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PS: * * for []

 #Command: Update - Retrieve a new package list Upgrade - Upgrade all software packages that can be updated Install - Install a new software package (pkg is libc6, not libc6. deb) Remove - Remove the package Autoremove - Automatically remove all unused software packages Purge - Delete packages and configuration files Clean - Clear downloaded archive files Autoclean - Clear old downloaded files Check - Verify whether there are corrupt dependencies Download - Download the binary package to the current directory #Options: -q: Do not output any information -Qq: No output except errors -d: Download only, do not install or decompress the archive -y: Select Yes for all confirmation queries and do not prompt -f: Try to correct the system with broken dependencies -m: If the archive is locatable, try to continue -u: Display the list of upgrade packages -b: Build the source package after obtaining the source package #More commands can be viewed with apt get -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: #Retrieve new package list apt-get update #Upgrade all software packages that can be updated (note that this command will upgrade all software packages, so it will take a long time to upgrade) apt-get upgrade #Install the Nginx package apt-get install nginx #Uninstall the Nginx package apt-get remove nginx #Uninstall the Nginx package and delete all related configuration files apt-get remove --purge nginx #During software installation and uninstallation, in order to avoid misoperation, you will be asked whether to continue. It will be troublesome to enter y every time. You can add the - y parameter #Installing the Nginx package does not display a confirmation prompt apt-get install nginx -y #Uninstall Nginx software package and delete all related configuration files without prompt apt-get remove --purge nginx -y #Clear old/useless software packages apt-get clean && apt-get autoclean #Download the Nginx binary package to the current directory, but do not decompress and install it apt-get download nginx -d #More commands can be viewed with apt get -- help.

 #Command: Update - Retrieve a new package list Upgrade - Upgrade package Search - search packages Install - Install the software package List - List software packages or package groups Info - Displays the details of a package or package group Erase - Delete the software package (the two commands are the same) Remove - Delete the software package (the two commands are the same) Groupinfo - Displays details about the package group Groupinstall - Installs a package group (like a software collection) Grouplist - lists available package groups Groupremove - Remove a package group Check - Check the software package Check update - Check for updatable software packages Clean - Clear the software package in the cache directory Deploy - List the dependencies of a package Distribution synchronization - Synchronize the installed software package to the latest version Downgrad - downgrade a package Reinstall - Reinstall the software package (automatically remove and reinstall) Repolist - Displays the configured software package repository Resolvedep - determine the dependencies required by the software package #Options: -t: Tolerance of errors -C: Run completely from the system cache, do not update the cache -R minute: maximum command waiting time -q: Quiet operation -y: Answer yes to all questions --Nogpgcheck: Disable gpg signature check #More commands can be viewed with yum -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: #Retrieve new package list yum update #Install the Nginx package yum install nginx #Install the Development Tools package group (this package group contains the software required for compilation) #Note: When the name of a software package or software package group contains spaces, please add double quotation marks to the software package or software package group! yum groupinstall "Development Tools" #Uninstall the Nginx package yum erase nginx / yum remove nginx #Uninstall the Development Tools package group yum groupremove "Development Tools" #Upgrade all updatable packages yum upgrade #Upgrade Nginx Updateable Packages yum upgrade nginx #During software installation and uninstallation, in order to avoid misoperation, you will be asked whether to continue. It will be troublesome to enter y every time. You can add the - y parameter #Installing the Nginx package does not display a confirmation prompt yum install nginx -y #Uninstalling the Nginx software package does not display a confirmation prompt yum erase nginx -y / yum remove nginx -y #Search whether Nginx software package exists yum search nginx #List available software packages yum list #List available package groups yum grouplist #Clear all software packages in the cache directory yum clean #Clear Nginx package in cache directory yum clean nginx #Reinstall the Nginx package yum reinstall nginx #More commands can be viewed with yum -- help.

 #Create a new bash folder in the current folder. The complete absolute path is/root/bash mkdir bash #More commands can be viewed with mkdir -- help.

 #You are currently in the/root directory. Using this command, you will enter the/root/bash directory. This is the relative path cd bash #If you are not in the/root directory, you cannot use the above relative path. You need an absolute path cd /root/bash ————————————————————————————————————— #If you are currently in the/root/bash directory and use the relative path, you can use this command to enter the upper/root directory Represents the relative path parent directory cd .. #Of course, you can also use the absolute path to enter the upper/root directory cd /root

 #Copy the log.txt file in the current directory to the/var directory cp log.txt /var/log.txt #Copy the bash folder in the current directory to the/home directory cp -R bash /home/bash ————————————————————————————————————— #Copy all. txt suffix files in the current directory to the/var/log directory cp *.txt /var/log #Copy all files starting with double in the current directory to the/var/log directory cp doubi* /var/log #Copy all files in the current directory that start with doubi and end with. txt suffix to the/var/log directory cp doubi*.txt /var/log ————————————————————————————————————— #Suppose the current directory is/root/doubi/log, and all files with the. txt suffix in this directory should be copied to the upper directory/root/doubi cp *.txt .. # ..  The relative path represents the upper level directory. Of course, you can also use the absolute path, which is less prone to errors cp *.txt /root/doubi ————————————————————————————————————— #Rename the log.txt file in the current directory to log2.txt cp log.txt log2.txt #Copy the log.txt file in the current directory to the/var directory and rename it to log1.txt cp log.txt /var/log1.txt #Copy the bash folder in the current directory to the/home directory and rename it to bash2 cp -R bash /home/bash2 ————————————————————————————————————— #Copy the log.txt file in the current directory to the/var directory, but the log.txt file already exists in the/var directory. Then you will be prompted cp: overwrite `/var/log. txt '? Force overwrite with - f cp -f log /var/log.txt #You may find that when you use cp - f to force an overwrite, you will still be asked whether to overwrite it. This is because CP adds the - i parameter by default (this parameter means that you must ask every time you overwrite) in order to avoid your mistakes. #So to avoid the default - i parameter of CP, just add a slash before the CP command to "/" /cp -f log /var/log.txt #Copy the log.txt log1.txt log2.txt file and log233 directory in the current directory to the/home/log directory cp -R log.txt log1.txt log2.txt log233 /home/log #More commands can be viewed with cp -- help.

 #Move the log.txt file in the current directory to the/var directory mv log.txt /var/log.txt #Move the bash folder in the current directory to the/home directory mv bash /home/bash ————————————————————————————————————— #Rename the log.txt file in the current directory to log2.txt mv log.txt log2.txt #Copy the log.txt file in the current directory to the/var directory and rename it to log1.txt mv log.txt /var/log1.txt #Copy the bash folder in the current directory to the/home directory and rename it to bash2 mv bash /home/bash2 #More commands can be viewed with mv -- help.

 #Delete the log.txt file in the current directory rm log.txt #Delete all. txt suffix files in the current directory rm *.txt #When you use the rm command to delete, you will be prompted whether you are sure to delete. Enter y to delete, or n to cancel # rm: remove regular file `log.txt'?  y ————————————————————————————————————— #Delete all. txt suffix files in the current directory rm *.txt #Delete all files in the current directory that start with double rm doubi* #Delete all files in the current directory that start with double and end with. txt suffix rm doubi*.txt ————————————————————————————————————— #When you delete the directory with rm, you will find that it is not a file # rm bash # rm: cannot remove `bash': Is a directory #You can add - r to delete the directory and its contents rm -r bash ————————————————————————————————————— #To avoid manual deletion errors, the - i parameter is added to rm by default, that is, every time you delete a file/directory, you will be prompted. If you feel bored, you can use the - rf parameter rm -rf bash #Please use the command rm - rf carefully, and never use the command rm - rf/or rm - rf/* (system suicide), which may cause your system to explode, so use it carefully! #More commands can be viewed with rm -- help.

 #Display all files in the current directory ls -a ————————————————————————————————————— #The absolute path/relative path after the command will display all files in the specified folder ls -a bash/log #Relative path. The current directory is/root, and the directory to view is/root/bash/log ls -a /root/bash/log #Absolute path. The current directory is/root, and the directory to view is/root/bash/log #More commands can be viewed with ls -- help.

 Parameter introduction: -h: Display in a human readable way -a: Displays the amount of disk space occupied by the directory, and displays the amount of disk space occupied by the directory and files under it -s: Displays the disk space occupied by the directory, but does not display the disk space occupied by its subdirectories and files -c: Display the disk space occupied by several directories or files, and count their total --Apparent size: display the size of the directory or file itself -l: Count the disk space occupied by hard links -50: Count the disk space occupied by the files pointed to by symbolic links #To be written #More commands can be viewed with du -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: #If it is currently located in the/root directory, the size of the/root folder will be displayed, but the size of its subdirectories and files will not be displayed du -sh #Assuming that it is currently located in the/root directory, the size of the/root folder and its subdirectories and files will be displayed du -ah #Assuming that it is currently located in the/root directory, the size and sum of all folders under the/root folder will be displayed du -lh --max-depth=1 #More commands can be viewed with du -- help.

 Suppose the log.txt file contains: doubi233 doubi doubi666 doubi2366 doubi8888 View file: #View all contents of log.txt file cat log.txt #The output example is as follows doubi233 doubi doubi666 doubi2366 doubi8888 #View all contents of the log.txt file and number all lines cat -n log.txt #The output example is as follows: 1	doubi233 2	doubi three four 5	doubi666 six 7	doubi2366 8	doubi8888 #View all contents of log.txt file and number non empty lines cat -b log.txt #The output example is as follows: 1	doubi233 2	doubi 3	doubi666 4	doubi2366 5	doubi8888 #View all contents of the log.txt file, number non blank lines, and do not output multiple blank lines cat -bs log.txt #The output example is as follows: 1	doubi233 2	doubi 3	doubi666 4	doubi2366 5	doubi8888 Empty file: #Empty the log.txt file in the current directory cat /dev/null > log.txt #Empty the log.txt file in the/var directory cat /dev/null > /var/log.txt Write file: #Write the text to the log.txt file in the current directory (add the text to the end of the file content) cat >> log.txt <<-EOF doubi doubi233 doubi666 EOF #Empty the file and write the text to the log.txt file in the/var directory (empty before writing) cat > /var/log.txt <<-EOF doubi doubi233 doubi666 EOF #More commands can be viewed with cat -- help.

 #Open the log.txt file in the current directory. If there is no log.txt file, a new log.txt file will be created (after installing vim, using vi and vim to open the file is the same) vi log.txt vim log.txt #In command line mode, directly enter the following symbols and letters (case sensitive) ##Enter editing mode (insert mode, press Esc to return to command line mode) i ##Delete the line where the cursor is currently located dd ##Delete all contents in the file dddG ##Copy the current line of the cursor yy ##Paste a line just copied p ##Undo the last operation (this can be used to recover from misoperation) u ##Save the current file (: colon in English) :w ##Save the current file as log2.txt :w log2.txt ##Exit the current file :q ##Do not save and force exiting the current file :q! ##Save and exit the current file :wq #More commands can be viewed with vi -- help/vim -- help.

 Parameter introduction: #Only the most commonly used parameters are introduced #If the prompt command does not exist, use yum install wget - y/apt get install wget - y to install it (some very compact systems may not be installed) -b: After startup, download in the background -q: Quiet mode (no information output) -c: Download files by resuming breakpoints -O: Specify the file name after downloading (absolute path directory+file name can be used) -P: Specify the downloaded file directory (- P can only specify the download directory, not the file name) -t: Set the number of retries (0 means unlimited) -T: Set timeout (unit: seconds) -N: Get only files newer than local ones (new ones overwrite old ones) -4: Connect to IPv4 address only -6: Connect to IPv6 address only --Limit rate=xxxk: limit download speed (k represents KB/S) --Post data: send data through POST --No check certificate: Do not verify the SSL certificate of the server #More commands can be viewed with wget -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: #Download a file to the current directory wget  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Download the file to the current directory and rename it to 200MB.bin wget -O "200MB.bin"  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Download the file to the/root directory (- P can only specify the download directory, not the file name) wget -P "/root"  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Download the file to the/root/doubi directory and rename it to 200MB.bin wget -O "/root/doubi/200MB.bin"  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #If the wget process ends before downloading the file, you can use breakpoint resume to download the interrupted file again (provided that the download server supports breakpoint resume) wget -c  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Download the file in the background to the/root/doubi directory and rename it to 200MB.bin wget -b -O "/root/doubi/200MB.bin"  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin # Continuing in background, pid 2333. # Output will be written to `wget-log'. #After downloading in the background, you can use the following commands to view the download progress: tail -f wget-log #Sometimes the SSL certificate in some Linux systems is incomplete, which will cause the SSL certificate verification failure when downloading some HTTPS website files. You can do this #Do not verify the server SSL certificate, download the file to the current directory and rename it to 200MB.bin wget --no-check-certificate -O "200MB.bin"  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Sending POST request data using wget wget --post-data "user=doubi&passwd=23333"  https://xxx.xx/ #Download files to the current directory and only obtain files newer than local files through IPv4 connection, with a speed limit of 200KB/S wget --limit-rate=200k -N -4  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Download the file to the current directory and retry it for 1 time with a timeout of 2 seconds wget -t1 -T2  https://yun.doubibackup.com/100MB.bin #Obtain the Internet IP address of the server through wget (- qO - means that the downloaded information will be output after running, and will not be saved to the local file) wget -qO- ipinfo.io/ip #More commands can be viewed with wget -- help.

 Parameter introduction: -b: Display in bytes (bytes/B) -k: Display in KB -m: Display in MB -g: Display in GB --Tera: displayed in TB -h: Output in a human readable way --Si: convert in 1000 instead of 1024 (1MB=1 * 1024KB changed to 1MB=1 * 1000KB) -t: Display Total Memory Rows -S Time: output every X seconds (repeatedly output monitoring memory, use Ctrl+C to terminate) -C Times: output X times every 1 second #More commands can be viewed with free -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: #Display the current system memory (default free=free - k, unit: KB) free #Output example total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached Mem:        250872     237752      13120          0      34620      70520 -/+ buffers/cache:     132612     118260 Swap:       643064       1744     641320 ————————————————————————————————————— #Display the current system memory in B/KB/MB/GB/TG free -b / free -k / free -m / free -g / free --tera ————————————————————————————————————— #Display the current system memory in a human readable way free -h #Output example total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached Mem:          244M       232M        12M         0B        33M        68M -/+ buffers/cache:       129M       115M Swap:         627M       1.7M       626M ————————————————————————————————————— #Convert in 1000 and display the current system memory in MB (1MB=1 * 1024KB changed to 1MB=1 * 1000KB) free -m --si #Display the current system memory in MB every 3 seconds free -ms 3 #Display the current system memory 5 times in MB every 1 second free -mc 5 #Display the current system memory 6 times in MB every 2 seconds free -m -c 6 -s 2 #More commands can be viewed with free -- help.

 Parameter introduction: -d: Displays the time in the specified time format -f: Display the time of each line in the DATE FILE file (I don't understand it either) -r: Display the last modification time of the file/folder -s: Set system time -u: Display UTC time #Time format %%- Display character% %A - Abbreviation of day of the week (Sun. Sat) %A - Full name of the day of the week (Sunday... Saturday) %B - Abbreviation of month (Jan.. Dec) %B - Full name of the month (January.. December) %C - Date and time. The same result will be displayed if you only enter the date command %C - Century (rounded after the year is divided by 100) [00-99] %D - Date (represented by 01-31). %D - Date (inclusive). %E - the day of the month (1.. 31) %F - Date, the same as% Y -% m -% d %G - Year (yy) %G - Year (yyyy) %H - Same as% b %H - Hour (00.. 23) %I - Hour (01.. 12) %J - Day of the year (001.. 366) %K - hours (0.. 23) %L - hours (1.. 12) %M - month (01.. 12) %M - minute (00.. 59) %N - Line feed %N - nanosecond (000000000.. 99999999) %p - AM or PM %P - am or pm %R - 12 hour clock (hh: mm: ss [AP] M) %R - 24-hour time (hh: mm) %S - Seconds from 00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC %S - seconds (00.. 60) %T - Tab %T - 24-hour time (hh: mm: ss) %U - the day of the week (1.. 7); 1 means Monday %U - the week of the year, Sunday is the first day of the week (00.. 53) %V - the week of the year, Monday is the first day of the week (01.. 53) %W - the day of the week (0.. 6); 0 represents Sunday %W - the week of the year, Monday is the first day of the week (00.. 53) %X - Date (mm/dd/yy) %X - Time (% H:% M:% S) %Y - Year (00.. 99) %Y - Year (1970...) %Z - RFC-2822 Style Number Format Time Zone (- 0500) %Z - Time zone (e.g., EDT), empty if the time zone cannot be determined #More commands can be viewed with date -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: #Display the current system time date #Output: Wed Apr 5 12:38:44 CST 2017 #Display the UTC time of the current system date -u #Output: Wed Apr 5 04:30:06 UTC 2017 #Display the last modification time of log.txt file date -r log.txt #Displays the year of the current date date +%Y #Output: 2017 #Displays the month of the current date date +%m #Output: 4 #Display dates in various formats date +%D #Output: 04/05/17 date +%Y-%m-%d #Output: 2017-04-05 date +%m/%d/%y #Output: 04/05/17 date +%m/%d/%Y #Output: 04/05/2017 #Show Unix Timestamp date +%s #Output: 1491367399 #Display a complete time (year, month, day, hour, minute, second, week time zone) date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %u %Z" #Output: 2017-04-05 12:12:15 3 CST #Set system time (year, month, day) date -s "2017-04-05" #Set system time (hours, minutes, seconds) date -s "10:29:05" #Set the system time (year, month, day, hour, minute, second) date -s "2017-04-05 10:29:05" #More commands can be viewed with date -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How to change the time zone to Shanghai (Beijing) time zone: /cp -f /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime Then check the time with date, and you will find that the time zone has changed to CST.

 Parameter introduction: -a: Show all information -m: Display system digits -n: Display Host Name -r: Displays the release number of the operating system -s: Displays the name of the operating system -v: Displays the version of the operating system -p: Output processor type or "unknown" -i: Output hardware platform or "unknown" -o: Output operating system name #More commands can be viewed with uname -- help. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example of use: root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname # When using uname, it is equivalent to using uname - s Linux root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -a Linux mlldxe.cn 4.9.75-040975-generic #1 SMP Thu Oct 27 16:59:03 MSK 2016 x86_64 GNU/Linux root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname - m # The output is generally 64 bit: x86_64/32-bit: i386 or branch i686 X86_64 # System Bits root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -n Mlldxe.cn # Server name (usually you will be asked to fill in when buying a server) root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -r 4.9.75-040975 generic # Current kernel of the system (primary) root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -s Linux root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -v #1 SMP Thu Oct 27 16:59:03 MSK 2016 root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -p unknown root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -i unknown root@mlldxe.cn :~# uname -o GNU/Linux