 20 million yuan.

4.6 Silkworm removal and afforestation project

The silkworm farms in Fengcheng City are mainly distributed in Baoshan, Baiqi, Shalizhai, Hongqi, Lanqi, Bianmen, Dabao, Shicheng, Dongtang and other towns, with an area of about 1.287 million mu. Driven by interests, sericulture farmers over stocking and unreasonable stubble rotation, resulting in desertification of silkworm farms, which is prone to water and soil loss. In order to prevent water and soil loss, Fengcheng City has carried out afforestation and greening work aimed at the transformation and management of sandy silkworm farms since the 1980s. So far, 190000 mu of chestnut, larch and Korean pine have been planted in the silkworm farms, and nearly 10 million yuan has been invested in afforestation. From 2012 to 2015, 80000 mu (1 mu ≈ 666.67 m2) of silkworm removal and afforestation were completed, with an investment of 48 million yuan.

reference

[1] Lei Mingjun. Research on Forest Land Protection and Utilization in Wuqi County [D]. Xianyang: Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2008

[2] Kang Linjiang. Some Thoughts on Strengthening Forest Land Protection [J]. China Forestry, 2009, (06)

[3] Long Tao. Study on Main Contents and Methods of County level Forest Land Protection and Utilization Planning [D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2012

[4] Pan Hong, Jiang Wei. Protecting Forest Land Resources and Promoting Sustainable Development -- Summary of Forest Land Management in Sichuan Province [J]. Anhui Forestry, 1998, (01)

[5] Zhang Jingxiong. On China's forestry management measures and sustainable development [J]. Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 2009, (09)

[6] Zhai Jia, Liu Wenqian, Wu Puxia. Discussion on the current situation and countermeasures of forest land resources protection and utilization in Shaanxi [J]. Shaanxi Forestry Science and Technology, 2005, (04)

[7] Chen Rihong, Yu Feng. Talking about forest land resource protection management and ecological forestry construction [J]. Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 2001, (04)

[8] Zhang Fenghe. Research on Forest Land Resources Protection and Utilization in Linxi County [D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2012

[9] Zhao Xiaoli, Zhang Zengxiang, Zou Yarong, Zhou Quanbin. Analysis on the Dynamic Change Characteristics of Land Use in North China [J]. Remote Sensing of Land and Resources, 2002, (02)

[10] Gan Guichun, Xiao Ling Design of forest land protection and utilization planning database based on Geodatabase and CASE tools [J]. Central South Forestry Survey Planning, 2011, 30 (03): 41-

Chapter 6: Model Text of Nature Reserve Summary

[Key words]: wetland resources; Wetland protection community; build

Qinhu Wetland Protection Community is located in the northeast of Taizhou City, with a total planned construction area of 26 square kilometers and a core construction area of 7 square kilometers. The natural resources in the protection community are superior, and the wetland types are diverse, including swamps, lakes, rivers, artificial wetlands and other habitats. Since 2010, in accordance with the principle of "giving priority to ecology, highlighting key points, rational utilization and sustainable development" and taking into account ecological, social and economic benefits, the conservation community has invested more than 200 million yuan in three consecutive phases of wetland restoration projects, and has restored more than 10000 mu of wet forest land, planted more than 6.5 million moisture tolerant trees and 2.5 million aquatic plants, Restore nearly 40 hectares of local green land, and successively build Qinhu landscape ecological forest, Qinhu wetland forest park and Qinhu wetland seedling base. Qinhu Wetland Park, located in the conservation area, was approved by the State Forestry Administration as the first batch of national wetland parks.

The success of the construction of Qinhu Wetland Protection Community has explored the experience for the wetland protection work in Taizhou City, and has a certain reference role for the construction of wetland protection communities in other regions. The author has participated in the planning and demonstration of the construction of wetland protection communities for many times, and believes that the experience of the construction of Qinhu Wetland Protection Community is worth promoting. Now we summarize the following aspects to discuss with you.

1. Scientific planning is the premise and basis for the construction of wetland protection community. In order to protect, develop and utilize the wetland ecological resources, the Qinhu Wetland Protection Working Group has invited many design units, such as Nanjing University School of City and Resources, Hangzhou Garden Design Institute, to carry out a long-term overall plan for wetland protection, and timely revise and improve the plan. The overall planning includes the following aspects:

1.1 Combine wetland protection with the protection of animal and plant diversity. Through large-scale afforestation, reasonable planting of wetland plants, restoration and reconstruction of wetland ecosystem, efforts are made to create an ecological environment where people and nature coexist harmoniously.

1.2 Combine wetland protection with promoting water quality improvement. The water environment and water quality have been greatly improved through environmental improvement, source pollution control, river dredging, river network unblocking and other measures.

1.3 Institutionalize wetland protection. By establishing rules and regulations, reasonably repair, protect and use wetlands to avoid disorderly development of wetland resources and man-made destruction.

1.4 Combine wetland protection with development and utilization. By exploring the wetland's cultural and historical heritage, building an academic and scientific research exchange platform, expanding external cooperation and exchanges, giving full play to the wetland brand, and developing tourism, sightseeing, and leisure industries.

2. Comprehensive renovation is the key and guarantee for the construction of wetland protection community. With the plan in place, the focus is on implementation. The key to implementation is to carry out comprehensive renovation within the protection area. The renovation includes:

2.1 Remove all kinds of pollution sources. By renovating the surrounding environment, 14 industrial enterprises along the lake and in the upstream have been closed successively, and the relocation and resettlement of the original residents in the core area of the wetland have been properly handled, making the lake cleaner, the air newer, and the environment more beautiful.

2.2 The system cleans the wetland. The Qinhu Lake desilting project was implemented, and the internal river network, ditches and ponds in the community were dredged, which unblocked the connection between the Qinhu Lake water system and the external water system.

2.3 Carry out infrastructure construction. A number of infrastructure projects have been carried out, such as building roads, erecting bridges, setting protection signs, building wetland science museums, etc. At the same time, a large number of aquatic plants have been planted for biological slope protection, which has greatly improved the water environment and quality of Qinhu Wetland and played the role of the kidney of the earth. Thus, Qinhu Wetland Protection Community will be built into a comprehensive wetland protection community with lake ecological wetland as the core, regional cultural accumulation and folk customs as the foundation, and integrating wetland ecological protection, scientific research and popular science education functions.

2.4 Construction of wildlife habitat. Through the implementation of wetland ecological conservation and restoration, scientific allocation of hygrophytes, regulation of arid shoals, tending of aquatic animals and plants and other measures, efforts are made to create a livable ecological environment for wild animals. Many migratory birds who transit in Qinhu Wetland on their way to the south are also attracted by the superior natural conditions of Qinhu Lake to stay in Qinhu Lake for winter. Now every year, there are more than 40 kinds of 200000 migratory birds living in Qinhu Lake.

3. Extensive publicity and education is the means and purpose of maintaining wetland conservation areas. Wetland protection is a new topic, and the awareness of the masses still needs to be improved. According to the spirit of "promoting the comprehensive management of desertification, rocky desertification, water and soil loss, expanding the area of forests, lakes, wetlands, and protecting biodiversity" put forward in the Tenth Five Year Plan, we will further strengthen the publicity and education of wetland protection, and form the awareness of everyone's participation in protection.

3.1 Grasp important nodes to carry out publicity. On the "World Wetland Day" on February 2 every year, Qinhu National Wetland Park is open to Taizhou citizens free of charge. A wetland knowledge publicity platform is set up inside and outside the scenic spot to publicize wetland knowledge to tourists and improve the masses' love for wetlands The awareness of caring for birds and cherishing life promotes harmonious coexistence between human and nature.

3.2 Use carriers to strengthen education. In order to enhance the public's awareness of wetlands, the World Wide Fund for Nature, Wetland International and other international organizations, as well as mainstream media such as CCTV, were invited to participate in the activity of "Protecting Wetland Homeland, Fashion Starts with Me". Through the activity and media publicity, people were called to pay attention to wetlands, so that everyone could care about wetlands, protect the earth and jointly cope with climate change.

3.3 Implement institutionalized management. Combine wetland protection with long-term management of urban and rural environment, incorporate natural wetland protection into long-term and normalized management, and implement assessment, reward and punishment.

[References]:

Chapter 7: Summary Model of Nature Reserves

Key words: environmental problems Game analysis Environmental protection

The western region of China has a vast territory and rich resources. It is the main agricultural production base, energy base, raw material industrial base and heavy industry base in China, and plays a very important role in the national economic construction. However, for a long time, due to the constraints of natural conditions and historical reasons, not only the economic development lags behind that of the eastern coastal areas, but also the natural ecological environment is deteriorating. At present, the western development strategy has started. How to deal with the relationship between natural resources development and ecological environment protection and take the path of sustainable development is an urgent problem to be solved in the implementation of the western development strategy.

Firstly, this paper discusses the environmental problems facing the west of China; Then, according to the basic principles of game theory, environmental problems are analyzed from two aspects: the generation of environmental problems and governance supply; Finally, according to the analysis results, some policy suggestions to solve the environmental problems are put forward, which provides a theoretical reference basis for how to deal with the environmental protection problems in the western development.

1. Environmental problems in western development

To sum up, the environmental problems facing the west of China mainly include the following aspects:

1.1 Land desertification has become more and more serious in recent years. On the one hand, the lack of rainfall and dry climate in western China have led to vegetation reduction and land desertification; On the other hand, human overgrazing and reclamation, deforestation and other factors accelerated the process of drought and desertification.

1.2 Serious environmental pollution and serious shortage of pollution control input Since the 1990s, the western region has increased its efforts in resource development and industrial production, which inevitably produces environmental pollution. The indicators of water pollution and air pollution are higher than the national average; On the contrary, the investment in pollution control is seriously insufficient, which leads to the fact that both the pollution control situation and the treatment rate cannot reach the national average level. Due to the combined effect of these two factors, the environmental pollution in the western region is becoming increasingly serious.

1.3 The western regions with decreasing forest area and serious water and soil loss are distributed with famous mountains in China and even the world, such as Qinling Mountains, Bashan Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Altun Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains. The rich forest resources in these mountains have been damaged to varying degrees due to excessive logging in recent years, resulting in frequent ecological disasters such as water and soil loss, landslides, mud rock flows, etc. The ecological environment is becoming increasingly fragile, and the ability to resist natural disasters is gradually reduced.

1.4 The biodiversity is seriously threatened. Due to the unreasonable development of biological resources, the living things in the west are seriously threatened. Many plant species are lost or in endangered status. The situation of wild animals is worse than that of wild plants.

In a word, besides natural factors, the direct cause of the formation of the environmental problems in the west can be summed up in two points: first, the long-term inefficient and predatory development and use of natural resources; Second, the investment in environmental protection and governance is seriously insufficient. Next, we will use the basic principles of game theory to conduct in-depth analysis on the formation of environmental problems from these two aspects.

2. Game analysis of western environmental problems

2.1 Overuse of environmental resources

It is assumed that there are n rational participants (enterprises or individuals) "living" in a specific geographical area. These participants are engaged in the production of "products". While using the environmental resources in the region, they also try to protect and govern the environment to ensure the sustainability of production. We use xi to represent the amount of resources used by the ith participant, then the total amount of resources used by n participants is X=xi, and v represents the average profit that can be brought by each unit of environmental resources used by participants, and v is a function of X, that is, v=v (X). We assume that:

① Each participant has the freedom to use environmental resources in the region, and all rational participants produce the same "product" at the same technological level.

② There is a limit to the development and utilization of environmental resources. Beyond this limit, the ecological environment of the region will be completely destroyed, and the survival of participants will also be affected. That is, it can be considered that there is a maximum allowable resource utilization amount Xmax, when X0; When X ≥ Xmax, v (X)=0.

③ With the increase of participants' resource usage, each additional unit of resource usage will reduce the profit per unit of resource usage under the existing resource usage level. That is, v '(X)<0.

④ The cost of each additional unit of usage is c.

According to the hypothesis of "rational person" in economics, the problem for each participant in the game is to choose xi to maximize their profits, that is

i(x1,…，xi,…，xn)=xiv[xj]-xic i=1,2,…,n

The first order condition of the above formula is:

x=v(X)+xiv'(X)-c=0 i=1,2,…,n

(1)

The n first order conditions of equation (1) define n reaction functions:

x*i =xi（x1，…， xi-1，xi+1，…，xn）

The intersection of these reflection functions is the Nash equilibrium point:

x*=（x*1，…，x*i，…，x*n）

Add n first-order conditional equations (1) to get the total resource use of Nash equilibrium, X *=xi *, X * meets the following equation:

v(X*)+v'(X*)=c （2）

The optimal goal of the region is to maximize the total residual value of the region, that is

(X)=Xv(X)-Xc

The first order conditions are:

x=v(X)+Xv'(X)-c=0

By solving the first order condition of maximization, the optimal total resource usage X * * in the region can meet:

v(X**)+X**v′(X**)=c (3)

Compare the overall optimal first-order conditional formula (3) of the region with the optimal first-order conditional formula (2) of each participant. Since v '(X)<0, we can draw a conclusion:

X*>X**

This shows that the total resource use of the Nash equilibrium of each player in the game is greater than the total resource use of the regional optimum. It shows that when each player decides his own resource use alone, although his individual has reached the optimum, the overall is not optimal, that is, the environmental resources have been overused.

2.2 Inadequate supply of environmental protection

In terms of protecting the environment of the region, the materials provided by each rational participant dedicated to protecting the environment can be regarded as the voluntary supply of public goods. Let the supply of environmental protection of the ith participant be yi, and the total supply of environmental protection in the region is equal to the sum of the supply of all participants Y=yi. Let the utility function of each participant be ui (hi, Y), where hi is the number of "private assets" of participant i. We make the following basic assumptions:

① The utility of a participant is proportional to the number of his private assets, that is, ui/hi>0.

② The greater the total supply for environmental protection, the greater the effectiveness of participants, namely: ui/Y>0.

In this game, each participant is faced with the problem of choosing his own optimal strategy (hi, yi) to maximize his own utility ui (hi, Y), that is

ui(hi,Y)

s.t. Mi=Phhi+Pyyi 　 i =1,2,…,n

In the above formula, Ph is the average "price" of the participants' private assets, Py is the average price of the materials provided for environmental protection, and Mi is the total budget income of the ith participant. The first order conditions of optimization can be obtained from Lagrange multiplier:

= i =1,2,…,n (4)

N first-order conditions define n reaction functions:

y*i =yi(y1，…， yi-1，yi+1，…，yn)，

Nash equilibrium point is:

y*=(y*1，…， y*i，…，y*n )，

Nash equilibrium total supply:

Y*=yi*

Without losing generality, for the total supply of regional public goods, we assume that the regional utility function is:

W=1u1 +…+iui+…+nun， i ≥0，

Regional optimization is to maximize the regional utility under the constraint of all participants' budget income, that is

max W=iui(hi,Y)

s.t. Mi=phhi+pyY

The first order conditions of regional Pareto optimality obtained by Lagrange multiplier method are:

∑= (5)

By comparing Formula (5) with Formula (4), it is shown that the individual optimal choice is that the individual marginal substitution rate is equal to the price ratio, but the regional Pareto optimum requires that the sum of the marginal substitution rates of all participants is equal to the price ratio. Therefore, under the same budget constraints, the regional Pareto optimal total supply of public goods is greater than the individual optimal Nash equilibrium total supply of public goods. This is reflected in the insufficient supply of environmental protection under the personal optimal choice.

3. Policy suggestions on environmental protection measures

From the above analysis, it can be seen that under the condition of personal optimal choice, on the one hand, the environment as a public resource is overutilized; On the other hand, the total supply of environmental protection materials as public goods is insufficient, and the result of the two aspects will inevitably make environmental problems increasingly serious. According to the above analysis, we can draw the following environmental protection measures:

3.1 Properly adjust the traditional development strategy led by resource development and adjust the industrial structure

For a long time, the country has been taking a resource development oriented strategy for the western region. The current industrial structure of the western region is still dominated by agricultural resource development, while the internal structure of the industry is dominated by heavy industry, resulting in excessive utilization of resources and increased environmental pollution. The level of economic development is low, the rate of financial self-sufficiency is low, and the ecological environment is fragile. Therefore, we must first adjust the industrial structure, accelerate the development of the tertiary industry, actively attract foreign funds to develop labor-intensive industries, develop efficient agriculture and ecological agriculture, and reduce the huge pressure on ecological environment degradation and environmental resources.

3.2 Establishment of enterprise groups

With the increase of participants, the greater the degree of over utilization of environment as a public resource, the smaller the Nash equilibrium total supply of environmental protection is compared with the Pareto optimal total supply, and the greater the gap between the two. The role of establishing enterprise groups is as follows:

*It can be seen as the reduction of the number of participants in the region, which will reduce the degree of over utilization of environmental resources and increase the supply of environmental protection;

*The economic strength and environmental protection ability of the enterprise will be strengthened, and it will benefit more from it, and its enthusiasm for environmental protection will be improved;

*The income gap between participants has widened. Large enterprise groups have greater enthusiasm in environmental protection, and they also allow small enterprises to hitchhike (equivalent to a game of smart pigs).

3.3 Formulate reasonable policies and strengthen environmental legislation and law enforcement

The result of game analysis shows that the utility level of participants should mainly depend on their investment in environmental protection, rather than on the number of employees or the size of equipment. From the policy point of view, under the condition of market economy, due to the change of the state's position in the whole economic operation, it is required to make full use of financial and tax means and legal means. Formulate corresponding policies and laws, including the price policy of natural resources; Preferential fiscal and tax policies for environmental protectors; Give priority to opening environmental protection market in western cities and encourage domestic and foreign investors to develop environmental protection industry; At the same time, we should speed up the pace of environmental legislation and strengthen environmental supervision and law enforcement.

3.4 Public participation

Worldwide, public participation has greatly promoted the development of environmental protection. The public not only needs to participate in the decision-making process related to environment and development, especially those community decisions that may affect their lives and work, but also needs to participate in the supervision of the implementation of decisions. And the public can rely on its strong mass base and public opinion, give full play to the role of environmental litigation, and realize its supervision role by exerting external pressure on enterprises.

3.5 Science and technology first, strengthen ecological environment construction

China should give priority to the development of technologies related to pollution control and treatment, and must completely get rid of the past tendency of valuing administrative management over technology implementation, valuing soft over hard, valuing virtual over real. It should be implemented in the aspects of team building of environmental technology development, financial support for environmental technology innovation, environmental technology certification and achievement enjoyment, and the formulation of relevant laws. In the construction of ecological environment, the role of scientific and technological forces should be given full play. Scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel should directly cut into water and soil loss control and ecological environment construction projects, and timely promote mature scientific research achievements to solve ecological environment management and construction.

4. Conclusion

4.1 Discussed the environmental problems faced by China in the western development, and summarized these problems.

4.2 From the perspective of economics, based on the relevant principles of game theory, this paper deeply analyzes the problems related to the formation and governance of environmental pollution in the western region, and draws a meaningful conclusion: under the condition of the optimal choice of each participant, the dual role of over utilization of environmental resources and insufficient supply of environmental governance has caused the increasing environmental pollution.

4.3 According to the conclusion of theoretical analysis, various measures to prevent environmental pollution are discussed, and policy suggestions to solve the environmental problems in the west are given.

reference:

[1] Gong Liutang. Optimization Methods in Economics [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2000

[2] Xie Shiyu. Economic Game Theory [M]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 1997

[3] Zhang Weiying. Game Theory and Information Economics [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1996

Chapter 8: Summary Model of Nature Reserves

Key words: mountain highway design idea

0 Introduction

Based on the summary of the survey and design experience of highway projects in mountainous areas in recent years and in-depth study of the characteristics of highway projects, it is believed that the design of highway projects in mountainous areas should be guided by the overall design requirements of "safety, innovation, refinement, harmony, environmental protection and convenience" to build highway projects into "safe and unimpeded, close to nature, saving resources, and giving consideration to development" projects, The following design concepts and ideas should be highlighted and reflected in the survey and design process.

1 Survey and design concept

1.1 People first, safety first, and focus on the harmony and unity of highway safety, comfort and regionality. In the project survey and design, full consideration should be given to the safety of highway facilities and the operation safety of road users. The route design should strive for continuity, uniformity and smoothness of horizontal and vertical alignment. The road safety should be evaluated by means of running speed inspection, sight distance inspection, etc, Eliminate accident prone points and potential safety hazards, and fundamentally solve traffic safety problems. Rationally select route corridors and locations, and establish perfect safety facilities for heavy rain, ice and snow, strong wind, frozen soil and other major meteorological disasters to reflect humanistic services and ensure safe and comfortable driving.

1.2 Respect for nature and establish the environmental protection concept of "no damage is the greatest protection". In the design, we should adhere to the principle of "maximum protection, minimum damage, and maximum recovery" to make the project construction conform to nature and blend into nature. Control the height of filling and excavation, fully demonstrate the comparison and selection of road, bridge and tunnel schemes, do a good job in the comprehensive design of spoil schemes, protect the water source, combine engineering protection with ecological protection, take the design as a promoting factor to improve the environment, realize the simultaneous development of environmental protection and highway construction, and harmonize highway development with the natural environment.

1.3 Save resources, pay attention to energy conservation, adhere to the concept of sustainable development, land is non renewable resources, and resource conservation is first reflected in land conservation in highway construction. Land resources in mountainous areas are in short supply, so the principle of "overall planning, reasonable layout, comprehensive utilization and careful calculation" should be adhered to in the design. Reasonably use land resources, improve land utilization rate, avoid large filling and excavation, advocate multi scheme comparison, and take the number of occupied land as one of the important indicators for scheme comparison and selection.

The fuel saving of highway transportation is of great significance to the national economy. From the design point of view, create good road conditions, such as shortening the operating mileage, improving the plane indicators, reasonably designing the gradient and length of the longitudinal slope, ensuring the continuity, balance and coordination of the alignment, reducing energy consumption as much as possible, and taking the road of sustainable development.

1.4 Systematic demonstration, life-cycle cost evaluation, to satisfy the public, it is necessary to put the highway into the large system of environment and society to investigate the cost, and analyze and demonstrate the cost of the highway in the whole life cycle of "construction, management and maintenance". From the design stage, actively adopt the scheme of reducing post maintenance and extending service life, and improve the quality of project construction by actively adopting new processes, new materials and new technologies. Widely solicit opinions, enhance public participation, improve social recognition, and achieve public satisfaction.

1.5 Rationally select standards, establish the concept of creative design, reasonably and flexibly apply technical indicators, take "safer, more environmentally friendly and more economical" as the goal, change design work into design creation, and establish the idea of design creation. The route selection shall be guided by the overall scheme design, the topographic conditions and geological achievements, the environmental and cultivated land protection control route, and the road safety assessment route. In the design, we should focus on "detailed and accurate basic data, depth of scheme comparison and selection, objectivity of analysis and demonstration, and details of design scheme", reasonably adopt technical standards and flexibly apply technical indicators, highlight regional and era characteristics, carefully design and create, and achieve the goal of "safety, durability, economy, comfort, and harmony" of roads.

2 Overall design idea

In the survey and design, it is necessary to focus on the coordination of the route with the terrain and environment, strengthen the topographic route selection and geological route selection, reduce the damage to the natural landscape, reduce the impact of earthquake disasters, and implement the following design ideas and principles in the survey and design.

2.1 The route design shall make reasonable use of favorable terrain, and shall not one-sided pursue the route scheme with high indicators and high costs. Always take geological conditions as an important factor to determine the route plan and implement it, try to avoid the main fault of active fault, and avoid landslide, collapse, debris flow, unstable slope, dangerous rock section and other unfavorable geological sections. The determination of the route scheme should not only consider less occupation of arable land, but also minimize the damage of high fill and deep excavation to the natural environment along the line. Consider the possible impact of unique mountain climate conditions on driving safety and the possible impact of design alignment on driving safety. The meteorological conditions in mountainous areas are changeable, with large temperature difference between day and night, high mountain fog and low air pressure. Grasp the climatic conditions along the line, especially in the mountain crossing section, use meteorological remote sensing technology and satellite image data to carry out remote sensing interpretation, investigation and assessment of geological conditions and geological disasters, and select reasonable route plans and tunnel entrances. Adapt to the planning of towns, road networks and water conservancy along the line, fully consider the coordination between routes and towns, and achieve a reasonable connection with the regional road network. Less demolition, less land occupation, convenient for the masses, and pay attention to ecological protection, reduce water and soil loss, so as to achieve harmony between the project and nature. Do a good job in the detailed design of road bridge, road tunnel and bridge tunnel scheme comparison and control of project cost. The design means of "prudence, tolerance and creation" are adopted to emphasize the coordination with the surrounding environment. In view of meteorological disasters such as freezing rain, snow and so on in the project, active guidance and advance notice shall be taken, and traffic facilities shall be set to control the speed and ensure the safety of vehicles.

2.2 The subgrade and pavement design shall be carefully mapped and surveyed to find out the unfavorable geological sections such as landslide, collapse and debris flow, and the comprehensive subgrade design shall be carried out according to local conditions through corresponding measures. Tunnel mucking shall be used for subgrade filling and some mortar masonry works as far as possible. At the entrance and exit of the tunnel with flat and wide terrain, the tunnel slag is used to fill the subgrade, shorten the bridge length and reduce the cost. It is necessary to pay full attention to the quality control of rock fill subgrade, select appropriate construction technology and control parameters, and ensure the stability of subgrade.

Adapt measures to local conditions and follow the trend. It is not suitable to use a single slope to reduce manual traces. Combining engineering protection with ecological protection, the road environment shall be coordinated with the natural environment on the basis of ensuring safety. Strengthen the comprehensive design of borrow and spoil ground, and do a good job in recovery and utilization. The spoil ground is arranged out of sight, and centralized stacking is adopted, and necessary surface greening or reclamation greening is carried out. Deepen the test and research of pavement surface materials, adopt durable pavement structures with anti freezing, anti freezing, anti-skid and snow resistance through comparison and selection of multiple schemes, and improve highway driving safety and operation safety.

2.3 The design and selection of bridges and culverts shall follow the principle of "structural safety, advanced technology, economic rationality, applicability and durability", and consider the requirements of convenient construction, comfort and harmony, ecological and environmental protection, and beautiful bridge type. Pay attention to the safety, durability and maintainability of the bridge structure, reduce the difficulty of later maintenance and maintenance costs, and take effective engineering technical measures on the basis of reasonably determining the bridge design scheme to ensure the safety of the engineering structure during the construction and operation period. For medium and small spans, bridges with simple stress, convenient construction and relatively low project cost shall be selected as far as possible, and standardized design and prefabricated construction shall be pursued. According to the characteristics of terrain and surface features, the coordination between the upper and lower structures and the surrounding environment shall be fully considered in the selection of bridge type and span layout, and the concept of "no damage is the greatest protection" shall be established. Reduce the foundation settlement, increase the frost resistance and impermeability of concrete, reduce the impact of sunshine temperature difference on the structure, and improve the frost resistance of bridge and culvert structures, especially the bridge deck. Culverts shall be set in combination with the terrain, topography and surrounding farmland infrastructure, taking full account of the need for flood discharge and irrigation in ditches and mountain depressions, and in the principle of facilitating the production and life of the masses. The joint design of foundation and foundation shall be carried out according to the geological conditions.

2.4 Environmental protection and landscape design shall follow the principle of "safety, regionality, natural priority and ecological suitability" to achieve the construction goal of "green channel" with ecology, environmental protection and beautiful environment. The main works with environmental protection function shall be designed primarily, and the environmental protection works set up to control the environmental pollution caused by sound, gas and water shall be supplemented. The relationship between the main works and environmental protection shall be properly handled, and the reasonable engineering scheme shall be adopted as far as possible instead of relying on environmental protection works to make up. The environmental protection design shall be implemented in the sub item design, and the water and soil conservation and ecological restoration design shall be carried out to reduce the impact of highway construction on the environmental quality and sustainable development of the areas along the line, and protect the land resources. According to the natural landscape and cultural characteristics along the road, it is necessary to highlight the regional characteristics as much as possible, emphasize individual design, naturally integrate the local customs into the overall landscape, strive to "let the road grow in the natural environment", and pursue the harmony and unity of the road, people and landscape.

reference:

[1] Zhang Yuhua. Road survey and design. Beijing: People's Communications Press, 1994

[2] Liu Boying, Yao Zukang. Handbook for Highway Design Engineers. Beijing: People's Communications Press, 2002

[3] Highway Department of the Ministry of Communications. Guide to New Concept Highway Design. Beijing: People's Communications Press, 2005

Chapter 9: Summary Model of Nature Reserves

Key words: tourism development model of Wanglang Nature Reserve

CLC No.: F590 Document ID Code: A

Article No.: 1004-4914 (2010) 06-230-02

1、 Overview of Wang Lang

Wanglang Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, located in the heart of Minshan Mountains, is one of the core regions of global biodiversity Himalaya Hengduan Mountains, maintaining a typical natural ecosystem. Its diversity, rarity, representativeness and originality are famous both at home and abroad.

Wanglang ecotourism project was established in 1998 and officially received tourists in 2000. Wang Lang's ecotourism passed the international ecotourism certification of "Nature and Ecotourism Certification Program (NEAP)" in September 2001. Wang Lang's case was recommended to the World Ecotourism Conference (Quebec, Canada, September 2002) as a benchmark for ecotourism in developing countries. Sichuan Province also regards Wanglang as a demonstration site for eco-tourism in the provincial nature reserve.

2、 Economic Benefit Evaluation of Wang Lang's Ecotourism

According to the eco-tourism income of the Reserve from 1997 to 2004 provided by Wanglang Reserve Management Office, and the gross domestic product and tertiary industry output value of Pingwu County from 1997 to 2004, the economic value evaluation index value of eco-tourism resources is obtained (Table 2-1):

Table 2-1 Economic Value Evaluation Index Value of Ecotourism Resources

Table2-1 Targets’ numerical value of economic value

This paper uses SPSS13.0 and principal component analysis to reduce the dimensions of the economic value evaluation index of ecotourism resources from 1998 to 2004. According to the principle that the eigenvalue is greater than 1 and the cumulative contribution rate is greater than 80%, two common factors are extracted, and the cumulative contribution rate reaches 98.722%. However, the structure of the initial load matrix is not simple enough, and the typical representative quantity of the common factor is not prominent, so it is impossible to explain and name the common factor. Therefore, the maximum variance orthogonal rotation is used to obtain the eigenvalue and contribution rate of the common factor after rotation (Table 2-2), as well as the orthogonal rotation factor load matrix (Table 2-3).

Table 2-2 Eigenvalue and Contribution Rate of Common Factors after Rotation

Tab.2-2 Rotation sums of squared loadings

Table 2-3 Common factor extraction results after rotation

Tab.2-3Rotated component matrix

It can be seen from Table 2-3 that ecotourism income, the proportion of ecotourism income in the county GDP, and the proportion of ecotourism income in the output value of the county's tertiary industry have a high load on F1. These three indicators reflect the contribution of ecotourism resources to the regional economic aggregate, so F1 is the contribution factor of ecotourism economic aggregate; The annual growth rate of ecotourism income and the proportion of the added value of ecotourism income in the added value of the tertiary industry have a high load on F2. These two indicators reflect the role of ecotourism resources in promoting the regional economic development potential, so F2 is the promoting factor of ecotourism economic potential.

In order to reflect the comprehensive situation of the economic value of ecotourism resources, this paper calculates the scores of two common factors with the regression method, and uses the contribution rate of each common factor as the weight to carry out the linear weighted average summation to obtain the comprehensive score F of the economic value of ecotourism resources from 1998 to 2004 (Table 2-4). The specific calculation method is as follows:

F=60.259%*F1+38.463%*F2 (2-1)

Table 2-4 Comprehensive score of economic value of ecotourism resources

Tab.2-4 Factors’scores of each year

According to Table 2-4, a line chart of data points for comprehensive scores of economic value of ecotourism resources (Figure 2-1) and a line chart of data points for scores of F1 and F2 factors (Figure 2-2) are obtained.

Figure 2-1 Line Chart of Comprehensive Score Data Points of Ecotourism Resource Economic Value

Fig. 2-1 Broken line picture of economic value

Figure 2-2 Line Chart of F1 and F2 Factor Score Data Points

Fig. 2-2 Broken line picture of F1 and F2

It can be seen from Figure 2-1 that the economic value of ecotourism resources in the Reserve, after steady development in 1998 and 1999, reached the lowest level in 2000, then rose straightly, and reached the maximum since ecotourism was carried out in the Reserve in 2001. From 2002 to 2004, the economic value of ecotourism resources in the Reserve declined linearly, and the comprehensive value of the economic value of resources in 2004 was slightly higher than that in 1998 and 1999.

Based on Table 2-1, Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2, the comprehensive analysis of the economic value of ecotourism resources in the Reserve is as follows:

1. It can be seen from Table 2-1 that although there were three indicators in 2001 (namely, ecotourism income, the proportion of ecotourism income in the county's GDP, and the proportion of ecotourism income in the output value of the county's tertiary industry) that did not reach the highest point in history, only lower than that in 2002, the gap was small. Taking the ecotourism income with the largest gap as an example, the tourism income in 2002 was only 1.5 times that in 2001; However, the annual growth rate of ecotourism income and the proportion of the added value of ecotourism income in the added value of the tertiary industry in 2001 were the highest in history. The former was 36 times of that in 2002, and the latter was three times of that in 2002. Therefore, the comprehensive economic value of ecotourism resources in 2001 was the highest in history.

It can also be seen from Figure 2-2 that although F1, which represents the contribution of ecotourism resources to regional economic aggregate, reached the highest level in history in 2001, F2, which represents the promotion of ecotourism resources to regional economic development potential, fell to the lowest level in history in 2001; The difference in F1 between 2001 and 2002 is much smaller than that in F2.

2. In 2000, due to the construction of roads and reception houses outside the reserve, and the reserve is in the primary stage of eco-tourism development, the contribution of eco-tourism resources to the total regional economy and the promotion of eco-tourism resources to the regional economic development potential in this year are at a historical low point, so the comprehensive economic value of eco-tourism resources in this year is the lowest in history. Table 2-1 also shows that the five economic indicators in 2000 were all the lowest in history (the annual growth rate of ecotourism income in 2000 was very close to the historical lowest level in 2003).

3. On the F1 line chart, due to the impact of SARS in 2003 and the construction of power stations outside the region, 2003 declined significantly compared with 2002. On F2, 2002 increased compared with 2003, but its increase was far less than the decrease on F1; Compared with 2003, the comprehensive economic value of ecotourism resources in 2004 decreased in both F1 and F2, which is reflected in Figure 2-1.

The above analysis shows that the contribution of ecotourism resources to regional economic aggregate (F1) and the promotion of regional economic development potential by ecotourism resources (F2) both affect the comprehensive economic value of ecotourism resources F. But which is more important, F1 or F2?

1. Correlation analysis of F, F1 and F2: Pearson correlation coefficient of F2 and F is 0.917, while Pearson correlation coefficient of F1 and F is 0.399. The results show that F2 is more closely related to F than F1.

2. This paper uses Q-cluster, takes the comprehensive score F of the economic value of ecotourism resources as the independent variable, and uses the inter group connection method and Euclidean square distance method to classify the F value. The classification results are as follows: the first category is 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004. In these four years, although the F value fluctuated, it was relatively stable; The second category is 2002 and 2003. In the past two years, the F value has plummeted, which is a period of decline; The third category is 2001. In this year, F value increased the most, reaching the highest level in history.

In this paper, F1 and F2 are taken as independent variables, and the classification result G is taken as dependent variable. The analysis results show that two dimension discriminant functions are extracted in the analysis, of which the first function explains 99% of all variations, and the Wilks'Lambda value is 0.002, P

G=2.061F1+2.259F2(2-2)

The analysis (1) and (2) shows that, compared with F1, F2 has a high correlation with F and has a great influence on the characteristic attribution of F value, that is, through the change of F2 value, the comprehensive economic value of ecotourism resources can be improved or reduced more significantly and quickly; The economic value of ecotourism resources is mainly reflected in promoting regional economic development potential and improving regional economic structure.

3、 Evaluation of service function value of Wanglang ecosystem

According to the data provided by China Forestry Science Data Center, the existing forestry land area of Wanglang Nature Reserve is 17833.2 hectares. There are 14115.2 hectares of forest land, 892.6 hectares of non forest land, 980.4 hectares of open forest land and 1845.0 hectares of shrubbery; Non forestry land is 14463.8 hectares. Therefore, the actual forest area of Wanglang Nature Reserve is the sum of forest land, open forest land and shrub land: 16940.6 hectares. Since the ecosystem of the Reserve belongs to temperate forest, according to Costanza et al.'s value coefficient of temperate forest ecosystem service function of 302 USD/hm2 * a1, the value of ecosystem service function of Wanglang Nature Reserve is 5116061.2 dollars/year, about 42.4633 million yuan/year, 28 times the total ecotourism income of the Reserve from 1997 to 2004, It shows that the ecosystem value of the nature reserve mainly lies in its own inherent economic value (including food, raw materials, genetic resources) and ecological benefits (including climate regulation, interference regulation, water regulation, water supply, erosion control, soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, biological control, etc.).

From the service function value of ecosystem, the value of ecotourism resources in Wanglang Nature Reserve mainly lies in its ecological benefits.

4、 Wanglang Eco tourism Development Model

1. Small scale development mode. The tourism industry of Wanglang Nature Reserve is not suitable for large-scale development. The "niche and small-scale development model" is an effective model to ensure the development of real eco-tourism in Wanglang and the healthy and sustainable development of eco-tourism.

"Small group tourism" refers to the tourism activities designed and developed for the needs, characteristics, psychology and habits of one or several types of tourists in the subdivided tourism target market. The word "niche" in "niche tourism" originates from modern communication and marketing, and refers to tourists who have unique and lasting interest in a certain type of tourism products. They do not have an advantage in the number of people, but they fully conform to the characteristics of this type of tourism products in terms of lifestyle, tourism interest, education level and economic ability, and are heavy users of this type of products. The research shows that ecotourists, as the audience of ecotourism, have the characteristics of high income and high cost, and they are willing to pay more than traditional tourists. Therefore, by attracting domestic and international ecotourists with high added value, we can effectively protect the environment and fragile ecosystems on the basis of ensuring tourism income and improving economic benefits.

At the same time, small-scale development can not only meet the conditions of insufficient funds and small tourist carrying capacity in the nature reserve, but also minimize the negative impact on the environment and society, and also facilitate the timely adjustment of tourism management according to the needs of tourists. It is an appropriate way for ecotourism development in nature reserves.

2. The economic role of Wang Lang's eco-tourism - a means to effectively enhance the economic development potential. Tourism is one of the pillar industries of Pingwu County, and Wanglang Nature Reserve, as the top priority of tourism industry development in Pingwu County, inevitably overestimates the ecotourism economic aggregate of the reserve, pursues tourism income unilaterally, and simply measures the ecotourism economic effectiveness of the reserve with the contribution of economic aggregate. However, this study shows that the economic value of ecotourism resources is mainly reflected in promoting regional economic development potential and improving regional economic structure. Therefore, the effectiveness of ecotourism economy should not be simply used as a means to increase regional GDP or fiscal revenue, but more importantly, it should be used as a way and bridge to promote regional economic development, stimulate industrial structure adjustment, give full play to the "multiplier effect", and effectively improve the comprehensive strength of regional economy.

A correct understanding of the economic utility of ecotourism will help prevent the Reserve from losing the direction of "ecotourism" development and turning "ecotourism" into "extensive natural tourism" (this kind of tourism has no scientific planning and design, and does not implement the concept of ecotourism environmental protection, although it also carries the banner of ecotourism, which can only be an extensive natural tourism in a strict sense), Return to the old path of blindly pursuing the maximization of economic aggregate; It is conducive to correctly and maximize the economic value of ecotourism; It is conducive to promoting local economic development in a real sense.

reference:

1. Lian Yuluan, Shi Yingping. Thoughts on niche ecotourism and its adaptability [J]. Social Science Research, 2005 (3)

2. Lian Yuluan. A glimpse of the "niche" model of ecotourism -- starting from the practice of nature reserves such as Wang Lang [J]. Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2005 (1)

3. Chen Youping, Jiang Shiwei, Yin Ping. Wang Lang National Nature Reserve Management Case [Z]. 2005