Goddess Hall Tian Helian Draw
five month one Day, “ Spatiotemporal modulation —— Shanxi Ancient Architecture Digital Art Exhibition ” It was held in Shanxi Museum and lasted until ten month thirty-one Day. Shanxi has the richest resources of ancient buildings in China. These treasures standing on the land of Shanxi are like the music of a long river of time.
When visiting ancient buildings, we often hear some people say: “ Traditional wood structure buildings do not use a nail, but rely on tenon and mortise structure ” Is this true?
First of all, what is mortise tenon structure? Tenon and mortise is the most common structural mode in woodwork, which is widely used in Chinese architecture, furniture and other wooden components. The different parts are connected as a whole through the splicing and embedding of the convex and concave parts. The convex part is tenon (also called tenon), and the concave part is mortise (also called tenon and mortise).
The mortise tenon structure has a long history in China. About seven thousand A large number of wooden components of tenon and mortise structures were found at Hemudu site years ago. These mortise and tenon structures are mainly used in the construction of dry railing houses in Hemudu, including convex square tenon, round tenon, double-layer tenon, dovetail tenon and tongue and groove tenon, which become the earliest traceable examples of mortise and tenon use in China.
The tenon and mortise structure is widely used, such as surface to surface, point to surface, point to point and component combination. Through the staggered buckle of concave and convex, it forms a wooden structure work that is both solid and hard to shake.
In addition to its excellent firmness, the mortise tenon structure reflects the ancient ancestors' profound understanding and ingenious use of mechanics. Through long-term practice accumulation and continuous improvement, they integrate the mechanical principles into the mortise tenon structure buildings according to local conditions, and combine the excellent stiffness, bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity and other mechanical characteristics of the wood building itself, so that the Chinese traditional wood structure buildings have a strong seismic capacity. In addition, with the continuous optimization of shape design and the integration of carving technology, the traditional tenon and mortise structure not only maintains its practicality, but also adds ornamental and artistic value, becoming a unique architectural skill with both practical and aesthetic values.
Chinese ancient architectural “ You don't need a nail ” Is it? This is actually one-sided.
It is written in A Fang Gong Fu: “ The pillar of the negative building is more than that of the farmers in the south mu; The rafters for erecting beams are more than the workers on the machine; There is more phosphorus in nails than in millet. ” The main idea is that Ah Fang Palace costs a lot, so there are more load-bearing pillars than farmers in the fields; There are more rafters for erecting beams than women weavers; The spikes on the beams and columns are shining brightly, more than the grains in the warehouse.
“ dazzling ” The four characters represent that in Du Mu's understanding, a large number of nails will be used in the grand and magnificent palace. The nail hat is exposed and becomes a gorgeous decoration.
The last volume of "Creating French Style", written by Li Jie in the Song Dynasty, impressively writes “ Examples of nail materials and glue materials ”“ The rafter nails shall be five points longer than the rafter diameter (if there is a surplus, it shall be adjusted from inch to inch, which is like using seven inch nails for five inch rafters); Angle beam nail, twice the length and thickness; Flyer nail, which grows with the thickness of the material ……”
It means that the length of the rafter nail is five points more than the diameter of the rafter (if the rafter nail has redundant parts, it shall be calculated by the whole inch, for example, the five inch rafter nail shall be seven inch nails); The length of corner beam nail shall be doubled on the basis of the material thickness; The length of the flyer pin is the same as the thickness of the material used. In addition, there are also large and small cornice nails, wind board nails, monkey head nails, round cover nails, turning cover nails, etc. The length of nails at different positions is explained in detail in the book, and the number and position of nails used on each building component are also specified.
In addition to the wooden structure itself, nails are also used to fix the tiles and animals on the roof. When we visit many museums, we will see a kind of semicircular tube tile, which often has a socket near the tile surface, and a set of ceramic nails or a decoration, that is where the tile nails are. It is used in the front of the eaves to fix the tiles. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, nail caps can also be seen on the buildings on the top of the hanging mountain and the top of the Xieshan mountain. Groups of nails will be used on the wind boards on both sides of the roof to fix the two ends of the purlin. The nail caps are arranged in a regular hexagonal shape outward, similar to plum blossom, so they are also called plum blossom nails. The roof design can protect both ends of purlin from wind and rain erosion, and nail caps also play a decorative role.
Many tenons and mortises themselves also use a wooden wedge nail for the joint of two sections of wood members connected by tenons and mortises. The wedge nail is inserted into the mortise hole to ensure that the tenon and mortise members will not become loose due to sliding. This connection mode will not cause the structure to loosen due to the aging of the wood, which is different from the nails that are forced to fix the wood itself by pressing, and is more durable.
Nails, especially iron nails, are also widely used in the maintenance and reinforcement of wood structure buildings. As wood itself is an organic matter, it will crack, decay, decay, fall out and other problems over time. The traditional repair method is to use iron parts to strengthen it.
For example, when large structures have bearing problems, cracked wooden beams, rafters and decayed columns will be reinforced by hoops and nails; Buildings with ceilings such as palaces will have their ceilings sink, and they need to use iron hooks and nails to fix and pull the ceilings on the beams. In fact, iron nails are required for such reinforcement and repair.
It can be seen that nails are very common in Chinese wooden buildings, and most of them are located in the building part above the beam frame, or in the mortise tenon structure itself. The mortise tenon joint or the repair and maintenance part is often hidden, so if you don't observe the ancient buildings deliberately, you don't have much chance to see the nails.
Another kind of nail is the most common one, which is the door nail. Door nails are usually used on large plank doors such as courtyard gates, city gates, and palace gates. They were originally used to reinforce the door panels, because the gate will be spliced with multiple boards, and the nail cap is designed to be bubble shaped, making it both decorative.
According to archaeological excavations one thousand and five hundred Five years ago, that is, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, door nails had already appeared, and they were more common after the Tang Dynasty. Until the Qing Dynasty, the number of door nails was clearly defined.
In this way, nails and wooden ancient buildings actually complement each other. Although wooden buildings can be built through tenon and mortise structures, the use of nails is a guarantee for the firmness and durability of tenon and mortise structures, which is specially emphasized “ Not using a nail ” Too one-sided. (Wang Youmei)
