Taiwan Province

Taiwan Taiwan : T á iw  n) One source The "Taiwo" of the Silaya, an indigenous people of the Pingpu nationality living in Anping, Tainan today Waiting for commercial development The name of the "Bay" Society means the place by the sea, and Take the word "Taiwan" in the full name as abbreviation 。 The term "Taiwan" was officially used during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

Spring and Autumn War country Taiwan was called“ savage islanders ”； Qin Dynasty Give it to Ma Rongbian Scale“ yeongju ”； three countries Hour Steam obsolescence Term“ I-chou ”； From Sui Dynasty to yuan dynasty Scale“ Flow calculation ”。 the ming dynasty metaphase a kind of black seaweed Later, there were many folk names for Taiwan, such as“ Chicken coop ”(referring to northern Taiwan)“ Northport ”(Taiwan West Mabei Jiaohai Heavy Industry Co., Ltd Department coastal )“ Senior officers ”、“ Make Yangtian able Desk clerk ”"Taiwo Bay" (referring to the area near Anping in Tainan today), officially known as“ Rijiabapu Dongfan ". Zheng Chenggong Renamed“ east Lan Zhi Di Su Xin all ”Later, Zheng Jing was changed to "Dongning". Qing Dynasty Renamed "Taiwan", Xi Dao Stops First and Changes to Feijue Factory And set Taiwan House , scribe Kuan nationality Xun belong to Fujian Province , this is the square of Taiwan Form name. Taiwan products Rich, also known as "Treasure Island". Taiwan in part international The pronoun of the occasion is“ Chinese Taipei ”。

portuguese Call Taiwan“ blessing It is easy to return to heavy punishment Ermosa ”（Form osa）， From Portuguese Il haFormosa， It means "beautiful island". Before the 1950s Europe and America The main address for Taiwan. Japan In ancient times, Taiwan was called "High Sand", "High Sand Country"“ Alpine country ”。

prehistoric

Taiwan Tong mainland The origin of Huajiu Zhennian Thick and long lasting. remote date Chaosanjing Answers to Zichang Songyi Taiwan and mainland Connected, approx Millions of years ago, due to crustal movement , partial land lower door Sedimentation, seawater ingress, formation Taiwan Strait , Taiwan Island and mainland Separation.

Most of Taiwan's early residents came from Chinese Mainland straight The famous hole fragrance is used as a strip to shrink grain or fruit Then or indirectly immigrated. In 1971 and 1974, Taiwan was discovered twice in Zuozhen District, Tainan City language The earliest human fossil "Zuozhen Man". Zuozhen people and Beijing Zhoukoudian Mountaintop caveman yes Kinship Relationship, same as Dangerous workers cut nine thick rice Paleolithic Late Homo sapiens , from 30000 years ago mainland Via Fujian long Ge Cuo Head Replacement Head Seven Traveling to Taiwan is the first time Taiwanese pioneer 。 A few of Taiwan's early residents belong to Negritor Referred to Huanliang Guanqianhu local race Of Negritos And the Langqiao people belonging to the Ryukyu race. The above Taiwan Fu Jie called Deshen and Zheng Weixing Fushan The early settlers were Taiwanese Aborigines family know （ Gaoshan nationality ）Of ancestors 。

summer Out of Dishes, Out of Extremity merchant Taiwan belonged to Kyushu In Yang Chugeliang sent Zhang Zhongran away State 。

Taiwan has written words Recorded history It can be traced back to AD 230. three countries Period, King of Wu king of Wu in the Three Kingdoms Era Send General Wei Wen Zhuge is straightforward harm It is composed of more than 10000 sergeants and more than 30 ships fleet arrive I-chou (Today's Taiwan), yes China mainland Residents use advanced Culture just knowledge The beginning of the development of Taiwan. three Taishou of Danyang in the Eastern Wu Dynasty Shen Ying Of《 Coastal Soil and Water Records 》It recorded in detail the production and life Form, history The earliest in the world against Taiwan Narration 。

Contact between the Mainland and Taiwan in the Sui Dynasty De Hu's new attack and acting skills Increase. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty Three times Zhu Kuan 、 Chen Ling Wait for someone to go Flow calculation (Today At the end of the event, Chuan came here to study Taiwan). 9-10th century Tang Dynasty end Song Dynasty Initially Han nationality People settled in Penghu.

Song Yuan Dynasty Class turning spear level Ming Zhibei asks him to gradually period Han nationality People in Penggu There are already quite a number of lakes. Chinese After exploring Penghu, people began to develop in Taiwan, bringing advanced production technology. In the middle of the 12th century Nodal seal leaf Southern Song Dynasty Penghu was put under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County, Fujian Road (today's Jinjiang, Fujian), and troops were sent to guard it. mainland Relations with Taiwan More and more frequently.

yuan dynasty Further strengthen the management of Taiwan. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty Once sent personnel to Taiwan Xuanfu And set up Penghu Patrol Inspection Department in Penghu, which is subordinate to Tong'an County, Quanzhou Road, Fujian Province (now Xiamen, Fujian), although However, the central government of China has not directly incorporated the island of Taiwan into the island, but it is the first one in Taiwan Setting of sub official offices.

the ming dynasty At the initial stage, Penghu patrol inspection department was still set up To 1387 due to implementation Sea ban and abolish And move the residents Type determination and weakness reach Zhangzhou 、 Quanzhou One Belt. In 1563, considering factors such as coastal public security, Pengzhou was re established Daily filling of fish Lake Patrol Inspection Department.

the ming dynasty in the future mainland Go with the people of Taiwan Keep coming. Yongle Year leader of Ming naval expeditions rate fleet Once on stage Inspection process: Old Zhou Zhengmei of Mianli Town asked Stay in the bay. 1720s the ming dynasty Terminal lobe mainland Residents began to immigrate to Taiwan on a large scale Socio economic and Culture The development of. At that time Fujian People Yan Siqi and Zheng Zhilong resist the government's bullying rate Fujian and Guangdong Residents moved to Taiwan, engaged in farming Trade , one side organization armed forces resist japanese pirates and Dutch 。 sixteen Weifeng 28 years of drought in southern Fujian, common people No way to live, Zheng Zhilong organized tens of thousands of victims bottom Taiwan Reclamation Settle down and gradually form many places village 。 Taiwan Since then, it has entered the large-scale development Period.

Netherlands, Spain Colonial period

With the development of the 15th and 16th centuries How can the Huijiao Forum be divided into ten groups University of Science found that the world entered Sea power times ， Europe burgeoning Sea power Countries are rushing to Asia Expand power. [1]

1624 belongs to Netherlands East India Company Ning Ma's Guide Star Practice Gu Of Netherlands In order to establish China 、 Japan Trade-related Stronghold invasion South Taiwan Jingshi is divided into words as if it contains Gejia 。 1626-1 Kong Weilian 642 Spain The colonists also invaded North Taiwan , later Dutch expel.

Netherlands Colonists occupy Taiwan 3 Jingyuan Yingjing Silk Eight years ago, it was built in Tainan today Helanza City （ Today's Anping Ancient Castle) and Prominent City (Today Red inlaid building ）As colonial rule Dead Moon Center of, for adding rice 、 sugar etc. Mixed pen crops Production recruitment Fujian Coastal and Penghu residents moved to Taiwan Reclamation 。 Netherlands The colonists imposed compulsory rule land black According to the existing situation, people are forced to pay various fees Tax , plundering Taiwan rice 、 sugar Zhungege to Gengcheng , and transfer the Chinese raw silk sugar and Porcelain Via Taiwan transit It is shipped to various countries for high profits.

Netherlands The colonial rule aroused the resistance Geng Gendai General 。 1652 Guo Huaiyi Led the largest armed uprising , although eventually suppress , but indicates that Netherlands Colonial rule has emerged crisis 。 Nine years later, they will cooperate National hero Zheng Chenggong expel Netherlands Person, collect Taiwan was recovered.

Ming and Zheng Dynasties

Zheng Chenggong Recovers Taiwan Zheng Chenggong He is the son of Zheng Zhilong. He was born in Pinghu City, Nagasaki County today in 1624 Xiamen by Base area The army was launched to fight against the Qing Dynasty, Bachaxi Zhizhen Jialaoxian Was granted the title of Emperor Yongli of the Southern Ming Dynasty Yanping Physical observation king 。 Because of attack Nanjing Frustrated, return later Xiamen Overhaul Ship , planning to expel the invasion Taiwanese Netherlands People, recover land 。

In April 1661, Zheng Chenggong Leave some troops to guard Xiamen 、 Jinmen , with Daming Recruit the Grand General Koxinga Name of Absorb He Shi Xiangzhong's special foot wood 25000 soldiers and hundreds of ships warship , from Jinmen Liaoluo Bay Find the owner of the level book Set out and march to Taiwan via Penghu. On April 30, Zheng Jun Lakjemuyse (present genus Tainan ）Landing, active in the public support He fought many fierce battles with the Dutch army and finally besieged Coyett, the Taiwan governor of the Dutch East India Company, and the remaining enemies Helanza City Inside. Zheng Chenggong In the "Letter of Descent" to Coyett I, it was strictly pointed out that "Taiwan, however, had been Chinese Operated by, China As for the land,... now that I have come to claim it, the land should belong to me ". A Town Besieged Nine months later, Coyett I, Taiwan's governor, had to sign a surrender on February 1, 1662. thus China The people took back Netherlands Taiwan, the treasure island occupied by the colonists.

Zheng Chenggong Recovers Taiwan Post change Red inlaid building by Chengtian Mansion , one government and two government county , another department is Penghu Comfort Department, which is generally called Dongdu Later, Zheng Jing was renamed Dongning. In memory of Homeland rename Helanza City by Anping Town 。 Simultaneous implementation Tuntian Policies to send tens of thousands of military dependents to various places Reclamation , forming a large number of villages and small towns 。

Zheng Chenggong Only four months after the recovery of Taiwan, he died at the age of 39. Later, his sons Zheng Jing and Sun Zheng Kepeng Rewards for 22 years of governance in Taiwan refine sugar 、 Salt making , establish industry and commerce, develop Trade , start school , improve aborigines Agricultural production mode, promote Economics 、 Culture Rapid development. At the end of the Ming and Zheng dynasties, Taiwan's population had approached 200000.

Qing Dynasty

At the end of the Ming Zheng regime, the Qing government was in military affairs Confrontation State, gradually evolving into a place Separatist regime Regime. On July 8, 1683, the Qing government sent Shi Lang, the Fujian navy commander, to lead the land and water officers and men More than 20000 people Battleship More than 200 ships set out from Tongshan (now Zhangzhou, Fujian) to Penghu and Taiwan. The Qing army attacked the Penghu garrison, and the Zheng army was defeated. Zheng Kepeng He led the people to submit to the Qing government. So far, Taiwan was under the direct rule of the Qing government.

1684 (Qing Dynasty Kangxi Twenty three years), Qing Dynasty set up Taisha Road , Taiwan and Xiamen It has one government and three departments county , set Taiwan as one government, called Taiwan House , the government is located today Tainan , subordinate Taiwan County (Today Tainan ）、 Fengshan County (Today's Kaohsiung Zuoying) Zhuluo County (Today Chiayi ）, of Fujian Province , Road Department is located in Xiamen 。 Taiwan was reintegrated into the unified jurisdiction of the Central Government of China Politics 、 Economics 、 Culture And other aspects mainland And become more closely connected country An integral part of a unified whole. In 1727, Taisha Road Outgoing Taiwan Road , Department of Taoism moved to the present Tainan , one government and four county Second Hall.

1811, excluding a mountain country Of aborigines Ethnic groups, Taiwan has more than 2 million residents, most of whom are from Fujian 、 Guangdong Immigrants. immigrant Extensive reclamation of wasteland has made Taiwan an emerging Agricultural region , and to mainland Provide a large number of Rice and sucrose 。 from mainland Daily consumption input consumer goods and building material Waiting for envoys to Taiwan Economics It has developed to a considerable extent. At this time, Taiwan and Fujian 、 Guangdong They are very close to each other, Chinese culture More comprehensive introduction to Taiwan.

Western countries in the middle of the 19th century the big powers The spearhead of aggression is pointed at China , China's borders are in danger, while Taiwan strategy It has a prominent position in Britain, the United States, Japan, France, etc the big powers The focus of armed aggression. Forced by western powers China to open up Trading port , Taiwan (now Anping, Tainan) since 1860 Hobe (now Xinbei Freshwater) Chicken coop (Today Keelung ）、 Beat a dog (Today Kaohsiung ）The ports were opened one after another. After port opening Yanghang There are many trees, tea 、 sugar 、 camphor Earn a lot foreign exchange , Stimulating Economics 、 Sociology Rapid change.

Meiji Restoration beginning Japan Establish“ explore and expand ”Of aggression The general policy is that Ryukyu (today's Okinawa, Japan) and Taiwan become its External expansion Preferred target for. May 1874 Japan The Ryukyu Drifters were killed in Taiwan as an excuse to invade Taiwan, which was signed in mid October《 Beijing Special Contract 》, although the Qing government Japan make compromise , but《 Beijing Special Contract 》Still shows China Exercise sovereignty over Taiwan as a whole. Japan The first target of foreign aggression and expansion was Taiwan, which sounded an alarm to the Qing government and exposed Japan The ambition to occupy Taiwan. thereafter Qing Dynasty The officials proposed that Taiwan establish a province.

1883 France Initiate the Sino French War, and the war spread to China Southeast coast, aggression The target first refers to Taiwan, making Liu Mingchuan It was re opened by the Qing government and sent to Taiwan. Liu Mingchuan Lead the department to fight French Army , successful defend Taiwan.

After the Sino French War, in order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government in 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty) transferred Taiwan from Fujian Province Establishment of precipitation upgrading Taiwan Province , become China The 20th province is composed of Liu Mingchuan Served as the first governor of Taiwan Province. 1887 Taiwan Build a province The administrative work is completed, and there are three governments and eleven county Santing has always been subordinate to the state, provincial capital Set at Changhua County Qiaozi Diagram (Today Taichung ）, 1894 provincial capital move to Taipei 。

Liu Mingchuan Actively promote in Taiwan Westernization Movement , clearing up land tax, increasing revenue , purchase ship , set up telegraph lines post and telecommunications General Administration, Construction Railway ； purchase warship , set up a new fort, and set up a machinery bureau to make its own arms ； Establishment of Coal Affairs Bureau and installation of new type coal mining Machine; Set up Lixing City company , building streets and roads; The establishment of Western Academy telegraph School, training construction talents. Taiwan's modernization has made considerable progress Shimonoseki In front of header China One of the most progressive provinces in modernization.

Japanese colonial period

1894 Japan Deliberate provocation Sino-Japanese Jiawu War , next year Qing Dynasty Defeat, dispatch Li Hongzhang go to Japan Negotiating peace, signed with Japanese Prime Minister Hirofumi Ito on April 17, 1895 humiliate the country and forfeit its sovereignty The Treaty of Shimonoseki, ceding Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan 。 news The whole country was indignant after the news spread Beijing More than 1000 people from 18 provinces, including Taiwan, who will participate in the test, have written on the bus to oppose the header. Taiwan's crying throughout the province shook the sky, and gongs and strikes were sounded.

The people of Taiwan do not want to be reduced to Subjugated slaves And decided to fight with their own strength to the end. May 25, 1895, in order to avoid being Cession , Qiu Fengjia and other Taiwanese gentry Establish a Taiwan Democratic State and elect Tang Jingsong, the former governor of Taiwan President ， Qing Army general Liu Yongfu General Ren, lead Black Flag Army And with Xu Xiang Chieftain volunteer army And other resistance forces resist Japan After more than 100 wars Japan The invaders paid a heavy price, but because arms Backwardness and backup forces Failure always leads to failure. June 7th Japanese troops occupy Taipei 。 On June 17, the first Governor of Taiwan, Hua Shan Ziji Taipei The inaugural ceremony was held to officially establish the colonial rule 。 October 21st Japanese troops occupy Tainan 。

Faced with such an unstable situation, Japan set up Governor of Taiwan It is the highest colonial power in Taiwan chief , carrying out military attache governor An autocratic system of rule Taipei set up Taiwan Governor's Office , to establish a strict police The system controls Taiwan society and revives it Armour protection Institutional assistance police Politics. World War I“ National self-determination ”The trend of thought is soaring, Japan Adjust the ruling policy and implement it“ Mainland Prolongation Doctrine ”, reassign civilian officials governor In an attempt to civilize the people of Taiwan into Japanese nationals. 1937 Japan After launching the war of aggression against China in an all-round way Warfare , reassign military officers governor Zhentai, promote“ the kominka movement ”, strongly strengthen Imperial people Ideological education, compulsory popularization Japanese , encourage the formation of Japanese life Japanese surname Wait, try to get from spirit To wipe out the Taiwan people national consciousness And assimilate the people of Taiwan into Japan "Loyal officials and good people". Pacific War Final division Conscription system In addition to causing a large number of casualties among young people in Taiwan, after 1944 allied forces 25 times Air raid , Taiwan Farm worker The output value dropped to its lowest level before the end of World War II.

In the early days, Japan implemented“ Agriculture Taiwan, Industrial Japan economic policy , squeezing Taiwan's cheap foodstuff And raw material , Marketing Japan Of industrial product , with Sugar cane 、 Rice Centric business nature Agriculture Rapid development, but interest Multipass Japanese chaebol Monopoly. 191930s Japan Invading South China Nanyang Taiwan Becomes Japan Southward policy The springboard of Quartermaster Industry focused industrialization , regarding Taiwan as Japanese troops Taiwan has entered the semi industrial and semi agricultural area Sociology 。 1939 Taiwan Industry Output value exceeded for the first time Agriculture Output value.

Japan To grab more interest And prove governance colony And therefore introduced many modern facilities and systems in Taiwan, including Environmental Health Improvement, Colonialism Colorful national education And traffic 、 water conservancy 、 Agriculture 、 finance Etc Infrastructure 。 but Japan implementation Differential treatment Policy, the people of Taiwan Sociology 、 education And so on discrimination 。

stay Japan During the 50 years of occupation of Taiwan, the Taiwan people never gave in Japan Of colonial rule 。 At the beginning a farmer The main body of the anti Japanese armed forces has been struggle 。 Later, the Taiwan Cultural Association Taiwan People's Party 、 Taiwan Communist Party And other organizations led the nation Resistance movement 。 aborigines Anti Japanese actions include Mona Rudo The Fog Society event led by the leader. Many Taiwanese also engage in Politics 、 social movement To fight for Equity 。

1937 Japan Manufacturing“ July 7th Incident ”， China the people Counter-Japanese War It broke out in an all-round way, and many young people from Taiwan went there mainland participate in war of resistance against aggression 。 1941 Pacific War After the outbreak, on December 9, the National Government issued the Proclamation of the Government of the Republic of China Declaring War on Japan, which clearly stated that "all treaties agreement 、 contract Any relationship between China and Japan shall be abolished ". Shimonoseki Treaty abolish List.

postwar period

On December 1, 1943, China, the United States and Britain issued the Cairo Declaration. The international agreements during the Second World War reaffirmed that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China's territory.

On December 1, 1943, the Cairo Declaration jointly signed by China, the United States and Britain stipulated that "the territory stolen by Japan from China, such as the four northeastern provinces, Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands, shall be returned to the Republic of China". On July 26, 1945, the Potsdam Proclamation signed by China, the United States, Britain and later the Soviet Union reaffirmed that "the conditions of the Cairo Declaration will be implemented".

On August 15, 1945, Japan announced that it would accept the terms of the Potsdam Proclamation and unconditionally surrender. After eight years of hard resistance and great sacrifice, the Chinese people, together with the people of the world, finally defeated the Japanese aggressors, brought Taiwan back to the embrace of the motherland, and ended the humiliating history of the Taiwanese people being enslaved by Japan. The people of Taiwan rejoiced and celebrated their return to the motherland.

The National Government set Taiwan as a province of China, with Taipei as its capital, and appointed Chen Yi as the Chief Executive of the Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province. On October 25, the Chinese government held the surrender ceremony of the Japanese army in Taiwan Province at the Taipei Hall (today's Zhongshan Hall). Chen Yi, the chief executive of Taiwan Province, accepted the surrender of the Japanese army on behalf of the Chinese government, and officially announced that "from today on, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands have officially re entered the territory of China, and all land, people, and political affairs have been placed under the sovereignty of the National Government of the Republic of China".

After Taiwan's recovery, the administration of the Taiwan Provincial Chief Executive Office, which took over Taiwan, mismanaged, officials were corrupt, military and police were rampant, and food panic, soaring prices, and serious unemployment caused strong dissatisfaction among the Taiwanese people. On February 28, 1947, a movement against the Kuomintang regime and demanding democratic autonomy broke out in Taiwan because of the conflict triggered by a case of illegal smoking and murder. The National Government carried out a bloody and cruel suppression with the crime of "attempting to subvert the government, seizing power and betraying the country". Thousands of people were killed, arrested, disappeared and fled. After the "February 28 Incident", the National Government reorganized the Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province into the Taiwan Provincial Government.

In 1949, the Kuomintang lost the civil war, and Chiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Jieshi) led some Kuomintang military and political personnel to retreat to Taiwan. On May 19, the "Taiwan Provincial Police Headquarters Announcement Jiezi No. 1" (Taiwan Provincial Martial Law Order for short) was issued, declaring that Taiwan was in a wartime mobilization situation, closing the whole province, restricting entry and exit, implementing military control, blocking mainland information, and strictly prohibiting all prohibited remarks Publishing, strikes, demonstrations and other activities. On December 7, the "Central Government of the Republic of China" moved to Taipei City. On December 11, the Kuomintang Central Party Department moved to Taipei. So far, Taiwan has once again fallen into a state of separation from mainland China.

After the Kuomintang moved to Taiwan, it carried out a large-scale party affairs reform movement, established the absolute control of Chiang's father and son over the Kuomintang, carried out financial consolidation in the economy, reformed the currency system, stabilized prices, carried out land system reform, and restored and developed agricultural production.

The Kuomintang consolidated and strengthened its autocratic rule under the martial law system. In 1960, Jiang Zhongzheng was re elected as a "lifetime president" through the "National Assembly" to revise the "Interim Provisions during the Mobilization and Counter insurgency Period". At the same time, the highest power of the Kuomintang began to transfer to Chiang Ching kuo. Under the rule of white terror, Chiang's father and son strictly controlled the party, government and army, and took a high-pressure policy of cracking down on opposition forces.

Thanks to the support of foreign capital such as the United States and Japan, the implementation of policies conducive to economic development, and the foundation of the Japanese occupation period, the United States provided billions of dollars in economic and military assistance, and used foreign exchange such as gold and US dollars shipped from the mainland, as well as talents from the mainland to Taiwan, Taiwan's economy entered a period of rapid development from the 1960s.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwan formed an export-oriented economic development model, and the proportion of industry in the economy gradually exceeded that of agriculture, maintaining an annual average double-digit economic growth rate for a long time.

In 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued the "Message to Taiwan Compatriots", announcing the policy of peaceful reunification of the motherland. At the same time, the mainland stopped shelling Jinmen and realized a real ceasefire across the Taiwan Straits.

In 1979, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore were included in the newly industrialized society by the OECD, known as the "Four Little Dragons in Asia", and Taiwan's economic miracle is famous. In the 1980s, Taiwan's industrial foundation was complete, national education was universal, per capita GDP exceeded 6000 dollars, the stock market index once reached 10000 points, high-tech industries flourished, and the output of PC motherboards ranked first in the world.

In 1986, people outside the Party established the Democratic Progressive Party. On July 15, 1987, Jiang Jingguo issued a "presidential decree" announcing the lifting of the 38 year old martial law system, and then further opened the party ban and reporting ban, universal suffrage for all levels of authority, people's visits to the mainland and economic and cultural exchanges with the mainland. Taiwan began to move towards democracy, and the long-term isolation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait was broken. The Interim Provisions on Mobilization for Counter insurgency was abolished in 1991.

In 1990, Taiwan established the Taiwan Strait Exchange Foundation, a non-governmental organization that handles various matters derived from cross Strait exchanges. In 1991, the mainland established the Association for Cross Strait Relations. In 1992, the ARATS and the SEF reached an important consensus that both sides of the Taiwan Straits should adhere to the one China principle (the "1992 Consensus"). In 1993, Wang Daohan, Chairman of the ARATS, held talks with Gu Zhenfu, Chairman of the SEF. In 1996, Taiwan held its first direct election of regional leaders, and Lee Teng hui, a KMT candidate, was elected. The earthquake with magnitude 7.3 on the Richter scale occurred in Jiji Town, Nantou County, on September 21, 1999, which was the natural disaster with the largest post-war casualties in Taiwan.

In the leadership election in Taiwan in 2000, the Chinese Kuomintang, which had been in power for more than 50 years, was defeated, the Democratic Progressive Party was in power, and Chen Shuibian was elected. In 2001, Fujian coastal areas realized direct contact with Jinmen and Mazu areas ("small three links"). In 2002, he joined the World Trade Organization in the name of "Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Mazu individual tariff fields". In 2004, Chen Shuibian was re elected. In 2008, Ma Ying jeou was elected as the leader of Taiwan, and the Chinese Kuomintang came to power again; In the same year, the two sides of the Taiwan Straits realized direct postal, shipping and trade links ("three major links"). In August 2009, Typhoon Morakot hit Taiwan and caused serious floods, causing huge losses in the central south and east. On June 29, 2010, the two sides of the Taiwan Straits signed the Cross Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement. In 2012, Ma Yingjiu was re elected. In 2016, Tsai Ing wen was elected leader of Taiwan. In 2020, Tsai Ing wen was re elected as the leader of Taiwan. On the evening of November 26, 2022, Tsai Ing wen announced that she would resign as chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) to show her responsibility for the performance of the party in the "nine in one" election in Taiwan.  

In January 2024, the Democratic Progressive Party candidates Lai Qingde and Xiao Meiqin were elected as the leaders and vice leaders of Taiwan.

By the end of 2022, Taiwan includes six "municipalities directly under the Central Government of the Executive Yuan": Taipei City, Xinbei City, Taoyuan City, Taichung City, Tainan City, and Kaohsiung City; 3 cities: Keelung, Hsinchu and Chiayi; 13 counties: Xinzhu County, Miaoli County, Zhanghua County, Nantou County, Yunlin County, Jiayi County, Pingdong County, Yilan County, Hualian County, Taidong County, Penghu County, Jinmen County, Lianjiang County. It has jurisdiction over 146 townships, 38 towns, 14 county-level cities and 170 districts.

Taiwan's "Executive Yuan", the highest administrative organ of the Taiwan authorities, is located at No. 1, Section 1, Zhongxiao East Road, Taipei City. The Premier's Taiwan wide administrative affairs, including internal affairs, foreign affairs, defense, finance and so on, have 8 ministries and 26 committees, departments, bureaus and academies. Decisions are made in the form of "Executive Yuan". The Taiwan Provincial Government is just a symbolic organization, and its office is located in Zhongxing New Village, Nantou County.

Taiwan Taiwan Island covers an area of 35882.6258 square kilometers China The largest island in the world islands The north-south longitudinal length is about 395 kilometers, the maximum east-west width is about 145 kilometers, and the coastline around the island is about 1139 kilometers long, including Penghu Islands With a total length of about 1520 kilometers the pacific ocean The center of the channel is China And Asia Pacific The importance of maritime links between countries Transport hub And important Strategic location 。

Today's Taiwan area includes Taiwan Island and its affiliated islands Penghu Islands , Golden Gate Islands matsu islands 、 Dongsha Islands , Wuqiu Lieyu Nansha Islands Of Taiping Island And Zhongzhou Reef and surrounding affiliated islands.

Is created by Eurasian plate 、 Okinawa Plate and Philippine Sea Plate The extruded and uplifted islands, crustal movement And Orogeny Developed Taiwan has complex and diverse terrain, most of which geological structure from Eurasian plate form, Philippine Sea Plate Then it becomes a subduction zone. The eastern and southern regions are complicated due to the influence of Luzon volcanic island arc and other plates geology , such as with Flower East Longitudinal Valley Coastal mountains with different geology but parallel to each other. be situated plate The border also makes Taiwan vulnerable earthquake Terrain of fault ， 1914 to 2014 One hundred years China 3888 cases of grade 5 and above earthquake 35.9% occurred in Taiwan. Because of position Circum Pacific volcanic belt Make Taiwan have several Extinct volcano 、 Dormant volcano And corresponding volcano Terrain, except Datun Volcanoes and Turtle Island No obvious activity 。 Taiwan is also due to its position fault There are many hot spring Scenic spots attract many Chinese and foreign tourists.

Around Taiwan Island be surrounded by sea , gestating various coast Topography, which can be divided into cape And gulf Alternate North rocky coast 、 coastline The flat and monotonous west Sand bank 、 Coral reef Topographic south coral reef coast 、 a mountain country and ocean Adjacent East Fault coast 。

The eastern part of Taiwan Island is mountainous and gradually transits to hills and plains to the west Taiwan Island is roughly divided into a mountain country 、 hill 、 basin 、 plain 、 platform More than half of the five landforms are in the east mountain area Topography, arable land Accounting for 24%. The mountain trend is roughly the same as geology The tectonic distribution is consistent. The north half is mainly northeast to southwest, and the south half is northwest to southeast. The five mountains from east to west are coastal mountains Central Mountains 、 Snowy Mountains , Yushan Mountains and Ali Mountain Range 。 Taiwan's altitude exceeds 3000 meters peak There are 268, the highest point is 3952m above sea level Main Peak of Yushan Mountain It is also the highest peak in the eastern coastal area of China, making Taiwan Island the fourth highest in the world islands 。 To the west of the western overthrust fault mountain, there are relatively flat foothills, hills and platform ， hill Most of them are laterite platform It is cut by river erosion, mainly hill yes Zhudong Hill , Zhunan Miaoli Hill, etc; platform It is mainly formed by the accumulation of Toudangshan gravel layer and late Pleistocene red soil platform yes Linkou Plateau , Taoyuan Terrace Dadu Terrace Etc.

suffer Crust Changes rivers Functions and differences erode Due to the influence of structure Action formation basin 。 because basin Compared to the surroundings terrain Flat soil Fertile and abundant water resources often develop into settlement , such as Taipei basin 、 Taichung Basin 、 Puli Basins Etc. Western China receives river downstream Accumulation The water separation effect of prevalence and site uplift coastal The area is flat Alluvial plain , most of Taiwan population Convenient living plain On. plain Topography with the largest plain chianan plain Mainly in the west changhua plain 、 Pingdong Plain 、 Xinzhu Plain Etc, and eastern Lanyang Plain Hehuadong Zonggu Plain, etc.

There are also Penghu Islands , Lanyu Green Island 、 Turtle Island 、 Keelung Island 、 Mianhuayu 、 Peng Jiayu and Hoapinsu etc. island , distributed in the southern sea area Ryukyu Island 、 the seven star crag , Dongsha Island Taiping Island And Zhongzhou Reef, etc Coral reef island , and Diaoyu Islands 、 Golden Gate Island 、 matsu islands etc. Continental island 。

the Tropic of Cancer Across central and southern Taiwan Chiayi 、 Hualien And other places, dividing Taiwan into two parts climate District, Central and Northern Genus Subtropical monsoon climate , Southern Tropical monsoon climate 。 Overall climate summer Long and wet, winter Short and warm. The north is affected by Northeast monsoon Impact makes January to March appear rainy season ， winter The central and southern regions were not significantly affected, and Taiwan entered in May Plum Rain season. From June to September summer , hot weather, of which Taipei Metropolitan Area yes basin Topography, heat energy Unable to dissipate quickly, plus Urban heat island effect ， summer The highest temperature can often reach 35 ℃ and above, and the average temperature in July can be close to 30 ℃. Taiwan Island is surrounded by the sea. From September to May of the next year, when the Siberian cold high goes south, cold air suffer ocean reconcile, winter Relative temperature South China Slightly warm. winter Tainan Northerly flat ground The temperature occasionally appears at 4 ℃. Average of central and northern regions in January air temperature The average temperature in January in the south can be as high as about 18 ℃. Hehuan mountain 、 Jade Mountain 、 Snow Mountain At an altitude of more than 1500 meters mountain Due to the high terrain, snow often falls from November to April.

Taiwan has abundant rainfall climate Wet, average year rainfall More than 2500 mm, about the world average rainfall 3 times. because season 、 position Different elevations rainfall Change with it. East, North precipitation Heavy and rainy all year round, China The area with the largest annual rainfall A blaze of fire Just in the northeast of Taiwan, it is called China "Rain pole", and Keelung Port because rainfall Abundant and known as“ Yugang ”。 South Central rainy season Mainly focused on summer 。 winter The prevailing Mongolian high pressure Northeast monsoon , popular in summer Southwest monsoon , separated by high mountains monsoon , forming Rain shadow effect.

Danshui River and Keelung River Basins in the Map of Kangxi Taiwan Taiwan is China's victim typhoon One of the most affected areas, from June to September typhoon Three to four seasons in summer and autumn typhoon 。 typhoon Provide abundant water content , but rainfall Uneven spatial and temporal distribution, easy to cause flood And Debris flow And other disasters. If there is no typhoon in summer rain , easy to appear in winter drought Therefore, all major rivers are generally built dam , rainy season Impounding Concurrent electricity generation , provided in dry season People's livelihood Water.

Taiwan is densely covered with large and small rivers, most of which are rivers Affected by the trend of mountains islands Western or Eastern Inflow sea 。 Because the central mountain range of the largest watershed is located to the east river It is mainly distributed in the western half, including the longest Choushui River in the middle, the widest drainage area, and the southern Gaopingxi And length and drainage area Danshui River 。 majority lake Located in the west, only a few are natural lake , the largest one is 7.93 square kilometers Riyuetan Pool , others are constructed manually reservoir Most of them are Hepitang, including the largest with an area of 17.14 square kilometers reservoir And the lake Zengwen Reservoir Shihmen Reservoir 、 Tiger head basin Etc.

Taiwanese forest coverage 58.5%, mainly affected by Altitude influence. Subtropical broad-leaved forest is below 700m above sea level, broad-leaved forest is 700-1800m above sea level, mixed forest is 1800-2500m above sea level, and mixed forest is 2500-3500m above sea level coniferous forest , more than 3500 meters mountain The zone is moss and lichen or Grassland 。

Taiwan Island is rich in Wildlife , 11% animal And 27% Botany It is endemic to the region, such as mountain area Formosan salmon inhabiting in the waters. More than 3000 species grow on the island angiosperm More than 640 kinds of true ferns, more than 3000 kinds of fish and more than 500 kinds of birds live in islands On.

Compared with biological resources and water resources, Taiwan's mineral resources are single in variety and not abundant in reserves. There are about 110 kinds of mineral resources found in Taiwan Island, of which there are no more than 20 kinds with actual development value. There is only a small amount of coal, natural gas, gold, silver, copper, iron and other metal minerals produced by Taiwan Island. They are mainly stored in the northern volcanic rock area and the Central Mountains. Some valuable mineral reserves have been significantly reduced after long-term mining, and some have been exhausted, Therefore, Taiwan is one of the provinces with the least mineral resources and reserves in China.

Taiwan, Taiwan Province, has abundant rainfall and numerous rivers. In addition, due to the influence of topography, most rivers have multi terraces and flow through many valleys, forming rivers with large drop and rapid water potential, so it has abundant water resources. There are 608 rivers and streams flowing into the sea alone, including Zhuoshui River (186.4 km), Gaoping River (170.9 km), Danshui River (158.7 km), Dajia River (140.3 km), Zengwen River (138.5 km) and Wuxi River (116.8 km) with a length of more than 100 km.

Taiwan's agricultural area accounts for about a quarter of the land area. Taiwan is rich in rice, which is mainly planted in the western plain area. There are two to three crops a year. The rice is good in quality and high in yield. Both the planting area and yield occupy the first place in agricultural production, and it is also one of the main rice producing areas in China. The main cash crops are camphor 、 sucrose 、 tea 、 pineapple and Banana , of which Taiwan camphor The output ranks first in the world. There are more than 90 kinds of vegetables, and the planting area is second only to rice. Taiwan is known as the "fruit kingdom", with a wide variety of fruits. The output value of flowers and plants is also considerable.

The warm and humid climate and vast mountainous areas have bred abundant forest resources in Taiwan Island. Taiwan's mountains are high in elevation, and the vertical differentiation of climate from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain is obvious, which makes Taiwan rich in forest species and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden".

The forest area of Taiwan Province accounts for about 52% of the total area of the province, mostly distributed in the eastern mountains. In Taiwan's forest resources, tropical forests account for 56%, subtropical forests 31%, temperate forests 11%, and frigid forests about 2%. According to forest types, broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests are the most widely distributed, accounting for 69% of the forest area of the province, and broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forests account for about 9%. Taiping Mountain in Taipei, Baxian Mountain in Taichung and Ali Mountain in Chiayi are three famous forest regions. The timber reserves are up to 326 million cubic meters. There are nearly 4000 kinds of trees and more than 300 kinds of trees with high economic value. Among them, Taichung cedar, red juniper, camphor, nanmu and other valuable woods are famous around the world. The output of camphor and camphor oil accounts for 70% of the world's total, ranking first in the world.

Taiwan is surrounded by the sea, with a total coastline of 1600 kilometers. Because it is located at the junction of cold and warm currents, and has rich fishery resources, it is called a natural "marine animal ranch". The eastern coast is steep and deep, and the fishing season lasts all the year round. The sea floor in the west is the extension of the continental shelf, which is relatively flat. There are abundant benthic fish and shellfish, and offshore fisheries and aquaculture are relatively developed. The pelagic fishery is also relatively developed.

There are more than 20 kinds of economically valuable fishes in Taiwan, including tuna（ tunas ）、 Mullet 、 Bonito Etc. Algae mainly include Cauliflower 、 Seaweed And Cockscomb Etc., in which Cauliflower Most important. Taiwanese Coral It is very famous. Its output once accounted for about 80% of the world market.

98% of Taiwan's population is Han people from mainland China, and about 2% are Taiwan's ethnic minorities (Gaoshan people) who settled down before the Han people moved in in the 17th century.

Taiwan natives refer to the ethnic groups that lived in Taiwan before the end of World War II. The Han people in this province can be divided into Minnan people who migrated from the southern coastal areas of Fujian Province, accounting for 70% of the population, and Hakka people who migrated from the eastern areas of Guangdong Province, accounting for 14% of the population. [2]

Taiwan's indigenous people belong to the South Island language family, and the ethnic group is Malay. The Austronesian language family is one of the most widely distributed languages in the world, and Taiwan is the northernmost of its distribution. The Chinese government collectively refers to all ethnic groups of Taiwan's Nandao language family as the Gaoshan nationality. At present, 16 tribes have been officially recognized, which can be slightly divided into the original ethnic group and the Pingpu ethnic group. Originally, they were widely distributed in the mountains and gathered together into tribes along the alluvial plain. At present, the original ethnic groups maintain their own language, customs and tribal structure, but they are facing the problem of rapid modernization. Most of the Pingpu ethnic groups have lost their original language and customs. The Taiya, Saixia, Bunong, Zou, Lukai, Paiwan, Beinan, Ami, Taruge, Sagileya, Shao, Sadek, Gamalan (actually Pingpu), Laaruwa and Kanakanafu live in the eastern part of Taiwan Island, and the Dawu live in the affiliated island Lanyu.

14% of the population was from other provinces in China who moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government after 1945.

With the development of cross-strait exchanges and internationalization, Taiwan has tens of thousands of spouses from the mainland, Hong Kong and Macao, 100000 foreign spouses and 300000 foreign workers, known as Taiwan's new residents.

Taiwan implements the political system of "separation of five powers". The so-called "Executive Yuan" is the highest administrative body, the "Legislative Yuan" is the highest legislative body, the "Supervisory Yuan" is the highest supervisory body, the "Examination Court" is the highest examination body, and the "Judicial Yuan" is the highest judicial body [3] 。  

The main features of the current political system in Taiwan are as follows: First, the leaders of the Taiwan authorities are directly elected and their power is expanded. They decide on the major policies of the Taiwan authorities and nominate and appoint the heads of administrative, judicial, supervisory and examination institutions. Second, party politics has been formed, and all political parties have launched fierce competition around various public office elections. The third is to implement the system of local autonomy. The level of local autonomy includes the city (including the municipality directly under the Central Government of Taiwan), county and township levels. Cities (including municipalities directly under the Central Government of Taiwan authorities), counties and towns are local autonomous organizations with the status of public legal persons. The municipal, county and township administrations shall be elected by the people, and the municipal and county councils and the township citizen representatives shall supervise the governance of the local administrative bodies.  

The leaders of Taiwan were originally indirectly elected by the National Assembly. On March 23, 1996, the province's "direct citizen election" was implemented. The term of office was also changed from six years to four years, and can be re elected once. The election date is the first Saturday in January, and January 11 will be changed in 2020. The inauguration date is fixed on May 20 of that year.

notes:

(1) Jiang Zhongzheng Mesolite 。

⑵ 1975 , Jiang Zhongzheng died, deputy leader Yan Jiagan Succession.

⑶ 1988 ， Chiang Chingkuo Death, Deputy Leader Li Denghui Succession.

According to the relevant regulations of the Taiwan authorities, the "Republic of China Chronicle" is adopted in Taiwan's various organs and official documents. The year 1912 is the first year of the founding of the Republic of China, which is different from the year 1911. The general calendar is mainly the Gregorian calendar, which is commonly used in the world. The Chinese calendar is also popular among the people, and the "Republic of China Calendar" is used in parallel with the AD calendar. According to the Opinions on the Correct Use of Taiwan related Publicity Terms issued by the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the "Republic of China" calendar will not be used for political power in Taiwan after October 1, 1949.

The Taiwan issue is a legacy of China's civil war and an important political issue on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. In 1949, the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan due to its defeat in the civil war. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, the United States sent the Seventh Fleet to invade Taiwan and the Taiwan Strait. In 1954, the United States signed the Joint Defense Treaty with the Taiwan authorities, placing Taiwan under the "protection" of the United States, resulting in Taiwan's separation from the mainland of China.

In February 1972, President Nixon of the United States visited China, and China and the United States issued the Shanghai Communique. On January 1, 1979, China and the United States officially established diplomatic relations. The United States recognized that the Government of the People's Republic of China was the only legitimate government of China and that Taiwan was a part of China. It also declared that it would "break off relations" with the Taiwan authorities, abrogate the Treaty on Common Defence and withdraw its troops from Taiwan. However, three months after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, the United States Senate and the House of Representatives passed the Taiwan Relations Act, which was signed by the President of the United States and came into force, and continued to support Taiwan in political, economic, military and other aspects.

Since 1949, the Communist Party of China, the Chinese government and the Chinese people have always regarded solving the Taiwan question and achieving the complete reunification of the motherland as their unswerving historical tasks. The basic policy of the Chinese government to solve the Taiwan issue is "peaceful reunification, one country, two systems", but it does not promise to give up the use of force. In 2005, the Anti Secession Law further clarified the one China principle in the form of law. On January 1, 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued the "Message to Taiwan Compatriots", announcing the policy of reunifying the motherland by peaceful means. In the early 1980s, in order to solve the Taiwan issue, Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems", which was first used to solve the problems of Hong Kong and Macao. On January 2, 2019, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech entitled "Common Struggle to Realize the Great Revival of the Nation and Promote the Peaceful Reunification of the Motherland" at the commemoration meeting of the 40th anniversary of the publication of the "Message to Taiwan Compatriots", comprehensively expounded the major policy propositions of promoting the reunification of the motherland in the great journey of national rejuvenation, which is the fundamental follow and action guide for Taiwan work in the new era.

Taiwan

Taiwan has been recognized as a developed economy by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the United States Central Intelligence Agency's World Survey and other institutions, and is one of the four dragons in Asia. According to the international exchange rate, Taiwan's GDP in 2014 was 517.019 billion US dollars, making it the 25th largest economy in the world and the 6th provincial administrative region in China; The per capita GDP is US $2002, ranking 39th in the world. According to purchasing power parity, Taiwan's GDP in 2014 was 977.088 billion US dollars, making it the 20th largest economy in the world, with per capita GDP of 40581 US dollars, ranking 17th in the world. Foreign exchange reserves rank fifth in the world. In 2013, the human development index was 0.882, ranking 21st in the world and at a very high level of human development.

Taiwan's economy began to develop into a capitalist export-oriented economic system in the 1960s. Now the authorities have gradually reduced their intervention in investment and foreign trade, and some large "state-owned banks" and "state-owned enterprises" have been privatized. International trade is the lifeblood of Taiwan's economy. The mainland of China is Taiwan's largest trading partner and the first region in import and export trade, followed by the United States and Japan. Unlike neighboring South Korea and Japan, Taiwan's economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises rather than large enterprise groups. Taiwan's electronic information industry plays an important role in the global industry chain, and most of the world's computer electronic components are produced in Taiwan. High tech industries have replaced labor-intensive industries. The proportion of agriculture in GDP dropped from 35% in 1952 to 2%, and the total proportion of service industry and high-tech industry is more than half.

In order to reduce production costs, many manufacturing and labor-intensive industries in Taiwan have been transferred to mainland China and Southeast Asia, which has also caused the problem of industrial hollowing out. Taiwan has invested more than 150 billion US dollars in the mainland, has more than 80000 Taiwan funded enterprises in the mainland, and has more than 1 million Taiwanese businessmen and family members who live permanently in the mainland.

The Kuomintang government took appropriate measures in the early period of its relocation to Taiwan interference The planned economy system, plus U.S.A The economic assistance of Dilemma Taiwan Economics 。 Agriculture Aspect support Smallholder The dual track of production and capital agriculture has been combined, and the implementation of land reform policy has increased agricultural production 。 Industry In the mid-1950s, the government began to develop labor-intensive light industry and support the textile industry private enterprise 。 191950s developed country take Labor-intensive industry Moving out, the authorities are trying to attract foreign capital Take encouragement exit The policy of exit Drive production and make Taiwan a processing base for the United States and Japan agricultural society The transformation into an industrial society has created a remarkable Taiwan Economic miracle 。 In the 1970s Chiang Chingkuo Push“ ten grand construction projects ”Lower petrochemical industry and heavy industry Lay a good foundation. Relaxation since 1980s Import and export And investment restrictions. At present, the authorities actively promote Industrial transformation Upgrade and focus on development tourism , medical care, biotechnology Green energy 、 Cultural creativity 、 quality agriculture Six emerging industries and ten Service industry 。

After the Kuomintang government moved to Taiwan mainland Academic talents and Science and technology , become a scientific and technological development Basics 。

Since 1980, the authorities have been established Hsinchu Science Industrial Park 、 Southern Science and Industry Park etc. Science Park , strongly encourage manufacturers to invest Integrated circuit , computer, etc High tech industry , low energy consumption, low pollution added value High High tech industry replace tradition Industry becomes important in Taiwan Economic lifeline , worldwide Industrial chain Play an important role in.

The flower landscape of Daxi Huahai Farm, Daxi District, Taoyuan City Only 24% of Taiwan's land is suitable for cultivation , mainly soil Fertile, warm and moist farming West of plain And eastern narrow coastal However, agricultural production efficiency is very high, and high-quality pork Vegetables 、 sugar 、 Sugar cane 、 Tea , rice and tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Rich Rice , two to three crops a year, Rice quality Okay, yield High, both planting area and output account for Agriculture First in production. main cash crop yes camphor 、 sucrose 、 tea 、 Pineapple （ pineapple ）、 Banana 、 Wax apple 。 Vegetables There are more than 90 varieties, and the planting area is second only to unhusked rice 。 Fruits It has a wide range of varieties and is known as the "fruit kingdom". The output value of flowers and plants is also considerable, Phalaenopsis formosana World famous.

Taiwan Service industry It mainly includes catering industry finance , tourism Cultural and creative industries Etc.

Taiwan Stock Exchange It is the top four in China stock exchange one of.

Chinese Mainland It's Taiwan Travel? The largest source of tourists in the market.

Integration of cultural and creative industries in Taiwan Chinese traditional culture And Taiwan's local culture, cultural and creative products enjoy a good reputation at home and abroad.

Taiwan Length of schooling 12 years of national education at all levels Length of schooling It is a six-year primary school junior high school （ junior middle school ）3-year, senior high school (including Senior Vocational School ）3-year and general university 4-year system, famous university yes National Taiwan University , Taiwan Tsinghua University , Taiwan Jiaotong University Successful University , Taiwan Political University Etc. Student experience: 4 years University education Obtained bachelor After the degree, you can continue to study for master's degree and doctor's degree. Taiwan has been recruiting Chinese students overseas all the year round. In recent years, it has also actively opened up international students and mainland students to study, and has focused on English based courses to meet the internationalization Demand.

Implemented in Taiwan since 1995 National health insurance System, providing all-round medical care Services and guarantee 。

Taiwan per capita life 79.12 years old, male 75.96 years old, female 82.47 years old. fertility rate Only 1.065, over 65 years old old age The population has accounted for more than 10% of the total population.

After the collapse of the ruling group of the Kuomintang in mainland China, it still occupied China's seat in the United Nations. In 1971, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, the People's Republic of China restored its lawful seat in the United Nations, and Taiwan's Kuomintang authorities were expelled from the United Nations.  

After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States on January 1, 1979, the United States unilaterally formulated the so-called Taiwan Relations Act in the form of "domestic law" and established the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) to maintain bilateral relations with Taiwan.

At present, most countries in the world recognize that there is only one China, Taiwan is a part of China, and the Government of the People's Republic of China is the only legitimate government representing the whole of China. On this basis, they have established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.

By 2024, only 12 countries have maintained so-called "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan, and set up so-called "diplomatic representative offices" in Taipei, their administrative center. Many non "diplomatic countries" in Taiwan have set up quasi official representative offices with the functions of embassies and consulates in the name of civil society. At the same time, Taiwan has set up Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices in many non "diplomatic countries" to exercise some of the powers and responsibilities of embassies or consulates and maintain unofficial relations. [8] [9]

Taiwan has joined the APEC and other international organizations in the name of "Chinese Taipei", become an observer of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Health Assembly and other international organizations, and applied to become a member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; Joined the World Trade Organization in the name of "Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Mazu individual tariff fields"; Reserve the seat of the Asian Development Bank in the name of "Chinese Taipei".

The Chinese Olympic Committee is a member of the International Olympic Committee. The name of the delegation participating in international sports is "Chinese Taipei".

More than 140 countries and regions have granted Taiwan passport visa free or landing visa treatment.

• Railway

Taiwan Taiwan has laid extensive Railway Network, all railway transportation The system is about 1066.6 km long.

Taipei MRT kaohsiung mrt They started operation in 1996 and 2008 respectively. stay Taipei Metropolitan Area 、 Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area ， MRT （ metro ）Is the main Railway Means of transport, and Taichung MRT Hetaoyuan MRT is still under construction.

In 2007, Taiwan's 345km high-speed railway system was put into operation. high-speed railway The construction of Drive , make Taipei City The minimum time required for a round trip to Kaohsiung City is reduced to 90 minutes. [4]

• highway

Taiwanese highway Divided into“ National Highway ”、 Provincial Highway , municipal roads County Highway , district roads and township roads. highway And bridge The total length is about 47000 kilometers, most of which are concentrated in the west. The two longest roads connecting the north to the south were 373 km long and opened to traffic in 1978 Sun Yat-sen Freeway And the 432km Formosa Expressway 。 In the eastern developed areas Expressway connect, Taipei City to Yilan County The construction includes Snowy Mountains Of the Snow Mountain Tunnel Jiangweishui Expressway 。

• aviation

main international airport and Taipei Songshan Airport 、 Taichung Airport 2 secondary international airport , most big cities and Outlying islands It also has airport 。 Major enterprises urban Room and each Outlying islands There is normality between flight To form a convenient aviation network. Most important airline company yes China Airlines and EVA Airlines 。

• ocean shipping

Taiwan is surrounded by the sea traffic to develop, international trade Reliance sea transport At present, there are 7 international commercial ports, respectively Kaohsiung 、 Keelung Port 、 Taichung Port 4 main ports of Hualien Port and Suzhou Macao Port 、 Taipei 3 auxiliary ports of Anping Port.

Kaohsiung Located in Kaohsiung, it is the largest port in Taiwan and the 13th largest in the world Port ， Port cargo throughput About accounting for Taiwan as a whole Port cargo throughput a half.

On May 17, 2019, Taiwan's legislature voted on the second reading of the "Special Law on Same Marriage", and the key article 4 of the law was announced to be passed, which includes that two people of the same sex can "go through marriage registration". [10]

Taiwan Modern Standard Chinese ("Republic of China Language") and Traditional Chinese It is the language commonly used by legal documents, school teaching and major media in Taiwan.

Han dialects mainly include Minnan dialect ("Taiwanese"“ Taiwanese ”）And Hakka people Used Hakka 。 in addition Mazu Regional traffic Foochow （ Mindong ）, Wuqiu Township, Jinmen County Putian dialect 。 Taiwan's ethnic minorities Family Usage Taiwan Nandao Language Group , but will use mother tongue The population of.

The most popular foreign language in Taiwan is English , for national education important curriculum one of. Japanese It is the second largest foreign language in Taiwan.

Taiwan Hanzi Pinyin Chinese phonetic symbols 。 The Chinese Romanization system in Taiwan is international Passable Chinese Pinyin (2008 -), which was adopted earlier Wade-Giles romanization 。 at present place name （ counties and cities Except first name) street First name name All with Chinese Pinyin Translation.

Implemented by the Taiwan authorities“ Mandarin ”Based on the Beijing Voice as formulated by the National Government Standard tone And mandarin The pronunciation is slightly different, and it was deeply rooted in Taiwan after World War II dialect Unless specifically required standard , tongue bending region nature dialect 、 Retroflex sound Gradually disappear in life, plus vocabulary Difference, so that and mandarin There are some differences, called“ Taiwan Mandarin ”。

“ Taiwan Mandarin ”Of vocabulary And syntax inherit many ancient Chinese , Modern Chinese and Modern Chinese Initial usage, such as To fix a sentence （ conviction ）Etc. some vocabulary Also absorb local dialect and Foreign Languages Components of, such as Rammer (Hot and popular, from Minnan) fabulous (Excellent, from Minnan) and old lady (female elders, Japanese) bus （ bus , English bus) and other words habit Differences, such as Ballpoint pen Ball point pen equivalent to the mainland.

Buddhism 、 Taoism etc. China tradition Religion It is very popular in Taiwan and has been developing for a long time Catholicism And Islamism etc. Religion We also have many believers.

Nearly 80% of Taiwan's people own religious belief More than 50% of the people often participate in various types of religious ceremonies and celebration 。 Buddhism 、 Taoism interact fuse It is not easy to distinguish. Taoism Tuzhong Mixed with Taiwan Folk belief They should be the majority, Mazu 、 Guan Yu , Emperor Baosheng is Taiwan Folk belief Main points of gods 。

Confucianist ceremony And Philosophical outlook cover Chinese Regard as composition Home Country And interpersonal ethics concept 。 Confucianism has a profound impact on Taiwan, Chinese nation The traditional ethical and moral concepts regulate taiwanese Of thought and words and deeds 。

Taiwan has merged Ming and Qing Dynasties Period immigrated Fujian and Guangdong Immigrants and Taiwanese in Taiwan after World War II folk custom ，堪称 Chinese Folk Culture A miniature of. Spring Festival 、 The Dragon Boat Festival Mid Autumn Festival is the three major festivals in Taiwan festival , every the lantern festival 、 Qingming Festival 、 Mid Yuan Festival , Tanabata Festival and other traditional festivals mainland Having the same or similar characteristics celebrate Etiquette and custom. In addition, there are many deep Chinese culture Characteristic folk festivals, such as welcoming Mazu Saltwater bee cannon 、 Pingxi Sky Lantern Donggang Shaowanchuan, Toucheng Rob the orphan Etc.

Taiwan's ethnic minorities ethnic groups There is a unique traditional ritual culture.

Japan had colonized Taiwan for 50 years, so Japanese culture had a profound impact on Taiwan. Buildings such as the "Taipei Presidential Palace" and the campus of Taiwan University were protected during the Japanese occupation and have been used up to now. Kaohsiung, Songshan, Banqiao and other places were transplanted from Japan. Japanese words such as bento (boxed lunch), gas (gas) entered the "Mandarin", and the area unit "Ping" (1 Ping ≈ 3.3 square meters) also originated from Japan. At the beginning of the Kuomintang government's move to Taiwan, it vigorously promoted "de Japanization", "Mandarin" education, promoted the revival of Chinese culture, and strengthened the recognition of the people of the province to China. After the martial law was lifted, Japanese popular culture became active again in Taiwan. Japan is also the most popular country in Taiwan today.

Taiwan is also deeply influenced by American culture. The United States imported its political culture and political system into Taiwan for the sake of national strategy, and the close military, economic and cultural exchanges between the United States and Taiwan have promoted the spread of American lifestyle and popular culture to Taiwan.

Rice with Stewed Pork Taiwan's food culture integrates local food styles. Taiwan cuisine has a deep relationship with Minnan cuisine (also influenced by Fuzhou cuisine) and Chaozhou cuisine in Chaoshan, Guangdong, and is also influenced by Hakka cuisine, Guangzhou cuisine and Japanese cuisine.

Taiwan cuisine is characterized by rich seafood, pickles, seasonal food supplements, etc. It tends to be natural and original, and does not require complicated seasoning. Its style is fresh, fragrant and light. The hot climate makes some sour and sweet dishes appear in Taiwan dishes. Taiwan cuisine is known as "soup and water", and soup dishes are popular.

There is a famous "snack" culture in Taiwan's food culture. The night market with all kinds of flavor snacks is one of the representatives of Taiwan's ordinary people's life culture. Common snacks include oyster omelet frying, fried chicken chops, stinky tofu, salt crispy chicken, fried buns, rice blood cakes, oyster noodle, sweet and spicy, braised pork rice, meat balls, dan zi noodles, beef noodles, steamed buns, etc. Taiwan specialties such as pineapple cake and nougat are well-known hand gifts.

Tea is a traditional drink of Taiwanese people. Tea is produced all over Taiwan. Famous teas include Frozen Top Oolong Tea, Wenshan Baozhong Tea, Oriental Beauty Tea and Tieguanyin Tea. The main form of tea art is kungfu tea. The bubble black tea culture is a new development of Taiwan's tea culture, and the representative tea pearl milk tea is widely welcomed.

During the Japanese occupation period, under the influence and guidance of the May 4th New Literature Movement on the mainland, the Taiwan New Literature Movement came into being and developed. Lai He is known as "the father of Taiwan New Literature". After 1949, Hu Shi, Lin Yutang, Liang Shiqiu and other mainland writers moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government. In the 1950s and 1960s, nostalgia literature was popular, and the representative writers were Lin Haiyin (Old Stories in the South of the City). At the same time, modern western literature is also an important force in the literary world. The representative writers are Bai Xianyong (Taipei People), Wang Wenxing (Family Change), etc. In the 1960s and 1970s, the trend of thought in local literature rose, with Zhong Zhaozheng (Lu Binghua) as the representative writer. After the 1960s and 1970s, important works of Bai Yang, Li Ao, Sanmao, Yu Guangzhong, Xi Murong, Long Yingtai, Liu Yong, Gu Long, Qiong Yao, Lin Qingxuan, Zhang Xiaofeng and other writers came out one after another. At the beginning of the 21st century, network literature has become a common practice, and the representative writers include nine knives (Waiting for a Coffee), etc.

In the 1950s, the mainstream of the painting world was the ink and wash painters from the mainland and the western painters from the Japanese occupation period. Their painting skills were more traditional. In the 1960s, the new generation of painters introduced western abstract painting and other styles, and the art style became westernized. In the 1970s, after the rise of local consciousness, the painting theme became more localized. After the martial law was lifted, the ecology of the art world was diversified and free, and the style was increasingly avant-garde.

Gezi Opera is the most important local opera in Taiwan and the only local opera in China that was born in Taiwan. In the early post-war period, the government vigorously supported and promoted mainland operas such as Beijing Opera (Pingju Opera, National Opera), while local Taiwanese operas such as Gezi Opera and Pocket Opera were still an important way of entertainment for ordinary people. With the emergence of television, cloth bag opera and Gezi opera have gained more attention due to their emphasis on sound and light effects. Peking Opera and modern drama are integrated with innovative elements and often performed in small theaters. Stage opera performance has become a very dynamic artistic activity.

Taipei Presidential Palace South Fujian songs were once popular in the early postwar period. Folk Chinese pop songs of Hong Kong and European and American music were sung for a time. In the 1970s, fresh campus folk songs were popular, while the show culture of Minnan pop music was popular. In the 1980s, the old Chinese songs, which emphasized the correct words and sound, were popular in Asia, and the representative figures were Teresa Teng and Fei Yuqing. Influenced by western rock music, Luo Dayou and others wrote songs about various social situations after the folk song period. At the same time, Li Zongsheng's love songs were popular. Since the 1990s, Taiwanese songs have become more diversified and lively. The free creative and development environment after the martial law was lifted has made Taiwan an important place for the development of Chinese pop music. Representative singers and orchestras include Jay Chou, Jolin Tsai, Huimei Chang, S.H.E, and Mayday. They have also attracted Chinese singers from other regions to Taiwan for development. Representative singers include Leehom Wang, Stefanie Sun, David Tao, Junjie Lin, Jianya Tsai, and Jingru Liang.

After the war, Taiwan's film industry produced a large number of Chinese feature films with the support of the authorities. The first Chinese language film in Taiwan was "The Wind and Cloud of Ali Mountain" in 1949, and the theme song "Gao Shan Qing" has been sung ever since. At the same time, Taiwanese films with folk stories as the main theme are quietly emerging.

In the 1960s, health realistic films became mainstream. At the same time, Hong Kong films are widely popular in Taiwan, affecting the production route of Taiwan films. Romantic films, martial arts films and kungfu films have become the mainstream. In 1962, Taiwan Film Golden Horse Award was founded. At the end of the 1970s, romantic films based on the remake of Qiong Yao's novels set off a trend, and the theme song was very popular.

In the 1980s, films such as "My Son's Big Doll" started a new film trend. Hou Xiaoxian's "Sad City", Yang Dechang's "Guling Street Juvenile Murder" and other works after the martial law was lifted have won many awards. At the same time, the environment and market of Taiwan's films once shrank and depressed due to the difficulty of the public understanding of Taiwan's film expression techniques and the massive entry of foreign films dominated by American films.

Since the 1990s, some Chinese directors have gone to Hollywood for development. Among them, Ang Lee is internationally renowned for his works such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Brokeback Mountain, and Teenager Fantasy Drift, and has won three Oscars.

In 2008, Cape 7, directed by Wei Desheng, combined local characteristics with international business lines. After the box office success and many awards, the acclaimed and successful films such as The Girl We Chased Together in Those Years and Sadek Balai set off a revival of Chinese films.

Baseball is a popular sport in Taiwan [5] Taiwan was introduced by Japan during the Japanese occupation. The "Baseball Association of the Republic of China" was established in 1973. The Chinese Major League Baseball is the first and only professional baseball league in Taiwan. Wang Jianmin is a famous Taiwanese baseball player in the United States. Basketball is also a major sport promoted by Taiwan. Lin Shuhao is an NBA Chinese player. After Zhu Muyan and Chen Shixin won two gold medals in taekwondo at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Taiwan has also started to promote taekwondo in recent years. The sports that Taiwan often achieves good results in competitions include golf, pool, badminton, weightlifting, tug of war, marathon, etc. [6]

Taiwan has hosted several international sports events, including the 2009 Kaohsiung World Games, the 2009 Taipei Olympics for the Deaf, the 2017 Taipei Summer Universiade, and the annual Taipei International Marathon.

There are 9 "national parks" and 13 "national scenic spots" in Taiwan. The magnificent ocean, towering mountains, diverse natural ecology and unique cultural customs constitute a unique beautiful Taiwan.

Alishan Mountain, Sun Moon Lake, Taroko Canyon, Yushan Mountain, Kenting, Yangming Mountain, etc. in Taiwan are famous natural tourist attractions. Jiufen Old Street, Ruifang District, Xinbei City, Beitou District, Taipei City, Lugang Town, Changhua County, Yingge District, Xinbei City, and other tourist towns have strong local customs, and are tourist attractions for exploring the past. There are many characteristic hot springs in the territory, and the hot spring culture is unique.

Famous scenic spots in the city include Taipei 101, the world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010, the Taipei Palace Museum, the "Zhongzheng Memorial Hall", the Taipei Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall, Kaohsiung Love River, various night markets and major business districts. Located in Shuangxi, outside Shilin District, Taipei City, the Taipei Palace Museum is a famous museum of history, culture and art history in China. Its more than 696000 pieces of cultural relics are the most famous collection of ancient Chinese art in the world. The "Zhongzheng Memorial Hall" is a building built to commemorate Jiang Zhongzheng in the Zhongzheng District of Taipei City. The "National Theatre" and "National Concert Hall" are built on the north and south sides of the park square. In addition to providing public rest, they are often the venues for large-scale cultural activities. Taipei Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall is a comprehensive cultural facility built to commemorate the centenary of Sun Yat sen's birth. It is a comprehensive recreation park for outdoor sports, leisure, arts and intellectual activities. The night markets all over Taiwan have their own characteristics, and there are a variety of snacks and delicacies. Taiwan has a superior shopping environment. Xinyi Business District, Zhongxiao East Road Business District, Ximending Business District, etc. in Taipei are famous shopping business districts. [7]