PovertyHas become the sharpestsocial problemone of.Political parties, governments and all sectors of society in various countries have always attached great importance to poverty, so we should clarify the concept of poverty.
In October 2014,World BankIt is predicted that the proportion of the world's poor population in the total global population is expected to be reduced to below 10% in 2015. It is pointed out that the world is closer to the historic goal of ending poverty by 2030 after a quarter of a century of unremitting poverty reduction efforts.[1]
On February 28, 2017, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the 2016 Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development, which said: "According to the rural area of 2300 yuan per person per year (constant price in 2010)Poverty criteriaIt is calculated that in 2016, China's rural poverty population was 43.35 million, 12.4 million fewer than the previous year. "[2]
Chinese name
Poor people
Sharpest
One of the most acute social problems
Concept
We should distinguish between "macro poverty" and "micro poverty"
For solvingPovertyIt is very important.Poverty is actually hierarchical, and we should distinguish between "macro poverty" and "micro poverty". First, poverty in a regional sense, that is, macro poverty, looks at poverty from a holistic perspective.For example, national poverty, regional poverty, rural poverty, urban poverty, etc.From this perspective, allLow income countriesAre poor countries, and allhigh-incomeChina is not a poor country.This kind of poverty problem is also calledunderdevelopedStatus, which isDevelopment EconomicsResearch theme;The second is poverty in the individual sense, which is micro poverty, that is, viewing poverty from the perspective of individuals and families.From this perspective, all countries have poverty problems.For example, in 2004, the proportion of poor people in the United States was as high as 12.7%, that is, one out of eight people on average was poor.Poverty in this sense can be said to be an eternal problem, unless the distribution of income and wealth is absolutely average.If these two concepts of poverty are confused, it will bring greatnegative effect。The concept of poverty is deepening, and the perspective of poverty research is also changing.No matter what kind of definition of poverty is given, it is very difficult to give a comprehensive and scientific definition.Perhaps for this reason, the World Bank would rather give a descriptive explanation to the concept of poverty: "Poverty is such a kind of thing that people want to escapeSurvival statusPoverty means hunger and no place to live;Poverty means lack of clothes and medicine, no chance to go to school and no knowledge of how to acquire knowledge;Poverty is unemployment, fear of facing the future, life is threatened at all times;Poverty is the lack of clean drinking water that causes children to get sick or even die;Poverty is the loss of power and freedom. "
On October 12, 2015, the State Council Information OfficePoverty alleviationProgress and“2015 High level Forum on Poverty Reduction and Development”And other situationspress conference，Office of the Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development under the State CouncilDeputy DirectorHong TianyunAt the press conference, the Party and the government have always attached great importance to poverty alleviation and development.In recent years, China has made new and important progress in poverty alleviation and development.Since the end of 2013, with the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation as the core, all parts of the country have comprehensively carried out poverty identification, and all 89 million poor people have been filedCard, laying a foundation for targeted and targeted assistance;Around 130000Poverty-stricken villageDispatch the village team and the first secretary to provide channels and platforms for targeted poverty alleviation to villages and households;Reform the assessment mechanism of poverty-stricken counties and establish poverty-stricken countiesrestraint mechanisms, ResearchExit mechanism of poverty-stricken countiesAnd guide the party and government leaders in poverty-stricken counties to set up aView of political achievementsWe should focus on poverty alleviation and development;perfectFinancial poverty alleviation fundsmanagement systemThe project approval and management supervision are carried out in counties, and the money is put to the cutting edge;expandFinancial poverty alleviationChannels and ways to encourage financial poverty alleviation and innovation, so that people in poor areas can enjoy convenient, low-cost, and high-quality modern financeNew services。
The number of people living in poverty was reduced by 16.5 million in 2013, 12.32 million in 2014, and the goal of reducing poverty by more than 10 million people has been achieved for two consecutive years.Although there areEconomic downturn , increasing employment difficulty and other pressures. Judging from the trend, the goal of reducing poverty by 10 million people in 2015 is expected to be achieved.However, he also said frankly that the task of poverty reduction is very arduous and time is very urgent.China still has 70.17 million people living in poverty under the current standard, and only six years remain to achieve full poverty alleviation, with an average annual poverty reduction of 11.7 million.In order to achieve this goal, we have worked hard and made great determination from the central government to all parts of the country.[3]
Academic definition
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Original definition
——Income and consumption
According to Merriman Webster College Student Dictionary, "poverty" means that a person lacks the usual or socially acceptable amount of money orMaterial wealthStatus of ".This definition contains two important ideas. First, the definition of poverty is different in different societies at different times;Second, the definition focuses on the ability to purchase goods and services, that is, money (or their ownership relationship), that is, material ownership.Townsend of the UK defined "those who lack access to all kinds of food and participationsocial activitiesIndividuals, families and groups with the minimum living and social conditions are called poor. "
Subsequent definitions
——Behavior and ability
Most analysts recommend that theliving standardThe overall assessment of the situation willSocial indicatorsInclude.Other dimensions of poverty, such as health, longevity, literacy, etc., were absorbed into the definition of poverty in the 1980s.United Nations Development ProgrammeIt plays a leading role in defining poverty from the perspective of human development and uses several measurement methods, including the Human Development Index and the Human Development IndexPoverty index。The human poverty index focuses on three aspects of poverty: longevity, literacy and living standards.The life span of a person who died before the age of 40percentageThe literacy is measured by the percentage of adults with literacy, and the living standard is measured bymedical service% of residents, access tosafe drinking water % of residents and under 5 years oldinnutritionThe percentage of children is measured by three indicators.
Since 1990《World Development Report》Results of the study,World BankIt began to ask systematically for a poverty assessment for each country.In this participatory assessment, two aspects of poverty seem to be particularly important (they appear in different ways).The first aspect is the fear of income risks and fluctuations, which is often manifested as a sense of vulnerability.The poor, in their description of how market fluctuations, seasons and crises affect their welfare, give poverty an understanding that poverty is not only a state of having nothing, but also a small amount of things that a person has is easy to lose."Vulnerability" has two aspects: the external aspects exposed to shocks, pressures and risks and the internal aspects of isolation and helplessness.Both lack the means to deal with destructive losses.The second aspect is the lack of voice andpolitical rightsThis lack of voice and political rights is often portrayed as a sense of powerlessness. They are at a disadvantage in terms of resources and rights, and cannot let others listen to their voices.Economically marginalized groups are also vulnerable to social marginalizationSocial exclusion。From benefits andDistributive justiceThey lack the trust, reciprocityNetwork, cooperation and coordination.
Interpretative understanding
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Existing povertyRelative povertyAndabsolute poverty There are also broad sense poverty and narrow sense poverty. It is a constantly changing measurement andJudgment criteria。The population defined in this standard is regarded as the poor population.China is now in a dual stage of coexistence of relative poverty and absolute poverty.
Distinctive classification
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Relative poverty and absolute poverty
Comparisons between relative poverty and absolute poverty at home and abroad areRepresentativenessThe opinions of
“Relative povertyShould be clear and relatively moderatecivil lifePoverty ";"Relative poverty means that the annual income is relatively lowaverage”；"Relative poverty is a more subjective standard... A relative definition of poverty is based on comparing the living standard of the poor with other less poorMembers of societyBased on the comparison of living standards, this usually includes the measurement of the overall average level of the society as the research object ";"Relative poverty means that a person or family is relatively poorpoverty lineChange with average income ".
Relative poverty is the poverty caused by comparing our living standard with the reference group with higher income.And it has a certainsubjectivity, depending on certainvalue judgment But exists.Karl MarxI wrote: "One lives in a small townThatched cottageBefore his neighbor moved in and built a palace, he was very happy. Later, the man who lived in the small cottage began to feel poor. "Therefore,Relative povertyIt exists forever.
Absolute poverty refers to a state of poverty that is lower than the minimum index for maintaining effective physical activities,This minimum indicator refers to "the standard of barely surviving, not the standard of living. When estimating this minimum indicator of family life, we should follow the rule that everything should not be included except the absolutely necessary items to maintain health, and all purchased items must be the simplest".Through this concept, we can find that theoretically speakingPovertyIt can be eliminated.
Poverty in narrow sense and poverty in broad sense
Poverty in narrow sense meanseconomic significance Substance onMeans of subsistencePoverty that leads to a living standard lower than the social standard due to lack. Poverty in the traditional sense usually refers to poverty in a narrow sense, and the extended meaning of poverty tells us that poverty is income poverty, ability poverty andRights povertyThe narrow sense of poverty we speak of falls within the scope of income poverty;Capacity poverty refers to the lack of people's ability to obtain means of living, which is directly reflected in the lack of ability to earn money;Right poverty refers to the loss of political and cultural rights that should be enjoyed by members of society.The relationship between the three is that income poverty is the manifestation of poverty, ability poverty is the direct cause of poverty, and right poverty is the social consequence of poverty.The extended meaning of poverty is what we call broad poverty. It includes not only narrow poverty in economic sense, but also other social and environmental factors, such as populationlife expectancy、infant mortality rate, education level, participation in economy andsocial communication The desire of others is poor in ability and poor in right.
Housing and urban and rural areasMinistry of ConstructionDirector of Policy Research CenterChen HuaiThink "obviously conservative".He pointed out that 50 million is only about 8% of the 660 million urban population in the sixth census, and only 7% - 8% of the population in China's cities are poor, which is probably too low.
December 15, 2014 by the Poverty Alleviation Officeinternational co-operationandSocial poverty alleviationThe Secretary pointed out that there are more than 80 million poor people in China, and more than 5 million poor people in six provinces of Hunan, Henan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. By the end of 2012, 592 key counties for poverty alleviation and development workPer capita net income of farmersLess than 60% of the national average, farmers' medical expenditure is only 60% of the national average in rural areas, and the proportion of labor, illiterate and semi illiterate is 3.6 percentage points higher than the national average.
3917 villages across the country are without electricity, affecting nearly 3.8 million people, and 38.62 million people in contiguous poverty-stricken areasRural residentsAnd 6.01 million school teachers and students failed to solve the problem of drinking water safety.Nearly 100000 administrative villages have no access to cementasphaltRoad.The poverty situation facing China is still very serious.
Poverty alleviation
The General Office of the State Council has issued the Opinions on Further Mobilizing All Social Forces to Participate in Poverty Alleviation and Development, and deployed to comprehensively promote the social poverty alleviation systemMechanism innovationAnd further mobilize all sectors of society to participate in poverty alleviation and development.It is not long before the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, so the task of poverty alleviation is extremely arduous.
2015
Expected objectives
It is estimated that the task of reducing poverty by more than 10 million people in 2015 can be completed.
During the "12th Five Year Plan" period in 2015, the number of rural poor people in China under the current standards decreased from 166 million in 2010 to about 60 million at the end of 2015, a total decrease of about 100 million people.[4]
The reporter of Xinhua News Agency issued a document, "Can 70 million poor people have a good Spring Festival?", pointing out that the number of poor people is about 70 million.[5]
On February 28, 2017,Poverty Alleviation Office of the State CouncilPress Spokesperson, Director of General DivisionSu GuoxiaAccording to the introduction, in 2016, the number of rural poor people nationwide decreased by 12.4 million, exceeding the target of 10 million, and the central and provincial financial investment exceeded 100 billion yuan.[2]
On February 28, 2017, the 2016 Statistical Bulletin of National Economic and Social Development issued by the National Bureau of Statistics also said: "According to the annual price of 2300 yuan per person (constant in 2010) in rural areasPoverty criteriaIt is calculated that in 2016, there were 43.35 million rural poor people, 12.4 million fewer than the previous year. "[2]
Completed rural areas throughout the year“Group group communication”Hardened roadfive point oneMillion kilometers, 98% of the villagers' groups have access to hardened roads, and 884000 rural poor people have access to drinking watersafety problem。Build relocation for poverty alleviationPlacement of the housing182400 sets, realizing full coverage of county cold storage, with storage capacity of 1.2 million tons.
In 2019,GuizhouThe province plans to reduce the number of rural poor people by 1.1 million. Eighteen counties have passed the poverty eradication assessment and acceptance, 17 counties have reached the poverty eradication standards, and 1.88 million people have been relocated.[6]
By the end of 2019, the number of rural poor people in China was 5.51 million, down 11.09 million or 66.8% from the end of the previous year;The poverty incidence rate was 0.6%, 1.1 percentage points lower than that of the previous year[7]。
Foreign statistics
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2022
Italy
On October 14, 2022, Xinmin Evening News reported that an Italian Censis Confcooperative Association report pointed out that about 2.9 million households in Italy were below the relative poverty line, that isFamily incomeIt is about 50% lower than the average level, and the number of poor people is 8.775 million.At the same time, at least 300000 companies face bankruptcy risk due to debt, involvingTotal debtMore than 300 billion euros.[10]
population
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The World Bank has adopted the latest version of $1.90 per dayInternational poverty lineStandards, reflecting the life of various countriesCost varianceOfNew information。The new poverty line retains the truth of the old poverty line of the world's poorest countries (i.e., according to the constant price of $1.25 per day in 2005)purchasing power。According to this new poverty line standard, the World Bank predicts that the number of poor people in the world will decrease from 902 million in 2012 to 702 million in 2015, and the proportion of the global population will decrease from 12.8% to 9.6%.
President of the World BankKim YongHe said that the achievements of sustained and substantial poverty reduction were attributable todeveloping countryThe strong economic growth in recent years is attributed to the expansion of education and health investment andSocial safety netEstablishment of.However, Kim Yong also warned that due to the slowdown of global economic growth, many of the world's remaining poor people live in fragile and conflict affected countries, and thus eliminateExtreme povertyOur goal is still very ambitious.
In April 2013,World Bank CouncilIt approved two major goals, namely, ending extreme poverty and increasing the income of the bottom 40% of the population by 2030, and promoting shared prosperity.In the past decades, East Asia andthe pacific ocean、South AsiaandSub Saharan AfricaThe three regions account for about 95% of the world's poor population, but their poverty structure has changed significantly.In 1990,East AsiaIt accounts for half of the world's poor population, and sub Saharan Africa accounts for about 15%.According to the prediction in 2015, this situation is almost completely reversed: sub Saharan Africa accounts for half of the world's poor population, and East Asia accounts for about 12%.Poverty rates have declined in all regions, but in conflict prone countries or over dependenceBulk commoditiesThe level of poverty in 20% of countries is deeper and more difficult to eliminate.
According to the World Bank's regional poverty forecast for 2015, East AsiaPacific regionThe poverty rate will drop from 7.2% of the population in 2012 to 4.1%;Latin AmericaCaribbean RegionThe poverty rate will drop from 6.2% in 2012 to 5.6%;South AsiaThe poverty rate will drop from 18.8% in 2012 to 13.5%;The poverty rate in sub Saharan Africa will drop from 42.6% in 2012 to 35.2%.
World Bankchief economist Koshk BasuIt is pointed out that,Emerging economiesStrong development momentum in the past 20 years, but it has broken out since 2008financial crisisLong lastingglobal economy The slowdown has begun to cast a shadow on the growth of emerging economies, and there will be some turbulence in the future. In the near future, the prospect of economic growth is not optimistic for emerging economies, which will help to overcome poverty and meetVulnerable groupsIn particular, the demand of the bottom 40% of the population brings new challenges.[1]
On March 31, 2022, the Ministry of Finance, the Development Research Center of the State Council and the World Bank jointly released《Forty years of poverty reduction in China: driving force, reference significance and future policy direction》The report comprehensively combs China's achievements in poverty reduction.The report shows that over the past 40 years, according to the World Bank's global absolute poverty standard of US $1.9 per person per day, the number of poor people in China has decreased by nearly 800 million, accounting for more than 75% of the global poverty reduction in the same period.According to the report, China's solution to the problem of absolute poverty mainly depends on two pillars: one is the broad-basedeconomic transition , providing new development opportunities for the poor, and constantly improving the income level;Second, aiming causegeographical environmentIn the poverty-stricken areas whose development is affected by other reasons, the government implements targeted poverty alleviation policies to eliminate long-term poverty.The targeted poverty alleviation strategy for the poor has effectively solved“Last kilometer”The significance of the problem ofSignificant.[9]
