Natural stone is an ancient building material with high strength, good decoration, high durability, and wide sources, This ancient architectural material has always occupied a place in the history of human landscape architecture. Due to the progress of modern mining and processing technology, stone has been widely used in modern landscape. This article starts with the classification of stone materials to understand the common natural stone materials in landscape architecture.
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1、 Classification of natural stones
The common natural stones in the landscape are: Granite, marble, sandstone, slate etc.
1. Natural granite
Granite is hard, wear-resistant, pressure resistant, fire resistant, acid resistant, alkali resistant and corrosive gas resistant. Most of them only have color spots, and some are solid colors, with small pattern changes, strong spelling and wide application range.
a、 The common domestic granites can be divided into six series of red, black, green, gray, white and yellow according to their colors. The best decors are listed as follows:
(1) Red series: Hetang red (peach blossom red), tomato red, Luoyuan red, shrimp red in Fujian; Sichuan Red and China Red in Sichuan; Cenxi red and Sanbao red in Guangxi; The imperial concubine red and orange red in Lingqiu, Shanxi; Rushan Red, Jiangjun Red, Taishan Red, Shidao Red and Pomegranate Red in Shandong; Yangjianghong in Guangdong; Xinjiang red (Tianshan red) in Xinjiang; Maple leaf red and Guilin red in Guangxi; Taiwan red in Taiwan, etc.
(2) Black series: Sesame black, Fuding black and Xuanwu black from Fujian; Black King Kong, Mongolian Black and Fishbone Black in Inner Mongolia; Jinan Qing in Shandong; China Black in Hebei, etc.
(3) Green series: Shandong Tai'an Green, Gaoming Green; Jiangxi's bean green, light green, chrysanthemum green; Green flowers with green background in Suxian County, Anhui Province; Zhejiang Sichuan Green and Forest Green in Henan.
(4) Grey series: sesame grey and pearl grey of Fujian; Shandong ash and Zhangqiu ash; Taiwan grey in Taiwan, etc.
(5) White series: Fujian sesame white; Hubei white hemp; Shandong white hemp; Pearl white in Jiangxi, etc.
(6) Yellow series: rust stone in Fujian; Kalamalijin in Xinjiang; Chrysanthemum yellow in Shanxi; Hubei pearl jute; Golden hemp in Laizhou, Shandong, etc.
b、 Common imported granites include:
Saudi Arabia: gold diamond, Jeddah red;
South Africa: South Africa Red, etc;
Brazil: Magic Green, Dark Green Linen, Daughter Red, Coral Red, etc;
India: Indian Black Sands, Kashmir Gold, Fancy Red, Indian Red, Indian Golden Silk, etc;
United States: American grey hemp, American white hemp, etc;
Britain: British brown, etc.
two Natural marble
Marble originally refers to the white limestone with black patterns produced in Dali, Yunnan Province. The section can form a natural ink landscape painting. In ancient times, marble with shaped patterns was often selected to make screen or mosaic paintings. Later, the name of marble gradually developed to refer to all kinds of colored and patterned limestone used as building decoration materials. White marble is generally called white marble. Natural marble is fine, solid, burnable, and has a wide variety of colors. It has beautiful natural colors and is less hard than granite, but it is less used outdoors because it is not resistant to weathering.
three , sandstone
Sandstone is a kind of sedimentary rock, which is mainly composed of sand glue. Most of the sandstones are composed of quartz or feldspar. Sandstone is highly granular, with wavy texture on its surface. It is soft and delicate in texture. Like sand, it can be any color, most commonly brown, yellow, red, gray and white. Sandstone pores have high water absorption, easy to absorb dirt, easy to breed microorganisms, low hardness and brittleness, and should be used carefully when paving, usually suitable for facade decoration.
four , slate
Slate is a kind of metamorphic rock with plate-like structure and basically no recrystallization. The original rock is argillaceous, silty or neutral tuff, which can be peeled into thin pieces along the direction of foliation. The color of slate varies with the impurities it contains, and those containing iron are red or yellow; The carbonaceous ones are black or gray; Calcium containing rocks will bubble when encountering hydrochloric acid, so they are generally named after their colors, such as green slate, black slate, and calcareous slate. The hardness of slate is better than that of sandstone but lower than that of granite. It is generally applicable to facade decoration and pavement of small area sidewalks.
2、 Surface of natural stone
one , Burning Noodles
The surface is rough. During production, the stone is heated at high temperature, the crystal bursts, and rapidly cools to form a rough burning surface. It is the most common finishing type of granite, and the most commonly used finishing material for paving in landscape design.
two Polished surface
The surface is very smooth, highly polished, and has a high gloss mirror effect. Granite, marble and limestone usually contain natural crystals. After polishing, these crystals reflect light and make the stone surface shiny, but different maintenance methods are required to maintain its luster.
three Matte surface
The specular gloss of stone is very low, generally lower than 10 degrees.
4. Natural surface
The natural surface is rough, but not as rough as fire. Generally speaking, the natural face stone refers to the naturally formed face without any treatment, which is the naturally formed face in the stone, such as the slates of slate, the joints of granite, etc. However, the natural surface in the market refers to the natural undulating surface formed by splitting and knocking, so it is also called natural splitting surface or natural splitting surface.
5. Chop Axe Face (Chop Masked Face)
It is also called longan surface or chopping surface. It is the surface of stone that is hammered with an axe to form a very dense strip texture. Some of the effects are like the skin of longan. You can choose the roughness, which is a commonly used finish in Chinese gardens.
6. Litchi Noodles
The surface is rough and uneven. The chisel is used to make small holes on the surface, mimicking the effect of water drops dropping on the stone over the years.
7. Cut plane
It is directly cut and formed by circular saw, sand saw or bridge cutting machine, with rough surface and obvious cutting lines.
8. Mushroom noodles
Generally, manual chiseling is used, and the effect is similar to that of natural chiseling, but the roof of the stone is in the shape of a plateau with central protrusions and surrounding depressions.
9. Pineapple Noodles
The surface of stone pineapple is more uneven than that of litchi, just like the skin of pineapple.
10. Brushed surface
The drawing surface of stone is also called machine planed surface. The groove with certain depth and width is a special processing technology of stone, which can play a special texture of anti-skid and texture.
3、 Application forms of natural stone in landscape architecture
1. Interior and exterior finishing materials, without bearing any mechanical load
2、 The materials of retaining wall, stone barge, chair stool, pavement and steps that bear a certain load are required to have good weather resistance and physical and mechanical properties
3、 Large monuments, towers, columns, sculptures, nameplates, solitary ornamental stones and other self bearing landscape stones
4、 Common dimensions of natural stone
one Standard dimensions of general decorative plates
300mm*300mm； 300mm*600mm； 600mm*600mm； 600mm*900mm； 900mm*900mm
Snap street stone: generally, the size of the snap street stone is about 100mm * 100mm * 100mm. The top surface of the snap street stone is square. If it is paved on the sidewalk, the thickness of the snap street stone can be reduced to 50mm. If it is used as a veneer, the thickness is 20mm or less.
Flat stone: according to the design size
Mushroom stone: 1000mm~1200mm (length) * 500mm~600mm (width) * 100mm~130mm (thickness)
Rough stone slab: 1000mm~1200mm (length) * 500mm~600mm (width) * 30mm (thickness)
two Common thickness of general plates
The thin plate is 10mm thick, generally 20mm thick, the curtain wall is 30mm thick for dry hanging, the mushroom stone pavement is 30mm~50mm thick, the deck decorative plate is more than 50mm thick, and the commonly used composite plate is 20mm thick, of which the surface material (marble, granite) is 3mm thick, and the bottom plate (stone, ceramic tile, aluminum honeycomb plate) is 17mm thick.
5、 Post cleaning and maintenance of natural stone
The pollution caused by the deep processing, mining and transportation of natural stone and the impact of environmental factors will produce many pathological changes, which need to be cleaned and polished to restore its value and beauty.
one 、 no Contact with strong acidic and alkaline materials
For example, the acid often causes the oxidation of pyrite minerals in granite to cause yellowing (the oxidation of divalent iron to trivalent iron), and the acid will decompose the calcium carbonate contained in marble to convert it into calcium bicarbonate, resulting in the erosion of the surface; Alkali can also erode the grain boundary of feldspar and quartz silicide crystals in granite, resulting in grain peeling. Therefore, acid and alkali materials are the primary culprit for damaging the stone mirror.
two . Do not wax casually
There are many kinds of waxes on the market, including water-based wax, stearic acid wax, oil-based wax, acrylic wax, etc. These waxes contain acid and alkali materials on the basis. Not only will it block the pores of stone breathing, but also it will be stained with dirt to form wax scale, causing yellowing on the surface of stone. However, if it is necessary to wax on occasions with high frequency of pedestrian and goods circulation, you must consult the leader of professional home care company for wax and home care.
three Do not misuse non neutral detergent
For quick cleaning, general cleaning agents contain acid-base properties, so if the cleaning agent with unknown ingredients is used for a long time, the surface gloss of stone will be lost, and the residual non neutral agents will also be the main cause of stone lesions in the future.
four Do not cover carpets and sundries for a long time
In order to keep the stone breathing smoothly, it is necessary to avoid covering the carpet and sundries on the stone surface for a long time, otherwise, the moisture under the stone cannot be volatilized through the stone pores. The stone will have annoying stone pathological problems due to excessive moisture and high water content. If you must lay carpets and pile up debris, please do not forget to change them often.
To sum up, in the garden landscape, stones should be selected according to the needs of the landscape and the natural and excellent performance, characteristics and colors of stones, which can not only reflect the design style, but also economically and reasonably use stones to make the garden hard landscape elegant, permanent and classic.
