Characteristics and main forms of hard mountain buildings

The roof has only two front and rear slopes. The gable walls on both sides intersect the roof, and the couch beams are all sealed in the gable. It is called a hard mountain building. Hard mountain buildings are the most common form of ancient buildings. There are a large number of hard mountain buildings in houses, gardens and temples.

Small style buildings are the most common in hard mountain buildings. The Qing Dynasty's Code of Engineering Practices listed seven purlin small style buildings, six purlin small style buildings Purlin Small, five Purlin Small style Several examples of small hard mountain buildings.

seven Purlin The front and rear corridor building is the largest and most prominent building in small residential buildings. It is often used as the main room and sometimes as the vestibule. six Purlin The front porch type building can be used as a wing room with a porch, an accessory room, or a main room without a porch behind the front porch or a rear covered room. five Purlin Corridor free buildings are mostly used for corridor free wing rooms, back cover rooms, inverted seat rooms, etc.

There are also many examples of large types of hard mountain buildings. For example, the accessory rooms or accessory rooms in palaces and temples are mostly hard mountain buildings. There are two methods for large type hard mountain buildings: with bucket arch and without bucket arch. There are few examples of hard mountain buildings with bucket arch. Generally, only one bucket of three liters or one bucket of two liters of hemp leaves are used without stepping on the bucket arch. There are many examples of large hard hills without bucket arches. The differences between them and small hard hills are mainly in the architectural dimensions (such as the width, height and depth of the columns are larger than those of ordinary small buildings), roof practices (such as more green and simple tiles on the roof, more ridge decorations for kissing animals or colored glazed tiles), architectural decoration (such as more paint and colored paintings on the beams, which is not as simple and elegant as the decoration of small buildings), and so on.

Chinese ancient buildings are composed of three parts on the facade, the lower part is the platform, the middle part is the framework, and the upper part is the roof, which is the so-called "three section type". The framework part is the skeleton and main body of the building. The seven purlin front and rear corridor type hard mountain building has four rows of columns in the depth direction, two rows of eaves columns (commonly known as small eaves columns) in the front and back, and two rows of gold columns (commonly known as old eaves columns) inside the eaves columns. The corridor is between the front eave column and the gold column, and the decoration is generally installed between the gold columns, which is called "Jinli'an decoration". Between eaves columns and gold columns, there are cross architraves and head beams. The cross architrave is mainly used to connect the eaves and gold pillars, and the head beam is also used to connect the eaves and gold pillars, but its main function is to connect the eaves purlins. Between eaves columns, there are eaves braces on the wide direction of the upper end, which are components connecting the column heads of eaves columns. The cornice purlin is installed on the head beam, and a backing plate is installed between the cornice purlin and the cornice brace. This method of folding purlin, backing plate and brace together is called“ Purlin Three pieces ". Install along the face width at the head of the gold pillar

Install gold architrave (also known as old eaves architrave), and install the beam along the depth direction. The main function of the following beam is to connect the front and rear gold pillars. The enclosing structure formed between the follower beam and the gold architrave at the capital of the gold pillar has the same function as the ring beam, and plays a very important role in stabilizing the structure below the capital. There are five beams above the gold pillar. The so-called five beams refer to the five purlins on this beam, which is also commonly known as the girder, and it is the main beam frame. Five beams support three beams. The three beams are supported by melon columns or girder piers. The height of the melon column or girder pier, that is, the clear distance between the two beams. Generally speaking, if this distance is greater than or equal to the melon column diameter (or side width), the melon column should be used. If it is less than the melon column diameter (or side width), the girder pier should be used. The ridge melon column is installed in the middle of the three beams. Because the ridge melon column is usually high and has poor stability, it needs to be supplemented by the horn back to increase the stability of the ridge melon column.

In hard mountain buildings, the beam frame next to the gable is called mountain ridge. Mountain columns are often used in the Paishan beam frame. The mountain columns go straight from the ground to the roof ridge and support the spine purlin. The beam frame is divided into two sections from the middle, so that the five beams become two double step beams, and the three beams become two single step beams.

The style of beam frame on the top of hard mountain in Guangfu area, Guangdong

Guangfu, Guangdong Style of hard top beam frame

Guangfu, Guangdong Style of hard top beam frame