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Mushroom clouds generally refer to clouds formed after the explosion of nuclear weapons such as atomic bombs or hydrogen bombs, but natural mushroom clouds may also be generated from volcanic eruptions or celestial impacts.

Mushroom cloud, also known as mushroom cloud, refers to a powerful explosive cloud generated by explosion. It is similar to a mushroom in shape. It is large at the top and small at the bottom, hence its name.

1. Formation process of mushroom cloud in nuclear device:

When a nuclear device is detonated, a large number of high-energy particles such as X-rays, neutrons and alpha particles will be generated in a large area around it. They not only have the ability to destroy all buildings around them and kill all living objects in a large area, but also have the direct effect of rapidly heating the surrounding air. These high-temperature air and a large amount of dust are lifted up at high speed under the effect of explosive force and buoyancy. At first, they form a cloud column when they are lifted up. When the cloud column rises and expands, the air and dust on its top will start to cool down when they hit the cold air above. When these rising air and dust are cooled to almost the same temperature as the surrounding air, they will slow down and rise, then change the direction of movement, becoming a translation to the surrounding, and finally gradually become a decline. As the "cloud column" changes evenly in all directions at its top, mushroom clouds are formed.

2. Formation process of mushroom cloud of atomic bomb or hydrogen bomb:

The key reason why the atomic bomb is different from other bombs is that it releases incomparable energy when it explodes. It will generate tens of millions of degrees of high temperature and millions of billions of pascals of high pressure in the central area of its explosion. These high temperature and high pressure rapidly affect the air around it. The air around it can be heated, expanded and rapidly increased in about one twentieth of a second. And relying on the huge energy when it rushes up, it can lift stones, debris, dust and other materials on the ground to form mushroom stems. During the rising process, due to the contact with the surrounding low humidity air, the temperature of the hot air mass gradually drops to the same temperature as that of the surrounding gas, so it spreads horizontally to form a mushroom top, thus forming a complete mushroom cloud.