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Chapter 1: Model essay on the relationship between health and sub-health
Key words: osteoporosis; Asia healthy ; prevent disease
The meaning and manifestation of osteoporosis sub-health state
The sub-health state is characterized by autonomic nervous dysfunction, mainly the changes of endocrine function and the functional changes of various organs of the body. It is mainly manifested by mental, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and muscular symptoms. Osteoporosis is a gradual process. In the early stage, there are no symptoms. When it develops to a certain extent, due to fatigue, there will be back pain, aching limbs, fatigue and weakness and other symptoms, but after rest, it will improve. This situation continues. The above symptoms often occur, and the pain is increasingly obvious. If the patient has a hump at the same time, it can be diagnosed as osteoporosis.
TCM understanding of osteoporosis in sub-health state
2.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine for Asia healthy Treatment comes from the academic thought of "treating the disease before it gets sick" in the Internal Classic. The content of "treating the disease before it gets sick" includes two aspects: first, preventing before it gets sick; The second is to prevent disease and change. First of all, from the prevention, from the causes of sub-health, emphasize the significance of "treating the disease before it is ill" to prevent sub-health. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the main pathogenesis of sub-health is: improper diet, impermanence in daily life, emotional distress, excessive exertion, aging and physical decline, which lead to the imbalance of yin and yang in viscera and blood, or the depletion of vital energy. This understanding is consistent with modern medicine's understanding of sub-health. The deficiency syndrome of TCM has many similarities with sub-health.
2.2 Osteoporosis is a disease of systemic bone metabolism disorder characterized by damaged microstructure of bone tissue, constant reduction of bone mineral composition and bone matrix, thinning of bone, reduction of bone trabecular number, increase of bone fragility and increased risk of fracture, mainly manifested as soreness, fatigue and numbness of lower limbs in the back and waist [1]. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the most basic pathogenesis of osteoporosis is deficiency in origin and excess in appearance. Kidney deficiency is the key to osteoporosis. Kidney deficiency leads to insufficiency of kidney essence and bone marrow dystrophy, which may lead to osteoporosis symptoms such as backache and aching legs and knees. The kidney of traditional Chinese medicine involves endocrine, nervous, immune, metabolic and other functions, and plays a variety of roles in regulating the physiological functions of the whole body. Research shows that the function of hypothalamus pituitary gonad axis in patients with kidney deficiency is reduced, and the level of sex hormone is reduced, which leads to the decline of osteogenesis function, the reduction of bone tissue content per unit volume, and osteoporosis. Liver dysregulation is an important pathogenesis in women. If the liver is out of tune, the liver is depressed and blood is consumed, which can cause kidney essence loss, bone marrow dystrophy and limb disuse. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that "women are liver based", and liver depression can cause menstrual disorders, which is an important pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. The spleen is the source of qi, blood and body fluid biochemistry, and is the foundation of the acquired. If the spleen is strong, the limbs will be strong; if the spleen is weak, there will be no marrow to nourish the bones, leading to disease.
Subhealth and osteoporosis relationship
The basic pathogenesis of sub-health and osteoporosis in traditional Chinese medicine is the same. It is believed that both of them are based on kidney deficiency, and liver depression and spleen deficiency are important pathogenesis. Therefore, osteoporosis can be regarded as a sub-health state of osteoporosis when there is no obvious symptom. When there is obvious and persistent symptom, it is a disease state. The sub-health state usually refers to that although the body has no clear disease diagnosis, it shows that the self living ability is reduced, the social adaptability is reduced, and various symptoms of physical discomfort appear. The basic feature of sub-health is that there is no obvious disease in the body, but the bone mass is reduced, the physical strength is reduced, the adaptability is reduced, and the mental state is poor. All kinds of physical discomfort symptoms can occur intermittently and can also exist continuously. Because osteoporosis is a serious hazard to human beings and can lead to fracture and other diseases, we should recognize and pay attention to the sub-health stage before the formation of osteoporosis disease [2].
4. Application of the theory of "preventing disease" in the treatment of osteoporosis
At present, the treatment of sub-health status in pre osteoporosis can be summarized as follows: (1) psychological counseling; Instruct patients to keep optimistic and cheerful mood, not surprised by honor or disgrace, so that the emotional fluctuation is not too intense, and maintain the smooth flow of qi and blood, and the function of viscera is not affected. (2) Guiding patients to stick to exercise is a very effective way to regulate sub-health. According to individual differences, running, swimming, fitness, martial arts, Qigong, etc. can be selected. Moderate physical exercise can improve circulation, enhance breathing, delight the mood, promote metabolism, and thus improve sub-health. (3) Eat foods rich in calcium, such as milk and dairy products, soybeans and bean products, small fish with bones, shrimp skin, nuts, etc. (4) Acupuncture, moxibustion and massage stimulate and guide the meridians and eight odd meridians system through manipulation to achieve the goal of strengthening the healthy and eliminating evil, balancing yin and yang, regulating the function of qi and blood, so that the healthy qi in the body is strong and the immunity is increased. To adjust women's unique physiological obstacles, we should start from the liver, spleen and kidney channels. Pay attention to the selection of Yin Yang channels, the combination of yin and yang of acupoint functions, and the organic combination of reinforcing and reducing techniques. (5) According to the yin and yang of the disease, and the yin and yang properties and effects of drugs, select the appropriate drugs. Appropriate Chinese medicine treatment can not only prevent the occurrence of sub-health, but also treat the sub-health that has occurred.
[References]
Chapter 2: Model article on the relationship between health and sub-health
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the positive effect of health education on hypertension management in community. Methods: 200 patients with hypertension in our hospital were divided into two groups. One group received targeted health education in addition to normal treatment and nursing. There were 100 patients in the experimental group; The other group was the control group, with 100 cases only receiving normal treatment and nursing measures. After 3, 6, and 9 months, the blood pressure level, lifestyle, diet, etc. of the patients were investigated, and the hypertension level questionnaire was designed, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The patients of the two groups were followed up 3, 6 and 9 months later. The blood pressure level, lifestyle, diet, disease knowledge and other aspects of the patients in the experimental group through health education were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Health education can change the unhealthy lifestyle and unreasonable diet structure of patients with hypertension, improve their self-care awareness and health care ability, effectively control their blood pressure, and improve their ability to self manage diseases.
[Key words] Health education, hypertension, disease management
Today, with the development of modernization, people's living standards are constantly improving, science and technology are rapidly developing, and the pace of work and life are increasingly accelerating. The increasing pressure has made the incidence of hypertension in China show a rising trend. Hypertension has become a non infectious disease that seriously endangers human health. As a community hospital that directly contacts with residents, it has a great responsibility for hypertension patients. How to prevent and treat hypertension has always been one of the priorities of our work. Health education has played a very positive role in the management of hypertension in the community. In this paper, 200 patients with hypertension who were treated in our hospital were observed and studied. The report is as follows:
1 Research objects and methods
1.1 Research objects: 200 patients diagnosed with hypertension in our hospital from January 2010 to March 2010, all male, aged 40-65 years, educational level: 10 patients below junior high school, 70 patients in technical secondary school, 50 patients in senior high school, 55 patients in junior college, 15 patients in junior college. The course of disease is 1-13 years. All patients were excluded from drug induced hypertension and serious complications, without intellectual and language disorders, malignant tumors and mental diseases. They were informed and willing to cooperate. All patients were filed (record name, gender, age, admission time, diagnosis, disease characteristics, various examination and test results, address and contact information) for follow-up in 3, 6 and 9 months.
1.2 Method:
1.2.1 Experimental group: besides normal treatment and nursing for hypertension patients, targeted health education should also be carried out.
1.2.1.1 Nurses should comprehensively evaluate the general situation of patients and formulate health education content suitable for patients.
1.2.1.2 Health education for disease knowledge nurses can make patients have a correct understanding of their own diseases by explaining the cause of hypertension, clinical classification, main symptoms, treatment methods and other relevant professional knowledge. At the same time, health guidance will be given in combination with the issuance of health education manuals, consultation on disease changes, etc., so that patients and their families can fully understand the simple measures to prevent and treat hypertension. Individual guidance shall be given to individual patients' bad living habits to ensure that every detail is not missed. Health education shall be combined with practice to popularize the knowledge of self-regulation, so that patients with hypertension can understand their own conditions, actively cooperate with treatment, and actively correct all bad living habits.
1.2.1.3 Health education on the diet of patients. Nurses, through the evaluation of patients' eating habits, carried out health education on patients with unscientific diet structure, and told patients that the diet principle of hypertension was light diet, high salt diet was forbidden, and daily salt intake was less than 5g In order to reduce the retention of water and sodium in the body, reduce the intake of fat, take an appropriate amount of protein, and avoid smoking and alcohol. For older patients, we can help them develop recipes. Scientific diet requires the joint efforts of patients and their families. Therefore, we should expand the content of health education to family members, so that they can supervise, supervise, and assist patients to better control their diet.
1.2.1.4 Health education for patients' exercise The nurse informed patients that aerobic exercise is an effective exercise method to reduce blood pressure, and can also consolidate the effect of drugs on blood pressure. Patients can choose their own sports according to their own conditions. They should exercise at least three times a week, and the body should sweat slightly each time. But exercise must pay attention to safety, determine the intensity of exercise according to your own situation, and pay attention to keeping warm to prevent getting cold.
1.2.1.5 Health education based on the medication situation of patients. Nurses told patients that hypertension needs a long-term treatment process. They should be prepared to take drugs for a long time. They should not stop or reduce drugs at will. They should use drugs in strict accordance with the doctor's instructions, and inform patients of the adverse consequences so that they can realize the necessity of adhering to and accurately using drugs. Explain the pharmacological effects, contraindications and other drug related knowledge of each drug, so that patients can increase their awareness of the drugs they take, so that they can observe their reactions after taking the drugs, timely feed back to the doctor, and make correct adjustments to the drugs in time.
1.2.1.6 Health education for patients' self-management Nurses shall carry out purposeful and planned training for patients according to the Hypertension Self Management Instructor's Manual, patiently explain the way and method of disease self-management, and gradually expand the coverage of self-management for hypertension patients in the community.
1.2.2 Control group: patients with hypertension were given normal symptomatic treatment and nursing, and regular reexamination.
2 Results
3. See Table 1 for the comparison of blood pressure control level between the two groups after 6 and 9 months of follow-up
3 Discussion
After the implementation of health education, it was found that hypertension patients had more knowledge of hypertension, and their attitude towards treatment had been greatly improved. Health education is an effective measure to manage hypertension, which has changed the poor lifestyle and unreasonable diet structure of patients with hypertension, improved their awareness and ability of self-care, effectively controlled their blood pressure, and improved their ability of self-management of diseases. Health education can not only be applied to all patients with hypertension, but also to those who do not suffer from hypertension, providing a favorable guarantee for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Health education has strengthened the health awareness of hypertension patients, established a good health concept, improved the quality of life of patients, reduced the incidence of hypertension complications, and reduced mortality. In short, health education plays a very positive role in the management of hypertension in the community, which is an effective measure worth promoting.
Chapter 3: Model essay on the relationship between health and sub-health
Key words: ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method; concrete; Compressive strength; NDT technology;
0 Introduction
The comprehensive ultrasonic rebound method was first proposed by a Romanian research institute in 1966, and its technical specifications were also prepared, which attracted the attention of researchers at home and abroad in concrete nondestructive testing technology. This method was introduced in 1976 in China. According to the actual situation of our country, many research results have been obtained through many tests conducted by several research institutions, and it is widely used to test the quality of structural coagulation projects. In 1988, China published the first Technical Specification for Testing Concrete Strength by Ultrasonic Rebound Comprehensive Method (CECS02:88), which was revised in 2005. The comprehensive method of ultrasonic rebound refers to the measurement of the acoustic time and rebound value of structural concrete in the same measuring area through low-frequency ultrasonic detector and medium-sized rebound instrument, and the strength value of concrete in the measuring area is calculated according to the existing strength measurement formula. Based on this background, this paper analyzes the relationship between the strength measured by ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method and the compressive strength of concrete. This research has certain reference value for the further promotion and application of ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method.
1. Relationship between strength measured by ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method and concrete compressive strength
1.1 Basic principles
The correlation among concrete wave velocity, rebound value and strength is strong. The former two increase with the increase of strength. After the relationship curve is determined, measure the acoustic time and rebound value of the same test area, and then calculate the strength of the test area according to the existing strength curve:
Exponential equation: fcu, e=aVbRc
Note: fcu, e and a are compression strength conversion value and constant coefficient respectively; B and c are regression constants; V and R are the average values of ultrasonic velocity and rebound after correction in the survey area.
1.2 Technical characteristics
(1) Influence of reducing water content and age
If the moisture content of concrete is too large, the ultrasonic sound velocity will be higher than the normal value, and the calculated strength will be increased; The rebound value is lower than the normal value, and the calculated strength decreases.
If the age of concrete is too long, the growth rate of ultrasonic sound velocity and the calculated strength will decrease. As the concrete carbonization is strengthened, the rebound value and calculated strength will rise accordingly; Therefore, combining these two points to determine the strength of concrete can reduce the influence of water content and age to a certain extent.
(2) Make up for each other's shortcomings
The reason why the rebound value can reflect the strength of concrete is mainly based on the elastic property of the surface mortar. In two cases, the real strength is difficult to be reflected, that is, the component has a large section, and the internal and external masses differ greatly. The reflection of ultrasonic speed on the strength of concrete is mainly based on the dynamic elasticity of the section; For the concrete with low strength and easy deformation, the rebound comprehensive method is relatively slow, while for the concrete with high strength, the impact of strength change on sound velocity is small for the ultrasonic method; Combining the two together, for larger or smaller strength, make up for each other's shortcomings, so that the quality of structural concrete can be truly reflected.
(3) Improve test accuracy
Because the comprehensive method test can reduce the influence of some factors to a certain extent, so that the concrete quality can be comprehensively reflected. Many tests have proved that this method can greatly improve the test accuracy.
1.3 Technical requirements for measuring instruments
The ultrasonic detector and rebound instrument must be inspected and verified according to relevant regulations. Concrete Rebound Tester (JJG 817-93); Concrete Ultrasonic Tester JG/T 5004.
Digital: It can collect and store digital signals, measure and read acoustic parameters and intelligently process digital signals. The frequency of ultrasonic thickness vibration transducer is 50 to 100 kHz, and the difference between the actual measurement results of the main frequency and the nominal frequency is controlled within 10%. The transducer and high-frequency cable shall be selected according to the actual test requirements. Before the test, the initial sound time value shall be measured. If the transducer or high-frequency cable is replaced in the middle, the initial sound time value shall be measured again.
The ultrasonic detector shall meet the following requirements: 1. The waveform displayed by its oscilloscope device shall be clear and stable; 2. The minimum division value of sound time is 0.1 microsecond; 3. It has a signal amplitude adjustment system, and the minimum graduation value is 1 decibel; 4. The frequency response of the receiving amplifier is within the range of 10 kHz to 500 kHz, the total gain is greater than or equal to 80 dB, and the receiving sensitivity is less than or equal to 50 microvolts; 5. When the power supply voltage fluctuation does not exceed plus or minus 10% of the nominal value, it can work normally; 6. It can work continuously for more than four hours.
2 Main influencing factors for strength measurement
2.1 Raw materials
Cement: if the impact is not significant, it can not be changed; Fine aggregate: the sand ratio commonly used in concrete will not fluctuate too much, and the particle size of sand is much smaller than the ultrasonic wavelength, which has little impact on the ultrasonic wave in transmission; If the sand rate is far less than the minimum common sand rate (28%) or far more than the maximum common sand rate (44%), the impact cannot be ignored, and a strength curve needs to be created. Coarse aggregate: the strength measurement is particularly affected by the variety of stones. Through the test, we can draw the following conclusions. If pebble concrete is used as the foundation, the estimated strength of gravel concrete is about 1/4 higher than that of other materials as the foundation. The sound velocity increases with the increase of aggregate particle size.
Admixtures usually react in the early stage, that is, concrete plasticization, and the strength increases in three to five days in the early stage. However, ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method is used to measure the strength after fourteen days, so there is no need to correct the impact of admixtures.
Carbonization depth: it can be seen from the test that the carbonation depth is increased by less than one millimeter, and the calculated strength of concrete is about 0.6% higher than the actual strength. If the carbonation depth of concrete is too large, the water content will decrease to a certain extent, the rebound value is large, and the sound speed will decrease slightly, which can offset some of the effects; Carbonation may not be considered.
2.2 Water content of concrete
The test results show that the rebound value is largely affected by the concrete surface humidity. The humidity is inversely proportional to the rebound value, but for ultrasonic wave, its propagation speed in water is much higher than that in air, which can offset some of the effects. With the strengthening of concrete strength, the impact will be reduced. Because climate, age and other factors will have a certain impact on the humidity of concrete, and the degree of impact measured in different regions is also different, so the test should be carried out in a dry state as far as possible.
2.3 Test surface
If the upper surface or lower bottom surface of concrete pouring is taken as the test surface, the rebound value and sound velocity are different from those measured on the pouring side because of water or laitance on the surface. If the measurement reference is the side, for the measurement of the upper surface or the lower bottom, the rebound value and the sound velocity value need to be multiplied by a coefficient, that is, the correction coefficient.
2.3 Strength curve of ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method
2.3.1 Meaning of strength measurement curve
The strength curve measured by ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method refers to the relationship between the compressive strength, sound velocity and rebound value of concrete test blocks in a certain mathematical way.
2.3.2 Classification of strength curve
The strength measurement curves can be divided into three categories, namely unified strength measurement curve, regional strength measurement curve and special strength measurement curve. Among the three, the special strength measurement curve is the first choice because of its strong pertinence, high precision and consistent technical conditions, followed by the regional strength measurement curve, and finally the unified strength measurement curve.
3 Summary
When testing the compressive strength of concrete for building structures or components, rebound method, ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method and core drilling method are often used Both rebound method and ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method estimate the compressive strength of concrete indirectly by using the strength measurement curve The strength curve is established by regression analysis on the basis of a large number of tests, and has its corresponding application conditions If the test conditions of the tested concrete are significantly different from the applicable conditions of the strength measurement curve used, the cube specimens cured under the same conditions or the concrete core specimens drilled from the test area of the structure or component can be used to correct the test results of the compressive strength of the concrete
reference:
[1] Pan Weixing Research on strength measurement by ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method and influencing factors [J]. Concrete, 2002, (8): 24-25
[2] Yan Jihong, Hu Yunchang, Lin Zhishen, etc Experimental study on determination of compressive strength of concrete after high temperature by rebound method and ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method [J]. Industrial Building, 2001, 31 (12): 46-47, 82
[3] Zhao Wangda, Liu Yongqiu Evaluation of concrete strength after fire by ultrasonic rebound comprehensive method based on evolutionary neural network [J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2006, 3 (3): 31-34
Chapter 4: Model article on the relationship between health and sub-health
This study selected 160 primary and secondary school principals in a certain area of Guizhou Province, and used the primary and secondary school principals' job stress questionnaire, social support rating scale, simple coping style questionnaire and self rated health rating scale to conduct a questionnaire survey, to explore the relationship between primary and secondary school principals' job stress, social support, coping style and mental health. The results show that the overall work pressure of primary and secondary school principals is at the medium level, with the greatest pressure of examination and promotion, and the smallest pressure of interpersonal relationship; The mental health of primary and secondary school principals is above the middle level; The correlation between work pressure, total scores of social support, subjective support and positive coping and mental health of primary and secondary school principals was statistically significant; The results of structural equation modeling show that work pressure directly affects individual mental health, subjective support affects the relationship between work pressure and mental health through mediation, and subjective support indirectly affects mental health through positive coping style.
Key words: headmaster, work pressure, social support, coping style, mental health
Classification No. B849
1 Problem posing
With the continuous reform and development of basic education in China, the mental health and work pressure of primary and secondary school teachers are increasingly concerned. As the core figure of the school and a special group of teachers, the headmasters of primary and secondary schools are not only responsible for school education and teaching, but also responsible for school management, facing high social expectations and professional pressure. Therefore, the problems of mental health and work pressure of primary and secondary school principals are highlighted. The existing research results show that primary and secondary school principals have a strong sense of work pressure, and work pressure is an important reason affecting the mental health of principals. At the same time, some studies also believe that although the work pressure of middle school principals is high, their psychological quality is relatively good, so the physical and mental health of middle school principals is good, and their physical and mental health is on average higher than that of teachers. This result has a certain relationship with the good personality characteristics of primary and secondary school principals. Most of the primary and secondary school principals have stable emotions, enthusiasm, outgoing personality, mild attitude, and strong self-control. However, apart from personality factors, there are few discussions on the internal psychological mechanism of the relationship between work pressure and mental health of primary and secondary school principals in China, lacking systematic empirical research.
Social support is all kinds of support from others that individuals get from society. A large number of research results show that social support has a positive effect on mental health. Coping style is an individual's conscious, purposeful and flexible adjustment behavior to changes in the real environment. Coping styles also have an impact on individual mental health. Some studies show that compared with ordinary teachers, principals' coping styles are the most mature, and negative life events are less affected than ordinary teachers.
Looking at the existing research results, we find that although some researchers have paid attention to the impact of social support and coping styles on the mental health of school teachers, there is no research that has introduced multiple variables into the study of work pressure and mental health of primary and secondary school principals at the same time, which is to examine the structural relationship between multiple variables. This study intends to explore the relationship model between work pressure, social support, coping style and mental health of primary and secondary school principals through structural equation model, analyze the psychological mechanism of social support and coping style between work pressure and mental health, and provide basis for exploring ways to reduce work pressure and improve mental health of primary and secondary school principals.
2 Research Methods
2.1 Subjects
Taking the trainees of a primary and secondary school principals training class in a region of Guizhou Province as the research object, a questionnaire survey was conducted by using the class time of the trainees and cluster sampling. A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed, and 160 valid questionnaires were recovered. 156 male principals and 4 female principals; 86 principals and 74 vice principals; There are 122 persons with junior college education and 36 persons with undergraduate education, and 2 persons have missing data; There are 110 primary school principals, 42 junior high school principals, 7 middle school principals (junior high school and senior high school principals), and one is missing data; 152 principals of township and rural schools, 8 principals of urban schools; There are 96 principals under 35 years old, 54 principals between 36 and 45 years old, and 10 principals over 46 years old.
2.2 Research tools
2.2.1 Principal Job Pres SUFe Questionnaire
There are 9 items in total, which respectively reflect the overall pressure of the headmaster and the work pressure in many aspects, such as entrance examination, workload, social supervision, interpersonal relationship, leaders in charge, problem students, career development and social status. Five levels of scoring are adopted (no pressure, a little pressure, moderate pressure, greater pressure and great pressure, respectively, 1~5 points). The higher the score, the greater the pressure. The internal consistency of the questionnaire in this study is 0.87.
2.2.2 Social Suppor Rating Scale (SSRS) [9]
There are 10 items in total, including three dimensions of subjective support (4), objective support (3) and support utilization (3), which respectively reflect the support received by the subjective perception of the subjects, the actual support received and the utilization of social support, and reflect the overall situation of the social support of the subjects with the total score. The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire in this study is 0.62.
2.2.3 Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire
There are 20 items in total, which are divided into two dimensions: positive response (12) and negative response (8). Each project shall be assessed at four levels according to the principle of not taking, occasionally taking, sometimes taking and often taking. In this study, the internal consistency reliability of the positive coping dimension is 0.72, and the internal consistency reliability of the negative coping dimension is 0.71.
Overall work pressure, examination pressure, work load pressure, interpersonal relationship pressure and career development pressure were significantly negatively correlated with mental health (p
2.2.4 Self rated Health Measurement Scale (SRHMS)
The scale includes two subscales: positive emotions (5) and psychological symptoms and negative emotions (7), with a total of 12 items. Among them, the positive emotion score, the negative emotion score and the psychological symptom score are negative. Each item has 11 grades from 0 to 10. The higher the score, the better the mental health. The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire in this study is 0.80.
2.3 Statistical methods
SPSS 11.5 software was used for data entry, correlation analysis, independent sample t-test, and Amos 6.0 was used to test the structural equation model.
3 Results
3.1 Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of research variables
The average score of the overall work pressure of primary and secondary school principals is 3.14 ± 0.96 (theoretical range: 0~5 points). In terms of entrance examination, work load, social supervision, interpersonal relationship, competent leadership, problem students, career development and social status, the pressure of entrance examination is the largest, with an average score of 3.03 ± 1.00, and the pressure of interpersonal relationship is the smallest, with an average score of 1.99 ± 0.89, The top three are exam entrance, problem students and workload pressure. The results show that the working pressure of primary and secondary school principals is at a medium level. The average score of mental health of primary and secondary school principals is 84.28 ± 14.28 (theoretical range: 0-120). From the results, the mental health level of primary and secondary school principals is above the middle level.
There was a significant positive correlation between extreme coping and mental health (p
3.2 Analysis of mental health level of primary and secondary school principals in different groups
In order to further understand the relationship between work stress and mental health of primary and secondary school principals, this study ranked the subjects from low to high according to the scores of overall work stress, social support and coping styles. 27% of the subjects at both ends were taken as the low group and the high group respectively, and the difference test was conducted on the mental health scores of the two groups. The results showed that there were significant differences in mental health between high and low group subjects on the three factors of overall work pressure, subjective support and positive coping (p0.05).
3.3 Structural equation model analysis of the relationship between work pressure, social support, coping style and mental health
On the basis of relevant research literature and correlation analysis among various variables, this study made the following assumptions about the relationship between work pressure, social support, coping style and mental health of primary and secondary school principals: work pressure directly affects individual mental health; Subjective support and positive response passed
4 Discussion
In recent years, primary and secondary school principals have become a hot issue in psychological and educational research. This study takes the principals of primary and secondary schools in western China as the object, and uses the questionnaire survey method and structural equation model to study the relationship between work pressure and social intermediary effect on the relationship between work pressure and mental health of primary and secondary school principals; Subjective support has an indirect impact on mental health through positive coping style. According to the above model assumptions, this study first established a saturated model of work pressure, subjective support, positive coping and mental health; Secondly, Amos6.0 software was used to estimate the model, and the path with insignificant path coefficient in the saturation model was deleted (the path from overall stress to positive coping), and the structural model shown in Figure l was obtained, that is, subjective support and positive coping played a mediating role in the relationship between work stress and mental health. The fitting index of the model is ideal.
The above research model hypothesis is basically confirmed. Further path analysis, multiply the coefficients in the same path (for example, the path coefficient of work pressure subjective support mental health is 0.16 × 0.18), and then add the coefficients of different paths (for example, work pressure has three different paths to mental health) to get the overall work pressure The standardized path coefficient of the impact of subjective support and positive coping on mental health is - 0.275, 0.212.0.152.
Support, coping style and mental health. The results show that the overall work pressure of primary and secondary school principals is at the medium level, and their mental health is at the upper middle level, which is consistent with the research conclusions of Liao Chuanjing and others. On the one hand, this result may be closely related to the better psychological quality of primary and secondary school principals themselves. Primary and secondary school principals have experienced many years of personal struggle in the school environment and cultivated good personality characteristics. Most primary and secondary school principals are extroverted, enthusiastic and emotional; At the same time, they are good at making use of the social support from society, family and colleagues to establish a wide range of social support systems, which are used to adjust their work and life pressures and indirectly improve their mental health. On the other hand, the research results may also be related to the sampling of the subjects. Guizhou Province is located in the western region of China, and its education and economic development generally lag behind that of the central and eastern regions. Its competition and pressure in entrance examination, career development and workload are lower than those of developed regions. Therefore, the overall working pressure of primary and secondary school principals is relatively low.
In the specific aspect of work pressure, this study examined the pressure of primary and secondary school principals in eight aspects, namely, entrance examination, workload, social supervision, interpersonal relationship, leadership in charge, problem students, career development and social status. The results showed that the pressure of entrance examination was the greatest, followed by problem students and workload, and the pressure of interpersonal relationship was relatively minimal. On the one hand, this result reflects that the current society's high expectations of schools and the higher authorities' assessment of the school entrance goals have caused considerable pressure on the principals of primary and secondary schools. The school entrance rate is an important indicator that affects the development of schools. The education management department assesses the school entrance rate, students' parents attach importance to the school entrance rate, and the school entrance rate determines the development of schools. These problems have not changed in current education. At the same time, the education of left behind children, the transformation of problem students, and the long-term overload work, such as holding administrative meetings, dealing with routine work (patrolling the campus, sorting out documents, receiving superior inspections, receiving parents, teachers talking and sorting out documents, etc.), and dealing with emergencies, all make the principal feel "exhausted". On the other hand, it also reflects that the atmosphere of interpersonal relationship in primary and secondary schools in western China is relatively harmonious, and the interpersonal environment of campus work is relatively good. From the score of work pressure, compared with the work pressure level of Hubei primary and secondary school principals located in the central and eastern regions, the work pressure level of Guizhou primary and secondary school principals located in the western regions is generally low. This result reflects that there are some differences in the working pressure of primary and secondary school principals in different regions.
This study found that the work pressure, total social support, subjective support and positive coping style of primary and secondary school principals were significantly related to their mental health. In other words, the greater the individual's work pressure, the lower their mental health level; The higher the level of social support, the more individuals use positive ways to deal with difficulties and setbacks, the higher their mental health level, especially the impact of social support on mental health level that individuals feel subjectively is more positive. With regard to the role of social support, most researchers believe that the perceived subjective support is more meaningful than the objective support, because although the perceived support is not an objective reality, "the perceived reality is a psychological reality, and it is the psychological reality that affects human behavior and development as an actual (intermediary) variable". The results of this study confirm this view.
Studies have shown that the internal relationship between social support, stress and physical and mental health is complex. Among them, the buffer effect model believes that good social support can adjust and buffer the negative impact of stress events on individuals; The mediating effect model believes that social support is a medium between stress and mental health; According to the main effect model, social support has an impact on individual mental health independent of pressure, and has a general gain effect; The dynamic effect model combines the main effect model and the buffer effect model. According to Wen Zhonglin and others, we also tested the moderating and mediating role of subjective support between work stress and mental health. Through the hierarchical regression analysis of the moderating effect of subjective support, the results showed that the moderating effect of subjective support was not significant (R2 change was only 0.006, B=0.084, p=0.284 in the product of subjective support × work pressure in the second level regression analysis). Therefore, the moderating effect of subjective support on work pressure and mental health is not significant.
Based on literature analysis and correlation analysis among variables, we established a relationship model among work pressure, subjective support, positive coping and mental health. Through the structural equation model analysis of the mediating effect of subjective support, the results show that the five path coefficients among the four variables reach a significant level (p
reference
1 Wang Ying, Research on the Relationship between Work Stress and Job Satisfaction of Principals of Primary and Secondary Schools in Hubei Province, Master's Thesis, Wuhan: Huazhong Normal University, 2010
Ma Xueyu, Wang Jingzhi, Relationship between work pressure and mental health of primary and secondary school principals China Public Health, 2010, 26 (5): 581-582
Wang Xiaoqin, Ren Chunliang, Investigation and Research on Mental Health and Personality Characteristics of Middle School Principals, Chinese Behavioral Medical Sciences, 2006,15 (6): 564
4 Liao Chuanjing, Physical and Mental Health of Middle School Principals and Its Influence and Protective Factors, Psychological Science, 2009, 32 (9): 1508-1510
5 Zhang Fujian, Comparative Study on Personality Characteristics of Primary and Secondary School Principals, Shandong Educational Research, 2001, (10): 37-39
6 Wen Wusen, Wang Yiqiang, Zhao Guoqiu, et al. Research on the relationship between social support, psychological control and mental health, Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 2000, 24 (4): 258-260
7 Deng Yuanping, Luo Xiao, Analysis of the Relationship between Teachers' Occupational Stress, Social Support and Mental Health, Journal of Jimei University, 2011, 12 (1): 44-48
Chapter 5: Model article on the relationship between health and sub-health
[Key words] Prevention of disease by TCM; sub-health; prevention and cure
[CLC No.] R21 [Document Identification Code] A [Article No.] 1005-0515 (2011) - 04-037-02
Chinese medicine“Treating Pre-disease”And the prevention and treatment of Sub-health
HUI Qiusha
(Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355)
[Abstract] In this paper, the concept of Chinese medicine “Treating Pre-disease” and sub-health was described, so the relationship between them was clarified. The paper also expounded how to prevent and treat sub-health following the theory of Chinese medicine “treating pre-disease”. Chinese medicine “Treating Pre-disease” has its unique feature in the field of prevention and treatment of sub-health.
[Keywords] Chinese medicine"Treating Pre-disease"; Sub-health; the prevention and treatment
Modern medicine believes that sub-health is an intermediate state between health and disease. If it is not treated in time, it will develop into a variety of diseases, and even lead to serious diseases such as cardio cerebrovascular diseases and tumors. According to the global survey results of the World Health Organization (WHO), at present, about 75% of the world's people are in a sub-health state with chronic fatigue syndrome as the main manifestation [1], and some data show that about 60% - 70% of the people in China are in a sub-health state. Because of its unique theory and rich clinical experience, Chinese medicine has its own characteristics and advantages in the prevention and treatment of sub-health. It is of great significance to guide the prevention and treatment of sub-health by applying the thought of "treating disease before disease" of TCM, so as to keep people away from sub-health.
1. "Prevention of disease" in traditional Chinese medicine
1.1 Proposition of the concept of "prevention of disease" in traditional Chinese medicine
The idea of "treating diseases before they occur" is an important part of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. The term "treating diseases before they occur" was first mentioned in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, which refers to the method of taking prevention or treatment to prevent the occurrence and development of diseases. The "Simple Questions · Four Qi Regulating Spirit" points out that "the sage does not cure the disease before he gets sick", which means to prevent illness when he is healthy; Another example is the view expressed in the "coffin? Reverse order chapter" that "if you go to work, you will stab the person who is not alive... So it is said that" if you go to work, you will cure the disease before you get sick, and you will not cure the disease after you get sick. "The view expressed in the" go to work to cure the disease before you get sick "emphasizes that you should treat the disease before it happens or after it gets worse. Doctors of all dynasties have also constantly improved the "prevention of disease". Zhang Zhongjing's "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" mentioned that "the man who treats the patient who is not sick sees the disease of the liver...", while Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty put forward the view of "the doctor who treats the patient without disease" in his "Thousand Golden Prescriptions".
1.2 The scope of "prevention of disease" in traditional Chinese medicine [2]
The category of "treating before disease" can be summarized as: (1) preventing before disease: when the body is healthy, take various health care or health preserving measures to strengthen the body and prevent disease; (2) Prevention: When the body shows signs of deviating from health, take timely measures to nip it in the bud. (3) Prevention of existing diseases: when the human body suffers from diseases, it is necessary to treat them in time, and grasp the laws of their occurrence and development and the ways of transmission, so as to prevent them from further worsening and involving more viscera; (4) Prevention of disease recurrence: After the initial recovery of the disease, you should recuperate your body, promote the complete recovery of the body and maintain a healthy state, and prevent the recurrence of the disease.
2 Sub health
2.1 The concept of sub-health
WHO defines health as [3]: health refers to a state in which all three aspects of physiology, psychology and social adaptation are intact, not just the absence of disease or weakness. It is found that a considerable number of non healthy people neither belong to the health scope defined by WHO nor meet the diagnostic criteria of the opposite side of health - disease, but are in between. In order to describe such a state, concepts such as "the third state", "transition state" and "gray state" have emerged, which Chinese scholars call "sub-health state". The Chinese Medical Clinical Guidelines for Sub health [4] gives a precise definition of sub health: sub health refers to a state between health and disease.
2.2 Causes and clinical manifestations of sub-health
Modern medical research believes that there are many reasons for sub-health, mainly [5]: (1) The pace of life and work is accelerating, and the environment is closed and deteriorating; (2) Natural aging of human body; (3) Irregular diet and irregular rest; (4) Endocrine disorder; (5) Drug abuse. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the main causes of sub-health are [5] [6]: (1) internal injuries of seven emotions refer to excessive thinking and mental labor; (2) Poor diet; (3) Impermanence in daily life; (4) Excessive exertion; (5) Aging and physical decline; (6) Constitution theory: according to the constitution theory of traditional Chinese medicine, human constitution is formed by both congenital inheritance and acquired, and can be divided into healthy constitution and pathological constitution, such as yin deficiency constitution, qi deficiency constitution, etc. [7]. A person with pathological constitution is in a sub-health state when the balance of yin and yang in his body has been out of balance but has not yet developed into a disease. It can be seen that modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine have similar understanding of the generation of sub-health.
The clinical manifestations of sub-health mainly include the following four aspects [2] [8]: (1) Psychological symptoms: mental depression, depression, irritability, suspicion, insomnia, memory decline, and the tendency of over selfishness in world outlook, outlook on life and values. (2) Physiological symptoms: dizziness and headache, weakness of limbs, dry eyes and red eyes, chest tightness and shortness of breath, palpitations and palpitations, loss of appetite, indigestion, coldness, rough skin, hair loss, etc. (3) Social performance: hard to learn, difficult to work, few friends, not good at interpersonal communication, many family conflicts, difficult to adapt to society, etc. (4) Physical and chemical examination: the examination often has no positive results or the examination results exceed the limits but fail to meet the diagnostic criteria of the disease, such as some immune indicators decline, blood pressure is at a normal high value, etc.
3. The relationship between sub-health and "prevention of disease" in traditional Chinese medicine
"Disease prevention" and "sub health" are two concepts that span more than 2000 years. The "prevention of disease" theory of TCM is not equal to "sub health". According to the theory of "not ill" of TCM, "not ill" includes three aspects: the healthy state without disease, the sub-health state and the state of having been ill but not spreading. Obviously, the sub-health state should belong to the category of "not ill" of TCM. The prevention and treatment of sub-health is to take measures to prevent it from developing into disease and restore the health of the body, while the "prevention of disease" of traditional Chinese medicine should not only take measures to prevent it from developing into disease, but also prevent the occurrence of sub-health, and in the case of disease, it should also prevent the disease from further spreading to the disease-free viscera [9]. Although sub-health is a concept based on western medicine, its mechanism is still unclear, and its pathological nature and severity cannot be confirmed by physical and chemical methods, so the prevention and treatment measures for sub-health in western medicine cannot be implemented. After more than 2000 years of accumulation, the TCM thought of "treating disease before disease" focuses on the theory of identifying the state of the body from the macro overall performance and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of human functional response, which points out the direction for the prevention and treatment of sub-health.
4. Prevention and treatment of sub-health by applying the thought of "prevention of disease" of traditional Chinese medicine [10] - [14]
4.1 Adjustment spirit
The spirit of adjustment is the basis of the thought of "treating diseases before they occur". The body and spirit are interrelated and interdependent. Human mental activity is an important physiological function of the body, which directly affects the rise and fall of the body. Poor spirit will lead to the imbalance of yin, yang, qi and blood in the body, the corresponding dysfunction of internal organs, the reduction of the body's immunity, and the occurrence of diseases of one kind or another. As mentioned in the Internal Classic, "anger hurts the liver", "joy hurts the heart", "thinking hurts the spleen", "sadness hurts the lungs" and "anger leads to qi rising, joy leads to qi slowing, sorrow leads to qi disappearing, fear leads to qi falling, shock leads to qi chaos, and thinking leads to qi stagnation". Therefore, avoiding abnormal mental stimulation, paying attention to spiritual cultivation, and maintaining mental stability and optimism are important prerequisites to prevent the occurrence of "sub-health".
4.2 Daily life
The routine in daily life conforms to the law of climate change and the periodic change of time, and will naturally keep healthy. The Internal Classic says: "There is no discipline in daily life, so half a hundred will decline". It can be seen that if there is no rule in long-term living, the human body's ability to resist evil and immunity will inevitably decrease, and it is easy to suffer from various diseases.
4.3 Reasonable diet
Healthy and reasonable dietary habits can play a role in preventing and curing diseases, health care and delaying aging. Reasonable dietary structure is the key to disease prevention and health care. In the Jiayetang Series of Books written by Liu Chenggan in the Qing Dynasty, it was said: "The way to keep healthy is not to precede food." Nutrition in food is not only the basic condition for human life, but also can prevent and cure diseases. The viewpoint of "five grains are for food, five fruits are for help, five animals are for benefit, five vegetables are for supplement, the smell is compatible, and the essence is replenished" in Suwen - Organ Law Chronology explains the importance of reasonable diet.
4.4 Moderate exercise
"Moving is never failing" is our traditional Chinese view of health preservation and health care. Physiologically, exercise can move muscles, bones and joints of the whole body, enhance heart and lung functions, improve the functional conditions of the blood circulation system, respiratory system and digestive system, improve disease resistance, improve the regulation function of the nervous system, improve the human body's judgment on the complex changes of the external environment, and thus enhance the adaptability of the body; Psychologically, it can regulate the nervous mood of the human body, eliminate the fatigue of the body, cultivate people's sentiments, and keep people healthy. In a word, persistent exercise is one of the effective ways to prevent sub-health, which can maintain health internally and drive away evil spirits externally.
4.5 Diet
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of taking food and medicine. Sun Simiao, the king of medicine in the Tang Dynasty, mentioned in the "Thousand Golden Prescriptions" that "if you want to cure a disease, you should first take food therapy, which will not heal, and then take medicine". With the rapid development of today's society, people's life is paying more and more attention to health care and sub-health prevention. Food therapy, which is derived from food and traditional Chinese medicine in daily life, has the advantages of non-toxic side effects, economy, convenient production and administration, and no trauma and pain, and will be widely concerned. Since the past dynasties, TCM has accumulated a large number of effective diet and medicated diet methods, such as differentiated diet, balanced diet, and so on. According to different sub healthy people, different physical types and different seasons, the use of traditional Chinese medicine diet will play an important role in the prevention and treatment of sub health.
4.6 Acupuncture and Massage
Acupuncture and massage are undoubtedly the most distinctive treatment methods in traditional Chinese medicine. According to the principle of treating diseases before they occur and differentiating symptoms and signs in traditional Chinese medicine, develop corresponding acupuncture techniques and products to act on corresponding acupoints, which can reach the goal of "treating diseases before they occur" and preventing sub-health. The application of massage for disease prevention and treatment has a long history, which has been highly valued by medical experts and health preservation scientists thousands of years ago. For example, the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic pointed out that "massage should not be released, needle should not be rejected, and qi should be transferred to deficiency, and the spirit should be recovered."
5 Summary
The thought of "treating diseases before they become ill" in TCM has a long history. It is an important theory in the Internal Classic and the essence of TCM preventive medicine. It also meets the standard of modern preventive medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of sub-health. The prevention and treatment of sub-health is guided by the theory of "treating the disease before it gets sick" of traditional Chinese medicine, such as the method of "medicated diet and dietotherapy", which gives play to the advantages of diversified TCM concepts and treatment methods, convenient operation, ideal effect, and low price of traditional Chinese medicine, and uses non medicated health care methods to regulate sub-health, making up for the shortcomings of western medicine. While inheriting and applying the "prevention of disease" of traditional Chinese medicine to guide the prevention and treatment of sub-health, it also improved the preventive medicine of traditional Chinese medicine, promoted the development of medicine, and made new contributions to ensuring the health of all mankind. It can be seen that the idea of "treating the disease before it occurs" in TCM has also been endowed with new connotation.
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[6] Liu Shaoju Analysis and Review of TCM Symptoms and Causes of 645 Subhealthy People [J]. Medical Information, 2009, 1 (10): 143-144
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Chapter 6: Model article on the relationship between health and sub-health
[Key words] Dialectical health and sub-health diseases
Social development is people-oriented, and human development is health oriented. With the development of economy and society, people's living standards have significantly improved. The main improvement of human living conditions has brought many negative impacts on society. The incidence of civilized diseases has become the main factor affecting human health and restricting the improvement of physical fitness. Strengthening physique and promoting health has become the common goal of modern people. The research on health status has different perspectives. From a dialectical perspective, the article uses the perspective of development and change to understand the concept of health and sub-health, and understand the transformation relationship between health, sub-health and disease, so as to provide a disposable exercise prescription for the health of modern human society, and provide theoretical reference for preventing sub-health, improving the health level of the body, and enhancing physical fitness.
1、 Overview of Sub health
（1） Concept of sub-health state
With the development of modern science and technology and the deepening of people's understanding of human health, a vacuum belt has emerged between health and disease. In the mid-1980s, Soviet scholars pointed out that in addition to health and disease, there was an intermediate state of non health and non disease in the human body, called sub-health, or sub-health for short. Subhealth is a special state of poor physiological function between health and disease. There are various risk factors for disease to varying degrees, but there is no organic disease in the body. However, physical strength is reduced, reaction ability is reduced, adaptability is reduced, mental state is poor, and human immune function is low. The proposal of the concept of sub-health indicates that the strategy of human beings for diseases has really shifted from treatment to prevention and treatment, which is the development direction of current medical research.
（2） Expression of sub-health status
The general manifestations of sub-health state: physical sub-health state, mental sub-health state and interpersonal sub-health state. Among them, the physical sub-health state is embodied in physical fatigue, such as fatigue, drowsiness, body aches, sore throat, low fever, unexplained dizziness, tinnitus, dizziness, etc; The most common symptom of mental sub-health is anxiety, which is mainly manifested as irritability, irritability, sleep disorders, and then palpitations, restlessness, confusion, loss of control, etc; The sub-health state of interpersonal communication is mainly manifested in the increase of psychological distance with others, the decrease of communication frequency, the instability of interpersonal relationship, and the feeling of hopelessness, emptiness, inferiority, and autism.
（3） Causes of sub-health
The sub-health state is caused by the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system due to the long-term hyperactivity of the human sympathetic nervous system caused by the fast-paced social life and various social information stimuli, and is affected by sociological, psychological, environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. If long-term physical and mental tension is not adjusted in time, there will be psychological imbalance, nervous system dysfunction, endocrine disorder, normal function disorder, body immunity decline, body fatigue, appetite decline, poor sleep quality; In this environment for a long time, the oxygen concentration in human blood and the utilization rate of oxygen by tissue cells will decline, which will affect the normal physiological function of tissue cells, resulting in depression, irritability, and the increasing complexity and variability of social life, resulting in the growing indifference of emotions between people, the lack of emotional communication, and the superficiality, formalization and materialization of communication, The chances of emotional frustration increase, the information about emotional life decreases, the sense of loneliness becomes more prominent, and the lack of close social relations and friendship makes people feel bored, helpless, and upset.
2、 Health, Sub health and Disease Transformation
（1） Transformation of health and sub-health
Health is the precious wealth of human society and an important guarantee for human survival and development. With the development of science and technology and human society and the changes of the times, modern scientific concepts tell us that health is not only a sound limbs, no disease and no weakness, but also a perfect state of physical, mental, behavioral and moral adaptation. A healthy body is in a relatively stable and balanced state, including the stability of the internal body and the stability of the relationship between the body and the external environment. One of the most important signs of physical health is good physical fitness. Good physical fitness is conducive to improving the immunity of the body, improving the disease resistance of the body, slowing down the aging speed of the body, improving self-image, improving self life satisfaction and social adaptability, and also has a certain role in promoting social skills and cognitive function. Good physical fitness is also an important material basis for enjoying life, improving work efficiency and enhancing the ability to respond to emergencies.
Subhealth is a special state of low physiological function between health and disease, with various risk factors of disease to varying degrees, but there is no organic disease in the body. The development of the body from health function to sub-health state is due to various potential pathogenic factors in different life, work and learning processes, such as excessive use of heart and brain, long-term abnormal load on the main organs of the body, and energy and physical overdraft caused by excessive fatigue; High intensity workload and fierce competitive environment cause excessive tension and pressure; Unreasonable diet, insufficient rest, lack of exercise and so on cause excess energy or malnutrition, insufficient body function and physical strength, and lack of energy; The stimulation of unhealthy spirit and psychological factors, the rapid development of social changes, the renewal and change of life style, life concept and family concept, cause psychological imbalance, the drawbacks of social system, backward ideology, bad social customs, and disharmony of interpersonal relationships, which lead to the disorder of human nerve and endocrine function, and lead to the occurrence of mental state Under the long-term effect of this factor, the body will slow down its development towards sub-health.
（2） Subhealth and disease transformation
Disease is the damage of homeostasis and metabolism, function and structure caused by pathogenic factors. It refers to the abnormal life activity process caused by the self stable regulation disorder under the action of a certain cause, and causes a series of changes in metabolism, function and structure. From sub-health to disease is a process of spontaneous transformation of the body. In this process, the body evolves from symptoms to symptoms, which is essentially a process from no functional disorder in the body to endocrine disorder in the internal organ system. The metabolic, functional and structural changes in diseases are collectively referred to as pathological changes. When the body is in pathological changes, cells and organs begin to malfunction, the body will have sick feelings such as dizziness, headache and discomfort.
（3） Health sub health disease relationship
Health sub health disease is a long-term, dynamic and continuous process. The sub health state is in the middle, and its upstream part overlaps with the health state, while the downstream part overlaps with the disease. The overlapping part may be indistinct with the health or disease state and difficult to distinguish. The three aspects of health, sub-health and disease can be transformed into each other. The sub-health state is constantly developing and changing, which can be transformed into health state and disease state. The transformation of sub-health ultimately depends on the self health care measures and the level of immunity. The transformation to the state of disease is a spontaneous process, and the transformation to the state of health needs to take conscious preventive measures and strengthen self health care.
reference:
[1] Wang Jian, He Yuxiu Health and Fitness [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2008:07
Chapter 7: Model article on the relationship between health and sub-health
[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between the changes of morphology and character of peripheral red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets and the occurrence and development of sub-health. Methods The peripheral blood slides of all kinds of people clinically diagnosed as sub-health and healthy were taken, dried, and stained with Reich Giemsa staining, and observed in KL immune image analysis system. Results The detection rate of serrated red blood cells, lemon red blood cells, inactive white blood cells, beaded red blood cells and red blood cell aggregation in sub healthy people was significantly or very significantly higher than that in healthy people. There was no significant difference in red blood cell defect, dead white blood cells and platelet aggregation between the two groups. Conclusion The occurrence and development of sub-health may be related to the low quality of cells and the decline of physiological function caused by various factors.
[Key words] Sub health; Micromedicine; Pathological information; Low quality
At present, the characteristics of medical research are to develop towards bipolar, macro and multi-disciplinary direction, which has formed "holistic medicine", "social medicine" and "cosmic medicine"; With the development towards fine division and micro direction, micro medicine including "cell medicine", "molecular medicine", "quantum medicine" and "nano medicine" has emerged. Like holographic holistic medicine, micro medicine can dynamically study the structure, characteristics, functions of the human body and its role in disease prevention.
According to the theory of incidence hierarchy, the amount of disease information varies from small to large, which is first manifested in the abnormality of various indicators of micro medicine. At this stage, the overall medicine may show no obvious symptoms or only latent pathological information. Therefore, effective methods of micro medical diagnosis of sub-health are emerging. In this paper, the following studies were carried out on the relationship between the changes of morphology and properties of human red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets and the occurrence and development of sub-health.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Selection of sub-health cases and healthy control personnel All case data of this study were physical examiners in the physical examination center of our hospital in September 2005. Through filling out self-designed questionnaires, 60 cases met the diagnostic criteria for sub-health status and 34 cases met the 10 health standards proposed by the United Nations Health Organization, respectively, were in the sub-health group and the healthy control group.
1.2 Research and Methods The peripheral blood slides of all kinds of people diagnosed as health and sub-health were taken, dried automatically, and stained with Reich Giemsa. The results were observed in KL immune image analysis system.
1.3 Research projects and standards
1.3.1 Morphological characteristics and properties of red blood cells Normal red blood cells: double concave on both sides, disc shaped, free and scattered, 5-9 μ m in diameter; Serrated red blood cells: the surface of red blood cells is prickly, losing the double concave characteristics, and the shape is rough; Erythrocyte membrane defect: the erythrocyte membrane is incomplete, the membrane is sunken with scar like imprints, and the cells are shrunken; Lemon like red blood cells: the appearance of red blood cells is lemon like; Beaded red blood cells: red blood cells adhere to each other to form the appearance of "coin collection"; Erythrocyte aggregation: more than 3 red blood cells gather into a mass.
1.3.2 Morphological characteristics of white blood cells Normal and active white blood cells are polymorphic, with pseudopodia or phagocytic bacteria or foreign matters in the cells; The inactive leukocytes were round; Death (necrosis or apoptosis): the nuclear membrane of white blood cells is broken, the nucleus is pyknotic or broken, or apoptotic bodies are formed.
1.3.3 Platelet character analysis Normal platelets are polymorphic plate-like bodies, the size of which is equivalent to 1/7~1/2 of red blood cells, and they are scattered in the blood slice. It is generally believed that the aggregation of more than 15-25 platelets is platelet aggregation.
1.4 Statistical methods The mean ± standard deviation (x ± s) was used to measure the data (data). The difference between groups was tested by t test and χ 2 test, and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
2 Results
2.1 Morphological observation of red blood cells showed that normal red blood cells in the healthy group were significantly higher than those in the sub healthy group (P<0.01); The serrated red blood cells and lemon red blood cells in the sub healthy group were significantly higher than those in the healthy group (P<0.01); However, there was no statistical difference between the two groups for erythrocyte membrane defect, as shown in Table 1.
2.3 Observation on the morphology and activity of white blood cells In the sub-health group, the normal morphology and active white blood cells were significantly lower than those in the healthy control group, the difference was extremely significant. In the investigation of inactive leukocytes, the sub-health group was significantly higher than the control group, and the difference was extremely significant; However, there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups of dead leukocytes, as shown in Table 3.
1 Darbishire L. Distinguishing patients with chronic fatigue from those with chronic fatigue syndrome: a diagnostic study in UK primary care. Br J-Gen Pract，2003，53(491):441-445.
Fan Chunwu, Zhou Gang Ecological balance and sub health Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2005, 3 (37): 616
3 Mao Yalun, Liu Donghai, Zhang Wan The relationship between infection severity and intracellular and extracellular calcium concentration of erythrocyte membrane calcium pump Modern Practical Medicine, 2001, (19): 442
Four weeks ago, Fan Chunwu Free radicals are the main culprit of sub-health Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2005,3 (39): 747
Chapter 8: Model Essay on the Relationship between Health and Sub health
Investigation and intervention of college teachers' sub-health
Since the 1980s, with the rapid development of high-tech, competition in modern society has become increasingly fierce, leading to great changes in people's living and working environment. Many people have symptoms such as nervousness, irritability, depression, headache, dizziness, memory decline, fatigue, loss of appetite, insomnia and dreaminess. However, through physical signs and tests, there is no abnormality. This phenomenon has troubled the medical community for many years. Later, many scholars found that in addition to the health state (the first state) and disease state (the second state), there is also an intermediate state of non health and non disease, called the third state, that is, sub health state. According to experts, sub-health generally refers to the functional changes of the body without organic diseases, which are mainly manifested in fatigue, decreased vitality, slow reaction, decreased adaptability, and often in a state of anxiety, confusion, boredom, and helplessness. Subhealth is the "third state" between health and disease, also known as the "gray state" in the medical field. It is the transitional stage between health and disease. There is no disease in body and psychology, but there are many symptoms and psychological experiences of discomfort subjectively. It is also called "indefinite statement syndrome" because of its varied and unfixed chief complaints.
1 Research objects and methods
1.1 Research objects
Teachers from 10 colleges and universities in Liaoning Province, including Dalian University of Technology, Northeast University, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian Maritime University, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning University of Engineering and Technology, Anshan University of Science and Technology, Jinzhou Medical College, Fushun Petroleum Institute, were selected as research objects, The research content is the sub-health status of college teachers in Liaoning Province. 600 questionnaires were randomly distributed, and 562 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 93.67%.
1.2 Research methods
(1) Questionnaire survey method. After referring to a large number of literature, this paper summarizes the questionnaire on the sub-health status of college teachers in Liaoning Province, and the factors set are closely related to the current situation of colleges and universities in our province.
(2) Data statistics method
After sorting out, screening and reviewing the data collected from the questionnaire, we summarized them and processed them with relevant data analysis software Excel and SPSS15.0.
2 Results and Analysis
2.1 Overall situation analysis
Among the 562 respondents, 274 are healthy, accounting for 48.75%; 223 people were in sub-health status, accounting for 39.68% of the total; According to the data, 65 of them had health problems, accounting for 11.57%. This shows that for colleges and universities in Liaoning Province, more than 1/3 of teachers are basically in a sub-health state.
2.2 Relationship between gender and sub-health
According to this survey, of the 562 people who responded to the questionnaire effectively, 308 were male teachers, 93 of whom were in sub-health status, accounting for 30.19%; There are 254 female teachers, 130 of whom are in a sub-health state, accounting for 51.18%. Almost half of them are in a sub-health state. See Table 1 for details:
2.3 Analysis of influencing factors related to sub-health
The OR value of school factors is 1.326, the OR value of work environment and psychological factors is 1.352, the OR value of personal factors is 1.402, the OR value of lifestyle factors is 1.427, the OR value of sports situation is 1.457, and the OR value of poor interpersonal relationship is 1.728. It can be seen that the factors of poor interpersonal relationship most affect the health of college teachers.
3 Conclusions and suggestions
According to the investigation and analysis of the current situation and influencing factors of college teachers' sub-health in Liaoning Province, the health level of teachers can be improved from the following aspects:
3.1 Develop regular living habits and reasonably arrange the dietary structure
Comply with the movement of the biological clock. The time of eating, working and rest is relatively stable. The food selection is diversified, focusing on cereals. Eat more vegetables, fruits, potatoes, beans and their products. Limit alcohol consumption. Balance diet and physical activities, and maintain appropriate weight.
3.2 Make full use of the spare time in the intense work to find a simple exercise method
Such as playing ball, jogging and doing exercises. You can also find a relaxing form of pleasure, such as listening to music, painting, and practicing calligraphy. Keep an optimistic attitude and healthy mood at all times, which will promote blood circulation, facilitate gas exchange in the lungs, and help the brain relax.
3.3 Communicate more with colleagues and leaders
In terms of interpersonal relations, we strive to treat people sincerely, communicate with colleagues and leaders more, and communicate our ideas with them in a timely manner without being false. When encountering various life stress stimuli, the stimulus affects people's physiological activities through the brain. Although the intensity and duration of stress have a close impact on people, it is more important for people to understand stress Evaluation and self psychological adaptation and adjustment.
3.4 Self test your physical health
In order to maintain good health status, it is important to know and evaluate your own health level at any time.
3.5 Spend more time with family
For teachers who have families and children, they should use their spare time to communicate with them, and strive to achieve the goal of both family and career.
In a word, for college teachers, the pressure of life and work often leads to the appearance of sub-health. In the face of such a situation, we should find out the problems in time, find out the reasons, and carry out correct treatment and intervention. Only in this way can we have a healthy physical state and better invest in work and life.
reference:
[1] Li Xiaoyun, Sun Xiaomin, Zhao Xiaoshan, Luo Ren Analysis on influencing factors of sub-health status of hospital staff [J]. Modern Hospital, 2010, (5): 180-182
[2] Chen Junhong, Meng Lingquan, Wang Weigang Investigation and Analysis on the Sub health Status of Clinicians in Langfang Third Class A Hospital [J]. Journal of Preventive Medicine Information, 2011, (2): 202-203
[3] Pang Jing, Li Yinghua, Tao Maoxuan Research progress on population distribution characteristics and risk factors of sub-health and chronic fatigue syndrome [J]. China Health Education, 2010, (4): 109-110
Chapter 9: Model essay on the relationship between health and sub-health
Key words: sub-health status of college students and intervention strategies
CLC No.: G645.5 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1672-3791 (2016) 07 (b) - 0165-02
With the rapid development of economy and society, the pace of life is accelerating day by day. All kinds of groups in the society are facing pressure from all aspects, and sub-health is prevalent in many groups. According to the survey of the World Health Organization, 70% of the world's population is facing sub-health, and the state of sub-health in China is not optimistic. As the reserve force for the construction and development of the country and society, college students' sub-health problems will affect their physical and mental health and, to a certain extent, the healthy and sustainable development of the whole society. The sub-health problem of college students is more prominent. Many college students cannot accurately understand and face the sub-health problem, which will lead to the transformation of sub-health into various diseases for a long time, suffering from their own pain, and even some irreversible serious consequences.
Overview and current situation analysis of college students' sub-health in Jilin Province
The sub-health state is the third state between disease and health. Different stages will show different characteristics. It is a non disease and non health state with a certain degree of psychological, physical, social and other maladaptive symptoms. The sub-health state often presents symptoms of "more fatigue, less reaction, less vitality, less adaptation" in clinical practice. Subhealth patients often suffer from dizziness, fatigue, fatigue, insomnia and other physical and mental disorders, which will lead to a series of physiological and psychological reactions and changes, such as loss of appetite, depression, irritability, forgetfulness, interpersonal tension and other problems. Subhealth will develop and lead to a series of diseases, which will seriously affect and endanger individuals, families and society. In combination with WHO's health concept and China's clinical practice, sub health is divided into the following types: (1) overall sub health. Due to various reasons, there are a series of abnormal states in body and mind, which are embodied in physical discomfort, psychological abnormalities, difficulties in handling social relations, etc. (2) Physiological sub-health. Due to excessive pressure, overwork, malnutrition and other reasons, it leads to dizziness, insomnia, forgetfulness, loss of appetite, physical fatigue, decreased immunity and other physical abnormalities. (3) Mental sub-health. Due to external factors, it leads to depression, anxiety, restlessness, loneliness, depression and other states. (4) Social adaptive sub-health. Nervous and sensitive, social withdrawal often occurs, interpersonal relationships are not handled well, and normal social activities are seriously affected.
Through a questionnaire survey of college students in Jilin Province to analyze the current situation of sub-health, the survey found that 37.7% of them think they are healthy, 42.5% think they are in mild sub-health, 18.4% think they are in moderate sub-health, 0.9% think they are in severe sub-health, and 0.4% think they are unhealthy. It can be seen that the overwhelming majority of college students believe that they are in a mild sub-health and healthy state. In order to further analyze the overall health status of college students in Jilin Province, a hierarchical analysis was conducted according to the categories of arts and science, gender, grade, etc. The analysis found that the health status of science students was generally inferior to that of liberal arts students. The number of science students suffering from mild sub-health was significantly higher than that of liberal arts students. Among the respondents, only science students suffered from severe sub-health. Therefore, teachers, parents and other parties need to focus on the health problems of science students. Secondly, on the whole, the health status of male college students is also inferior to that of women. Classifying the surveyed college students according to their grades, it can be found that the proportion of senior college students in sub-health status is the highest, and the health status of senior college students is inferior to that of junior college students.
2. Influencing factors of college students' sub-health status
2.1 Sleep quality
Poor sleep is often one of the manifestations of human sub-health. The human body realizes self-regulation through sleep. If this key link of regulation is ignored, it will greatly affect work efficiency and health status. The good or bad sleep quality will directly affect the health of college students. The survey found that the sleep quality of college students is relatively poor, but it is difficult to make up for the missing sleep. Most people think their sleep quality is good, and the number of people who think their sleep quality is very good is about the same as that of ordinary college students. A small number of people think their sleep quality is poor, and the number of people who think their sleep quality is very poor is very small. College students in severe sub-health have certain sleep disorders, and they are quite poor in falling asleep, sleep quality, sleep time and other aspects, which is significantly different from those in mild to moderate sub-health.
2.2 Academic pressure
For college students, academic pressure is also one of the factors affecting their sub-health status. If college students feel that their professional prospects are not very good and they feel confused about their future, and they encounter difficulties and setbacks in the learning process, they are prone to psychological problems such as high mental tension, extreme sensitivity, and low mood, which will lead to their lack of interest and passion in learning, and gradually become inferiority complex, self isolation, depression, anxiety, irritability, poor interpersonal relations and other problems. For a long time, college students in sub-health state will have different negative manifestations, which will greatly affect their physical and mental health.
2.3 Economic factors
Economic factors also affect the sub-health status of college students to a certain extent. A very small number of college students rely on their own income during school, while the vast majority of college students rely on their families for their income. Most college students in Jilin Province spend 700~1400 yuan a month on living expenses, and those who spend 1400~2800 yuan also account for a certain proportion. Few college students spend less than 700 yuan and more than 2800 yuan. Therefore, most students in Jilin Province still spend about 1000 yuan on living expenses. The consumption of college students in sports is relatively small, and most of the students spend less than 300 yuan on sports, which indicates that college students do not pay enough attention to sports, and lack of certain sports can easily lead to sub-health.
2.4 Sports
College students are in the best stage of physical function, whether they often actively participate in sports is closely related to college students' sub-health status. College students will agree with sports, as long as appropriate guidance will effectively prevent sub-health. Indirect participation in sports activities through watching game broadcasts, browsing sports news websites, listening to the radio, watching newspapers and magazines and other ways can also effectively promote physical health. Most college students mainly spend 30 minutes in physical exercise. The frequency of participating in sports is low. They participate in a variety of sports, including running, swimming, basketball, football, tennis and other ball games.
3. Research on Intervention Strategies for College Students' Sub health
3.1 Reasonably arrange work and rest and scientifically control emotions
The quality of sleep greatly affects the health status of college students, so college students need to reasonably arrange their work and rest time to ensure the time and quality of sleep. At the same time, we should plan the time for work and rest and physical exercise, and balance learning and health. Actively guide college students to correctly understand and evaluate themselves, and correctly face various problems and challenges. When you are in a sub-health state, you can get enough rest through a positive attitude and different improvement measures. Sleep is conducive to improving the sub-health state.
3.2 Strengthen the construction of campus culture and create a harmonious learning environment
College life should be colorful and full of passion. Through various campus activities, college students can fully feel the happiness and beauty of campus life, thus eliminating loneliness, anxiety, irritability and other negative emotions. In addition to ensuring the hardware conditions, the school also needs to strengthen the construction of soft practice, create campus culture through various ways, and create a harmonious learning environment for students.
3.3 Reasonable use of living expenses
Because they come from different families, college students' living expenses and consumption concepts are also quite different. Unreasonable living expenses often affect students' quality of life, and also lead to students' panic and inferiority complex, which will lead to students' sub-health status. Students should make reasonable plans and make full use of their living expenses. For students with poor economic conditions, they can provide appropriate work study opportunities to reduce the probability of sub health.
3.4 Strengthen sports intervention
Use various publicity means to strengthen the publicity of sports, so that students can fully understand the significance of sports and pay more attention to sub-health. At the same time, introduce the skills of various sports, cultivate students' interest in sports, organize more different types of group sports competitions and activities, promote sunshine sports, and create a strong atmosphere for physical exercise. Colleges and universities should formulate a series of physical exercise plans and arrange certain teaching time, and properly incorporate physical exercise into the evaluation and assessment of students.
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