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Chapter 1: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
Key words: ontological philosophy; Intangible cultural heritage; Value exploration; Poetic dwelling
CLC No.: G02 Document ID No.: A Article No.: 1003-0751 (2012) 06-0136-04
Although Japan had put forward the concept of "intangible cultural property" as early as the 1950s, the "intangible cultural heritage" as a general concept was only determined by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003. Therefore, intangible cultural heritage is a new academic field. At the same time, it is also an academic field with growing points and vitality. In recent years, the research trend in full swing in China can be seen, ranging from the discussion of general research rules of intangible cultural heritage to the investigation and research of specific intangible cultural heritage projects. However, taking a comprehensive view of the current research results, the philosophical basis of intangible cultural heritage research has hardly been involved; Even if it is occasionally involved, it still stays on the basis of epistemological philosophy. As we all know, philosophy is a discipline of "loving wisdom", a discipline of exploring the general laws, basic methodology and world outlook of metaphysics. Its object of thinking is not only the real life in all aspects, but also the humanities itself with a wide range of real life. Therefore, philosophy has the title of "the mother of discipline". As a new academic research field, intangible cultural heritage research also natural It is necessary to first explore the philosophical issues such as its philosophical basis, its basic value of existence, and its basic methodology. Only on the premise of exploring these issues can the research of intangible cultural heritage be more clear, directional, high and deep.
1、 The Philosophical Background of the Rise of Intangible Cultural Heritage Research cultural heritage It is an important symbol and inheritance of human spiritual civilization and cultural development. Then, why is it finally confirmed and proposed in recent years, and has received worldwide attention and Research What about? This seems to be a question worthy of our deep consideration. Admittedly, there are many reasons that affect it. For example, the social background of the arrival of the industrial era, the industrial era aimed at building a dazzling space and landscape world, makes the intangible cultural heritage face a huge threat of continuous destruction; The economic background of commodity fetishism and consumer society, and the economic era of commodity supremacy and consumption supremacy have led to people walking in a hurry, and the old arts and crafts have long been unable to satisfy the desire of the profiteers; The secular culture, especially the cultural background of popular culture, the growing popularity of popular culture with the mass media as the carrier, and the destruction and impact of traditional culture in the name of "seeking novelty" have forced people to reflect on and look for forgotten homes.
However, there are more profound philosophical backgrounds and reasons why intangible cultural heritage has been widely concerned and studied. Corresponding to the development level of human social productivity, the history of human philosophy has experienced a roughly linear development of ontology epistemology ontology. The so-called ontological philosophy is also a kind of philosophy with "pre formation" as the main mode of thinking. Philosophy, as a science, was basically this mode of thinking at the beginning of ancient Greece. As we all know, when ancient Greek philosophers thought about the creation of everything, they generally believed that things could not be created from "nothing" and "nonexistence", that is, when they thought about the creation of everything in the universe, they always preset a "highest entity", which could be a real thing (such as Thales' "water"), It can also be abstract things (such as Plato's "idea"). They believe that it is these "highest entities" that derive everything in the world. This ontological pre formed thinking mode reached its peak in Hegel's "absolute idea", during which different philosophers proposed different "supreme entities" along this thinking path. This mode of philosophical thinking "represents the efforts of human beings to seek the ultimate explanation of the world, and reflects the leap and sublimation of human beings from sensibility to rationality, but it is suspected of ignoring human subjectivity and living existence, and also has the danger of leading to theological mysticism" ①.
Modern philosophy changed from Descartes' "I think, therefore I am" to a kind of epistemological philosophical thinking. With the continuous strengthening of human cognitive ability and the continuous improvement of cognitive level, "I", as the subject, began to break away from the "object" of the repressed world, began to think about "object", "analyze" object and finally "know" object. Encouraged by the continuous development of human natural science, this mode of philosophical thinking began to believe that as long as the world was infinitely subdivided, we could know the world infinitely. As the master of all things in the world, human beings were invincible and omnipotent. As an "object", the world can be understood and even transformed infinitely. Admittedly, human cognitive ability and creative ability have been greatly improved under the guidance of this philosophical thinking mode, but at the same time, human destructive ability and self destructive ability have also been improved. The two world wars, the global warming, the global spread of new viruses, the repression of instrumental rationality, the pressure of the natural environment, the constant destruction of the human environment and so on followed. The infinite expansion of human cognitive self-confidence led to the terrible "anthropocentrism", and finally formed an insurmountable confrontation and gap between human beings - the world, subject - object. It is in this extremely blind and enthusiastic confident thinking mode that human beings have been relentlessly destroying the past material culture and intangible culture. It is also in this philosophical thinking mode that the problem of cultural heritage really begins to become a problem.
The reflection on the drawbacks of this mode of thinking of epistemological philosophy moves towards the philosophy of existentialism. Existential generative thinking "is the basic spirit and mode of thinking of modern philosophy, and its characteristics are: emphasizing process rather than essence, emphasizing relationship rather than entity, emphasizing creation rather than predetermination, emphasizing individuality, difference rather than anti center, identity, emphasizing irrationality rather than instrumental rationality, emphasizing concreteness rather than abstractionism" ② and so on. In fact, the reflection on epistemological philosophy has started from Marx's dialectical philosophy, such as Marx's criticism of "alienation" phenomenon, but it was not until the formation of Heidegger's existentialism philosophy that it really moved towards a new world of philosophical thinking. Heidegger's ontological philosophy provides a solid theoretical basis for the harmony between man, nature and society by discussing "man in the world"; Heidegger's proposition of "poetic dwelling" has planned the aesthetic ideal for human culture and aesthetics; Heidegger's lifelong pursuit of "traveling in all directions of heaven, earth, people and gods" has suggested the way home for human aesthetic survival; Heidegger's ontological philosophy on technology and time sounded the alarm bell of awakening for modern culture and philosophy. Human beings should no longer exist outside the world, should no longer be divided into subject and object, should no longer imagine that they are in opposition to nature and others, and should return to the "pre Socrates" poetic era to find their lost beautiful home. Perhaps, it is under the inspiration and influence of this philosophical trend of thought that people began to realize that they had gone too far and too fast on the road of epistemology, and they began to wake up to the fact that human beings had destroyed their poetic homeland, and they began to worry about losing the soul of culture because of their fast pace. In other words, it is also at the beginning of the four drawbacks of epistemological philosophy and the strong reflection of ontological philosophy that human beings really began to think about the past attitude towards material culture and intangible culture, began to retain and protect tangible and intangible cultural properties, and began to study the entire ecological environment in which these properties exist.
2、 Theoretical Research Methods of Intangible Cultural Heritage Research
According to the current research situation, the research methods of intangible cultural heritage are diverse. On the practical level, the most representative is the fieldwork method advocated by French sociology. That is to say, in terms of the characteristics and existing environment of intangible cultural heritage itself, the field survey method is not only necessary but also necessary. It is necessary to go deep into the folk survey, grasp the existing scope and characteristics of intangible cultural heritage, and further sort out and explore the protection strategy of intangible cultural heritage. On the theoretical level, the most representative research method is cultural ecology. The cultural ecology theory derived from ecology is the most commonly used research method for intangible cultural heritage in the world at present, and has also had a huge impact on domestic research. Facing the whole cultural ecosystem, cultural ecology pays close attention to the systematic influence of economy, politics, society, culture and other aspects in cultural research, which provides important theoretical and methodological support for intangible cultural heritage research. However, in our opinion, the theoretical and methodological guidance of intangible cultural heritage research is not perfect, and has not yet reached a certain philosophical height and methodological thinking.
Since, as mentioned above, the philosophical background and philosophical environment generated by the study of intangible cultural heritage are ontological philosophy, we believe that the most appropriate theoretical research method for the study of intangible cultural heritage should be the aesthetic cultural ecological phenomenology method. This kind of theoretical method is not only a method, but also can clearly refer to the nature, connotation and research object of intangible cultural heritage research. Through the name of "aesthetic cultural ecological phenomenology", we can also roughly understand that it is mainly related to the characteristics of intangible cultural heritage in three aspects: aesthetic value, cultural attributes, and ontological philosophy. These three aspects are indispensable basic elements in the process of intangible cultural heritage research, which can be jointly promoted to guide the basic theoretical methods of intangible cultural heritage research.
Intangible cultural heritage is an important part of culture, and its change and development will inevitably follow the general law of cultural development. Although there are various definitions of culture in the academic circles at present, we can generally think that culture refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in long-term social practice, while the concept of culture we usually refer to only refers to the spiritual wealth created in the development of human civilization in most cases. With the increasingly exposed drawbacks of epistemological philosophy, a new theory of cultural research - cultural ecology emerged in the middle of the 20th century. Based on ecology in natural science, cultural ecology examines the changes and development of culture in relation to its various environments. "It applies the relevant principles of system theory, looks at problems in a developmental way, studies human culture in specific natural and social environments, and emphasizes the interaction between culture and the environment." ③, It has a strong flavor of the times and methodological advantages. "It makes people realize that culture is a living ecosystem, culture is a complete whole, culture is closely related to its environment, and cultural ecological balance is the basis of cultural development." ④ Intangible cultural heritage is also always produced and developed in a specific environment, Therefore, environmental changes have an important impact on the protection and development of intangible cultural heritage. Therefore, the study of cultural ecology is also of great value and significance for the protection of intangible cultural heritage.
However, cultural ecology, as a general cultural research method, although it has an important guiding significance for the study of intangible cultural heritage, does not pay more attention to the attributes and values of intangible cultural heritage. In other words, this method is universal, but not necessarily highly targeted. Then, what are the attributes and core values of intangible cultural heritage? Intangible cultural heritage, as the creation product of human long-term social practice, has a certain connection with all aspects of human life, so its value is also diverse. Such as economic value, cultural value, spiritual value, political value, educational value and so on. However, its most important and unique value should be aesthetic value as a precious spiritual heritage of mankind, as a means and state of poetic existence of universal mankind. Some domestic scholars have also seen this. For example, in his article entitled Intangible Cultural Heritage in the View of Contemporary Aesthetics, Mr. Ding Yongxiang discussed the closeness of intangible cultural heritage list and aesthetics, the aesthetic nature of folk art, and people's acceptance of intangible cultural heritage, It demonstrates in detail that "the main purpose of people's intangible cultural heritage activities is to obtain aesthetic pleasure", and that they "pay most attention to the aesthetic value of intangible cultural heritage" ⑤. What is aesthetic value? In short, it is the pleasure and transcendence of aesthetics. However, with the continuous "development" of society, we pay more and more attention to the pleasure and transcendence of the upper class, such as elegant operas, beautiful light music, grand film and television dramas, and so on. At the same time, they are constantly forgetting and destroying the aesthetic sense of the lower class of society. The importance of intangible heritage culture is reflected here. It can meet the aesthetic needs and tastes of the general public. It can enable the general public to obtain aesthetic pleasure after hard work and temporarily forget the world's chaos and disturbances forced by their livelihood. Therefore, it is a kind of aesthetic culture and transcendental culture related to the general public. The attribute of "aesthetic" should be added before the study of cultural ecology of intangible cultural heritage, that is, aesthetic cultural ecology. The term "aesthetic cultural ecology" was not invented by us. As early as 2008, some scholars clearly put forward this concept, and believed that "the so-called aesthetic cultural ecology refers to the total environment or organic complete system on which aesthetic culture is generated, developed and changed. It refers to all natural phenomena and social phenomena that are directly or indirectly related to the generation and development of aesthetic culture, such as natural environment, science and technology, economic system, social organization, values (including philosophy, religion, morality, customs and other spiritual culture of ideological nature), etc. Since then, Professor Gao Xiaokang of the Research Center for China's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Sun Yat sen University also believed that the study of aesthetic cultural ecology "is to examine the real life characteristics of the development and evolution of aesthetic culture and the particularity of contemporary China from the relationship between regional differences, inheritance and evolution, community identity, cultural space and other relationships" ⑦, and to examine the aesthetic poetic relationship between nature and culture The aesthetic taste of urban communities and the cultural ecological environment of contemporary aesthetic culture. These scholars have jointly recognized the importance of aesthetic and cultural ecological attributes of intangible cultural heritage, and it is necessary to combine the two to explore the existence and development of intangible cultural heritage.
In addition, as mentioned above, the study of intangible cultural heritage cannot ignore its philosophical background. Since the rise of intangible cultural heritage research is carried out in the context of ontology philosophy, as Heidegger said, "ontology is only possible as phenomenology" ⑧, and this way of thinking is to achieve an "essential intuition" of things by means of a "suspension" between material and spiritual entities. For the study of intangible cultural heritage, the connotation of this research method can be roughly summarized as follows: first, return to the event itself, return to the natural and cultural basis of human spirit, and explore the natural poetic relationship between human spirit and existence. Second, the traditional anthropocentrism and the hostile attitude towards the outside world are "suspended" from the instrumental rationality and the subject object dichotomy mode of thinking brought about by epistemological philosophy, and "exist" with a poetic attitude of "exist in the world". Third, "a purely instrumental, computational approach to reversing the relationship between human beings and nature and moving towards an intersubjective communication approach of equal dialogue." ⑨ As mentioned above, the whole life environment of intangible cultural heritage is very important, while the past computational approach to constantly seizing and destroying tools from nature and society must move towards a "look at both sides, only Jingting Mountain" Human beings can never forget that self exists in this environment, rather than being outside it. Fourth, move towards a clear poetic realm of "pre Socrates" and reflect on the enthusiasm and blindness brought by "reason" since "enlightenment". In Heidegger's view, the ultimate point of the phenomenological method of existence is to let people constantly uncover, so as to rediscover "existence" and discover the poetic existence of human beings in the world. Fifth, from complete disenchantment to partial enchantment. The reason opened by epistemological philosophy makes human confidence expand infinitely, and believes that it can disenchantment nature, society and even the world. Under the instigation of "rationality", modern humans have become enthusiastic, blind and fearless, and even trample on their sacred spiritual home (such as intangible cultural heritage) without pity. However, as some western scholars have said, in fact, "only when the otherness and strangeness of nature have a deep immeasurability, will the feelings of respect and awe for non-human nature be established" ⑩, which means that modern humans also need to have a certain fear of nature, past spiritual civilization, etc, Recognize the "charm" in them.
To sum up, the theoretical and methodological guidance of intangible cultural heritage must take into account the three aspects of "aesthetics", "cultural ecology" and "phenomenology", so we proposed the aesthetic cultural ecological phenomenology method, hoping to play a role in the theoretical and methodological research of intangible cultural heritage.
3、 The value of intangible cultural heritage:
From epistemological value to ontological value, in the view of Leo Strauss, a famous American classical political philosopher and thinker, the distinction between fact and value is the key to modern social science. The modern social science that has emerged and completed in the process of modernity focuses more on the facts such as performance, function and achievement, and nearly forgets the value itself.
In the view of modern social science, the problem of value is not really a big problem. As long as the society develops infinitely, the economy is fully developed, and the system structure is perfect, every purpose and every value will naturally be defended and recognized. In this way, we can put aside the thinking of value issues such as right and wrong, right and wrong, good and evil, and only pursue the final outcome facts; We can directly replace the "good life" thought by ancient Greek philosophers with "successful life", and the so-called successful life is just "based on the narcissism and endless pursuit of power, money and praise"; We can constantly pursue the "self right" planned by modern social science, regardless of the premise of good and evil inquiry. This kind of value can be understood as not really caring about the value itself, but also as "utilitarian value". In the research process of intangible cultural heritage, the so-called economic value, historical value, political value and even educational value are all utilitarian values caused by an epistemological philosophy. "Especially the economic value, in some places, has even become the only aspect to attach importance to. At present, simply attaching importance to the economic value of intangible cultural heritage has had a very adverse impact on the protection work." Of course, we can not totally deny some epistemological values of intangible cultural heritage, such as the historical, educational and cultural content carried by intangible cultural heritage, It is of great significance for us to fully understand and understand Chinese traditional culture, enhance national identity, and improve national cultural soft power. But only staying on these epistemological values does not really touch the ontological value of intangible cultural heritage, which we also call poetic value or whole life value.
Heidegger read the essence of existentialism in Holderlin's poems - poetic dwelling, which is meaningful and far-reaching. Since then, philosophers who wanted to resist the series of consequences brought by modernity enthusiastically praised this, and wanted to escape the "tool cage" (in Weber), resist the "white society" (in Baudrillard), correct the "value displacement" (in Scheler), and regulate the "all free people" (in Foucault). However, when people who think they have found a powerful weapon to resist the whole industry and the post industrial era, carrying the banner of "poetic habitation", they are complacent and rush all the way, but they simply ignore a fatal question: who is going to live poetically? In other words, who is the subject of poetic residence? In fact, the answer has already been given in Holderlin's poems, that is, "people full of achievements". At least in Holderlin's view, the main body of poetic residence is not those pretentious politicians, not the rich with money, nor the middle class who is pampered, but the general public full of achievements. It is also in this sense that Heidegger said: "Poetry is not only an ornament of existence, not just a fleeting enthusiasm or emptiness. It is more a purpose, a kind of entertainment. Poetry is the basis of history, so it is not the appearance of civilization, nor the 'performance' of 'educated people'." However, how does the general public live poetically? Or, how to ensure the poetic residence of the general public? The answer lies in the intangible cultural heritage and folk culture that the general public is fascinated by and delighted with. When we see that the octogenarian is hungry and wants to sing a home opera, the old man in the countryside is pushing a cart and humming a tune, the rural women are happily singing folk songs when washing clothes in the brook, and the folk artists are suffering from the ceramic firing technology when no one comes to wail, perhaps we can really understand that this is the biggest, deepest and most meaningful value of intangible cultural heritage. Perhaps it is precisely in those states mentioned above that the common people as "beings" can appreciate "existence" in the infinite opening of time, and we can really call them "existence".
To sum up, the protection and research of intangible cultural heritage should take into account its ontological philosophical soil, and explore its whole life value and theoretical research methods from the perspective of ontological philosophy. In this way, the research on intangible cultural heritage can be further promoted.
Chapter 2: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
Key words: characteristic collections; Intangible cultural heritage; Inheritance and protection
Characteristic collection refers to the collection system with certain characteristics and advantages that the library consciously selects and gradually forms in the process of collecting documents and materials according to its geographical location, historical tradition and the needs of its main readers. In order to maintain vitality and competitiveness, libraries need to build authoritative, regional, representative and distinctive literature resources, which will have a greater impact at home and abroad and play a role in ensuring the information resource system in this field. Relying on regional cultural resources to build a unique collection of intangible cultural heritage and highlight the regional characteristics of local libraries is the objective need to maintain the authority and regionality of local university libraries, as well as the need to protect local intangible cultural heritage. Optimizing the collection structure and accelerating the construction of characteristic literature is one of the important contents of the information resources construction of local university libraries at this stage.
Intangible cultural heritage is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the working people. It, together with the elite culture, reflects the information on politics, economy, culture, folk customs, craft skills and other aspects of the history of the region. It is a "living" text to study the historical and cultural development and reality of the region. It is the responsibility of the library to do a good job in the collection of local intangible cultural heritage, serve school teaching and scientific research, serve local cultural development, and leave precious cultural heritage for future generations. It is the best protection of national and folk intangible culture to pass on the local intangible cultural heritage to the masses through the information window of the library.
1 Current situation of research on the protection of intangible cultural heritage in local university libraries
Through the study of literature, we found that the current work of libraries in the protection of intangible cultural heritage is not much. According to Yu Rongquan's article "Opinions on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage by Public Libraries", statistics show that the vast majority of 2762 public libraries in China have not yet participated in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. In addition, according to the characteristic collection of Baoshan University, the local literature in our local literature database is very limited, and many local county chronicles are not fully collected. For the intangible cultural heritage in Baoshan area, there is a lack of library materials, which is not conducive to the relevant research of teachers and students of the college, nor to improving the cultural competitiveness of our library in the region. In the above situation, Chen Minfang attributed it to the following five points in his article "The responsibility and action of libraries in the protection of intangible cultural heritage": 1) insufficient attention; 2) Financial constraints; 3) Lack of coordination; 4) Talent shortage; 5) Insufficient research; Chen Minfang pointed out the reasons for the absence of libraries in the research on the protection of intangible cultural heritage, which not only put forward requirements for us, but also for major libraries across the country. Of course, with the strengthening of the country's attention to intangible cultural heritage and the increasing demand for cultural construction, the research results on libraries and intangible cultural heritage have gradually increased in recent years. In 2006, Beijing Library Press published the book Library and Intangible Cultural Heritage by the scholar Fang Yunzhang. The author, based on his rich library experience and with the help of the system theory, This book puts forward a complete set of feasible and operable suggestions and plans for the library to rescue and protect intangible cultural heritage, such as the collection method of "living culture", the organization of thematic knowledge base, and the application of new ways of knowledge service. This book has in-depth discussions on both macro and micro aspects. However, it is a pity that the book did not make corresponding research on the collection construction of intangible cultural heritage in the library. Similarly, Song Miaoling's Library and the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Cai Guanglong's Social Orientation for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Wang Xiangming's Review of Library Functions Based on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Lv Qinghua's Collection and Management of Intangible Cultural Heritage by Local University Libraries Such articles have made in-depth research on the role and function of libraries in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. These studies have provided rich reference materials for the research on the construction of characteristic collections of local university libraries.
2. The Significance of Collection Construction of Local University Libraries to the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage
"Intangible cultural heritage" is "intangible cultural heritage" relative to "material cultural heritage". According to the Convention on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage formulated by UNESCO in October 2003, intangible cultural heritage refers to "various practices, performances, forms of expression, knowledge and skills, as well as related tools, objects, handicrafts and cultural sites that are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals. With the change of their environment, relationship with nature and historical conditions, various groups and groups have constantly innovated the intangible cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation, and at the same time, they have a sense of identity and history, thus promoting cultural diversity and human creativity. " Specifically, intangible cultural heritage includes the following five aspects: (1) oral legends and expressions, including language as the media of intangible cultural heritage; (2) Performing arts, including music, dance, drama, quyi, etc; (3) Social customs, interests and festivals; (4) Knowledge and practice of nature and the universe; (5) Traditional handicraft skills.
As the crystallization of human civilization and wisdom, intangible cultural heritage inherits the 5000 year historical tradition of the Chinese nation and is an important carrier of the Chinese national spirit and emotion. However, with the acceleration of the social process and the impact of the wave of economic globalization, the farming society, the cultural soil on which intangible cultural heritage depends for survival, is challenged. Many distinctive national folk crafts have disappeared or are disappearing, "people die and art is unique", and many artistic skills are lost. In the face of the increasingly scarce national and folk intangible cultural heritage, the library proposed to build a special collection of intangible cultural heritage and collect and preserve the form, technical characteristics, inheritance mode and research data of local national and folk intangible cultural heritage. It is a great event for the benefit of future generations and a specific practice of intangible cultural heritage protection.
The expansion of library collection resources is the need of library development and construction, and the construction of characteristic collection is the requirement of improving the cultural competitiveness of libraries. The collection, collation and research of intangible cultural heritage resources are not only the needs of the expansion of library collection resources, but also the requirements of maintaining the competitiveness of libraries. The library's participation in the protection and research of intangible cultural heritage, on the one hand, is to expand the library collection construction, on the other hand, it is also the need to improve the theoretical level of library managers. The construction of characteristic collections collects and collates research materials and raw materials on intangible cultural heritage projects, which is conducive to the college's teachers and students' access to relevant materials and facilitates their research.
3. Strategies for local university libraries to participate in the protection of intangible cultural heritage
In the face of the situation of the gradual disappearance of intangible cultural heritage, the library's participation in the protection of intangible cultural heritage is the era's mission of the library's cultural construction. As a window for the spread and development of local culture, the collection and arrangement of local ethnic and folk intangible cultural resources is the specific practice of inheriting ethnic culture. The key to the protection of intangible culture is action. The Prime Minister said that the key to doing business is "to implement", "it is better to shake off your arms than to shout out loud". The protection of intangible cultural heritage also needs the spirit of hard work. In the past, local university libraries ignored the collection, collation, research and publicity of local cultural resources, resulting in the lack of characteristics of local library construction, and the lack of effective protection of local intangible cultural heritage. At present, the protection and utilization of the library's literature resources present a diversified, modern and three-dimensional development trend, attach importance to the national and folk intangible cultural heritage, give play to the library's own advantages, apply modern scientific and technological means, survey, collect, preserve, use, spread and display intangible cultural heritage, and realize the sharing of human national cultural heritage resources, Make it the most distinctive highlight in the protection of document resources in local university libraries, and expand a new way for local university libraries to protect and promote the excellent traditional folk culture.
3.1 Find out the family background
It is the basis of research and protection to conduct a thorough survey of national and folk intangible cultural heritage. Organizing special personnel to go to the countryside to investigate the outstanding national folk culture spread among the local working masses is the prerequisite for the implementation of the intangible cultural heritage protection project. The survey is to investigate, register, collect and file various types of intangible cultural heritage forms, works of intangible cultural heritage, and outstanding inheritors of intangible cultural heritage that are still popular, and to register and file them at different levels according to the national unified code, so as to establish a list of intangible cultural heritage protection. Baoshan, as an important post station of the ancient Silk Road in the southwest, has the natural resources of Gaoligong Mountain, cultural cards of jadeite culture, overseas Chinese hometown culture, Yongzi culture, etc. The unique geographical environment and cultural environment together create Baoshan's diverse ethnic and folk intangible cultural heritage. At present, Baoshan has three national intangible cultural heritage projects, There are 14 provincial intangible cultural heritage projects and more than 200 municipal intangible cultural heritage projects. The content involves many aspects such as traditional handicrafts, etiquette and festivals, traditional art, traditional medicine, sports and recreation, folk music and folk literature. The collection, sorting, classification and protection of these intangible cultural heritage are practical requirements for establishing a local intangible cultural heritage protection directory.
3.2 Government support and social participation
The first of the four working principles of intangible cultural heritage protection is government led and social participation. The government has an unshirkable responsibility to protect the national and folk intangible cultural heritage. One of the biggest problems faced by local university libraries in the process of construction is the shortage of funds, and the other is the sound laws and regulations. In the face of the huge intangible cultural heritage protection project, it is difficult to comprehensively and deeply collect, sort out and protect intangible cultural heritage by relying on the school's own construction. Relying on the financial support, legislative norms and protection guidance of local government support is the guarantee for the protection of national and folk intangible cultural heritage. Of course, the local intangible cultural heritage has a wide range of varieties, rich and colorful, and it is difficult to achieve effective protection by relying solely on the government and schools for huge projects. Mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, encourage and absorb the broad participation of social forces, and rely on the strength of the people to protect the outstanding national cultural heritage. In addition to the participation of civil society groups, social participation also requires the participation of the general public. The national and folk intangible cultural heritage is formed and developed by the working people under the specific social environment and cultural background. According to the requirements of different times, many practical folk intangible cultural heritage gradually withdrew from the historical stage in the social wave, repositioned these traditional folk intangible cultural heritage, and appropriately developed and utilized them, It is fundamental to realize the sustainable development of national and folk intangible cultural heritage to strengthen social publicity, enable ordinary people to re recognize the charm of traditional folk intangible cultural heritage, and consciously participate in the protection of intangible cultural heritage.
3.3 Establishment of special research institutions
Intangible cultural heritage is the cultural essence of a country and a nation. To participate in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, libraries should not only establish their own databases, do a good job in collecting and sorting out the basic work of intangible cultural heritage, but also play the role of libraries as cultural windows, and increase the research on intangible cultural heritage. Baoshan intangible cultural heritage has a wide range of types and contents, involving a wide range of disciplines. How can we integrate and utilize existing personnel, reasonably, efficiently and comprehensively study intangible cultural heritage across disciplines, is a concrete manifestation of the library's participation in intangible cultural heritage protection, giving full play to the research advantages of colleges and universities, and also an internal requirement for the protection of intangible cultural heritage.
Chapter 3: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
Key words: heritage corridor; Protection planning; Ecological infrastructure; the grand canal
Among the rich cultural heritage treasure houses in China, linear cultural landscape heritage has a unique and important position, but this important heritage category has not attracted enough attention in China at present. At present, China's heritage protection system does not include the content of regional strategy. The disadvantages of this system due to the lack of this part have been highlighted in the protection of some important linear cultural heritage, including the Grand Canal.
Heritage corridor is a regional heritage protection strategy originated in the United States. At the same time, there are similar protection measures in other countries. This paper believes that paying attention to the protection of heritage corridors can provide new ideas for heritage protection in China, including the Grand Canal.
I. Historical trend of regionalization of heritage protection
In the field of historical protection, attention to the historical environment began very early. As early as 1931, the Athens Charter, adopted by the International Intelligence Cooperation, proposed that "we should focus on protecting its picturesque features". The 1964 Venice Charter further proposed to protect the "urban or rural environment". With the addition of urban planning discipline to the field of heritage protection, people begin to understand cultural heritage protection in a broader context. The formulation of important documents such as the Machu Picchu Charter, the Nairobi Proposal, and the Washington Charter shows that the protection scope of cultural heritage has actually expanded to the whole historical town.
The trend of regionalization of heritage protection is shown in the combination of natural and cultural heritage. As early as 1968, the United States held the White House Conference on "World Heritage Protection", calling for the protection of the world's natural scenic spots and cultural heritage, which is one of the earliest documents officially published on the integration of culture and natural heritage. In 1972, UNESCO formulated the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, formally protecting natural heritage and cultural heritage together as heritage of universal value. The combination of natural and cultural heritage is the prominent feature of this authoritative convention. There is an article in the Convention, "the common works of man and nature", which was later separately included in the category of heritage sites as "cultural landscape". At the World Heritage Conference in 1984, people discussed this issue. Many experts believe that in today's world, pure natural land is very rare, more natural land under the influence of people, that is, areas where people and nature coexist. A considerable part of these areas have important value.
In this context, many western countries have carried out regional heritage protection. Take France as an example. In 1983, France formulated the Law on the Protection of Architecture and Urban Heritage to protect cultural heritage, including architecture and cities. In 1993, on the basis of this law, the Law on the Protection of Architecture, Urban and Scenic Heritage was further improved and formulated, which put forward the concept of architecture, urban and scenic heritage protection areas, and protected areas including buildings, natural scenery and pastoral scenery.
At the same time, in China, the study of the canal as an industrial cultural heritage has also attracted increasing attention. The Industrial Heritage Protection Committee (TICCIH) organized a special study (1996) for this purpose, and formed a report to submit to ICOMOS.
Cultural routes across regions and even countries, as a form of heritage, are coming into people's view because of their advocacy of the concept of "communication and dialogue". In 1993, Santiago de Kampostra pilgrimage road in Spain was included in the list of world cultural heritage. In 1994, with the help of the Spanish government, an expert seminar on world cultural heritage was held in Madrid. At present, ICO-MOS has a special organization CIlC (The ICOMOS Inter national Scientific Committee on Cultural Routes) responsible for the research and management of cultural route heritage.
Heritage corridors, mainly developed in the United States, are a method adopted in the process of heritage conservation regionalization. This method emphasizes the cultural significance and natural value of heritage in protection, and emphasizes the simultaneous development of cultural heritage protection and natural protection. It is a multi-objective protection planning method that pursues the multi win of heritage protection, regional revitalization, residents' leisure and physical and mental regeneration, cultural tourism and education.
II. Green Passage and Heritage Corridor
The emergence of heritage corridors is closely related to the development and maturity of green corridors. Greenways have a long history of development in the United States. The concept was first proposed by Whyte in the 1950s, and was officially used for the first time at the Presidential Commission on Outdoor Space in 1987. The committee recognized that 80% of the people in the United States will live in the city center within a few years, away from nature, so it advocated introducing nature into cities to facilitate citizens' recreation. The Conservation Fund launched the U.S. Greenway Program in the same year. There are 600 greenways that have been developed or are under construction.
Different researchers have different definitions of green channel. Little believes that the green channel is a corridor that can improve environmental quality and provide outdoor entertainment. It includes five basic types: urban riverside green channel; Recreational green channel characterized by roads; Ecological important corridor green channel; Green passage of scenic or historical routes; Integrated green channel system or network. It can be considered that the green channel is a green landscape corridor connecting open space, natural reserves and landscape elements. It has many meanings such as recreation, ecology and aesthetics. The fourth type of Little green channel is mainly heritage corridor.
The heritage corridor is the product of the combination of green channels and heritage conservation regionalization, and is a linear cultural landscape in which people and nature coexist. The long-term development has formed a "common work of people and nature". Although its value may not be prominent in the World Heritage List, it has cultural significance because it represents the movement route of early human beings and reflects the development process of a local culture. In general, heritage corridors are "linear landscapes with a collection of special cultural resources, usually with obvious economic centers, booming tourism, adaptive reuse of old buildings, entertainment and environmental improvement."
The heritage corridor is first of all a linear heritage area. It puts cultural significance in the first place, which can be rivers and valleys, canals, roads and railway lines, or it can refer to a linear corridor with certain historical significance that can connect individual heritage sites. It adopts the concept of region rather than local point for heritage protection. It is also a comprehensive protection measure, which combines nature, economy, history and culture, and is a multi-objective protection system.
Heritage corridors on a certain scale can also become strategic ecological infrastructure. The heritage corridor not only protects the linear heritage areas with cultural significance, but also restores and protects the ecological environment in the area through appropriate ecological restoration measures and tourism development means, making some dot shaped heritage that was originally lacking vitality rejuvenate and become a part of modern life, providing recreation, leisure Education and other ecological services. This is particularly important for those regions with backward economic development and serious human land relationship crisis.
In addition to emphasizing the landscape ecological process, land cover, wildlife, habitat and suitability as well as other factors, the conservation planning of heritage corridors emphasizes more on the protection of cultural factors and the organization of tourism development. In terms of cultural factors, it emphasizes the protection of vegetation with historical significance, such as ancient and famous trees, as well as the contrast of historical atmosphere.
III. Necessity of building heritage corridors in China
1. Problem analysis: China's cultural heritage protection system from the protection of the Grand Canal
At present, as an important human engineering heritage and heritage corridor, the protection of the Grand Canal is basically out of control. The essential reason for the current situation of the protection of the Grand Canal is the problems existing in the protection system of China's cultural heritage.
At present, the main legal basis for the protection of cultural heritage in China is the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics, followed by some regulations promulgated by the State Council and local regulations formulated by local governments. In these regulations, the protection of historical and cultural heritage involves three levels: historic and cultural cities, historic and cultural blocks and towns, and cultural relics protection units. The latter is for single cultural heritage, while the former two are for historic blocks and historic and cultural cities. This architecture does not actually involve regional heritage protection. It is obviously inappropriate to treat cultural heritage such as the Grand Canal, which is thousands of kilometers long and very valuable, as a cultural relic protection unit, let alone as a historical and cultural block or a famous historical and cultural city. In fact, there is no such heritage status in the current formal framework of cultural heritage protection.
At present, the protection of the Grand Canal is only sectional. For the purpose of tourism development, the local government conducts landscape consolidation on individual river sections. Such protection is obviously not enough for the protection of cultural heritage like the Grand Canal. If we want to fundamentally protect cultural heritage like the Grand Canal, we still need to introduce a heritage corridor type regional protection system, treat it as a whole, formulate corresponding protection plans, reform relevant protection structures, and ultimately achieve multi goal and win-win protection.
2. Necessity of building heritage corridors in China
(1) In order to protect and expand a large number of precious linear cultural landscape heritage
Among the numerous historical and cultural heritage in China, linear cultural landscape heritage or quasi linear cultural landscape heritage is a very rich category. Among these heritages are the world famous Silk Road, the Grand Canal, and a large number of linear cultural heritages, such as Jianmen Shu Road, which play an important role in regional cultural history. However, a large number of protection of this linear cultural landscape has not yet attracted enough attention. To protect this linear cultural landscape, we need to build heritage corridors in China.
(2) To build a forward-looking ecological infrastructure
Under the background of heavy population and poor land resources, China's rapid urbanization process can be said to be in peril. Just as the sustainability of regional and urban development depends on forward-looking and efficient municipal infrastructure construction (road system, water supply and drainage system, etc.), the sustainability of regional and urban environment also depends on the construction of ecological infrastructure. Ecological infrastructure is the natural system on which regions and cities depend, and the basis on which regions and cities can continuously obtain natural services (Na ture's Services). These services include the provision of fresh air, food, sports, leisure and entertainment, safe shelter, aesthetics and education, etc. It not only includes the concept of customary urban green space system, but also includes all urban green space systems, forestry and agricultural systems, and nature reserves that can provide the above natural services. Heritage corridors are one of the components of ecological infrastructure and will undoubtedly play an important role in this regard.
(3) To further develop cultural tourism
The construction of heritage corridors will make the original scattered cultural heritage into a regional whole. Through systematic interpretation and tour organization, it can promote the development of tourism, which has been confirmed by a large number of facts. Tourism brought by many heritage corridors in the United States has become one of the highlights of the local economy. The construction of heritage corridors in China will certainly make a large number of cultural heritage glow and promote the development of cultural tourism.
To sum up, it is not only necessary but also urgent to build heritage corridors in China. How to carry out the conservation planning of heritage corridors in China? This paper briefly discusses the Grand Canal as an example.
A brief discussion on the theory and method of the conservation planning of the four heritage corridors -- A preliminary theoretical framework for the study of the overall conservation of the Grand Canal
1. The theoretical basis of heritage corridor construction - the value of the Grand Canal
(1) The Cultural Significance of the Grand Canal
The Grand Canal starts from Beijing, the capital of China, in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south. It is the longest artificial canal in the world. It was excavated in the 5th century BC (the end of the Spring and Autumn Period) when the Chinese feudal dynasty was about to become strong in the 7th century (Sui Dynasty), and it was connected with the 13th century (Yuan Dynasty) when the minority nationalities ruled. In the long feudal era of China, it has always been an important strategic north-south material transportation channel, and plays an important ecological service function as the regional water system skeleton, which is one of the main factors in the formation of many cities in the region.
The Grand Canal is an important record, witness and carrier of the history of economic and cultural exchanges between North and South China and the history of regional social, cultural and economic development. Its cultural significance is not only reflected in the cultural significance of the various heritage elements constituting the canal, but also reflected in the cultural significance of the Grand Canal cultural route as a whole. Its value carrier includes not only the substantial cultural heritage, but also the intangible cultural heritage that forms the cultural route of the canal.
(2) The strategic significance of contemporary regional landscape ecology of the Grand Canal
The contemporary landscape ecological strategic significance of the Grand Canal is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, it is a semi natural ecosystem that has a wide impact on the regional ecological structure; Second, it is an important part of the urban and rural ecological infrastructure in the canal area; Third, the Grand Canal has abundant wetland ecosystems, which have important landscape ecological strategic significance.
2. Analysis and solution of problems -- the preliminary theoretical framework of the study on the overall protection of the Grand Canal
(1) Analysing Problems -- Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Grand Canal
The challenges and opportunities faced by the Grand Canal mainly lie in two aspects: on the one hand, the challenges and opportunities brought by the urbanization process, and on the other hand, the challenges and opportunities brought by the South to North Water Transfer Project.
As far as the impact of the rapid urbanization process is concerned, it mainly includes the adverse impact of the rapid urbanization process on the protection of heritage corridors. Including the influence on the heritage elements that make up the canal and the composition itself, the influence on its historical environment and the influence on the historical spatial relationship of the elements; At the same time, it also includes the impact on the canal landscape ecosystem, including the impact on farmland as the landscape matrix, the impact on the function and landscape structure of the canal and its tributary corridors, and the impact on the regional landscape pattern. The opportunity is the leisure needs of urban and rural residents brought by the rapid economic development. These needs and economic development itself will promote the investment in heritage protection, providing favorable opportunities for the protection of the Grand Canal heritage corridor.
While the South to North Water Diversion Project has brought great challenges to the Grand Canal, it has also brought opportunities for protection. Large scale water transfer makes it possible to build an efficient and forward-looking heritage corridor, which not only has the opportunity to carry out systematic ecological restoration in areas with water cut off and ecological function paralysis, but also has the possibility to systematically protect the Grand Canal as a heritage corridor.
(2) Solution to the problem: the overall protection strategy of the Grand Canal
On the basis of necessary research on historical geography, architecture, urban planning and landscape ecology (see Table 1 for the theoretical framework of the research), the overall protection strategy of the Grand Canal is proposed, and specific implementation strategies and guidelines are formulated at the following two levels.
The first level is the protection strategy on the macro scale of the heritage corridor, including the delimitation of the scope of the heritage corridor, the discrimination of various heritage elements in the corridor area, and the reconstruction of the spatial relationship of the heritage elements in the corridor; At the same time, the overall protection strategy of cultural heritage involved shall be formulated, including cultural heritage, historical blocks and historic and cultural cities that have been listed or not listed in the cultural relics protection units. The key problem to be solved at this level is the recognition and evaluation of the value of the canal cultural route, which is the basis for the reconstruction of the historical spatial relationship of the canal's various heritage elements, that is, the identification and determination of the canal cultural route.
The second level is the protection design guidelines of heritage element scale - death, including the formulation of the design guidelines for the protection of individual and group cultural heritage directly involved, and the section protection design guidelines, bank protection design guidelines, cruise design guidelines, etc. in combination with specific canals. The key problem to be solved at this level is the value recognition and evaluation of various heritage elements.
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Five epilogue
Today, the online cultural landscape heritage is increasingly concerned, and the similar heritage in China is far from being taken seriously. It is undoubtedly very meaningful to learn from the heritage corridor, which is a heritage protection idea and method that combines historical and natural conservation, to improve and build China's heritage protection system, and to protect the rich linear cultural landscape heritage represented by the Grand Canal.
[About the author]
Li Wei (1972 -), male, Han nationality, born in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, is a doctoral candidate in the Institute of Landscape Design, Peking University, majoring in cultural heritage protection and landscape planning and design;
Chapter 4: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
[Abstract] Through the analysis of the research literature on the protection of intangible cultural heritage in China in the past decade, the article summarizes the basic research framework. This paper introduces the current domestic research achievements from five aspects of the definition, characteristics, significance, current situation, protection methods and measures of intangible cultural heritage, and establishes a certain foundation for future research by summarizing the research of domestic scientists on this issue.
[Key words] Intangible cultural heritage; Protection; Research
1、 Literature survey of domestic intangible cultural heritage research
Through the search of the domestic authoritative knowledge database (CNKI), about 39634 articles (including journals, dissertations, conference papers and newspapers) with high relevance to the research of intangible cultural heritage in the past decade were retrieved, and increased year by year as time went on. According to the classification and statistics of research methods for the protection of intangible cultural heritage in China, there are many studies on the legal and educational policies and measures for the protection of intangible cultural heritage in terms of conservation and inheritance methods, while the industrialization development of physical cultural heritage is the trend and focus of heritage development research, which involves ethnology, sociology, art, economics History, education, management, architecture and law.
2、 Analysis of Research Methods of Domestic Intangible Cultural Heritage
Through the comprehensive analysis of literature, it is found that many mathematicians have adopted the method of data collection and comprehensive analysis of literature. In part, comparative and comprehensive analysis methods are used. For example, scholars such as Chen Huawen and Pulichun conducted comparative studies on the research theories and methods of intangible cultural heritage from different time and space. Many scholars, such as Wang Ran, Bai Guixi and Huang Wen, also used empirical research methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and commonalities of different ethnic heritage protection.
3、 Main research contents of domestic intangible cultural heritage
（1） Research on the Concept and Category of Intangible Cultural Heritage
The concept of intangible cultural heritage originates from the definition and connotation in the Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage formulated by the United Nations in 2003. The connotation formulated by UNESCO is generally aimed at the entire international community. To better protect intangible cultural heritage, we must dig deeper from the perspective of our own country. Lian Mian and Liu Yuqing believed that oral and intangible cultural heritage should include two categories: one is morphological culture; The other is behavioral culture.
（2） Research on the Characteristics and Value of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Since 2006, the State Council has set the second Saturday in June every year as China's "Cultural Heritage Day", which shows that China has increasingly attached importance to the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage. The Premier also pointed out that "intangible cultural heritage is the essence of national culture, the symbol of national wisdom, and the crystallization of national spirit". Wang Ning believes that the protection of intangible cultural heritage has different difficulties. In the process of protection, we should pay attention to its highly personalized, empirical and national characteristics. Zhang Shijun believes that intangible cultural heritage has social value, cultural value, scientific value and economic value at the same time.
（3） Research on the Present Situation of the Protection of National Intangible Cultural Heritage
Tian Qian believes that the newly implemented Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage is a major breakthrough in establishing a scientific and complete legal mechanism for the protection of cultural heritage in China, which marks that the protection of intangible cultural heritage in China has embarked on the path of legal protection. Qiao Xiaoguang believes that the inheritance of China's intangible cultural heritage is lack of consciousness, and the evolution of folk customs has a great impact. Moreover, the government cultural department lacks the assessment of the overall value of national cultural resources and cultural planning. Wang Lizhen believes that the Institute of Ethnic Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has made some achievements and established the first batch of six oral tradition research bases. At the same time, the country's first research database on ethnic minority literature has been built, and relevant words, audio and video, pictures and physical materials have been preserved by modern means such as digital technology and CDs. The experience is worth learning.
（4） Research on the Methods and Measures of Protecting National Intangible Cultural Heritage
1. Research on different departments undertaking reservation
(1) Research on Government Legislation
China has strengthened the legislation to protect intangible cultural heritage, and explored effective protection rules in folk laws and regulations. Liming discussed the origin of the legal system for the protection of intangible cultural heritage: the Constitution, the Law on the Autonomy of Ethnic Regions and Cities, the special laws and regulations for the protection of ethnic cultural heritage, the legal norms for the protection of ethnic intangible cultural heritage in departmental laws, and international treaties. Ma Hongyu, Yao Yan and others discussed the possibility of folk rules and public participation in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and proposed that private law legislation of intangible cultural heritage should be strengthened and folk rules should be excavated and studied to make up for the law. He Xingliang, Li Zonghui and others believe that the intellectual property law enables groups or individuals who own heritage to obtain certain rights and interests, and properly promotes the market-oriented use of intangible cultural heritage, showing the economic value of intangible heritage, so as to avoid the loss of heritage. Yao Yan and Guo Fan made a case study of this problem.
(2) The government does a good job in census, filing and directory application
For the protection of intangible cultural heritage, the first thing is to do a good job in general survey and filing, and then to apply for directories at different levels. Jin Wenjie believes that archival work: on the one hand, it can materialize intangible cultural heritage for its protection and preservation; on the other hand, it also uses the characteristics of archives to reflect the laws of national culture in the process of development and evolution. Peng Meiyu, Xu Kaifang and others believed that a good general survey and the establishment of protection lists at all levels would help to find out the current situation of intangible cultural heritage and take different protection measures for different categories of heritage. Driven by commercial interests, many "World Heritage" projects were damaged before the protection measures were perfect. Qin Meijuan believes that a series of procedures such as the collection and arrangement of intangible cultural heritage archives, as well as the work responsibilities of archivists, should follow the "Archives Law" as the code of conduct.
2. The government and the people should do a good job in education inheritance
Education is one of the important paths for the protection and development of China's intangible cultural heritage. Zhang Weimin and Huang Wenwei divided the education forms of intangible cultural heritage into social, school and family education. At the same time, the main content of intangible cultural heritage education in China includes five aspects: building the education objectives of intangible cultural heritage, education curriculum, teaching material content system, educational activity organization form and teaching staff. Sun Luxi and Zhang Xueling made a preliminary elaboration and attempt on the development of the preschool education curriculum of intangible cultural heritage [28]. Pulichun believes that individuals, families, society and schools are four different forms of educational inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities, which complement each other and constitute a complete educational channel for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of ethnic minorities.
3. Protect in development
(1) Publicity and protection
Media publicity is an important path for China's intangible cultural heritage to promote people's awareness of cultural identity and protection in their hearts and form a big environment for cultural heritage protection. The government should play a leading role in propaganda. Cai Qun, Ren Rongxi and others believe that the digital protection technology for the protection of intangible cultural heritage is becoming more and more advanced. Digital intangible cultural heritage can not only preserve records, but also be widely publicized through the Internet.
(2) Industrialization development
Tourism and cultural industry are the industries where intangible cultural heritage is more involved. Li Xin proposed that intangible cultural heritage can be divided into operational and non operational heritage. The operational intangible cultural heritage can be protected through the industrialized operation mode to achieve the input-output efficiency of intangible cultural heritage protection.
Xu Ganli believes that tourism has the possibility to protect cultural heritage, and tourism has the obligation to protect resources conditionally. Where cultural heritage and ecological environment are well protected, tourism will be more successful. The protection of intangible cultural heritage can be combined with the development of folk tourism and other industrial economic forms to mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and strive for funds to reduce protection costs.
4、 Conclusion
The research on the protection of intangible cultural heritage in China is being carried out extensively and deeply. From the perspective of research trends, the research methods adopted are more diversified and the research contents are more empirical. In the future, we should think more about the industrialized protection and development of intangible cultural heritage.
The inadequacy is that most of the scholars studied are ethnology, sociology or pedagogy experts, and scholars in other fields are less involved. The research on protection measures from different disciplines is lacking or not deep enough. The general theoretical analysis of the protection of national intangible cultural heritage is not enough, and many measures have no normative theoretical guidance, so it is difficult to summarize and innovate its current situation. There are few evaluation systems for intangible cultural heritage protection. Quantitative analysis is not enough.
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Chapter 5: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
Key words: world cultural heritage; Willingness to pay; Heritage protection; tourist; admission ticket; Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
CLC No.: F590.8 Document ID Code: A
Article No.: 1009-9107 (2013) 02-0092-06
Since China joined the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1985, 29 cultural heritage sites, 8 natural heritage sites and 4 cultural and natural heritage sites have been listed as world heritage sites by UNESCO (UNESCO, 2011). Although the original purpose of setting up the World Heritage List is to let people know and protect these human heritage with universal value, the World Heritage Sites increasingly use it as an important tool for local tourism marketing [1]. Research by Hall and Piggin shows that cultural heritage sites are more likely to use the title of world heritage for tourism marketing than natural heritage sites [2]. In China, the world cultural heritage, as an important cultural and tourism resource, is increasingly favored by people [3] and valued by the country. In December 2005, the State Council decided that the second Saturday in June of each year would be China's "Cultural Heritage Day" from 2006, which fully reflects the great importance and strategic vision of the Party and the country to protect cultural heritage. However, considering that it is difficult to rely solely on government investment for cultural heritage protection funds, many foreign studies have shown that raising protection and management funds through the rise of ticket prices is one of the more effective ways at present [47]. If the increase in ticket prices of world cultural heritage scenic spots is for the protection of cultural heritage, are tourists willing to pay? What factors affect their willingness to pay? This paper takes Nanjing Ming Tomb Scenic Area as an example, through questionnaire survey and using Logistic regression model, reveals tourists' willingness to pay for the increase in ticket prices as cultural heritage protection funds and its influencing factors, with a view to expanding the relevant fields of cultural heritage tourism and tourists' consumption behavior research.
1、 Research review and research hypothesis
（1） Research progress on willingness to pay for cultural heritage
In the domestic literature database (CNKI Chinese journal full-text database) and Web of Science (including SCI, SSCI and A&HCI three citation databases), literature retrieval is carried out with the keywords "cultural heritage" and "willingness to pay". The results show that the current research on willingness to pay for cultural heritage is mostly used in the evaluation of the economic value of cultural heritage. Here, willingness to pay refers to the maximum value that consumers are willing to pay to improve utility or avoid loss in the consumption of specific cultural heritage related products [8]. The contingent valuation method (CVM) is the most widely used technical method to quantitatively judge the value of cultural heritage. This method can be implemented directly through questionnaires or experiments. Many studies on the economic value of cultural heritage products at home and abroad have adopted this method. For example, Salazar and Marques used CVM to study the willingness of residents to pay for the protection of Spanish cultural heritage Pirate Tower [7]; Beltran and Rojas studied the tickets of three archaeological sites and the willingness to pay for protection funds [9]; Bille Hansen used CVM to study the value of Danish Royal Theater Architecture as a cultural heritage from the perspective of users and non users [10]; Chamber, Chamber and Whitehead studied people's willingness to pay one-time funds for the protection of historical sites [11]; Dong, Zhang and Zhi used CVM to study the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, a world heritage site [12], and so on.
From the perspective of existing research results, researchers mostly evaluate the economic value of cultural heritage from the perspective of willingness to pay, but rarely study people's attitudes to cultural heritage protection from the perspective of willingness to pay. In addition, as Kim and others pointed out in their research, previous relevant studies have all studied the value of cultural heritage from the perspective of local residents' willingness to pay. Now world cultural heritage is more used by foreign tourists, so it is necessary to study it from the perspective of foreign tourists [13]. Therefore, this paper will study the willingness to pay for the protection funds of world cultural heritage from the perspective of tourists, so as to reveal the tourists' attitudes towards the payment of high-value tickets for world cultural heritage scenic spots and the protection of world cultural heritage.
（2） Research hypothesis
There are many ways for tourists to pay for cultural heritage protection funds, such as one-time donation, regular donation, scenic spot ticket payment, etc. The payment of cultural heritage protection funds by tourists in this study specifically refers to the payment of cultural heritage protection funds by tourists in the form of scenic spot tickets.
1. Satisfaction and willingness to pay. The concept of satisfaction comes from customer satisfaction in consumer psychology. Customer satisfaction is the psychological state of customers after their needs are met, and it is the judgment of customers on the degree to which products and services meet their needs [14]. Customer satisfaction can generally be divided into single satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction. The whole process of tourists visiting scenic spots involves many links. The tourist satisfaction in this paper refers to the accumulated satisfaction, that is, the overall satisfaction of tourists to the world cultural heritage scenic spots. Many studies on consumers' willingness to pay show that consumers' willingness to pay is closely related to their satisfaction with products or services [1516]. Kim et al.'s research on South Korea's World Cultural Heritage Changde Palace and Houyuan also shows that there is an interactive relationship between satisfaction and tourists' willingness to pay for tickets [13]. The following assumptions are formed:
Hypothesis 1: The higher the overall satisfaction of tourists with the world cultural heritage scenic spots, the more willing they are to pay for the protection of cultural heritage.
2. Cultural tourism participation and willingness to pay. Tourists' choice of different destinations is affected by their tourism motivation [17]. Visiting world cultural heritage can be regarded as a cultural tourism activity. The research of Shen Suyan and others shows that cultural tourism participation is one of the effective influencing factors of tourists' tourism intention on world cultural heritage sites [3]. In other words, people who like to participate in cultural tourism will pay more attention to the world cultural heritage, thus they are more likely to understand the significance of cultural heritage protection, and are more willing to make some contributions to the protection of cultural heritage, such as paying higher ticket prices to support the protection of cultural heritage. Therefore, this paper assumes that cultural tourism participation is one of the factors affecting whether tourists are willing to pay for cultural heritage protection. Here, tourists' cultural tourism participation can be understood as tourists' interest and interest in cultural tourism activities. Therefore, Hypothesis 2 of this study is as follows:
Hypothesis 2: tourists with higher cultural tourism participation are more willing to pay for the protection of world cultural heritage.
3. Attitude and willingness to pay for world cultural heritage. Tourism attitude is an important content in the study of tourists' behavior. Attitude usually refers to "people's positive or negative feelings about engaging in certain behaviors" [18]. According to Ajzen's planned behavior theory, behavior attitude is one of the main factors determining behavior intention. The more positive the attitude, the stronger the behavior intention [18]. When applied to this study, the third hypothesis is formed:
Hypothesis 3: The more positive the attitude of tourists towards world cultural heritage, the more willing they are to pay for the protection of cultural heritage.
4. Intention to revisit and willingness to pay. Kim and Crompton's research shows that tourist loyalty is one of the influencing factors on ticket price perception and willingness to pay [19]. The concept of tourist loyalty comes from customer loyalty, that is, the deep psychological commitment of customers to a product or service in the future for a period of time, thus forming repeated purchases of the same brand or the same brand set of products, although customers are affected by the situation and the potential impact of marketing [20]. And tourist loyalty can be measured by tourists' intention to revisit [21]. Therefore, Hypothesis 4 of this study is as follows:
Hypothesis 4: Tourists with strong intention to revisit the world cultural heritage are more willing to pay for the protection of cultural heritage.
5. Demographic characteristic variables and willingness to pay. Many studies on willingness to pay in the field of tourism and recreation show that demographic variables (such as gender, age, educational background and income) are the key factors affecting people's willingness to pay [11, 13]. This study also takes into account the demographic characteristics of tourists, so Hypothesis 5 is as follows:
Hypothesis 5: Tourists' willingness to pay for world cultural heritage protection funds is also affected by gender, age, educational background and income.
2、 Empirical research
（1） Data acquisition
This study uses questionnaire survey to obtain data to verify the research hypothesis, and the empirical study is conducted in Nanjing Xiaoling Mausoleum Scenic Area. Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum was included in the World Cultural Heritage List in 2003 as part of the imperial mausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty is located at the foot of Dulongfu Amusement Everest at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing. To the west of Maoshan Mountain, it is adjacent to Zhongshan Mausoleum in the east and Plum Blossom Mountain in the south. It is the joint burial tomb of the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang and empress Ma Ma of the Ming Dynasty. It is one of the famous tourist attractions in Nanjing. Participants in the questionnaire are tourists who are about to end their tour of the Ming Xiaoling Tomb. Tourists here refer to those who come to Nanjing for tourism instead of living, working or studying in Nanjing. The questionnaire was designed according to the research hypothesis. In November 2011, 32 people participated in the pre-test of the questionnaire, including college students and other people who had visited the Ming Tomb before. After the pre-test, some questions in the questionnaire were partially modified to make them more clear. The formal questionnaire survey was conducted in the Xiaoling Scenic Area in December 2011. Before the formal questionnaire survey, first ask the possible respondents, "Are you coming to Nanjing for tourism?" "Have you visited the main scenic spots of the Ming Xiaoling Tomb?" "Have you heard of the 'World Cultural Heritage'?" to determine that the respondents are foreign tourists who have some knowledge of the world cultural heritage and are not new visitors to the scenic spot. In order to improve the recovery rate of the questionnaire and the enthusiasm of tourists to participate in the survey, each respondent was given a small gift.
（2） Questionnaire content
Referring to previous studies on willingness to pay, the items in this research questionnaire are basically closed questions [132224]. Tourists' willingness to pay for world cultural heritage protection funds is a two choice question. "Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Tomb was listed as a world cultural heritage in 2003, and the current ticket price is 70 yuan per person. If the ticket price is higher than 70 yuan, but the surplus is used for the protection of the cultural heritage of the Ming Xiaoling Tomb, are you willing to pay? (1) Yes; (2) No". The overall satisfaction, cultural tourism participation, attitude towards world cultural heritage and intention to revisit mentioned in the research hypothesis are all based on Likert's 5-point rating method. The measurement item of overall satisfaction is "Generally speaking, I feel I am very satisfied with this visit to Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty". The answer ranges from very satisfied to very dissatisfied, with 5 to 1 points respectively. The measurement items of cultural tourism participation and attitude to world cultural heritage refer to the research of Shen Suyan et al. [3], and are measured by "I visit cultural attractions such as historical sites when traveling (on vacation)" and "scenic spots that are world cultural heritage are more attractive than scenic spots that are not" world heritage ". The answers are from very like (5 points) to very dislike (1 point), respectively , from very agree (5 points) to very disagree (1 point). The intention to revisit is also measured by one item, that is, "I will visit the Ming Xiaoling Tomb again". The answers range from very willing (5 points) to very unwilling (1 point). In addition, the specific options for setting the variables of oral characteristics (3) Empirical results
1. Basic characteristics of tourists. In December 2011, a total of 400 questionnaires were sent out in the Ming Tomb Scenic Area, and 361 valid questionnaires were recovered. The proportion of men is higher than that of women, 59% and 41% respectively. 74% of the respondents said that this was their first visit to the Ming Tomb. Most of the respondents (61.5%) are between 18 and 29 years old, 26.0% are between 30 and 45 years old, 7.2% are between 46 and 60 years old, 4.2% are over 60 years old, and 1.1% are under 18 years old. More than 70% of the respondents' educational level is in the junior college and undergraduate groups, while only 13.6% of the respondents have a high school degree or below. The average monthly income of 28% of the respondents is between 1501 yuan and 3500 yuan, 27.7% of the respondents have an average monthly income of 3501 yuan to 5000 yuan, 19.9% of the respondents have an average monthly income of less than 1500 yuan, while 12.5% and 11.9% of the respondents have an average monthly income of 5001 yuan to 8000 yuan and more than 8000 yuan, respectively.
2. Logistic regression analysis and hypothesis testing. Based on the exploratory nature of this study, the logistic regression model uses the backward stepwise regression method [25], first put all independent variables into the model, and then gradually delete the variables that are not significantly tested. The sample data shows that the three variables of satisfaction, attitude to the world cultural heritage and age are insignificant variables in the test and are deleted in the stepwise regression. Table 2 is the output values of the last step of the Logistic regression model, showing only five variables that are significantly tested. Among the three categorical variables, gender, education level and average monthly income, men, groups with high school education and below and groups with income less than 1500 yuan are the reference groups. As a dependent variable, willingness to pay refers to the probability of willingness to pay in the Logistic regression model.
Note: (1) The independent variables included in the first step of the Logistic regression model are: satisfaction, cultural tourism participation, attitude towards world cultural heritage, intention to revisit, gender, age, education level, and monthly income; （2）*p
3、 Conclusion and discussion
In recent years, the ticket price of world cultural heritage scenic spots around China has been rising continuously as a way to raise funds for cultural heritage protection and management. What is the attitude of tourists towards the rising tickets for the protection of cultural heritage? This paper takes the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing, a world cultural heritage scenic spot, as an example to study tourists' willingness to pay for cultural heritage protection funds through a questionnaire survey. First of all, the higher the degree of cultural tourism participation of tourists, the stronger the intention of revisiting, the more likely they are to be willing to pay for the protection of cultural heritage. To some extent, people who like to participate in cultural tourism are more likely to have a sense of protection and responsibility for cultural heritage; The more willing the tourists are to revisit the Ming Tomb, the more they hope to see the well preserved Ming Tomb Scenic Area when they come back next time. Therefore, they are more likely to pay the increased part of the Ming Tomb ticket, as long as it is used for protection. Secondly, men are more likely than women to pay for cultural heritage protection. This is different from the research results of Chamber, Chamber and Whitehead (1998). Research by Chamber et al. shows that women are more likely to pay one-time protection funds for historical and cultural heritage [11]. This may be related to the fact that the average level of education of Chinese men is higher than that of women, and the level of education directly affects the attitude and behavior towards cultural heritage protection. The sample of the Ming Xiaoling Tomb also shows that tourists with higher education, including college and undergraduate groups and those with graduate or higher education, are more likely to pay for the protection of cultural heritage than those with high school or lower education. The research of Light, Prentice, Ashworth and Larkham also shows that the more educated people are, the more enthusiastic they are about cultural heritage and its protection [26] 6368. However, the sample data shows that it is not the tourists with the highest educational background who are most likely to pay for cultural heritage protection funds, but the tourists with college and undergraduate degrees are more likely to pay for cultural heritage protection funds than those with graduate degrees. The possible reason is that the respondents have different attitudes towards the source of funds for cultural heritage protection. During the questionnaire survey, it was found that many respondents of graduate and above education groups said that the protection funds of cultural heritage should be borne by the government, not transferred to tourists. As a common heritage of mankind and a public resource, the world cultural heritage should be free for the public to enjoy, and everyone should have equal rights to enjoy cultural heritage. Another reason may be that many of the surveyed tourists in the highest education group are students, so their monthly income is relatively low. According to the results of Logistic regression model, the average monthly income is the key factor determining the willingness of tourists to pay. In other words, tourists with high monthly income may not be sensitive to the price, and it is acceptable to pay a higher ticket price. Besides, it is used for the protection of cultural heritage. Why not? Therefore, on the one hand, with the continuous development of China's economy in recent years and the continuous improvement of people's overall education level and disposable income, more and more people will pay attention to the world cultural heritage, which is conducive to the protection of cultural heritage; On the other hand, because the world cultural heritage is a scarce tourism resource, and with people's recognition of the value of cultural heritage and the enhancement of their ability to pay, even if the tickets of the world cultural heritage scenic spots rise significantly, the world cultural heritage scenic spots are still full of people. The increase in ticket prices does not play a significant role in controlling the number of tourists.
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Chapter 6: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
[Key words] Intangible cultural heritage Higher education Local college professional courses
[CLC No.] G64 [Document Identification Code] A [Article No.] 2095-3089 (2013) 04-0013-01
1、 The Importance of Bringing Intangible Cultural Heritage into the Higher Education System
In October 2002, the first seminar on intangible cultural heritage education and teaching of Chinese colleges and universities was held in Beijing. The main topic was to bring cultural heritage education into the teaching system of higher education and cultivate professional talents. It marks that since the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has really begun to introduce its own national and folk cultural resources into the education and teaching system of colleges and universities in the Chinese education system, which is of great significance:
（1） The way of intangible cultural heritage inheritance has gradually expanded from the initial family education to folk apprenticeship or social education based on cultural exchanges. The inheritance lacks consciousness, the channel is blocked, and the inheritance is disjointed. The introduction of intangible cultural heritage into higher education has opened up a new horizon for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage.
（2） With the rapid development of globalization, the regional cultures are gradually diversified. The trend of modern education is multicultural education. Intangible cultural heritage in colleges and universities can enable students to carry on the function of transmitting China's outstanding traditional folk culture while inheriting the mainstream culture. Popularizing local culture is an inevitable choice for the development of multiculturalism.
（3） Colleges and universities have the advantages of cultivating talents, spreading and innovating knowledge. The inclusion of intangible cultural heritage in higher education helps to promote the cultural construction of colleges and universities, cultivate the patriotic enthusiasm, national spirit and innovative practice spirit of college students, and enhance the cognition and publicity of local culture. Therefore, it is a general trend for intangible cultural heritage to be included in higher education.
2、 The Status Quo of Intangible Cultural Heritage Education in Colleges and Universities
In recent years, more and more colleges and universities in China have opened majors related to intangible cultural heritage, which has played a positive role in promoting the protection of intangible cultural heritage. However, some problems have also been highlighted under the boom of intangible cultural heritage:
（1） At present, the basic theory of intangible cultural heritage curriculum in colleges and universities is still missing. In recent years, China has been studying such basic theories as "what is intangible cultural heritage" and "what is its boundary theory". At present, this content is very scarce, which is also one of the reasons why colleges and universities are blind and confused when launching intangible cultural heritage majors. The basic theory needs to be strengthened urgently.
（2） In fact, many universities do not have the conditions to open intangible cultural heritage majors, but just follow the trend. On the one hand, they do not have the idea of protecting intangible cultural heritage. For example, some universities recruit inheritors of intangible cultural heritage to colleges and universities to teach and manage them in the way of schools. As a result, the original things have become a model "can". On the other hand, it is the problem of teachers. Many teachers do not have the professional knowledge of intangible cultural heritage. Seeing the development potential of intangible cultural heritage protection, they rush to start classes and recruit students.
（3） There is an extreme lack of disciplines related to "intangible cultural heritage" in the education of local colleges and universities, which makes it difficult for education to cultivate social talents needed for inheritance and protection of "intangible cultural heritage". Some local colleges and universities do not have a systematic and perfect education system in the setting of "intangible cultural heritage" majors. They blindly pursue large and comprehensive majors, resulting in weak majors and low employment rate of graduates. There are many problems that need to be solved urgently.
3、 Rational Thinking on Intangible Cultural Heritage Education in Colleges and Universities
Colleges and universities should combine their own school running characteristics, take advanced teaching concepts as guidance, make full use of modern teaching methods, build a distinctive "intangible cultural heritage" education system, clarify the nature and orientation of intangible cultural heritage education, and optimize intangible cultural heritage majors from the following aspects:
（1） Strengthen the guidance and guarantee work of local education departments for "intangible cultural heritage" majors
Local education authorities should formulate corresponding policies to scientifically guide the establishment of "intangible cultural heritage" majors in local colleges and universities; At the same time, we will intensify construction efforts to build a number of "intangible cultural heritage" quality courses. In addition, we should fully integrate the social resources of local "intangible cultural heritage" folk art, and integrate folk art with school teaching and scientific research. At the same time, increase the investment in education of "intangible cultural heritage" to provide economic basis for the research of local "intangible cultural heritage".
（2） Strengthening the Scientific Research and Discipline Construction of Intangible Cultural Heritage
To carry out scientific research on intangible cultural heritage, on the one hand, colleges and universities should strengthen the research on intangible cultural heritage of different forms in the region according to the intelligence and knowledge characteristics of students, and provide materials for course selection; On the other hand, it is necessary to put forward a new set of teaching concepts, strengthen teaching research, and prepare for the implementation of intangible cultural heritage education in combination with local and school realities.
"Intangible Cultural Heritage" education is a new and wide range discipline, which involves history, folklore, pedagogy, sociology, art and many other disciplines. Therefore, local colleges and universities should strengthen discipline construction and knowledge system construction according to their own advantages while setting up "intangible cultural heritage" majors. We should combine theory with practice to enhance the teaching effect and increase students' interest in intangible cultural heritage.
（3） Setting up scientific and characteristic courses of "intangible cultural heritage"
The key to learning intangible cultural heritage is to directly participate in practice and experience. However, in the current teaching system of colleges and universities, there is a lack of practical courses related to intangible cultural heritage. The lack of practical courses, coupled with the imbalance between theoretical teaching and practical courses, will lead to the unreasonable knowledge structure of students. Therefore, when setting up intangible cultural heritage courses, local colleges and universities should fully reflect the openness and scientificity, follow the principle of "combining classroom teaching with social practice, combining book teaching with folk customs' field investigation, and pay attention to the unity of theoretical learning and artistic practice, and the unity of in class and out of class". Such curriculum can enhance students' practical ability and make the intangible heritage curriculum both theoretical and practical. In addition, local colleges and universities should pay more attention to the educational characteristics of "intangible cultural heritage" and cultural practice in accordance with local conditions when setting up theoretical courses of "intangible cultural heritage".
（4） Vigorously cultivate teachers required for intangible cultural heritage project courses
On the one hand, colleges and universities should organize training for teachers who teach intangible cultural heritage in a unified and planned way, and cultivate a group of professional teachers who can teach, protect, mine and inherit intangible cultural heritage. On the other hand, colleges and universities can also hire inheritors of intangible cultural heritage as guest professors to give lectures, hold lectures, and carry out academic exchange activities, so as to enhance students' perceptual knowledge, stimulate students' learning and research interests, thus improving the comprehensive quality of students and promoting intangible cultural heritage.
In a word, "intangible cultural heritage" will become a hot topic in colleges and universities in the future. However, both education authorities, colleges and universities, and researchers of intangible cultural heritage should think carefully and rationally about this issue, and spare no effort to contribute to the education of intangible cultural heritage in colleges and universities and the protection and inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage".
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[1] Wang Wenwen, Editor in Chief. Introduction to Intangible Cultural Heritage [M]. Beijing: Culture and Art Press, October 2006
[2] Pu Lichun. Research on the Educational Inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ethnic Minorities [M]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House, September 2010
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[4] Wang Zhuo. Status Quo and Countermeasures of Intangible Cultural Heritage Education in Colleges and Universities [J]. Wide Angle Vision, 2008, 5:154
[5] Chen Mengting, Zhang Ting. Summary of the First Seminar on Intangible Cultural Heritage Education and Teaching in Chinese Universities [J]. Journal of Hubei Academy of Fine Arts, 2002, 4:62
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About the author:
Chapter 7: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
1.1 Analysis of the current situation of sports intangible cultural heritage
A large number of scholars have analyzed and studied the current situation of sports intangible cultural heritage, found out the problems existing in the current sports intangible cultural heritage, and put forward countermeasures against the main problems. The existing research mainly focuses on the intangible cultural heritage of sports in a certain area, and the research from the macro level and specific projects is less. Zhu Zonghai [3] classified the intangible cultural heritage of sports in Henan Province into six categories: traditional martial arts, performing arts, folk society, chess and cards, cluster projects and cultural space. First of all, traditional martial arts accounted for the largest proportion in the intangible cultural heritage of sports, accounting for about 64% of the total provincial intangible cultural heritage of sports, which is closely related to its long history, obvious fitness effect and good mass foundation, and has broad and good development space. Next are performing arts and folk society, which account for about 27% of the total number of sports intangible cultural heritage in Henan Province. Performing arts include monkey art and Meizhuang circus, which are still widely spread among the people and have huge commercial space; Folklore society mainly includes camp fire and iron flower making. Their performance forms are different, but their essence is not too biased; The cultural space category mainly refers to the Majie Book Fair, which is a big gathering organized by the folk to show various folk art rap. This annual grand event provides a good platform for the spread and development of folk art. Henan has a long history and culture, which has bred rich non-material sports culture, making it rich in resources, strong regional culture, inheritance and innovation, and interesting performance. Despite this, there are still a lot of problems in Henan's sports intangible cultural heritage, such as the single category of events. Some research shows that "Henan Province has a total of five national sports intangible cultural heritage events, of which four are martial arts, and among the 33 provincial-level sports intangible cultural heritage events, martial arts also accounts for as many as 21 [3]. On the one hand, it proves that Henan has rich martial arts resources, but it also reflects the seriousness of the single category of sports intangible cultural heritage events in Henan. In addition, the serious shortage of funds, the lack of theoretical support and the failure to form a core industrial cluster are all problems that need to be solved urgently. Liu Maochang [4] made a field survey of the traditional sports culture in the Weihe River basin and classified the local intangible cultural heritage of sports as ritual activities, utilitarian activities and recreational activities. The ceremony is to offer sacrifices to gods and ancestors of individuals or groups on specific occasions to pray for peace and prosperity in the coming year. The representative projects include sheepskin drum dance, whip dance and horse club fire; The representative project of skill activities is the shell staff, which is mainly male. The shell staff in ancient times is an important skill for guarding homes and protecting the country in the Weihe River Basin; Recreational activities are able to play the value of strengthening the body and edifying the sentiment. Their representative projects are shuttlecock, shuttlecock kicking and jumping. However, with the coming of western sports, these traditional sports are about to be lost. At present, the research on the status quo of intangible cultural heritage of sports mainly focuses on the characteristics of regional concentration, mostly in Henan, Shaanxi, Weihe and other places; Although the development of sports intangible cultural heritage projects varies in different regions, there are basically the same problems, most of which are single project types, lack of capital investment, and lack of inheritors and professionals to protect sports intangible cultural heritage. Future research should pay attention to the following three aspects: first, expand the research area; The second is to broaden the scope of research. The current research is mostly to analyze a region as a case, while a project is rarely studied as a case; The third is to refine the macro laws and countermeasures from the micro perspective, so as to guide the healthy development of more intangible sports heritage.
1.2 Inheritance and protection of sports intangible cultural heritage
The inheritance and protection of sports intangible cultural heritage is the focus of current academic research, and also the hot spot of research. Its achievements are quite rich. With regard to the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of sports, Zu Hao [5] and other researchers proposed two inheritance methods, namely, campus inheritance and rural inheritance, in order to protect intangible cultural heritage of sports. The inheritance and development of any culture can not be separated from education, and sports culture is no exception, and schools are the main places of education, so it is particularly important to promote the vigorous development of sports intangible cultural heritage projects on campus. The entry of intangible cultural heritage sports projects into the campus, on the one hand, enables our students to have a deeper understanding of Chinese traditional culture, so that their technology and culture can be inherited; On the other hand, it has the effect of enriching students' after-school life and strengthening their bodies. Since most of the sports intangible cultural heritage projects come from rural areas, we must pay attention to the inheritance and protection of rural sports intangible culture. However, there are many migrant workers in rural areas, some inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects are old, and leaders pay low attention to them, all of which have caused the lack of intangible culture of rural sports. "Schools should be the intermediary for the inheritance and development of sports intangible cultural heritage. Compared with the education inheritance of sports intangible cultural heritage, the inheritance in school education has certain standardization and stability" [6]. In addition to school education inheritance, it is also necessary to pay attention to the effect of folk inheritance. In the process of communication, it is necessary to maintain the authenticity of culture, constantly improve cultural value and focus on the combination with industrial development. It can be seen that the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of sports should always adhere to two legs, not only to develop itself, but also to deeply explore the intrinsic value. In terms of protection strategies for intangible cultural heritage of sports, scholars generally believe that schools and local government departments should fully mobilize their attention, actively combine with other industries, and use laws to seek protection. The protection of intellectual property rights of intangible cultural heritage is a research hotspot in the current academic circles, but the research on intellectual property rights of intangible cultural heritage of sports in the sports field is very little. The current intellectual property rights can not be compatible with all the intangible cultural content of sports, especially the traditional national sports. The main body is now in three aspects: first, it has a long history, and the creators have no way to verify it, The uncertainty of the right subject conflicts with the system of modern intellectual property rights; Second, traditional national sports pay attention to teaching by example, and there are few written records. With the dissolution of a tribe or the death of a traditional artist, the project has disappeared since then; Third, the intellectual property system advocates innovation, but its nationality and inheritance cannot meet the requirements of trade secrets and other rights [7]. To sum up, the current intellectual property system is not directly compatible with sports intangible culture, but it can also protect sports intangible culture within a certain range. Today, with the rapid development of the Internet, the phenomenon of rushing to register domain names such as "Shaolin" or "Wudang" and then reselling them at a high price occurs from time to time. It is precisely because of the weak awareness of legal protection in China that the above phenomenon is growing at will [8]. The infringement of traditional sports culture has brought many drawbacks to the promotion of traditional sports culture and the development of its industry. Therefore, improving the legal norms, establishing the concept of coordinated protection of public law and private law, and letting the public establish the awareness of protection can all play a good role in the protection of sports intangible cultural heritage. In fact, the inheritance and protection of sports intangible cultural heritage should broaden its inheritance channels, adhere to the mode of common development of school inheritance, rural inheritance, family inheritance and folk inheritance, and scientifically use legal means to protect sports intangible culture. In the future, we need to strengthen the research on policies and regulations related to the protection of sports intangible culture, and improve the legal construction of sports intangible cultural heritage, In order to maintain its good inheritance and development, the country calls for building a sports power.
1.3 Development of sports intangible cultural heritage resources
There are few research results on the development of sports intangible cultural resources, and the results are mostly concentrated in sports tourism. With the vigorous development of tourism, some inheritors of intangible cultural heritage of sports began to integrate sports industry and tourism industry in a harmonious way. For example, the leader of Sichuan Qingcheng Sect skillfully integrated its sect culture and technology with Qingcheng Mountain tourism, and achieved good results. The existing research is mainly aimed at the development and utilization of minority tourism resources. For example, Hu Qinglong et al.'s Nadam Sports Culture and Tourism [9] and Cui Guowen et al.'s Talking about the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage from the Development of National Sports Tourism Resources [10] and many other articles have investigated and studied the sports tourism in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang respectively. Many scholars also discussed the promotion value of sports intangible cultural heritage culture for the economic development of the region from the perspective of economics. For example, Li Fengxin [11], taking Nadam as the link, discussed how it can expand cultural tourism and promote the economic development of the region. The above research shows that the development and protection of sports intangible culture tourism resources has attracted the attention of many scholars, but on the whole, a complete and reasonable theoretical system has not yet been formed, and the research is not deep enough, with more basic research and less applied research. In the future, we should extract the universal macro laws to guide the development of different sports intangible culture resources.
2 Overall review and prospect of sports intangible cultural heritage
Chapter 8: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
Professional Construction and Intangible Culture in Art Colleges
Ways to integrate heritage inheritance and protection The General Office of the State Council's Notice on Strengthening the Protection of Cultural Heritage proposed that education departments should include the content of excellent cultural heritage and cultural heritage protection knowledge into teaching plans and textbooks. We should introduce some intangible cultural heritage projects into schools by carrying out various intangible cultural heritage research and education activities, and incorporate the inheritance and education of intangible cultural heritage into relevant courses. We should set up relevant majors, implement disciplinary development, strengthen curriculum reform and textbook construction, actively participate in social practice, and fully demonstrate the cultural value of local intangible cultural heritage, Actively create new disciplines urgently needed by national and social cultural heritage undertakings, and shoulder the responsibility of cultivating intangible cultural heritage professionals [2]. （1） The establishment of characteristic majors is an effective carrier of intangible cultural heritage inheritance. As a basic and long-term work, professional construction requires colleges and universities to base on reality, examine the environmental changes faced by the current education development, and reflect adaptive changes in the overall planning and design of professional construction [3]. Because of its "localization" characteristics, intangible cultural heritage provides a realistic possibility for art colleges to develop characteristic majors. The unique history, traditional national culture and rich historical and cultural relics of the region are the basis for art colleges to create new disciplines of cultural heritage undertakings. Therefore, we should break the single academic model, explore and develop local culture, actively participate in social practice, and innovate to build a major that meets social needs combined with intangible cultural heritage. For example, Chengdu Art Vocational College regards Qingshen Bamboo Weaving, the national intangible cultural heritage of Qingshen County, as its characteristic specialty; Sun Yat sen University has given full play to its advantages in the major of drama and opened the major of intangible cultural heritage, which is mainly aimed at the research and protection of local operas. The Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance Major of the Academy of Fine Arts of Harbin University was approved by the Ministry of Education as a characteristic specialty of colleges and universities in 2007. It focuses on the precious national culture of the Heilongjiang River basin, covering a wide range of categories, including Boli black pottery, Shaman clothing, Oroqen embroidery, Kedong Manchu embroidery, Hezhe paper-cut, folk paper binding, horn carving, wheat straw technology, fish bone technology Suiling peasant paintings, etc. The establishment of specialty is not to cultivate folk artists. The most important thing is to improve college students' understanding of national culture and art, guide students to learn from folk culture, and draw nutrients from social practice and folk art. This is not only the inheritance of national culture, but also necessary to promote the comprehensive development of college students. （2） The construction of courses and textbooks is the main resource for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage to ensure that intangible cultural heritage is a good source of courses. All art schools should trust the local characteristics and advantages of intangible cultural heritage education, increase teaching reform and innovate teaching methods; Combine the construction of the college's curriculum and teaching materials with the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage. First, we can use the practicality of intangible cultural heritage to develop it into characteristic courses, add courses such as Introduction to Folk Art, Appreciation of Chinese Folk Songs and other courses that focus on presenting China's intangible cultural heritage, vigorously develop and construct intangible cultural heritage education courses, select and sort out the content of intangible cultural heritage of all ethnic groups, and inject intangible cultural heritage into school teaching content. For example, as a "non-material cultural heritage protection major", Beijing Institute of Modern Art offers shadow puppet, puppet, Nuo Opera, Kunqu Opera, paper-cut, folk art research, minority cultural heritage research, endangered dialect research and other courses, which not only enriches the curriculum content of art colleges, but also improves the cultural consciousness of students to protect intangible cultural heritage, It has improved its core competitiveness. Second, give full play to the courses such as sketching and investigation in the countryside in art colleges, organize teachers and students to go deep into various places, and tap traditional cultural resources. Because most of the intangible cultural heritage is deeply hidden among the people, we need to carry out field collection or field investigation activities to dig its essence. The social practice activities of college students in winter and summer vacation were used to organize the work of sorting out folk art, folk resources, cultural protection, etc. in areas rich in intangible cultural heritage, using documentary photography, special topics, publicity and other forms to provide important curriculum resources for talent cultivation. Thirdly, according to the actual situation of the intangible cultural heritage project in our province, relevant experts, professors, scholars and folk art workers were organized to compile teaching materials in a targeted way in combination with the characteristics of college education and teaching. Focus on the scientificity, uniqueness, nationality, regionality, operability and inheritance of teaching materials, and gradually form a set of distinctive series of intangible cultural heritage education [4]. （3） The cultivation of professional talents is the guarantee of the construction of intangible cultural heritage team. Discipline construction of intangible cultural heritage is not only an important measure of cultural inheritance, but also an important way to cultivate professional talents in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Colleges and universities should play a more important role in cultivating talents of intangible cultural heritage. They are most suitable for cultivating talents of professional technology research, consulting services, operation and management of intangible cultural heritage, and can also cultivate some talents of intangible cultural heritage inheritance. On the one hand, high-level inheritors can be introduced into schools, protected, trained in colleges and universities, and passed on skills. Increase the employment of folk artists as part-time teachers, according to their skills and characteristics, into the school's daily teaching; Let students participate in the learning of skills, experience the cultural connotation of intangible cultural heritage, improve students' practical ability, play the role of inheritance, and thus establish a talent team to undertake intangible cultural heritage. On the other hand, take various ways, such as lectures, seminars, etc., to uniformly train and learn existing teachers, and strive to improve their ability in teaching, management, inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage. Taking Beijing as an example, in the 21st century, the number of lectures on quality education of intangible cultural heritage is increasing rapidly. The content of the lectures involves the concept and characteristics of intangible cultural heritage, festival culture, Peking Opera art, original ecological art, old Beijing folk art knowledge, folk paper-cut, intangible cultural heritage protection and tourism development. Finally, we can promote the experience of the China Academy of Drama in holding the "Graduate Class of Outstanding Young Actors of Beijing Opera in China" and implementing master's degree education in art, rely on relevant universities to carry out professional master's education, build a flyover for cultivating talents for inheriting intangible cultural heritage, and realize the combination of school training and inheriting population's personal education, To strengthen the protection and training of intangible cultural heritage talents. （4） Modern information technology means are the transformation of intangible cultural heritage inheritance methods. Modern information technology means have already undertaken the carrying and protection functions of intangible cultural heritage, which is a vivid form of intangible cultural heritage inheritance. [5] In combination with their own professional characteristics, art colleges and universities have comprehensively photographed and recorded many endangered intangible cultural heritage projects and the elderly and infirm inheritors. They have preserved various skills and techniques in the form of pictures, audio, animation and other images of folk art, folk cultural activities, handicraft production, and built a database of intangible cultural heritage resources. This digital and information-based scientific management mode is one of the important ways to rescue and protect intangible cultural heritage. It not only enables art college students to use their professional advantages to directly participate in the rescue and protection of intangible cultural heritage, but also enables these ancient national cultures to continue through modern media and get more attention. This kind of intangible cultural heritage education resources accumulated in the form of achievements, through integration and application, has built an education resource system with regional characteristics, promoting resource sharing, serving teaching and scientific research, serving society, etc. Since 2005, Beijing has started the construction project of characteristic education resource database for colleges and universities, and has built online characteristic education resource database. By the end of 2008, 134 theme resource packages had been built, integrating nearly 754000 pictures, 44000 audio and video, and 6.7 million words. It has provided a large number of cultural and artistic education information resources for the society and the teaching and research of colleges and universities, and opened them to the public, It is widely concerned and welcomed.
Rethinking on the Integration of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Professional Construction in Art Colleges
Integrating intangible cultural heritage with the professional construction of art colleges is of great benefit to both the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage and the development of art colleges. It not only enables students in art colleges to acquire skills, but also inherits national culture. Therefore, art colleges should not only play the role of art education, but also build them into a platform for the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage, playing a pivotal role in the protection of national culture and the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage. （1） The institutional construction of intangible cultural heritage inheritance and protection needs to be improved urgently. Intangible cultural heritage itself is rich in connotation and has many categories. Colleges and universities seize one of its branches to carry out research, and have made certain achievements in the research of intangible cultural heritage and talent training. However, in recent years, disciplines related to intangible cultural heritage have followed the trend, It also caused the phenomenon of resource waste and repeated construction. This requires local governments and relevant competent departments to strengthen policy guidance, effectively integrate resources, have relevant policies, scientific layout and standardized management for the establishment of intangible cultural heritage majors, and build a number of high-quality courses and textbooks by building several characteristic specialty points, demonstration practice teaching centers, demonstration talent training teaching bases and employment bases in batches, Select several famous teachers and several excellent teaching teams to ensure the orderly teaching and scientific research management of intangible cultural heritage disciplines in colleges and universities. （2） The theoretical research on the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage needs to be deepened urgently Although many universities and research institutions across the country are carrying out the protection and research work of intangible cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage has not been established as a discipline in time due to the lagging theory and lack of practical experience, This not only directly affects the smooth progress of intangible cultural heritage protection, but also affects the quality of intangible cultural heritage protection and declaration. It is urgent to establish a new discipline, "intangible cultural heritage science". Experts generally believe that at present, the development model suitable for the construction of intangible cultural heritage discipline has been initially established, but compared with the West, our theoretical research in this field is still backward, and their scientific inquiry is more in-depth, and the scope of discipline application is more extensive. Therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen the theoretical research on the inheritance and protection of intangible cultural heritage. By holding various cultural exchange and discussion activities and strengthening theoretical discussion, theoretical research on intangible cultural heritage should be constantly promoted and improved in practice. For example, the "First Seminar on Intangible Cultural Heritage Education and Teaching in Chinese Colleges and Universities" hosted by the Central Academy of Fine Arts is the first conference since the founding of New China to formally introduce folk culture and art into higher education as human cultural heritage. Through such international and domestic academic seminars and forums, in-depth exchanges will be carried out on the management mechanism of intangible cultural heritage, the construction of laws and regulations for the protection of intangible cultural heritage resources, the protection of inheritors of intangible cultural heritage, the protection of minority cultural heritage and cultural ecological areas to promote the in-depth development of intangible cultural heritage protection. Through in-depth folk investigation, innovative theoretical achievements. To successfully carry out the rescue and protection of intangible cultural heritage, it is required to have a set of guiding and operable theories that combine professional theories with practical experience. On the basis of years of teaching practice and folk investigation, colleges and universities have collected and collated research results and compiled theoretical textbooks that conform to academic norms, such as Introduction to Intangible Cultural Heritage edited by Wang Wen, president of the Chinese Academy of Arts, and Living Culture -- A Preliminary Study of China's Intangible Cultural Heritage by Qiao Xiaoguang, director of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center of the Central Academy of Fine Arts Native Spirit: Collection of Research on Intangible Cultural Heritage and Folk Arts, and Inheritance of the Writings: Theory and Practice of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection by Fu Jin, a distinguished professor of the Chinese Academy of Drama, are representative research achievements The practice and educational mode of cultivating inheritors of intangible cultural heritage in colleges and universities are discussed in depth. （3） The publicity and education of intangible cultural heritage need to be promoted urgently. Intangible cultural heritage is an invisible and unrepeatable cultural phenomenon. We should strengthen the consciousness and crisis awareness of national culture, fully understand the urgency and importance of protecting and inheriting intangible cultural heritage, and let art education assume the obligation of inheriting national folk art, Make intangible cultural heritage an important carrier of traditional cultural education and patriotism education for young people. It is necessary to promote intangible cultural heritage into the campus, make use of regional intangible cultural heritage resources, carry out various art practice activities, establish student associations of intangible cultural heritage, and regularly hold various folk art activity weeks. Henan Normal University is the first university in the country to set up an intangible cultural protection association, call volunteers to perform locally, and promote intangible cultural heritage We have done fruitful work in protection and inheritance, which is worth learning from colleges and universities. At the same time, in order to cultivate the cultural consciousness of the whole people and create a good social atmosphere for the protection of cultural heritage, the concept of intangible cultural heritage has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people through intangible cultural heritage exhibitions, performances, forums, lectures and other publicity and education activities. The protection of intangible cultural heritage has been reported and publicized in a timely, in-depth and comprehensive manner through the network, television, newspapers and other news media. Actively participate in the social practice of cultural protection, promote and publicize China's intangible culture to the world, and enhance human cultural exchanges.
Author: Wang Jianhong Work unit: Vocational and Technical College of Art Design, China Academy of Fine Arts
Chapter 9: Model Essays on Natural and Cultural Heritage Research
1、 Educational environment
（1） Social environment
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, where "Ding Ding Tune" is located, is a national historical city. Xuzhou, Jiangsu, known as the thoroughfare of five provinces, is the birthplace of Pengzu culture and Han culture, as well as the blending and gathering place of northern and southern cultures. There are 101 municipal intangible cultural heritage projects in Xuzhou, of which 9 are included in the national list. Many intangible cultural heritage projects are developed from local resources. The attention and support of government departments, especially education administrative departments, is one of the main external forces that affect the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage on campus. The attention, care and support of government departments and leaders at all levels play an invisible role in promoting the inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" on campus. In terms of policy, capital and social publicity, it can bring many unexpected favorable factors for campus inheritance, and create positive factors for the inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" on campus. These favorable factors act on the campus superficially, However, it has invisibly promoted the campus inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" to a deeper level, and has a stronger active development mechanism to promote the campus inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage".
（2） School environment
Xuzhou Institute of Technology is a full-time ordinary undergraduate college, which adheres to the local and application-oriented school running orientation. The school pays attention to the combination of regional cultural characteristics, and strives to play the role of cultural inheritance. The university takes the research and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage as a breakthrough for universities to play the role of cultural inheritance and innovation, and actively promotes the introduction of "intangible cultural heritage" into campus, classroom, teaching materials and scientific research. First of all, the exploration and practice of integrating intangible cultural heritage into education and teaching is a major feature of our teaching reform and curriculum construction. The college has transformed the regional intangible cultural heritage into teaching resources, carried out the construction of characteristic curriculum groups, achieved dislocation development, formed its own school running characteristics, and explored a feasible path with original and promotional value for local colleges and universities to base on regional culture, strengthen school local interaction, achieve cultural inheritance and innovation. In order to create a high-level research base and exchange platform, Xuzhou Institute of Technology integrated the strength of humanities. In 2009, it established the "Huaihai Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center", and in 2009 and 2011, Xuzhou Institute of Technology and Xuzhou Municipal Bureau of Culture jointly hosted the "China Xuzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage High Level Forum", the Ministry of Culture More than 120 leaders from China Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, National Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Expert Committee and experts from all over the country attended the meeting and gave strong support. The "Huaihai Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center" was approved as an off campus research base for humanities and social sciences in ordinary colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province, and its related construction achievements were awarded the Excellent Award of "University Campus Culture Construction" by the Ministry of Education. The college attaches great importance to the interaction between schools and places, resource sharing and feature complementation, and actively serves the local economic and cultural construction. The establishment of the new mechanism can enable us to jointly compose a symphony of intangible cultural heritage protection, inheritance and innovation. Through the three teams to discuss the protection, inheritance and innovation of "intangible cultural heritage", the cultural value, artistic value and social value of precious intangible cultural heritage can be highlighted and transmitted. In this environment, the research and protection of intangible cultural heritage in Huaihai area in Xuzhou Institute of Engineering has been well developed.
2、 The Role of Teachers in the Inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage
As the main body of campus inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage", teachers should be said to be the developers, implementers and contributors of campus inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage". "Intangible Cultural Heritage" is an emerging specialty, and "Intangible Cultural Heritage" courses are also emerging courses. Although more and more universities and research institutions in China offer majors related to "Intangible Cultural Heritage", few teachers engaged in "Intangible Cultural Heritage" teaching and research in universities are "Intangible Cultural Heritage" majors. Taking Xuzhou Engineering College as an example, the teachers engaged in relevant research are mainly literature, art, sports and other majors. How to ensure that teachers have a correct awareness of "intangible cultural heritage" courses, professional quality, etc. in the process of teaching "intangible cultural heritage" will have a direct impact on the implementation of teaching of "intangible cultural heritage" on campus. There is a saying about curriculum reform: "The failure of curriculum reform does not necessarily lie in the teachers, but the success must lie in the teachers." It can be seen that the success or failure of teachers in the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage on campus plays a decisive role. According to the author's experience in work in recent years, it can be summarized as follows:
（1） Teaching method
The teaching of "Ding Ding Qiang" adopts the 1+1 mode, that is, a teacher and an artist complete a lesson together. Most of the folk artists of "Ding Ding Tune" are farmers with low educational level, and their language expression is also the authentic local dialect of Tongshan. For example, the living elderly Wu Chengying and Sun Weirong, one of whom has never read a book, and one of whom has graduated from primary school, need professional teachers to complete this part of the work in explaining the theory of "ding ding qiang" (such as theoretical knowledge in explaining scripts, performing arts, and musical singing). Because of the strong regional and professional nature of the "Intangible Cultural Heritage" projects in the drama category, this part of the work is performed by folk artists (singing and figure performance). The teacher can assist the old artists in reading music scores and explaining the lyrics. That is to say, the teachers who teach "jingle" are composed of two types of people, one is the teachers of our school; The second is "Ding Ding Tune" folk artists. Teaching is conducted in the way of 1+1 between teachers and artists outside the school.
（2） Offering "Intangible Cultural Heritage" Elective Courses
In 2012, the author opened the professional elective course "Inheritance and Protection of Xuzhou" Dingding Tune "for some majors in his school. This course is an optional course for basic guidance of artistic intangible cultural heritage, and it is also an action research course developed with the characteristics of the school's "intangible cultural heritage" protection research and the clustering of "Huaihai intangible cultural heritage series curriculum construction". That is, based on the anthropology of music and intangible cultural heritage, we should build a protection knowledge system with "Ding Ding Tune" as the core, combine field research and rehearsal practice, and present an open and comprehensive local characteristic activity curriculum.
This course is based on the interpretation of the local folk opera "Ding Ding Tune" of traditional culture ("intangible heritage" perspective), on the one hand, it makes up for the lack of "small tradition" education in traditional culture. Let students know more about national traditions and improve their humanistic quality; On the other hand, it strengthened the students' awareness of the protection of traditional culture, recognized that protecting traditional culture is to protect our spiritual home, and took active action to participate in the protection (rehearsal, research on protection, etc.). Through the study of this course, an atmosphere of "protecting cultural heritage" will be formed on campus, which will stimulate more students to care for cultural heritage, enhance national pride and improve national cohesion. In particular, through the study of the purpose of rehearsal of this course, students' interest in cultural heritage will be stimulated, and cultural heritage will be inherited through practical actions while enriching the artistic and cultural life on campus.
（3） Teachers' Research on Intangible Cultural Heritage Projects
The project research is the guarantee for the continuous and effective implementation of the campus inheritance of intangible cultural heritage. As mentioned above, the specialty of "intangible cultural heritage" is an emerging specialty. A large number of teachers engaged in the teaching and research of "intangible cultural heritage" do not have the knowledge background of "intangible cultural heritage" research. They must constantly learn and study the achievements of others to ensure that they have a correct awareness of "intangible cultural heritage" courses and professional quality. Scientific research on "intangible cultural heritage" is an advanced stage of "intangible cultural heritage" protection. Through my own thinking and practice, I summarized valuable experience for peers to refer to, and further implemented this experience into my own "intangible cultural heritage" protection practice. It also promotes the healthy and orderly development of intangible cultural heritage protection on campus.
From the perspective of the school, it is of positive significance to attach importance to the scientific research of "intangible cultural heritage". Taking Xuzhou Institute of Engineering as an example, since 2009, the "Huaihai Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center" has been established, which has built a good platform for the school teachers to study "intangible cultural heritage". The school encourages teachers to study local "intangible cultural heritage" projects and provides policy support. In just a few years, school teachers have published 105 papers related to "intangible cultural heritage", 8 provincial and ministerial level topics, and 103 municipal and departmental level topics, which have made great contributions to the protection of "intangible cultural heritage" projects in Xuzhou and even surrounding areas.
From the perspective of students, they can directly participate in the application and research work of "intangible cultural heritage" projects, so that they can further understand the "intangible cultural heritage" culture more comprehensively from the aspects of society, history, tradition, customs, etc., and can let the "intangible cultural heritage" inheritance rooted in the consciousness of young people, so as to achieve the fundamental goal of campus "intangible cultural heritage" inheritance. Taking "Dingding Tune" as an example, in 2012, the project "Collection, sorting and research of Xuzhou" Dingding Tune "music from the perspective of intangible culture heritage" applied by Zhang Xiameng, a student of the music department of Grade 10, was rated as a national innovation and entrepreneurship training program for college students, and the project was successfully completed. After understanding and studying "Dingding Tune", Zhang Xiameng set his graduation thesis goal as his hometown's play - "Huaihai Opera", and finally completed his graduation thesis at a high level. The project "Investigation and Arrangement of Oral History of Xuzhou" Ding Ding Tune "Old Artists" declared by Sun Ya and Zhang Yawen, students of music department of Grade 12, was rated as the training project of university level college students' innovation and entrepreneurship plan. In the process of applying for and studying "intangible cultural heritage" projects, students can basically master the basic operating methods of scientific research, and lay a good foundation for their graduation thesis writing, further study and further education.
3、 The Role of Students in the Inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Students, like teachers, are also the key factors that affect the inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" on campus, and are the starting point and destination of the inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" on campus. Students' awareness of active participation, learning ability and learning style will affect the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage on campus. Students can participate in the protection and inheritance of "ding ding qiang" from the following aspects.
（1） Field investigation. In July 2012, the students began their first field survey in a regular manner. This fieldwork was another one after the teachers and students of Xuzhou Teachers' College conducted a comprehensive survey of "Ding Ding Tune" in 1960. After a long blank period of half a century, the baton was sent to these students. The students were filled with a sense of responsibility and mission for the protection of "intangible cultural heritage". They collected and sorted out a large number of existing words, pictures, audio and video about the development of "Ding Ding Tune", investigated its distribution range, density and cultural ecology, and mastered objective and detailed first-hand information. In July 2015, we recorded the oral history of "Ding Ding Qiang" artists in detail again. Then the relevant categories of information are systematically summarized and sorted out. I have done a lot of desk work.
（2） Learn to sing and rehearse "Ding Ding Qiang". In order to enable students to further understand the "Dingding Tune" and further understand the charm of "Dingding Tune", after students have basically mastered the singing of the small play through the "Dingding Tune" elective course, we have hired professional actors of "Dingding Tune" to help students rehearse the "Dingding Tune" play. It is mainly through singing, reading, doing, dancing, music, clothing, dressing and other aspects to make practical actions for its "live" inheritance. On December 16, 2013, Sun Ya, Liang Huanhuan, Ma Xinru and Zhang Yawen from the music department rehearsed the "Ding Ding Tune" play "Liang Zhu", which was presented in the report performance of the project of inheriting "intangible heritage" in the "Huaihai Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center", an off campus research base for humanities and social sciences in ordinary colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province Professional singing was unanimously praised by experts and scholars.
（3） Thesis writing
From the perspective of students, how can they learn more about the theoretical knowledge, skills and aesthetic characteristics of intangible cultural heritage, and improve their love for the excellent traditional culture and art of their own nation? Thesis writing can undoubtedly help them to think more deeply about these problems. In the summer vacation of 2013, Xu Da, a Grade 10 music class of our school, went to Liguo Town, Xuzhou City, where "Ding Ding Tune" originated, to conduct a 7-day field survey and learn to sing "Ding Ding Tune" face to face with old artists. After returning to school, Xu Da published a paper entitled "Exploring the Problems in the Inheritance and Protection of" Ding Ding Tune "based on his field research and singing experience. In addition to mentioning that the government does not pay enough attention to" Ding Ding Tune ", he also raised several specific problems, such as some problems encountered by later generations in singing and recording words and scores, The treatment of old artists and so on. Yang Haiou, a Grade 10 musicology major, also selected his graduation thesis as the protection and inheritance direction of "Ding Ding Tune", and finally completed his bachelor's thesis "On the Protection and Inheritance of" Ding Ding Tune "at a high level.
4、 Textbooks and teaching methods
The inheritance of teaching materials is an important carrier for optimizing and improving campus cultural heritage. It is also a rich inheritance of school-based teaching materials. It is not only the achievement of campus cultural heritage at this stage, but also an important carrier for optimizing the inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" on campus. While helping students learn the knowledge and skills of intangible cultural heritage, campus inheritance of "intangible cultural heritage" also guides students to feel the broad and profound national culture and art, and cultivates students' national pride and self-confidence. Therefore, the compilation of inheritance textbooks must closely focus on the principle of inheriting local excellent culture and art and promoting national spirit, strive to reflect the theme of inheritance and innovation, adhere to the characteristics, cognitive level and acceptance ability of students' physical and mental development as the starting point, pay attention to systematic and practical textbooks, and meet the needs of schools, teachers and students' development.
At present, the textbooks used are the book Introduction to the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Music compiled and published by Wu Yuehua and Li Aizhen, and the research report of "Ding Ding Tune" written by the author. The textbook covers the following contents: 1. Overview of intangible cultural heritage protection theory - knowing what protection is; 2. The artistic feature of "Ding Ding Tune" - understanding the "protected object"; 3. Field investigation of "Ding Ding Tune" - grasp the "conservation status"; 4. "Tink cavity" protection practice - take "protection action".
In terms of practical teaching methods, the curriculum concept focuses on problems, takes research based solution to protection problems as the learning orientation, takes cooperative teaching (cooperation between teachers and students) as the basic principle, takes speaking as the supplement, and focuses on rehearsal, research and protection practice. Strive to promote students' personality development in knowledge and skills, emotional attitudes and values, processes and methods, and achieve a set of construction goals of coordinated development of students' development and heritage protection.
5、 Conclusion
The teaching of intangible cultural heritage discipline is still in the exploration stage. Looking at its prospects, colleges and universities should actively shoulder the training of intangible cultural heritage professionals. We will break the academic and teaching mode of single text and college, and achieve the cultivation of students' ability and the improvement of their comprehensive quality through the participation of teachers and students from multiple angles and widely. Only on this basis can we achieve scientific and effective "protection" of "intangible cultural heritage" projects.
Fund project:
This paper is a scientific research project of higher education of Xuzhou Institute of Technology. The title of the project is "Exploring the Teaching and Learning Mode of Jingding Tune" of Xuzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Project, project number: YGJ1343; University Philosophy and Social Sciences Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education, subject name: "Research on Jingding Tune in Xuzhou from the Perspective of Intangible Culture", project number: 2013SJD760053.
reference:
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