The Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC - 1046 BC) was the second dynasty in Chinese history, also known as the Yin Shang Dynasty, and the first dynasty with direct written records of the same period in China. The Shang Dynasty went through three major stages. The first stage is "business first"; The second stage is "early business"; The third stage is the "late Shang Dynasty". It is said that 30 kings of the 17th generation lasted for more than 500 years. King Zhou of the last dynasty was defeated by King Wu of Zhou in the battle of Muye and died.
Experience of the Shang Dynasty
01 Shang Tang · King Wu
Shang Tang, Zi surname, Famous shoes , there are seven soups, which can be seen in the records: soup, chengtang, wutang, shangtang Tianyi Tianyi Soup. Oracle inscriptions are called Tang, Cheng, Dayi and Tianyi. Jinwen and Zhouyuan oracle bone inscriptions are called Chengtang. Tianyi, Dayb Gao Zuyi It was called the temple name by the descendants of the Shang nationality when they offered sacrifices to soup. In ancient books, it was also honored as posthumous title of the Zhou-dynasty founder (A word makes a soup.). The 14th generation grandson of Qi, the son of Zhu Gui. Founder of Shang Dynasty , in place thirty Years.
Shang Tang
With the help of Yi Yin, Zhong Ya and others, Shang Tang called on Xia's small country to abandon Jie and become a vassal of Shang. Those who did not listen to his advice sent troops to attack and destroy them successively. They successively destroyed the neighboring states of Ge, Wei, Gu, Kunwu, etc., and became invincible in the 11th expedition, leaving Xia Jie isolated. Tang Huiqian moved to Yuhao, which is the stronghold for further progress Attack and destroy the Xia Dynasty 。
After 20 years of war, Tang fought with Jie in Mingtiao, and finally defeated the Xia Dynasty. He unified the Central Plains, which had been in turmoil since the end of the Xia Dynasty, and controlled the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. His influence far exceeded that of the Xia Dynasty. After Tang destroyed the Xia Dynasty, he laid the foundation for the territory of the Shang Dynasty and broke the law that the throne of the Son of Heaven was immutable. This was the first reform in China's political history, It has brought far-reaching influence to later China, so it is known as“ Shang Tang Revolution ”。
During the reign of Shang Tang, he learned the profound lesson of the demise of the Xia Dynasty, abolished the tyranny of cruel oppression of the people when Xia Jie was in power, and adopted“ Administer the people with leniency, and cultivate the world with benevolence and virtue ”The policy of "Three Kingdoms" has eased the contradictions within the kingdom, stabilized the political situation, and strengthened the national strength. He fought against many countries around him and achieved a series of victories. Therefore, the Shang Dynasty became a powerful country under the rule of Tang.
Concubine Ji Fei
At the end of the summer, Tianyi visited Youxin in the east. The king of Youxin took a fancy to Tianyi's character and married his daughter, Princess Ji, to Tianyi. Tianyi married Youxin's daughter as his concubine, gave birth to his son, Taiding, and Yi Yin as his dowry slave. He was admired by the Shang Tang and worshipped as the right minister. Yi Yin helped Shang Tang destroy the Xia Dynasty.
Youshen
Concubine Youdang
Youdang is the daughter of a pregnant woman and the concubine of Shang Tang. At the end of the Xia Dynasty, Shangtang married Youdang as his concubine and gave birth to two sons, Zhongren and Waibing. She was intelligent, upright, reasonable, and wise. She was trusted by Tianyi. After she became Tang's concubine, she led nine concubines and managed the harem diligently and sincerely. The harem was in good order. There were no envious and unreasonable people. She taught people inside and outside the palace and made no mistakes. She helped Tang build great achievements.
02 Taiding · Dai Wang (posthumous)
Taiding (the year of birth and death is unknown), the oracle bone inscriptions (records) in the Yin Ruins were used as Dading, whose surname was Zi, and whose first name was Shi. Taiding was the son of Shang Tang, the founder of the Shang Dynasty, He was the first prince of the Shang Dynasty ， Posthumous title: Acting King 。
According to the Records of the Historian, Taiding died before he succeeded to the throne, so his younger brother Wai Bing succeeded to the throne. Jiwu, Taiding's spouse, was also sacrificed by the Yan people. Song Zhenhao, Han Jiangsu, etc. believed that there were three sons of Cheng Tang, namely Taiding, Wai Bing, and Zhongren. Taiding, as the legitimate eldest son, was appointed as the prince, so he was included in the sacrifice of the Yin people in the Zhou Dynasty. However, Taiding died first and never ascended the throne. The oracle bone inscriptions do not show that Taiding became king. However, there are many oracle inscriptions about Taiding, so some archaeologists believe that he once assisted King Cheng Tang of the Shang Dynasty to preside over the military.
Whether its succession exists dispute The brief report of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Chronology Project listed Taiding as the second monarch of the Shang Dynasty in the chronology.
Wife · Grief Stricken Wu
Grief Wu, Taiding's wife. Taiding was made prince, but died before he succeeded to the throne, and his younger brother Wai C succeeded to the throne. However, the Yan people still worshiped Taiding as a monarch, and even his wife Jiwu was also treated as a sacrifice. Grief Wu had a son, Taijia, who later became the fourth monarch of the Shang Dynasty.
02 Wai Bing, King Ai
Outer third, Places of interest , also known as King Bubing or King Ai, was born in the Shang Dynasty Second term monarch. He was born in 1642 BC and died in 1584 BC at the age of 58, reign Time is only three years , Wai Bing or Bu Bing is its temple name.
External propyl
The name of Wai Bing is different in different historical records. Some historians believe that his name should be "Bu Bing", but some scholars believe that his name should be read as "Wai Bing".
Wai C was the son of Cheng Tang, the founding monarch of the Shang Dynasty, and the younger brother of Tai Ding, the crown prince of Cheng Tang. Before he ascended the throne, he was not qualified to succeed to the throne. Because Taiding died early, Wai C became the candidate to succeed to the throne of the Shang Dynasty.
After Wai Bing ascended the throne, the two prime ministers Yi Yin and Zhong Ya continued to assist him in governing the country. He attaches great importance to people's livelihood and treats people with a generous attitude; It also respects the traditional culture, pays attention to the worship of ancestors and gods, and reveres Shang Tang as "Zong Tang", offering a grand sacrifice. In addition, he also offered sacrifices to Taiding, the former king of the Shang Dynasty, because Taiding was the eldest son of Shang Tang, and although he did not succeed to the throne, he was still regarded as one of the direct ancestors. At the same time, he actively promoted the development of agriculture and commerce, laying the foundation for the prosperity of the Shang Dynasty.
03 Zhong Ren, King Yi
Zhongren, also known as Zhongren, Yanren, Gongren, Qiren, because Bo is located in the south of the Shang Dynasty. Zhongren, also known as Nanren, was born in the Shang Dynasty Third term Monarch, Zi surname, Fame and mediocrity Is the third son of Shang Tang.
Zhongren
Zhongren was smart and diligent since she was young. He likes playing zither, chess, calligraphy and painting. At the age of 12, he fought with his father's emperor Shang Tang to calm the chaos. Under the cultivation of Prime Minister Yi Yin, he liked military affairs. During the period of assisting his father to establish the Shang Dynasty, he planned strategies.
During the reign of Zhong Ren, Yi Yin was the assistant governor, basically abiding by the legal system and national laws formulated by Tang. The government was relatively stable, the country was becoming stronger and stronger, the country was prosperous, the people were peaceful, there was no war at the border, and the princes were obedient. According to the Records of the Historian, Zhong Ren Four years in office Later died. There are other explanations about Zhongren's succession and death time, but there is no conclusive evidence, Posthumous title: King Yi 。
In 1580 BC, Yiyin, the prime minister, complied with the last wishes of the former emperor, persuaded Zhongren to appoint Taijia, the son of the great emperor Gotarten, as the crown prince. Zhongren understood the great righteousness and did not appoint his own son. It was a good story and was respected by later generations.
04 Taijia · King Wen
Taijia is from the Shang Dynasty Fourth term Monarch, Zi surname, First name to , the first grandson of Shangtang, the son of Taiding, and the nephew of Wai Bing and Zhong Ren, 12 years in office , buried in Licheng, Temple name Taizong ， Posthumous title: King Wen 。
Taijia
Taijia is smart and diligent since childhood. He succeeded to the throne with the assistance of Yi Yin, the elder of the four dynasties. In the early days, when Yi Yin assisted in politics, he wrote several articles, including Si Ming and Ancestor Empress, to teach and urge Taijia to strictly follow the laws of his ancestors, actively implement various measures, and promote the growth of national strength. In the first two years after succession, the Shang Dynasty gradually moved towards stability and prosperity, which promoted people's living standards.
However, from the third year, he gradually deviated from the legal system of his grandfather's Shang Tang, and began to become overbearing, hedonistic, tyrannical, and chaotic, which personally destroyed the laws and order of the Shang Dynasty and led to social chaos.
Yi Yin's advice was ineffective. In order to maintain the stability of the Shang Dynasty, he had to banish Taijia to the Tong Palace near the Shang Tang cemetery for reflection, and personally regent and manage the country“ Yi Yin puts Taijia ”。
Taijia lived in Tonggong. He saw that his grandfather was the founding king, but his tomb was very simple. He also learned from the old tomb keeper that his grandfather had worked hard and was kind and thrifty. Compared with what he had done, Taijia felt really bad. He felt secretly guilty, deeply reflected on himself, determined to change his past, and began to care for the lonely and elderly in Tonggong, abide by the law, and do good to others. After three years of reflection and practice, Taijia finally realized his own fault and corrected his behavior.
Three years later, Yi Yin was very happy to see Taijia sincerely repented, so he led the Minister of Civil and Military Affairs to welcome him back to Maodu (today's Shangqiu Gushu Town) with his royal clothes and crown, and returned to him. From then on, Taijia took his past mistakes as a lesson and became a wise monarch again. He stopped early and worked hard and loved the people, which won the support and support of the people. Obey the laws formulated by Tang, and manage the world in an orderly manner, so that all the princes can submit to the King of Shang, the people can be peaceful, and the Shang Dynasty also gradually prospered. 12 years in office He was praised as "Taizong", and during his reign, he vigorously praised Confucianism and devoted himself to promoting the civilization of ritual and music.
05 Woding · Zhaowang
Woding, Shang Dynasty Fifth term The monarch, also known as Qiang Ding, had a surname of Xuan, the son of Taijia, and Woding succeeded to the throne after his father Taijia died.
Wading
When he succeeded to the throne, he still took Yi Yin as his prime minister. During the reign of Woding, Yi Yin, the assistant political hero, died. Woding buried him near the capital of Bo with the gift of the Son of Heaven, worshipped the prison, and personally died for three years.
In ancient times, when emperors offered sacrifices, cattle, sheep, and pigs were all too strong; The princes offered only sheep and pigs, which was called Shaogao. So sometimes it refers to cattle too firmly. In addition to offering sacrifices to heaven, earth and country, the Son of Heaven can also offer small sacrifices. It can be seen from this that Woding respects Yi Yin, the right minister of the Five Dynasties, in recognition of his great contribution to the Shang Dynasty.
After Yi Yin, Woding took Qudan as the minister, namely the prime minister. Jiu Shan was also an old minister in Shang Tang Dynasty. He assisted the government and still adopted the policy of Yi Yin's sparing use and being lenient to the people. He also wrote "Woding" to alert Woding, carry forward the patriarchal system and govern business by virtue. Woding died of illness during his 29 years in office and was buried in Diquan, Posthumous title: Shang Zhaowang After his death, his younger brother Taigeng ascended the throne.
06 Tai Geng · King Xuan
Shang Dynasty Sixth term The monarch, Tai Geng (the year of birth and death is unknown), also known as Da Geng, was mistakenly called Xiao Geng. Last name, son, and name debate. He is the younger brother of Woding and the son of Taijia.
Tai Geng
In the Shang Dynasty, Taigeng succeeded Woding and ascended the throne, 25 years in office , died of illness and was buried in Diquan. After his death, his son Xiaojia succeeded to the throne, with a posthumous title of King Xuan 。 During his reign, he performed the Tang method and was a famous monarch of the Shang Dynasty.
07 Xiaojia · Respect the King
Shang Dynasty Seventh term The king, Xiao Jia, had a surname of Zi Gao, and his birth and death years were unknown. Tai Geng Zi, also called Tai Geng's younger brother in Shibiao, succeeded to the throne when he died of illness, 17 years in office , died of illness and was buried in Diquan, Title: Jing Wang 。
Concha
During the reign of Xiaojia, Bo was the capital of the Shang Dynasty. After Xiaojia's death, Diyong had succeeded and Diyong had succeeded. The Shang Dynasty began to decline. The vassals seceded one after another, and the authority of the Shang king continued to decline. In the oracle inscriptions of Yin Ruins, he was listed as the ancestor of the collateral system.
08 Yongji, King of the Yuan Dynasty
Shang Dynasty Eighth term The monarch, Yong Ji, whose name is Mi, whose birth and death years are unknown, was the son of Tai Geng and the younger brother of Xiao Jia, who succeeded to the throne after his illness and died, and was buried in Diquan, Posthumous title: King of the Yuan Dynasty 。
Yongji
According to the Records of the Historian, when Yongji ascended the throne, "the Yin Dynasty declined, and the princes would not come". During Yongji's reign, the capital was set in Bo. He was fatuous and incompetent, and abandoned political affairs, which led to the decline of the Shang Dynasty. The power of the princes was expanding, so that many princes deliberately did not pay tribute, and the power of the Shang royal family was weakened.
After Yongji's death, his younger brother Taiwu ascended the throne (according to oracle bone inscriptions, Taiwu was probably Yongji's brother before he ascended the throne). Taiping Yulan and today's Bamboo Chronicle record that Yongji has been in power for 12 years, while Zizhi Tongjian Waiji and Tongzhi say that he has been in power for 17 years.
09 Taiwu · King
Shang Dynasty Ninth term The monarch, Taiwu (? - 1401 BC), whose oracle bone inscriptions were written as Taiwu and Tianwu, had the surname of Zi, Xi, the grandson of King Taijia of the Shang Dynasty, the son of Taigeng, and the younger brother of Xiaojia and Yongji, Seventy five years in power ， Is the longest reigning monarch of the Shang Dynasty , together with Taijia and Zuyi Three indications (i.e. three contributing monarchs).
Terpentine
Taiwu grew up living in the imperial family full of food. After he ascended the throne, he used Yizhi, Yiyin's son, as his prime minister. In the early days, he did not work hard in politics, and only wanted to enjoy ease all day long. But in the seventh year, he was afraid to find that "mulberry and valley coexist in Korea". Yi Zhi saw the decline of the Shang Dynasty, so he used it to admonish Tai Wu. This was due to his lack of virtue, and advised him to strengthen his moral cultivation. The Shang Dynasty had always been superstitious about ghosts and gods. After Yizhi said so, Taiwuxin was sure to follow his advice, and began to be diligent and virtuous in governing the country and the people. Finally, he succeeded in reviving the Shang Dynasty, which had begun to decline.
According to ancient books, Taiwu reigned for 75 years, the longest reigning monarch of the Shang Dynasty. Taiwu is diligent in politics and moral cultivation. He manages the country and pacifies the people. He is very energetic. Appoint Yi Zhi and Wu Xian to control the state affairs. The national politics were overhauled, and the small countries followed suit one after another. The Shang Dynasty flourished. The political system of the Shang Dynasty was divided into domestic service and foreign service, and the economic development was also prosperous to a certain extent. The agricultural and handicraft production scale is large, and the foundry workshop and handicraft production are prominent.
In the Records of the Historian, it is said that when Taiwu was in power, the wise Yizhi and Wuxian were selected as prime ministers, and the world was under great governance. Taiwu died of illness in 1401 BC and was buried in Taiwu Mausoleum (to the east of Liucifan Village, Bocheng Town, Neihuang County, Henan Province), Zhongzong Temple 。
10 Zhongding · King Xiaocheng
Zhong Ding (the year of birth and death is unknown), also known as Zhongding , surname Zi, name Zhuang, son of King Taiwu of the Shang Dynasty Tenth term monarch, Posthumous Title: Xiaocheng 。
Zhongding
In the first year of Zhongding, in order to strengthen his ruling position, Zhongding moved the capital from Bo (now southwest of Gushu Town, Shangqiu, Henan Province) to Xiao (also known as Ao, now Zhengzhou, Henan Province). According to the ancient book "Bamboo Chronicle" and other books, there were ten kings from Tang to Taiwu, which lasted about 150 to 180 years.
During the reign of Zhongding, the Yi nationality in the southeast of the Shang Dynasty rose. In the sixth year of Zhongding's reign (1342 BC), Lan Yi, one of the Yi ethnic groups, attacked the Shang Dynasty and faced the invasion of the Aryans with golden hair and blue eyes for the first time (when the Shang Dynasty saw these Aryans, they were called "Lan Yi" because their eyes were blue). Zhongding sent the elite troops of the Shang Dynasty to attack "Lan Yi" head-on, However, Zhongding's own power was severely damaged, which can be said to be the most outstanding historical achievement of King Zhongding of the Shang Dynasty, and was recorded in history.
Zhongding died after 13 years of his reign (9 years of his reign in the Bamboo Chronicle). After Zhongding died, his younger brothers fought for the throne because no heir to the throne was established, Set a precedent of "whoever has the greatest influence will take the throne" 。 Resulting in more than 100 years of inheritance Ninth World Rebellion The Shang Dynasty was once in decline.
11 Wairen · Siwang
Wairen, called in oracle bone inscriptions, is famous for hair Eleventh term monarch. Taiwuzi, King of Shang, was the younger brother of Zhongding, King of Shang. Zhongding succeeded to the throne after his death. After 15 years in power (one said 10 years in power), he died of illness and the burial place was unknown.
Outer union
Wairen succeeded in seizing the throne by virtue of their own strength and compromised with their brothers, which caused chaos in the succession of the Shang Dynasty, known as the Ninth Rebellion in history, so that the princes did not rule and the Shang Dynasty began to decline. According to the Records of the Historian, Yin Benji, "When the emperor Zhongding collapsed, his younger brother and his younger brother stood together, it was for the emperor and his younger brother."
Shortly after Wairen ascended the throne, two marquis states, Yi and Pi, rebelled. 姺姺姺姺姺姺姺 is a descendant of Youshen, who was closely related to the Shang Dynasty. Due to the decline of the royal family of the Shang Dynasty, some descendants of the Xin family, who were granted the title of Yu, rebelled at the same time. Pi was the descendant of Xia Yu Chezheng Xizhong, that is to say, the descendant of Zhong'an. At the beginning, Pi had a good relationship with the royal family of the Shang Dynasty. At this time, he also rebelled against the Shang Dynasty.
The ancestors of Li and Pi were the Prime Minister Zuo and Prime Minister Right in Shang Tang Dynasty. They all rebelled against Wairen, which showed the decline of the Shang royal family at that time. Wairen had no way to deal with the rebellion of Li and Pi people. It is said that the "Dapeng State" helped to pacify the rebellion of Li and Pi people. The "Dapeng State" was established under the leadership of Peng Zu, the leader of the Peng clan. It was a relatively strong eastern vassal state with relatively close political relations in the Xia Dynasty. In the early Shang Dynasty, Dapeng was still relatively strong. According to legend, Peng Zu lived for eight hundred years and was a god of longevity. He knew how to keep healthy. In fact, the so-called eight hundred year old Peng Zu is actually the age of the existence of the Big Peng State.
12 Hedanjia Pingwang
Shang Dynasty Twelfth term The monarch, Hedanjia, whose oracle bone inscriptions are Zhujia, and Lv's Chunqiu is Zhengjia, whose surname is Zhen. He is the son of Taiwu, the king of Shang, and the younger brother of Zhongding and Wairen, the king of Shang. After the death of Shang Wang Wairen, Hedanjia succeeded to the throne of Shang Dynasty.
Hedanjia
In the first year of Hedanjia, there were many internal and external difficulties and contradictions. At that time, the national power of the Shang Dynasty declined again. In order to alleviate the internal contradictions of the royal family, Hedanjia had no choice but to move the capital from arrogance to prime minister (now Neihuang, Henan) to reverse the adverse situation.
In the third year of Hedanjia, the Shang Dynasty, with the help of the State of Fang and the State of Dapeng, made Pi submit to the Shang Dynasty, and the allied forces attacked the State of Yu. After hearing the news, Marquis Xuan dared not fight with him and fled to the squad with his clansmen. In the fourth year of Hedanjia, he sent troops to conquer the eastern tribe Lanyi, captured a large number of Lanyi people, and also captured many livestock, jewelry and food, and returned triumphantly.
For five years in Hedanjia, I made friends with the team. He Danjia then ordered Peng Bo and Weber to lead the army to attack the squad, and the squad served him. In this way, the Yi people were isolated and submitted to the Shang Dynasty. When Hedanjia was in power, he used both kindness and dignity to contribute to the stability of the Shang Dynasty and lay the foundation for the subsequent revival of Zuyi.
In the ninth year of Hedanjia, Hedanjia died of disease and was later buried in the prime minister. After his death, his son Zuyi succeeded him.
13 Zuyi · King Mu
Shang Dynasty Thirteen terms The monarch, Zuyi, whose birth and death years are unknown, is also called And B , whose surname was Teng (Yizuosheng), was the son of He Danjia, the king of the Shang Dynasty. After He Danjia died, Zuyi succeeded to the throne. Zuyi died in the 19th year of his reign, Zhongzong Temple After his death, his son Zuxin succeeded him. Zuyi was a very promising monarch, and Mencius listed him among the "wise and holy monarchs" of the Shang Dynasty.
Zuyi
During the reign of Zu Yi, because the Prime Minister was located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and often flooded, the wise minister Wu Xian (the son of Wu Xian) guessed Zu Yi's mind and suggested the monarch to move the capital, so he moved the capital from the Prime Minister (now Neihuang County, Henan Province) to Geng (now Hejin City, Shanxi Province);
Later, because of the river disaster in Geng, the capital of Geng was destroyed, so it was moved to Xing (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) again. A part of the public families of the Shang Dynasty did not follow him to move south, but still stayed in Geng. Zu Yi granted his brother Zu Bing in Geng, established the Geng State, and established Zu Bing as the king of the Geng State;
The last time I moved to Pi (namely, the sand dune platform, now Beida Platform in Guangzong County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province), Pi was close to Dapeng State. Peng Bo was loyal to the Shang Dynasty, which was a good barrier for the Shang Dynasty. At the same time, the natural conditions of the shelter are superior and the products are rich, which is conducive to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. After the relocation, the capital was built, the temple was built, the country was built, and the camp was built. The social economy was restored and developed, and the Shang Dynasty flourished again.
Zu Yi sent troops to conquer Lan Yi, Ban Fang and other countries for many times, to remove the threat of the southeast Yi nationality to the Shang Dynasty, and appointed Wu Xian to assist in the administration, so that the social economy of the Shang Dynasty was restored and developed, and the national power of the Shang Dynasty flourished again.
14 Zuxin, King Huan
Zuxin, Shang Dynasty Fourteenth term king. The surname is Zi, the name is Dan, and the oracle bone inscription reads "Qiexin". The year of birth and death is unknown. The son of the King of Shang. Zu Yi succeeded to the throne after his death. He died of illness and was buried in Diquan (now northeast of Luoyang) for 16 years. After his death, his younger brother Wojia ascended the throne. Posthumous title: "King Huan of Shang Dynasty" 。
Zuxin
Zuxin ascended the throne during the revival of the Shang Dynasty, and the former Wang Zuyi laid a good foundation for him. During his reign, there was neither the disaster of war nor the suffering of natural disasters. The princes surrendered, the country paid tribute, and the people lived in peace and prosperity. Zuxin did not do much when he was in power, and there were few records about him in history. Obviously, there were no major events when he was in power. But at this time, the Shang Dynasty was still in the period of the Ninth World Rebellion, and the civil strife further weakened the Shang Dynasty. After his death, his younger brother Wojia ascended the throne.
15 Wojia King Xi
Wojia, surnamed Zi and Yue, Shang Dynasty Fifteenth term king. Shiben and Zhushu Chronicle are used to write Kaijia, oracle bone inscriptions are used to write Qiangjia, and Wang Zuxin, the younger brother of the Shang Dynasty, is used to write Jiajia. Zuxin succeeded to the throne after his death. He died of illness and was buried in Di Quan after 20 years in power (25 years in a word). After Wojia's death, Zuding, Zuxin's nephew, ascended the throne. Posthumous title: "Shang Xi King" 。 In the oracle inscriptions of the Yin Ruins, Zi Wojia was listed as the ancestor of the collateral system.
Wojia
16 Zuding · Zhuang Wang
Zuding, whose surname is Zi, wrote Qiding in oracle bone inscriptions, was called Xin in the Annals of the Present Bamboo Book, the Shang Dynasty of China 16th term monarch. The son of Zuxin, nephew of the former monarch Wojia, cousin of Nangeng and father of Pan Geng. The Bamboo Chronicle says that Zuding must have his capital in Pei. He reigned for 9 years (according to the current Bamboo Chronicle, he reigned for 32 years). After his death, his younger brother Nan Geng succeeded him. The reigning period was still in the turmoil of the ninth generation, when the princes were not in court, and the national strength of the Shang Dynasty declined. Title: "King of Shangzhuang" 。
Zuding
17 South Geng, King Qing
Nan Geng, surnamed Zi and Geng, whose birth and death dates are unknown, was born in the Shang Dynasty 17th term monarch. The Records of the Historian - Yin Benji records that he is the son of Wojia and the cousin of Zuding, while the oracle inscriptions in the Yin Ruins say that he is the son of Zuxin and the younger brother of Zuding.
Nangeng
After Zuding's death, the Shang royal family had a dispute over the throne, and finally Nangeng, Zuding's cousin, succeeded to the throne. However, the internal contradictions among the slave owners and nobles were not resolved. In order to get rid of the influence of the Shang royal opposition, Nan Geng once again moved the capital of the country from Pi to Yan (today's Qufu County, Shandong Province). When Nan Geng was in power, the national destiny of the Shang Dynasty declined again, and he once attacked Qi Longrong.
The current Bamboo Chronicle said that he had been on the throne for 6 years, and the Taiping Yulan cited the Records of the Historian that he had been on the throne for 29 years, died of illness, and was succeeded by Yang Jia, the son of Zuding. Title: "King of Shangqing" , buried in Diquan. However, the oracle bone inscriptions recorded that he abdicated on his own initiative and lived to the middle and later period of the reign of Pan Geng.
18 Yangjia · Mourning the King
Yang Jia, whose surname is Zi and name is He, and whose birth and death years are unknown, is called Xiang Jia in oracle bone inscriptions, which is from the Shang Dynasty of China Eighteenth term The king, the son of Zuding, was later the brother of King Pan Geng. After the death of Nan Geng, he succeeded to the throne.
Yang armour
Among the nine Shang kings from Zhongding to Yangjia, each change of royal power triggered a fierce struggle, resulting in the chaos of the ninth generation, which gradually weakened the royal power, and led to a political crisis in which the princes and the states did not betray. Sima Qian said, "Since Zhongding, all the disciples have been established instead of being suitable, and the disciples have competed for each other's positions, which is more chaotic than the ninth generation, so the princes have no dynasty." This view is very insightful. Yang Jia's accession to the throne in such a situation can be said to be difficult both at home and abroad. Therefore, Tai Shigong said, "When Emperor Yang Jia was in power, Yin declined."
During the reign of Yang Jia, his capital was set at Yan, and the "Today's Bamboo Chronicle" said that he had once marched west against Danshan Rong. At this time, the civil strife in the Shang Dynasty continued, and the princes did not rule. Yang Jia can no longer control the situation. Yang Jia died of illness and was buried in Di Quan after seven years in power, Posthumous title: "Shang Mourning the King" 。
19 Pan Geng · Wencheng
Shang Dynasty 19th term The king of the kingdom, Pan Geng, was named Zi in the ancient Bamboo Chronicle. His birth and death dates are unknown. Zu Dingzi, Yang Jiadi.
Pan Geng
When Pan Geng ascended the throne, the Shang Dynasty coincided with the chaos of the ninth generation. The political situation was chaotic, political corruption, aristocratic luxury, fierce internal strife in the royal family, sharp class contradictions, and frequent natural disasters. In order to save the decline of the Shang Dynasty, he decided to move the capital from Yan (today's Qufu in Shandong Province) to the desolate Yin (today's Anyang in Henan Province), which was opposed by the nobility. However, Pan Geng decided to move the capital and wrote a written order, and the violators were severely punished.
After moving to Yin, he stopped the aristocrats' attempt to move back to the old capital by strong means. The Shangshu Pangeng is the record of his speech before and after moving to Yin. He also advocated frugality, improved the atmosphere, and alleviated exploitation, which finally stabilized the situation.
After the successful relocation of the capital, we worked hard to re implement the political system of the Shang Tang period, completely reversing the situation of the "nine generations of chaos" in the Shang Dynasty since Zhongding. The people were able to live and work in peace and contentment, and realized the "revival of Yin and Taoism", so that the princes came to the court. After moving to Yin, the Shang Dynasty was basically stable in politics, and the capital was no longer moved. So later generations called the Shang Dynasty "Yin" or "Yin Shang".
According to the Revision of the Chronicle of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, he died of illness and was buried in Yin (today's Anyang) during his 28 years in office (1300-1277 BC), Temple name Shizu 。 When Pan Geng died, his younger brother Xiao Xin succeeded to the throne“ When Yin recovered, people thought of Pan Geng ”It also confirms Pan Geng's great achievements and noble character from the side, which is deeply respected by later generations. People missed Pan Geng's virtue, so they wrote three chapters of Pan Geng.
20 Xiao Xin, Zhang Wang
Xiao Xin, the 20th king of the Shang Dynasty, the younger brother of King Pan Geng of the Shang Dynasty, and the son of King Shang Zuding, had the surname of Zi and Song. It is said that he died of illness and was buried in Yin during his 21 years in power, Title: "Shang Zhangwang" 。
Xiao Xin
After succeeding to the throne, Zisong abandoned Pan Geng's policy of governing the country, and the national destiny of the Shang Dynasty declined again. After his death, his younger brother Xiaoyi succeeded to the throne.
21 Xiaoyi · Huiwang
Xiao Yi, whose surname is Zi, whose name is Lian. The oracle bone inscriptions in Yin Ruins are also called Xiao Zu, Hou Zu, Ya Zu, and Shang Dynasty The 21st term The monarch, the younger brother of Xiao Xin, ascended the throne in the first year of Dingyou, and lived in Yin (Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan). The Bamboo Chronicle records that "Xiao Yi has been in power for ten years, and he has achieved great success". "Taiping Imperial Survey" cited "Historical Records" 83: "Xiao Yi has been in power for 28 years." "Wai Ji" recorded that he had been in power for 21 years, and the oracle inscriptions in Yin Ruins were listed as the sacrifice of the immediate ancestors.
Xiaoyi
During his reign, the Crown Prince Wuding was asked to farm in the fields, laying a key foundation for Wuding Zhongxing in the future.
In the sixth year of Emperor Xiaoyi's reign, Wu Ding, the son of the emperor, was ordered to live in Hanoi and learn from Gan Pan (a wise minister in the reign of Emperor Wuding, who assisted Wu Ding with Fu Yue to achieve the cause of Zhongxing).
Xiaoyi, during his reign, once attacked Dongyi and Guifang. The sacrificial system of the Shang Dynasty was formulated. In order to rectify the extravagance in the imperial court, Xiao Yi started from his own. He stipulated that the palace should spend everything thriftily, and returned a large number of folk beauties collected during the reign of Xiao Xin. In addition, Xiao Yi also asked officials not to fight against each other for wealth, corruption and bribery. He directly dismissed officials who did not repent, and then re selected a large number of honest and upright officials, which also changed the look of the Shang Dynasty.
22 Wuding · King Xiang
Wuding (? - 1192 BC), surnamed Zi, surnamed Zhao, named Wuding, also known as Yin Wu 。 Son of Xiao Yi, King of the Shang Dynasty 22nd term The monarch died after 59 years in office.
Wuding
It is said that when he was young, he followed his father's orders to work outside and worked with ordinary civilians, so he knew more about "the difficulty of farming". He, the queen of the throne, was diligent in political affairs, promoted Fu Shuo to be in power, and appointed Gan Pan, Zuji and other talented people to assist in politics. With these two people, he "connected with the politics of the world and governed the people of the world", striving to consolidate the rule and enhance the national strength.
During his reign, Wu Ding continued to carry out large-scale expeditions to the tiger side in the south, the Yi side in the east, the ghost side in the north, the Qiang side, the Zhou nationality, and so on. He also appointed his wife, Fu Hao, as a general, which made the Shang Dynasty once again strong and prosperous. In terms of internal affairs, Wu Ding selected talents from the people to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages. The political integrity and prosperity of the people made the Shang Dynasty reach its peak“ Wuding Zhongxing ”。
Carry out a series of political reforms to strengthen centralization; Vigorously expanding the territory, expanding the influence and control scope of the Shang Dynasty; The emphasis on agricultural production and handicraft development has promoted economic prosperity; Employing wise officials to assist in governing the country has improved government efficiency and social stability.
In the fifty ninth year of Wuding (1192 BC), a locust disaster occurred in Xihua. Wuding led his officials from the Shang capital to Xihua to catch locusts and observe the people's conditions. He died of illness due to overwork, Temple name Gao Zong 。
23 Zugeng · Houping King
Zugeng, Shang Dynasty 23rd term The monarch, whose surname was Zi and name was Yue (Yao), ascended the throne in 1191 BC and reigned for about 7 years. He was the second son of the famous king Wuding of the Shang Dynasty, died of illness and was buried in Yin.
Zu Geng
Zugeng had an elder brother, Zuji, who was framed by his stepmother and expelled from the capital by his father, Wuding. Later, he died of injustice. Zujia, the third brother, was born to his stepmother. In order to show his unwillingness to compete for the throne with his elder brother, he secretly left the palace. Wu Ding died of illness, and Zu Geng succeeded to the throne. After Zugeng's death, Zujia, the third younger brother, succeeded to the throne. Because Zuji's reputation of filial piety was popular, Zugeng won the throne because of his biological mother's conspiracy, and after he ascended the throne, Zugeng did not make any achievements, which caused criticism from all civil and military officials of the court.
Zugeng inherited the cause of "Wuding Zhongxing", actively developed, followed the etiquette system, and was an active and filial monarch. During the years of his rule, the economy, culture and national strength of the Shang Dynasty were very strong. The rear mother tripod is made by him (Zujia) for his mother, so it is filial piety.
Zugeng played a transitional role in this period. In the Shang Dynasty after Zujia, the national strength gradually declined and finally came to the end. During the more than 100 years under the rule of Wuding, Zugeng and Zujia, it was the peak period of the Shang Dynasty. During this period, the ruling power and national prestige of the Shang Dynasty spread far and wide, and the Central Plains civilization represented by bronze was also very brilliant.
24 Zujia · Dingwang
Zujia (? - 1152 BC), also known as Qieja and Dijia, was the son of King Wuding of the Shang Dynasty and the younger brother of King Zugeng of the Shang Dynasty The 24th term The monarch, according to the current Bamboo Chronicle, died of illness and was buried in Yin during his thirty third year in office, with the temple name Shizong.
Zujia
In the heyday of the Shang Dynasty, King Wuding of the Shang Dynasty preferred the youngest son Zujia, and planned to abolish the crown prince Zugeng and establish Zujia instead. Zujia believed that this was an act against etiquette and could not be forcibly abolished, otherwise the situation of "Nine Generations' Rebellion" might be repeated. Therefore, he followed the example of Wu Ding and left the capital to live among civilians. After Wu Ding died, Prince Zu Geng succeeded to the throne. This moved Zu Geng so much that he made Zu Jia his successor to the throne. Zu Geng died of illness about 7 years after he ascended the throne. Then Zu Jia returned to the capital of the king to succeed to the throne.
During his reign, in order to pay tribute to the ancestors' merits and virtues, merchants practiced sacrifice, but the objects and order of sacrifice were very messy, and there were no certain rules. After Zujia ascended the throne, he created“ Zhou sacrifice ”The sacrificial system of the Yin people was more rigorous and standardized, which was a unique sacrificial system in ancient China.
In the 12th year of Emperor Zujia's reign, he personally fought against Xirong. In the winter of that year, he returned triumphantly, and the next year, Xirong came to surrender.
In addition, he was able to take care of the people in the early days of his reign, and the Shang Dynasty flourished.
In the 24th year of Emperor Zujia's reign, Tang Xing was revised (Tang Xing was the general name of the laws of the Shang Dynasty, so it was named Tang in memory of the founding monarch Tang).
During his early reign, he was able to take care of the people and prospered in the Shang Dynasty. After Zujia's death, his son Linxin ascended the throne. However, there are also documents that extremely disparage Zujia. The Guoyu · Zhouyu (Part 2) records that "King Xuan is diligent in business, and there are four generations in ten. Emperor Jia is in chaos, and seven generations are lost.". The Yin Chronicle is also called "the emperor's armor was licentious, and Yin recovered and declined". According to the "Today's Bamboo Chronicle, Volume I, Zujia", "Zujia used to live among the people. After he ascended the throne, he knew the sufferings of the people, so he was able to love the people and dared not insult the widows and widows. In his later years, he abused punishment, which alienated the countries in the distance, and the national destiny of the Yin Dynasty began to decline."
25 Lin Xin, Gongwang
Lin Xin wrote Feng Xin in the Bamboo Chronicle. His surname was Zi Xian, and his birth and death years were unknown. It was the Shang Dynasty in China Twenty fifth term The monarch is the son of King Zujia of the Shang Dynasty. After his death, his younger brother Gengding succeeded to the throne, reigned for six years, died of illness, and was buried in Yin.
Linxin
During his tenure, in order to consolidate his royal power, he decided to divide the ministers who opposed him into domestic service officials and foreign service officials, which also cleared the way for the implementation of the new law.
The Qiang side has risen again in Shaanxi and Gansu today. It has repeatedly violated the Shang Dynasty, often causing great losses to the commercial garrison. In order to avoid the endless intrusion of the Qiang side, it decided to send troops to fight against the Qiang side. Considering the strong power of the Qiang people, they made a comprehensive plan and arrangement before the war. Before the war, they called for the Wei, Hu, Shou and other vassals to go together. In the end, the allied forces of the Shang Dynasty successfully defeated the Qiang people, but the Qiang people were not destroyed. When Wu Yi and his later kings were in power, they still often had small-scale conflicts with the Qiang people. When King Wu of Zhou conquered Zhou, the Qiang side joined the coalition forces to destroy the merchants.
26 Gengding · King An
Gengding (born in 1147 BC, unknown), Shang Dynasty Twenty sixth term The monarch, whose surname is Zi and name is Xiao, is Kang Qiding and Kang Ding in oracle bone inscriptions, Gengding in Records of the Historian and Bamboo Annals, the son of Zujia and the younger brother of Lin Xin. He died after 21 years in office, and his son Wu Yi succeeded him. According to the Records of the Historian, Yin Benji: "The emperor's Lin is dying, and his younger brother is standing for the emperor."
Gengding
During his tenure, he made a comprehensive plan and arrangement for the Qiang armed forces before the war. On the one hand, he ordered the garrison to temporarily avoid the enemy's front, stood by and moved, and on the other hand, he organized elite troops to timely reinforce and fight against the Qiang invasion. The Qiang tribes, such as Difang and Zhifang, were repeatedly crusaded. Although they captured and killed Qiang Fangbo, occupied part of Qiang land, and sent five ethnic groups closely related to the royal family to defend. But it did not completely conquer the Qiang side, which became a hidden danger
Later, in the late period, he was no longer as diligent in politics as he was in the early days of accession, but began to enjoy himself. Later, he became addicted to sorcery, which greatly increased the power of sorcery, endangered the royal power, and finally led to the decline of the national strength of the Shang Dynasty again.
The oracle bone inscriptions also recorded that Gengding opened a hunting ground centered on Yin, which was used for hunting and military exercises, and of course indirectly played a role in reclaiming wasteland.
27 Wu Yi, Wu Zu
Wuyi (? - 1113 BC), whose surname is Qu, is the son of King Gengding of the Shang Dynasty The 27th term Monarch, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty dating project set his reign time as 1147 BC - 1113 BC. In 1147 BC, Gengding died and Wu Yi succeeded to the throne. In 1113 BC, Wu Yi died. After his death, his son Wending succeeded to the throne for 35 years.
Wuyi
When Wu Yi was in power, the power of witchcraft was very strong. He often used the divine will to clamp down on the actions of the merchant king. Wu Yi tried every way to fight against the witchcraft power. After all kinds of struggles, the witchcraft power finally fell and the royal power rose.
In the first year of Emperor Wuyi (1147 BC), Wuyi set its capital in Yin. Three years later (1145 BC), the capital was moved from Yin to the north of the Yellow River, and the place of Qi was given to Gu Gongdan, the leader of the Zhou tribe.
In the 15th year of Emperor Wuyi (1133 BC), Wuyi moved the capital from the north of the Yellow River to Mu (Chaoge) again.
In the 34th year of Emperor Wuyi (1114 BC), Ji Li (the son of the father of the ancient duke), the leader of the Zhou tribe, came to meet Wuyi, and Wuyi gave him thirty li of land, ten pairs of jade and eight horses.
In the fourth year of Emperor Wuyi's reign (1195 BC), Wu Yi went hunting and died between the Yellow River and the Wei River (the name of the region should be in the corner area between the Yellow River and the Wei River in today's Dali, Shaanxi). His son Taiding succeeded him. It is said that Wu Yi was killed by lightning. Some scholars believe that this story may be fabricated by wizards who hate Wu Yi and disparage Wu Yi. From the historical data of Wu Yi's frequent use of troops in the Weishui River valley in his later years, he may have died in the battle of invading western tribes.
The purpose of the Northern and Southern Expedition was the first. The imperial power was relatively powerful in the western part of the Shang Dynasty. When Wu Yi was in power, he repeatedly mobilized heavy troops to fight, and the number of troops participating in the war was often more than several thousand. In the end, Wu Yi conquered the imperial court and captured more than 2000 people, most of whom were slaves.
As an important king in the late Shang Dynasty, Wu Yi tried hard to save the country, but the effect was not very good. Wu Yi played an exemplary role in the transition from theocracy to kingship, but he was cruel by nature, greedy for enjoyment, and was evaluated as a cruel king by later generations.
28 Wending · Kuang Wang
Wending (? - 1102 BC), Shang Dynasty Twenty eighth term The monarch, named Taiding in the Records of the Historian and Dading in the Bamboo Chronicle, was the son of King Wuyi of the Shang Dynasty, who had reigned for 11 years.
Wen Ding
After his accession to the throne, the Western Zhou tribe had gradually become stronger in Wuyi. In order to remove the threat of the Zhou people, the policy of conciliation was adopted. Because the marquis of Zhou had made great contributions to the army, the literati feared and killed them first, which worsened the relationship between the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Ji Li's son is the famous Xibo Jichang. After taking over, he grinds his teeth day and night, pondering revenge on the Shang Dynasty, and finally becomes the tomb digger of the future Shang Dynasty.
Moreover, due to the natural disasters in the Wending era, the Huan River in the Wangji area was "three wonders in a day", and the economy and national strength of the Shang Dynasty were weakening. Later, he died in 1102 BC, and his son, Emperor B, succeeded to the throne.
29 Diyi · Dewang
Emperor Yi (? - 1076 BC), Shang Dynasty Twenty ninth term The monarch, whose surname is Zi, and whose name is Xian, is the son of King Wending of Shang Dynasty (Taiding in Records of the Historian). The Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty dating project set his reign time as 1101-1076 BC, a total of 26 years.
Diyi
After Emperor Yi succeeded to the throne, the state power of the Shang Dynasty tended to decline. The "people" in the East Yi rebelled again. In order not to be attacked by the East and the West, he married a young girl of Wending, who was beautiful and dignified, to Ji Chang, and apologized to the Zhou people represented by Ji Chang. The Book of Songs also created the word "heaven made marriage" in describing the grand wedding. After easing the conflict with the Zhou people, Emperor Yi of the Shang Dynasty pacified the rebellion of the Dongyi people.
In the third year of Emperor Yi, Kun Yi attacked the Shang Dynasty. Emperor Yi sent Nan Zhong, the general, to lead his army westward to resist the attack of Kun Yi, and built Shuofang City. In the ninth year of Emperor Yi, Emperor Yi sent troops to fight against the island barbarians and Huai barbarians, and was intercepted by Meng on the way. Emperor Yi led the princes to crusade against Meng Fang and returned after winning.
In the last year of Emperor Yi's reign, he moved his capital to m è i (that is, Chaoge, now Qixian County, Henan Province). In 1076 BC, Emperor Yi died of illness and was buried in Yin. After the death of Emperor Yi, his son Xin (King Zhou of Shang Dynasty) succeeded him.
30 Dixin, King Zhou
Dixin (? - 1046 BC?), with the surname of Zi and the surname of Shou (a work of Shoude), The last monarch of the Shang Dynasty It was called "Zhou" ("Shou" in the first place), "King Zhou of Shang Dynasty", etc. The Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Chronology Project presumes his reign time as 30 years (1075 BC - 1046 BC).
Dixin
Dixin is intelligent, eloquent, quick in action, strong in acceptance, and powerful in unarmed combat with beasts.
After Dixin succeeded to the throne, he worked hard to make reform, not killing slaves, developing production, updating ideas, and not acting like ghosts and gods. Zeng trained in the mountains, forged weapons, and led heavy troops to conquer Dongyi. He managed the southeast, consolidated the unification of Dongyi and the Central Plains, spread the advanced Central Plains culture to the Huaihe River and Yangtze River basins, and laid the foundation for the unification of the Chinese nation. After the Yin Dynasty conquered Dongyi, the territory expanded, agriculture developed, and the wealth increased. Dixin built warehouses to store food and treasure. According to the Records of the Historian, "The money of Lutai is rich and sharp, while the millet of the bridge is rich".
The victory of the conquest of Dongyi made Dixin become arrogant and overbearing, especially in his later years, he was fond of wine and pleasure and ignored politics. He once set up meat forest and wine pool in Chaoge to have fun. The officials refused to accept the advice. Therefore, his uncle Bigan was killed. The concubine brother Weizi fled, and the grand master Jizi pretended to be crazy. However, she loved Concubine Daji, and Weidaji followed her advice and killed innocent people wantonly. Building in the interior, increasing taxes and levies, tightening the Zhou sacrificial system, changing the employment policy, and implementing severe laws intensified social contradictions, making the class struggle increasingly acute, and also shaking the ruling foundation of the Shang Dynasty. At this time, the Western Zhou Dynasty became stronger and stronger. In the battle of Muye, the Shang army was defeated by the allied forces led by King Wu of Zhou, and King Zhou burned himself to death. The business perished. It is called together with Xia Jie“ Jie Zhou ”A typical tyrant.
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